Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M37/00—Other apparatus for introducing media into the body; Percutany, i.e. introducing medicines into the body by diffusion through the skin
  • A61M37/0015—Other apparatus for introducing media into the body; Percutany, i.e. introducing medicines into the body by diffusion through the skin by using microneedles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
  • A61B17/20—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for vaccinating or cleaning the skin previous to the vaccination
  • A61B17/205—Vaccinating by means of needles or other puncturing devices
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61D—VETERINARY INSTRUMENTS, IMPLEMENTS, TOOLS, OR METHODS
  • A61D7/00—Devices or methods for introducing solid, liquid, or gaseous remedies or other materials into or onto the bodies of animals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M37/00—Other apparatus for introducing media into the body; Percutany, i.e. introducing medicines into the body by diffusion through the skin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
  • A61M5/14—Infusion devices, e.g. infusing by gravity; Blood infusion; Accessories therefor
  • A61M5/158—Needles for infusions; Accessories therefor, e.g. for inserting infusion needles, or for holding them on the body
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/15—Devices for taking samples of blood
  • A61B5/150007—Details
  • A61B5/150015—Source of blood
  • A61B5/150022—Source of blood for capillary blood or interstitial fluid
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/15—Devices for taking samples of blood
  • A61B5/150007—Details
  • A61B5/150053—Details for enhanced collection of blood or interstitial fluid at the sample site, e.g. by applying compression, heat, vibration, ultrasound, suction or vacuum to tissue; for reduction of pain or discomfort; Skin piercing elements, e.g. blades, needles, lancets or canulas, with adjustable piercing speed
  • A61B5/150106—Means for reducing pain or discomfort applied before puncturing; desensitising the skin at the location where body is to be pierced
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/15—Devices for taking samples of blood
  • A61B5/150007—Details
  • A61B5/150374—Details of piercing elements or protective means for preventing accidental injuries by such piercing elements
  • A61B5/150381—Design of piercing elements
  • A61B5/150389—Hollow piercing elements, e.g. canulas, needles, for piercing the skin
  • A61B5/150396—Specific tip design, e.g. for improved penetration characteristics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/15—Devices for taking samples of blood
  • A61B5/150969—Low-profile devices which resemble patches or plasters, e.g. also allowing collection of blood samples for testing
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/15—Devices for taking samples of blood
  • A61B5/150977—Arrays of piercing elements for simultaneous piercing
  • A61B5/150984—Microneedles or microblades
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
  • A61K9/0021—Intradermal administration, e.g. through microneedle arrays, needleless injectors
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M37/00—Other apparatus for introducing media into the body; Percutany, i.e. introducing medicines into the body by diffusion through the skin
  • A61M37/0015—Other apparatus for introducing media into the body; Percutany, i.e. introducing medicines into the body by diffusion through the skin by using microneedles
  • A61M2037/0023—Drug applicators using microneedles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M37/00—Other apparatus for introducing media into the body; Percutany, i.e. introducing medicines into the body by diffusion through the skin
  • A61M37/0015—Other apparatus for introducing media into the body; Percutany, i.e. introducing medicines into the body by diffusion through the skin by using microneedles
  • A61M2037/003—Other apparatus for introducing media into the body; Percutany, i.e. introducing medicines into the body by diffusion through the skin by using microneedles having a lumen
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M37/00—Other apparatus for introducing media into the body; Percutany, i.e. introducing medicines into the body by diffusion through the skin
  • A61M37/0015—Other apparatus for introducing media into the body; Percutany, i.e. introducing medicines into the body by diffusion through the skin by using microneedles
  • A61M2037/0061—Methods for using microneedles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M2210/00—Anatomical parts of the body
  • A61M2210/04—Skin

Definitions

• the present invention relates to hollow microneedle drug delivery devices.
• Transdermal patches have long been used for the administration of small molecule lipophilic drugs that can be readily absorbed through the skin.
• This non-invasive delivery route is advantageous for the administration of many drugs incompatible with oral delivery, as it allows for direct absorption of the drug into the systemic circulation, bypassing both the digestive and hepatic portal systems which can dramatically reduce the bioavailability of many drugs.
• Transdermal delivery also overcomes many of the challenges associated with subcutaneous injection by greatly reducing patient discomfort, needle anxiety, risk of accidental injury to the administrator and issues surrounding sharps disposal.
• transdermal delivery of drugs is confined to classes of molecules compatible with absorption through the skin. Delivery of small molecule salts and therapeutic proteins are not typically viable with traditional transdermal delivery, as the skin provides an effective protective barrier to these molecules even in the presence of absorption-enhancing excipients.
• Microneedle (including microblade) drug delivery devices have been proposed based on a wide variety of designs and materials. Some are solid, e.g., with drug coated thereon, and others are hollow, e.g., with drug delivered from a reservoir. Some are made of metal, whereas others are etched from silicon material, and still others are made of plastics such as polycarbonate.
• microneedles have shown promise for delivery drugs intradermally and transdermally, particularly where a relatively small quantity of drug is needed such as in the case of vaccines or potent drugs.
• One of the desired benefits of microneedles is of course to replace, where appropriate, conventional hypodermic needles, which can cause anxiety and/or pain for many patients.
• drugs e.g., vaccines
• microneedle delivery systems often have been seen as providing quite low rates of delivery, thus limiting the usefulness of such systems by requiring either small quantities of drug formulation to be used or long delivery times.
• typical intradermal infusion using microneedles has been documented with slow infusion rates of less than 30mcL/hour, and low infusion volumes less than 200mcL. Some reports have also indicated significant pain if higher infusion rates are attempted.
• microneedles used and their density per unit area can produce much larger rates of delivery with virtually no pain induced. This offers for the first time the prospect for using microneedle arrays to replace hypodermic injections for rapid, painless delivery of injectable drug formulations.
• the method involves rapid, high-volume intradermal infusion with minimal pain by applying an array of 10 to 30 hollow microneedles having a length between lOOum to and lmm into the skin of a patient, with a microneedle spacing of no less than 1.5mm on average between adjacent microneedles, and pumping greater than 20OuL of fluid through the hollow microneedles at a rate of greater than 20 uL/min.
• the microneedle arrays of the present invention can deliver up to ImL or more of liquid formulation at the astonishingly high rate of 500uL/min.
• the present microneedle arrays can delivery a full ImL injection intradermally in about a minute or less.
• a microneedle array according to the invention will generally have from 13 to 20 microneedles, with a spacing density of 30 to 50 microneedles per cm 2 . In one embodiment 18 microneedles are used. Preferably the microneedles are spaced at least 2 mm between adjacent microneedles.
• the microneedles generally have a length of between 500 um and 750 um, and an average channel bore of 20 to 50 ⁇ m 2 cross-sectional area.
• the method of the invention can provide infusion whereby at least 75OuL of fluid is pumped through the microneedles.
• the fluid may be pumped through the hollow microneedles at a rate of at least 400 uL/min.
• the back pressure during pumping is usually no greater than 25 psi and generally maintained at 20 psi.
• the microneedles have an exit hole located on a sidewall of each microneedle.
• the microneedles typically penetrate from 100 um to 400 um into the dermis (hence the depth of penetration is not the full height of the microneedles themselves).
• microneedle arrays appear to use a large number of closely spaced microneedles, which may limit the volume and rate of fluid that can be accommodated within the dermal tissue. Trying to inject fluid rapidly with such devices may then either create undue back-pressure, fluid leakage back out of the skin during injection, needle array dislodgement, tissue doming, and/or significant pain.
• Microneedle refers to a specific microscopic structure associated with the array that is designed for piercing the stratum corneum to facilitate the transdermal delivery of therapeutic agents or the sampling of fluids through the skin.
• microneedles can include needle or needle-like structures, including microblades, as well as other structures capable of piercing the stratum corneum.
• Figures IA and B are a perspective view of a microneedle array embodiment, also showing a closer view of an individual hollow microneedle.
• Figures 2A and B show images of hairless guinea pig skin after hollow microneedle patch removal with staining.
• Figures 3 A and B show images of a microneedle infusion site showing methylene blue
• Figure 4 shows a comparative graph of naloxone blood levels versus time by delivery route.
• Figure 5 plots pain of infusion versus certain infusion categories.
• Figure 6 plots maximum infusion pressure versus certain infusion categories.
• Figure 7 plots maximum infusion rate versus certain infusion categories.
• Figure 8 plots infusion volume versus certain infusion categories.
• Figure 9 plots pain of infusion versus maximum infusion pressure.
• Figure 10 plots pain of infusion versus maximum infusion rate.
• Figure 11 plots pain of infusion versus infusion volume.
• a microneedle device 10 has a microneedle array 11 comprising a substrate 12 from which extend a plurality of eighteen microneedles 14. Each microneedle 14 has a height of approximately 500 ⁇ m from its base 16 to its tip 18. A hollow channel (not shown) extends through the substrate 12 and microneedle 14, exiting at a channel opening
• the channel runs along a central axis of the microneedle 14, but exits similar to a hypodermic needle on a sloping side-wall of the microneedle to help prevent blockage by tissue upon insertion.
• the channel has an average cross-sectional area about 20-50 ⁇ m 2 .
• the microneedles 14 are spaced apart so that the distance d between adjacent microneedles 14 is 2 mm.
• the disk shaped substrate 12 has an area of about 1.27 cm 2 and the microneedles 14 are spread out over an area of about .42 cm 2 as measured using the perimeter of the outermost rows of microneedles 14. This gives a microneedle density of about 14 microneedles/cm 2 .
• the microneedle array 11 is made by thermocycled injection molding of a polymer such as medical grade polycarbonate, followed by laser drilling to form the channel of the microneedle.
• An array rim structure 22 is used for attaching to the microneedle substrate 12 a backing member (not shown) that incorporates an adhesive disk (not shown) (3M 1513
• the skin contacting surface of the entire microneedle device 10 including an adhesive ring will be about 5.5 cm 2 .
• the microneedle device 10 is typically applied to the skin using an external applicator (not shown).
• the applicator is designed, e.g., using a spring mechanism, to achieve a desired velocity so the microneedles will penetrate into the skin rather then merely deforming the skin.
• the adhesive ring secures the microneedle device against the skin.
• Various applicator devices are disclosed in, for example, WO2005/123173, WO2006/055802, WO2006/05579, WO2006/055771,
• Fluid to be delivered through the microneedle array can be contained in a reservoir (not shown) containing the fluid or by having the fluid pumped from an external source such as a syringe or other container that may be connected by, e.g., tubing or using a luer connector.
• Drug can be dissolved or suspended in the formulation, and typical formulations are those of the type that can be injected from a hypodermic needle.
• any substance that can be formulated and delivered via hypodermic injection may be used, including any pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmaceutical, diagnostic, and therapeutic agents (collectively referred to herein as "drug” for convenience).
• drugs that may be useful in injectable formulations with the present invention include but are not limited to ACTH (e.g. corticotropin injection), luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (e.g., Gonadorelin Hydrochloride), growth hormone -releasing hormone (e.g., Sermorelin Acetate), cholecystokinin (Sincalide), parathyroid hormone and fragments thereof (e.g. Teriparatide Acetate), thyroid releasing hormone and analogs thereof (e.g.
• ACTH e.g. corticotropin injection
• luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone e.g., Gonadorelin Hydrochloride
• growth hormone -releasing hormone e.g., Sermorelin Acetate
• cholecystokinin e.
• Prostaglandins Recombinant soluble receptors, scopolamine, Serotonin agonists and antagonists, Sildenafil, Terbutaline, Thrombolytics, Tissue plasminogen activators, TNF-, and TNF-antagonist, the vaccines, with or without carriers/adjuvants, including prophylactics and therapeutic antigens (including but not limited to subunit protein, peptide and polysaccharide, polysaccharide conjugates, toxoids, genetic based vaccines, live attenuated, reassortant, inactivated, whole cells, viral and bacterial vectors) in connection with, addiction, arthritis, cholera, cocaine addiction, diphtheria, tetanus, HIB,
• prophylactics and therapeutic antigens including but not limited to subunit protein, peptide and polysaccharide, polysaccharide conjugates, toxoids, genetic based vaccines, live attenuated, reassortant, inactivated, whole cells
• Lyme disease meningococcus, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, yellow fever, Respiratory syncytial virus, tick borne Japanese encephalitis, pneumococcus, streptococcus, typhoid, influenza, hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C and E, otitis media, rabies, polio, HIV, parainfluenza, rotavirus, Epstein Barr Virsu, CMV, chlamydia, non- typeable haemophilus, moraxella catarrhalis, human papilloma virus, tuberculosis including BCG, gonorrhoea, asthma, atherosclerosis malaria, E-coli, Alzheimer's Disesase, H.
• microneedle shapes can be used, such as cone shaped, cylindrical, pyramidal, truncated, asymmetrical, and combinations thereof.
• Various materials can also be used, such as polymers, metals, and silicon-based, and can be manufactured in any suitable way, such as injection molding, stamping, and using photolithography.
• the arrangement of the microneedles on the substrate can be of any pattern, such as random, polygonal, square, and circular (as viewed facing to the skin- contacting surface of the array).
• microneedle array device as described above in connection with the Figure IA was used for the following experiments and examples.
• the blood was allowed to set at room temperature for at least 30 minutes prior to being centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes. After centrifugation, the serum was separated from the whole blood and stored cold until extraction.
• Room temperature serum samples were prepared using solid phase extraction cartridges (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA). Cartridges were conditioned with methanol (EMD Chemicals, Inc, Gibbstown, NJ) and equilibrated with reagent grade water before loading with the serum samples. Serum was washed with 2mL of 5% methanol in reagent grade water and naloxone eluted with 100% methanol. The eluent was collected in a
• Extracts were reconstituted with 5% acetonitrile/95% 0.1% formic acid (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA) in water, transferred to microcentrifuge tubes (Eppendorf, Westbury, NY) and centrifuged at 14000rpm for 10 minutes.
• Extracts were quantitatively analyzed using LCMSMS. Separation was achieved using an Agilent Eclipse XDB-C 18 column (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, DE) in sequence with a Phenomenex Cl 8 Guard Column (Phenomenex, Torrence, CA); the mobile phase was 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile; the formic acid was ramped from 95% to 10% over 1 minute.
• Agilent Eclipse XDB-C 18 column Agilent Eclipse XDB-C 18 column (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, DE) in sequence with a Phenomenex Cl 8 Guard Column (Phenomenex, Torrence, CA); the mobile phase was 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile; the formic acid was ramped from 95% to 10% over 1 minute.
• a Sciex API3000 triple quad mass spectrometer (Applied
• naloxone was 0.1 to lOOng/mL evaluated using a 1/x curve weighting.
• Various sizes of pigs were dosed, so to normalize blood naloxone levels with respect to pig weight, the blood naloxone levels were multiplied by a conversion factor of 62mL blood/kg of pig weight and then multiplied by the weight of the pig at dosing (kg). Final results are plotted as ⁇ g naloxone/pig.
• porcine skin is generally regarded as being similar to human skin in thickness, hair density and attachment to the underlying tissue. If the depth of the epidermis in the pig used in these studies is approximately similar to that found in humans, depth of penetration data indicate that the likely depth of infusion for the hollow microneedle devices used herein (see Figure IA) is 180-280 ⁇ m (average 250 ⁇ m), a depth that could correspond to either the dermis or the epidermis which may affect the magnitude of back pressure encountered during infusion. It will thus be understood that although the microneedle height was about 500 ⁇ m, the actual depth of penetration was about half of that.
• Figures 2A and 2B show an application site on an HGP after patch removal.
• Figure 2A shows markings made by Rhodamine B dye that had been coated on the microneedles prior to application.
• Figure 2B shows markings made by staining with methylene blue after a microneedle array was removed. Penetration of the stratum corneum by each of the 18 microstructures is evident from the pattern of methylene blue dots in Figure 2B. No blood was observed during or after application.
• FIG. 1 shows the results of an 800 ⁇ L intradermal infusion of a 0.001% methylene blue formulation into pig. The skin is dry to the touch after patch removal; the deep blue of the infused formulation provides a visual assessment of the treatment.
• Each blue spot on the skin corresponds to one of the eighteen hollow microstructures on the array.
• the dye appears somewhat smeared (diffused) after nine minutes, the blue stain remained, essentially unchanged 24 hours later although the wheal disappeared in under an hour. It is likely that the dye actually stained or precipitated in the tissue and, in this sense, is probably not an effective indicator of extended intradermal infusion patterns post infusion.
• a small amount (1- 3 ⁇ L) of formulation is typically observed on the surface of the skin.
• this fluid is removed by gentle wiping with a tissue, no additional fluid is observed.
• a pinkish blotch the size of the hollow microneedle array, is typically seen upon patch removal, but the blotch fades so as to become nearly indistinguishable within 5 minutes.
• a small dome again approximately the size of the hollow microneedle array was observed on the pig skin as well. The dome yielded, but did not "leak", under gentle pressure. The dome was resolved, both visually and by touch, within 40 minutes of removing the application patch. Observations of the application site 24- and 48-hours post application showed no evidence of erythema or edema.
• the infusion system used with the swine employs standard medical equipment to provide delivery of the formulation.
• the hollow microneedle application patch is coupled to a Medfusion 3500 syringe pump (Smiths Medical, St. Paul, MN) via a commercial, pre-sterilized Polyethylene IV Extension Set (Vygon Corporation, Ecouen, France) that includes an in-line pre-sterilized, DTX Plus TNF-R pressure transducer (BD Infusion Therapy Systems, Inc, Sandy, UT).
• the Medfusion 3500 pump is commonly used in hospital settings and has pre-set safety stop features. Pressure readings were recorded at a rate of approximately one measurement every two seconds. A 5% Dextrose, USP, solution for injection (Baxter Healthcare, Deerf ⁇ eld, IL) was used for infusion as received. The 0.001% methylene blue solution was prepared using sterile water and was filtered prior to administration.
• Example 2 Naloxone Infusion with Resulting PK Profile
• Naloxone is a ⁇ -opioid receptor competitive antagonist used primarily to combat overdose of drugs such as heroin.
• naloxone is only about 2% bioavailable when administered orally.
• Naloxone is well-absorbed but is nearly 90% removed during first pass.
• Literature review indicates that the half life of naloxone in human adults is 30-81 minutes and considerably longer (approx 3 hours) in children. Naloxone is excreted in the urine as metabolites.
• Blood samples were collected from the ear vein of the pig before infusion and at specified time points up to 2 hours following infusion. The samples were prepared and analyzed to determine naloxone level in sera. For comparison, naive pigs were dosed with the same commercial naloxone formulation using either subcutaneous or intravenous injection. As with the intradermal infusion, blood samples were collected and analyzed for naloxone levels.
• FIG. 4 A comparative graph of naloxone blood levels versus time by delivery route is shown in Figure 4. Pigs were also administered naloxone via subcutaneous injection. These pigs were similar in weight and age to those administered naloxone via the hollow microneedle device. These results indicate comparable delivery of naloxone via the hollow microneedle and subcutaneous injection. Based on blood samples collected up to 2 hours after initiation of the infusion, the bioavailability for the naloxone administered by the hollow microneedle technology is estimated to be 107+/-35% of that resulting from subcutaneous administration.
• Figures 5, 9, 10 and 11 plot data involving pain based on the following pain scale.
• Figures 5-8 provide a distribution summary of infusion parameters sorted by category.
• Figure 5 plots pain of infusion versus Category.
• Figure 6 plots maximum infusion pressure versus Category.
• Figure 7 plots maximum infusion rate versus Category.
• Figure 8 plots infusion volume versus Category.
• Table VI provides a summary of infusion parameters for all Category 3 infusions.
• Figures 9-11 plot the relationships between infusion pain and various infusion parameters for Category 3 (750-1000 ⁇ L) infusions only.
• Figure 9 plots pain of infusion versus maximum infusion pressure.
• Figure 10 plots pain of infusion versus maximum infusion rate.
• Figure 11 plots pain of infusion versus infusion volume.

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