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  • B01J23/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
  • B01J23/85—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
  • B01J23/86—Chromium
  • B01J23/866—Nickel and chromium
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  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
  • B01J23/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
  • B01J23/85—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
  • B01J23/86—Chromium
  • B01J23/868—Chromium copper and chromium
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  • B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
  • B01J27/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
  • B01J27/132—Halogens; Compounds thereof with chromium, molybdenum, tungsten or polonium
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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C11/00—Aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons
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  • C07C11/107—Alkenes with six carbon atoms
  • C07C11/113—Methylpentenes
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  • C07C11/167—1, 3-Butadiene
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  • C07C11/30—Butenyne
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  • C07C13/02—Monocyclic hydrocarbons or acyclic hydrocarbon derivatives thereof
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  • C07C13/02—Monocyclic hydrocarbons or acyclic hydrocarbon derivatives thereof
  • C07C13/08—Monocyclic hydrocarbons or acyclic hydrocarbon derivatives thereof with a five-membered ring
  • C07C13/10—Monocyclic hydrocarbons or acyclic hydrocarbon derivatives thereof with a five-membered ring with a cyclopentane ring
  • C07C13/11—Monocyclic hydrocarbons or acyclic hydrocarbon derivatives thereof with a five-membered ring with a cyclopentane ring substituted by unsaturated hydrocarbon groups
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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
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  • B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
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  • B01J27/08—Halides
  • B01J27/122—Halides of copper
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  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/0009—Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
  • B01J37/0018—Addition of a binding agent or of material, later completely removed among others as result of heat treatment, leaching or washing,(e.g. forming of pores; protective layer, desintegrating by heat)
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  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
  • B01J37/0201—Impregnation
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  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
  • B01J37/0236—Drying, e.g. preparing a suspension, adding a soluble salt and drying
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  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
  • B01J37/03—Precipitation; Co-precipitation

Definitions

• compositions that meet both low ozone depletion standards as well as having low global warming potentials.
• Certain hydrofluoroolefins are believed to meet both goals.
• manufacturing processes that provide halogenated hydrocarbons and fluoroolefins that contain no chlorine that also have a low global warming potential.
• Disclosed is a process for the preparation of fluorine-containing olefins comprising contacting a chlorofluoroalkene with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst at a temperature sufficient to cause replacement of the chlorine substituents of the chlorofluoroalkene with hydrogen to produce a fluorine-containing olefin, wherein said catalyst is a composition comprising chromium and nickel, and optionally an alkali metal selected from potassium and cesium.
• Also disclosed are processes for the preparation of fluorine-containing alkynes comprising contacting a chlorofluoroalkene with hydrogen in the gas phase in the presence of a catalyst at a temperature sufficient to cause elimination of the chlorine substituents of the chlorofluoroalkene to produce a fluorine-containing alkyne, wherein said catalyst is a composition comprising copper, nickel, optionally chromium and optionally an alkali metal. Also disclosed are catalyst compositions for the hydrodechlorination of chlorofluoroalkenes comprising copper, nickel, and an alkali metal selected from potassium and cesium, and methods of making such catalysts.
• the chlorofluoroalkenes referred to may be either the E- stereoisomer, the Z- stereoisomer, or any mixture thereof.
• fluorine-containing alkyne refers to compounds of formula R 1 CH ⁇ CHR 2 , wherein each of R 1 and R 2 are, perfluoroalkyl groups independently selected from the group consisting of CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , n-C 3 F 7 , i-C 3 F 7 , n-C 4 F 9 , i-C 4 F 9 and t-C 4 F 9 .
• the chlorofluoroalkene is 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4- hexafluoro-2,3-dichloro-2-butene (CFC-1316mxx)
• the fluorine- containing olefin is 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (HFC-1336mzz).
• the chlorofluoroalkene is 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro- 2,3-dichloro-2-pentene (CFC-1418mxx)
• the fluorine-containing olefin is 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-pentene.
• the chlorofluoroalkene is 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,3,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tetradecafluoro-4,5- dichloro-4-octene (CFC-171 -14mccxx) and the fluorine-containing olefin is 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,3,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tetradecafluoro-4-octene (HFC-173-14mcczz).
• the chlorofluoroalkene is 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3- dichloro-2-butene (CFC-1316mxx)
• the fluorine-containing alkyne is 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butyne.
• Hydrogenation catalysts containing copper, nickel, chromium, palladium, and ruthenium are known in the art. They may be prepared by either precipitation methods or impregnation methods as generally described by Satterfield on pages 87-112 in Heterogeneous Catalysis in Industrial Practice, 2 nd edition (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1991 ).
• catalytic compositions are employed comprising copper, nickel and/or chromium.
• Suitable components include halides such as CuF, CuCI, CuCI 2 , CuCIF, NiF 2 , NiCI 2 , NiCIF, CrF 3 , CrCI 3 , CrCI 2 F and CrCIF 2 ; oxides such as CuO, NiO, and Cr 2 O 3 ; and oxyhalides such as copper oxyfluohde and chromium oxyfluohde.
• Oxyhalides may be produced by conventional procedures such as, for example, halogenation of metal oxides.
• catalytic compositions are employed comprising copper and nickel.
• catalytic compositions are employed comprising copper, nickel and chromium.
• catalytic compositions are employed comprising nickel and chromium.
• the catalysts of this invention may contain other components, some of which are considered to improve the activity and/or longevity of the catalyst composition.
• Such catalysts include catalysts which are promoted with compounds of potassium, cesium, rubidium, or combinations thereof.
• alkali metal promoters are believed to reduce the rate of decline of catalyst activity over time.
• the catalyst may be supported or unsupported. Supports such as metal fluorides, alumina and titania may be advantageously used.
• the catalyst supports are fluorides of metals of Group II, including magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, strontium fluoride and barium fluoride.
• the support is calcium fluoride.
• a catalyst consists essentially of copper, nickel and chromium oxides (each of said oxides being preferably present in equimolar quantities) promoted with a potassium salt, on calcium fluoride.
• a catalyst contains proportionally about 1.0 mole CuO, about 0.2 to 1.0 mole NiO, about 1 to 1.2 moles Cr 2 O 3 on about 1.3 to 2.7 moles CaF 2 , promoted with about 1 to 20 weight %, based on the total catalyst weight, of an alkali metal selected from K, Cs, and Rb.
• an alkali metal selected from K, Cs, and Rb.
• the amount is from about 2 to 20 weight percent of the total catalyst.
• the amount of alkali metal is from about 5 to 15 weight percent.
• the catalyst can be prepared by coprecipitating, from an aqueous medium, salts of copper, nickel and chromium (and optionally aluminum and zinc), with and on calcium fluoride; washing, heating and drying the precipitate.
• salts of copper, nickel and chromium and optionally aluminum and zinc
• the alkali metal counter ion may be washed away in the washing step after the carbonates are precipitated.
• catalysts After precipitation, washing and drying, the precipitated catalysts are calcined. Catalysts are calcined at temperatures from 375°C to 650 0 C. In some embodiments, catalysts are calcined for from 2 hours to 16 hours. In other embodiments, catalysts are calcined for from 2 hours to 8 hours. In other embodiments, catalysts are calcined for from 2 hours to 4 hours.
• an alkali metal compound e.g., KOH, KF, K 2 CO 3 or CsCO 3 or Rb salt
• KOH, KF, K 2 CO 3 or CsCO 3 or Rb salt is then deposited on the dried precipitate, prior to calcination to convert the copper, nickel and chromium to the respective oxides.
• Any soluble copper, nickel and chromium compound may be used.
• the copper, nickel and chromium salts are chloride or nitrates.
• the salts are nitrates.
• promoters such as KOH, KF, K 2 CO 3 , CsCO 3 or Rb salt may be added prior to co- precipitation.
• the promoter is provided from a mixture of more than one alkali metal compound.
• the catalyst is granulated, pressed into pellets, or shaped into other desirable forms.
• the catalyst may contain additives such as binders and lubricants to help insure the physical integrity of the catalyst during granulating or scraping the catalyst into the desired form. Suitable additives include carbon and graphite. When binders and/or lubricants are added to the catalyst, they normally, comprise about 0.1 to 5 weight percent of the weight of the catalyst.
• the catalyst is activated prior to use by treatment with hydrogen, air, or oxygen at elevated temperatures. After use for a period of time in the process of this invention, the activity of the catalyst may decrease. When this occurs, the catalyst may be reactivated by treating it with hydrogen, air or oxygen, at elevated temperature in the absence of organic materials.
• the molar ratio of copper : nickel : alkali metal selected from potassium and cesium in the copper/nickel/potassium catalyst is from about 0.1 to about 0.9 copper, from about 0.1 to about 0.9 nickel, and from about 0.01 to about 0.3 potassium.
• the molar ratio of copper : nickel : potassium in the copper/nickel/potassium catalyst is 0.5:0.4:0.1.
• the molar ratio is 0.45:0.45:0.1.
• the molar ratio is 0.3:0.6:0.1.
• the molar ratio is 0.3:0.5:0.2.
• the molar ratio is 0.5:0.45:0.05.
• the weight ratio of total catalyst material to support material may be from about 1 : 2 to about 2 : 1.
• the molar ratio of chromium to nickel is from 1 :9 to 9:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of chromium to nickel is from 1 :3 to 3:1. In yet other embodiments, the molar ratio of chromium to nickel is from 1 :2 to 2:1.
• the contact time for the process ranges from about 2 to about 120 seconds.
• the ratio of hydrogen to chlorofluoroalkene is from about 1 :1 to about 7.5:1. In another embodiment, the ratio of hydrogen to chlorofluoroalkene is from about 1 :1 to about 5:1. In another embodiment, the ratio of hydrogen to chlorofluoroalkene is from about 5:1 to about 20:1.
• the process for preparation of fluorine- containing olefins and fluorine-containing alkynes comprises reacting a chlorofluoroalkene with hydrogen in a reaction vessel constructed of an acid resistant alloy material.
• acid resistant alloy materials include stainless steels, high nickel alloys, such as Monel, Hastelloy, and Inconel.
• the reaction takes place in the vapor phase.
• the temperature at which the process is run may be a temperature sufficient to cause replacement of the chlorine substituents with hydrogen over a suitable catalyst.
• the process is conducted at a temperature of from about 100 0 C to about 450 0 C. Within this temperature range, it is expected that different catalysts will require somewhat different temperatures.
• the process is conducted at a temperature of at least 350°C.
• the pressure for the hydrodechlorination reaction is not critical. In other embodiments, the process is performed at atmospheric or autogenous pressure. Means may be provided for the venting of the excess pressure of hydrogen chloride formed in the reaction and may offer an advantage in minimizing the formation of side products. Additional products of the reaction may include partially hydrodechlorinated intermediates; saturated hydrogenated compounds; various partially chlorinated intermediates or saturated compounds; and hydrogen chloride (HCI).
• the compounds formed in addition to E- and/or Z-1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4- hexafluoro-2-butene may include, 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4- hexafluorobutane (HFC-356mff), pentafluorobutane (HFC-1345, different isomers), 2-chloro-1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane (HFC-346mdf), E and/or Z-2-chloro-1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (E- and/or Z-HCFC-1326mx
• the starting chlorofluoroalkene is 2,3-dichloro-1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2- butene
• 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butyne is the majority product.
• the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion.
• a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
• Example 1 describes the preparation of a catalyst comprising copper, nickel and potassium. Solutions of 172.5 g (0.72mole) of Cu(NO 3 ) 2 4H 2 O dissolved in
• Example 2 describes the preparation of a catalyst comprising copper, nickel, chromium and potassium on calcium fluoride.
• Aqueous calcium nitrate (2.7 moles) was mixed with aqueous potassium fluoride (5.4 moles), heated, and stirred briefly at 100 0 C to form a slurry of CaF 2 .
• aqueous potassium fluoride 5.4 moles
• copper nitrate (1 mole)
• nickel nitrate (1 mole)
• chromium nitrate (1 mole)
• the slurry was stirred at 70 to 80 0 C until the salts, other than CaF 2 , dissolve.
• the slurry was cooled to 40 to 50°C and filtered. The solid was washed exhaustively to reduce the potassium content to an undetectable level.
• Example 3 describes the preparation of a catalyst comprising copper, nickel and potassium on calcium fluoride.
• a solution of 94 of KF 2H 2 O in 500ml of H 2 O was added to a solution of 118 g of Ca(NO 3 ) 2 4H 2 O in 500ml of H 2 O to form a slurry.
• a solution of 176g of NH 4 HCOs dissolved in 1 L of water was added.
• the resulting filter cake was washed with 5L of water and then dried at 12O 0 C.
• the dried material was crushed to 20 mesh, providing 130.9 g of powder.
• 13.2g of K 2 COs were dissolved in 75ml of water and added to the powder with stirring. Then the beaker was placed in a drying oven. The catalyst was stirred every 30-45 min until it dried. Then the powder was calcined in air at 400 0 C for 2 hours. The powder was pressed and pelletized.
• Example 4 demonstrates the preparation of a catalyst comprising copper, nickel and cesium.
• the solids were placed in a beaker with 2L of water, stirred and filtered again. The solids were dried in vacuum at 90 0 C for 24hrs, then crushed.
• Example 5 demonstrates the conversion of CFC-1316mxx to HFC- 1336mzz over K/Ni/Cu.
• An inconel tube (5/8 inch OD) was filled with 6 cc (9.51 gm) of the K/Ni/Cu catalyst of Example 1 which had been crushed and sieved to 12/20 mesh.
• the catalyst was treated with hydrogen (up to 20 seem, 3.3 x 10 ⁇ 7 m 3 ) for 4.0 hours at 26O 0 C and then for 16.5 hours at 35O 0 C.
• the temperature was lowered to 325 0 C, and the hydrogen was then lowered to 8.8 seem (3.3 x 10 "8 m 3 ).
• CFC-1316mxx was fed at 0.44 ml/hour through a vaporizer set at 89 0 C, providing a total contact time of about 29 seconds.
• the catalyst was treated with hydrogen as described initially, and the the temperature was set to 325 0 C. The hydrogen flow rate was then adjusted to 8.8 seem (3.3 x 10 "8 m 3 ).
• CFC-1316mxx was fed at 0.44 ml/hour through a vaporizer set at 89 0 C using a sweep of N 2 of 2.4 seem (4.0 x 10 ⁇ 8 m 3 ).
• the conversion of CFC- 1316mxx was about 35%, with a selectivity for Z-2,3-dihydrohexafluoro-2- butene of 75% and an overall selectivity (including the butyne) of 88%.
• This catalyst was run for 378 hours including two regenerations. During the course of this run, the rate of butyne formation showed a 2.9x10 "4 percent increase per hour, apparently an indication of the rate of decline of catalyst activity.
• Example 6 demonstrates the conversion of CFC-1316mxx to HFC-
• An lnconel tube (5/8 inch OD) was filled with 8 cc (12.95 gm) of the K/Ni/Cu catalyst from Example 1 , which had been crushed and sieved to 12/20 mesh.
• the catalyst was treated with hydrogen (up to 20 seem, 3.3 x 10 "7 m 3 ) for 4.0 hours at 26O 0 C and then for 16.5 hours at 35O 0 C.
• the temperature was then lowered to 325 0 C, and the hydrogen flow rate was then lowered to 8.8 seem (3.3 x 10 ⁇ 8 m 3 ).
• CFC-1316mxx was then fed at 0.19 ml/hour through a vaporizer set at 89 0 C, providing a total contact time of about 60 seconds.
• Example 7 demonstrates the conversion of CFC-1316mxx to HFC-
• a Hastelloy tube (.625" OD X .576 ID X 10"L) was filled with 11cc of the catalyst of Example 4, which had been pelletized to 12/20 mesh.
• the packed portion of the reactor was heated by a 5.0" X 1 " ceramic band heater clamped to the outside of the reactor.
• a thermocouple positioned between the reactor wall and the heater, measured the reactor temperature.
• the catalyst was activated in the reactor by heating the reactor to 26°C for 30 minutes under a 20 seem (3.33 x 10-7 m3/s) flow of nitrogen. The flow of nitrogen was then gradually (within 3hrs) decreased while a flow of hydrogen was increased to 20sccm (3.33 x 10-7 m3/s).
• the hydrogen flow was maintained at 20sccm (3.33 x 10-7 m3/s), and the reactor was heated to 350 0 C. These conditions were maintained overnight (-16 hours).
• the reactor was then cooled to 250 0 C immediately prior to testing.
• the slurry was filtered and washed twice with 5 L of water. The filter cake was then dried in an oven. The dried cake was then calcined for 2 hrs at 375 0 C and 119 g of the catalyst were obtained. Graphite (M-970) (5g) was added to the catalyst and it was calcined at 65O 0 C for 2hrs.
• the catalyst was then reduced in a quartz boat.
• the catalyst was placed in a quartz tube, which was then purged with 500 seem N 2 for 30 min, followed by 100 seem of He 30 min, all at room temperature.
• the catalyst was then heated to 26O 0 C at a rate of 5 0 C per minute.
• the He:H 2 ratio was changed from 100:0 to 0:100 in 10% increments every 10 min.
• the sample was then heated at to 400 0 C at a rate of 5 0 C per minute, and maintained at these conditions for 4 hours.
• Example 9 Cr/Ni/Cu/CaF 2 Solutions of Ca(NO 3 ) 2 4H 2 O [(250 g, 1.06 moles) dissolved in 757 ml of H 2 O] and KF 2H 2 O [(122.5 g, 2.11 moles) of dissolved in 757 ml of H 2 O] were added simultaneously to a reaction vessel containing 1419 ml of water to make a slurry.
• the catalyst was then reduced in a quartz boat.
• the catalyst was placed in a quartz tube, and was purged with 500 seem N 2 for 30 minutes, and then puged with 100 seem of He for 30 minutes, all at room temperature.
• the sample was then heated to 26O 0 C at a rate of increase of5°C per minute.
• the He:H 2 ratio was changed from 100:0 to 0:100 in 10% increments every 10 minutes.
• the sample was then heated at a rate of 5 0 C per minute to 400 0 C, and maintained under hydrogen at these conditions for 4 hours.
• the sample was purged with 500 seem N 2 and passivated in N 2 AD 2 , with the percentage of O 2 being slowly raised from 1 % to 5% while keeping the temperature below 3O 0 C.
• Graphite (M-970) (10g) was then added to the catalyst and it was calcined again at 65O 0 C for 2 hours.
• the catalyst was then reduced in a quartz boat.
• the catalyst was added to a quartz tube and the sample was purged with 500 seem N 2 for 30 min, then with 100 seem of He for 30 min, all at room temperature.
• the sample was then heated 5 0 C per minute to 26O 0 C.
• the He:H 2 ratio was changed from 100:0 to 0:100 in 10% increments every 10 minutes.
• the sample was then heated 5 0 C per minute to 400 0 C, and maintained under hydrogen at these conditions for 4 hours.
• the sample was purged with 500 seem N 2 and passivated wit N 2 AD 2 , with the percentage of O 2 being slowly raised from 1 % to 5%, while keeping the temperature below 3O 0 C.
• This catalyst was obtained from Johnson Matthey Corp and contained about 10% K and a ratio of Cu/Ni of about 1 :1 on a calcium fluoride support.
• Example 12 K/Cr/Ni/Cu/CaF 2 This catalyst was obtained from BASF Corp. and contained about
• Example 13 K/Ni/Cr/CaF 2 Solutions of Ca(NO 3 ) 2 4H 2 O (250 g, 1.06 moles) dissolved in 757 ml of H 2 O and KF 2H 2 O (122.5 g, 2.11 moles) of dissolved in 757 ml of H 2 O were added simultaneously to a reaction vessel containing 1419 ml of water. After 30 minutes of stirring, solutions of Cr(NOs)39H 2 O (362g (0.905mole) and Ni(NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O (309.8 g, 1.06 moles) in 1000 ml of water, and K 2 CO 3 (453.6 g, 3.29 moles) in 1419 ml of water were added simultaneously to the slurry.
• the slurry was filtered and washed twice with 5 L of water.
• the filter cake was dried in an oven, then calcined for 2 hours at 375 0 C. 252 g of the catalyst were obtained.
• Graphite (M-970) (1 Og) was added to the catalyst and it was calcined again at 1000 0 C for 2 hours.
• the catalyst was then reduced in a quartz boat.
• the catalyst was placed in a quartz tube, which was purged with 500 seem N 2 for 30 minutes and then 100 seem of He for 30 minutes, all at room temperature.
• the sample was heated 5°C per minute to 26O 0 C.
• the He:H 2 ratio was changed from 100:0 to 0:100 in 10% increments every 10 minutes.
• the sample was then heated 5 0 C per minute to 400 0 C, and maintained at these conditions for 4 hours.
• the sample was purged with 500 seem N 2 and passivated in N 2 AD 2 within the O 2 being slowly raised from 1 % to 5%, while keeping the temperature below 3O 0 C.
• Table 3 The hydrogenation data for this catalyst is summarized in Table 3.
• the sample was purged with 500 seem N 2 for 30 min and then 100 seem of He 30 min, all at room temperature.
• the sample was heated to 26O 0 C at a rate of 5 0 C per minute.
• the He:H 2 ratio was changed from 100:0 to 0:100 in 10% increments every 10 minutes.
• the sample was then heated at a rate of 5 0 C per minute to 400 0 C, and maintained under this temperature and under hydrogen for 4hourrs.
• the sample was purged with 500 seem N 2 and passivated in N 2 AD 2 , with the O 2 level being slowly raised from 1 % to 5%, while keeping the temperature below 3O 0 C.
• the hydrogenation data for this catalyst is summarized in Table 3.
• Example 15 Cu/Ni/CaF 2 This catalyst was obtained from Johnson Matthey Corp and contained a ratio of Cu/Ni of about 1 :1 on a calcium fluoride support.
• the hydrogenation data for this catalyst is summarized in Table 3.
• Example 16 Cs/Cu/Ni/CaF 2 This catalyst was obtained from Johnson Matthey Corp and contains about 10% Cs, and a ratio of Cu/Ni of about 1 :1 on a calcium fluoride support.
• the resulting slurry was filtered and washed twice with 5 L of water. The filter cake was then dried in an oven, and thencalcined for 2 hours at 375 0 C. 124 g of the catalyst were obtained. Graphite (M-970) (5g) was added to the catalyst and it was calcined again at 65O 0 C for 2 hours.
• the catalyst was then reduced in a quartz boat.
• the catalyst was placed in a quartz tube, and purged with 500 seem N 2 for 30 minutes, and then with 100 seem of He for 30 minutes, all at room temperature.
• the sample was then heated to 26O 0 C at a rate of 5 0 C per minute.
• the He:H 2 ratio was changed from 100:0 to 0:100 in 10% increments every 10 minutes.
• the sample was then heated at a rate of 5 0 C per minute to 400 0 C, and maintained at this temperature and under hydrogen for 4 hours.
• the sample was purged with 500 seem N 2 and passivated in N 2 AD 2 , with the O 2 level being slowly raised from 1 % to 5%, while keeping the temperature below 3O 0 C.
• Example 20 K/Cr/Ni Following the procedure of Example 19, 5O g of ChromeNickel catalyst was impregnated with 15 g of KF and reduced.
• Example 21 K/Cr/Ni Following the procedure of Example 19, 5Og of ChromeNickel catalyst was impregnated with 3.75 g of KF and reduced.
• the slurry was filtered and washed twice with 5 L of water.
• the filter cake was dried in an oven, then the cake was calcined for 2 hours at 375 0 C. 39Og of the catalyst were obtained.
• Graphite (M-970) (15.6g) was added to the catalyst and it was calcined at 65O 0 C for 2 hours.
• the catalyst was then reduced in a quartz boat.
• the catalyst was placed in a quartz tube, and purged with 500 seem N 2 for 30 minutes, and then purged with 100 seem of He for 30 minutes, all at room temperature.
• the sample was then heated to 26O 0 C at a rate of 5 0 C per minute.
• the He:H 2 ratio was changed from 100:0 to 0:100 in 10% increments every 10 minutes.
• the sample was then heated at a rate of 5 0 C per minute to 400 0 C, and maintained at this temperature and under hydrogen for 4 hours.
• the sample was purged with 500 seem N 2 and passivated in N 2 AD 2 , with the O 2 level being slowly raised from 1 % to 5%, while keeping the temperature below 3O 0 C.
• Example 23 K/Cu/Ni/Cr/CaF 2 100g of a catalyst prepared in Example 22 was impregnated with
• Example 24 Cu/Ni/Cr Solutions of Cr(NOs) 3 9H 2 O (362g (0.905mole), Ni(NOs) 2 6H 2 O (309 g, 1.06 moles) and Cu(NO 3 ) 2.5H 2 O (21.7, 0.52 moles) in 1500 ml of water, and K 2 COs (508 g, 4 moles) in 1419 ml of water, were added to a reaction vessel containing 1419 ml of water. The resulting slurry was filtered, and washed twice with 5 L of water. The filter cake was dried in an ovenand then it was calcined for 2 hours at 375 0 C. 294 g of the catalyst were obtained. Graphite (M-970) (11.76) was added to the catalyst and it was calcined again at 65O 0 C for 2 hours.
• the catalyst was then reduced in a quartz boat.
• the catalyst was placed in a quartz tube, and purged with 500 seem N 2 for 30 minutes, and then purged with 100 seem of He for 30 minutes, all at room temperature.
• the sample was then heated to 26O 0 C at a rate of 5 0 C per minute.
• the He:H 2 ratio was changed from 100:0 to 0:100 in 10% increments every 10 minutes.
• the sample was then heated at a rate of 5 0 C per minute to 400 0 C, and maintained at this temperature and under hydrogen for 4 hours.
• the sample was purged with 500 seem N 2 and passivated in N 2 AD 2 , with the O 2 level being slowly raised from 1 % to 5%, while keeping the temperature below 3O 0 C.
• This catalyst was obtained from Johnson Matthey Corp and contained about 5% K, and a ratio of Cu/Ni of about 1 :1.
• the hydrogenation data for this catalyst is summarized in Table 3.
• An inconel tube (5/8 inch OD) was filled with 4 cc of catalyst that had been crushed and sieved to 12/20 mesh.
• the following general procedure was used to activate all of the catalysts.
• the temperature of the catalyst bed was raised to 260 0 C and purged with nitrogen (20 seem, 3.3 x 10 "7 m 3 /sec) for 30 minutes.
• the flow of nitrogen was reduced to 10 seem (1.7 x 10 "7 m 3 /sec) and H 2 was fed at 10 seem (1.7 x 10 "7 m 3 /sec) for 15 minutes.
• the flow of nitrogen was then lowered to 8 seem (1.3 x 10 "7 m 3 /sec) and the flow of H 2 was raised to 12 seem (2.0 x 10 "7 m 3 /sec) for 15 minutes.
• the flow of nitrogen was then lowered to 6 seem (1.0 x 10 ⁇ 7 m 3 /sec) and the flow of H 2 was raised to 14 seem (2.3 x 10 ⁇ 7 m 3 /sec) for 15 minutes.
• the flow of nitrogen was then lowered to 4 seem (6.7 x 10 "8 m 3 /sec) and the flow of H 2 was raised to 16 seem (2.7 x 10 "7 m 3 /sec) for 15 minutes.
• the flow of nitrogen was then lowered to 2 seem (3.3 x 10 ⁇ 8 m 3 /sec) and the flow of H 2 was raised to 18 seem (3.0 x 10 ⁇ 7 m 3 /sec) for 15 minutes.
• the flow of nitrogen was then discontinued and the flow of H 2 was raised to 20 seem (3.3 x 10 "7 m 3 /sec) for 15 minutes.
• the temperature was then raised to 400 0 C and the flows continued for an additional 120 minutes. After this activation period, the catalyst bed temperature was changed to reaction conditions specified in the tables below.

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