Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
  • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
  • A61N1/02—Details
  • A61N1/04—Electrodes
  • A61N1/05—Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
  • A61N1/0526—Head electrodes
  • A61N1/0548—Oral electrodes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
  • A61C19/00—Dental auxiliary appliances
  • A61C19/04—Measuring instruments specially adapted for dentistry
  • A61C19/041—Measuring instruments specially adapted for dentistry for measuring the length of the root canal of a tooth
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
  • A61C19/00—Dental auxiliary appliances
  • A61C19/04—Measuring instruments specially adapted for dentistry
  • A61C19/042—Measuring instruments specially adapted for dentistry for determining the position of a root apex
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
  • A61C5/00—Filling or capping teeth
  • A61C5/40—Implements for surgical treatment of the roots or nerves of the teeth; Nerve needles; Methods or instruments for medication of the roots
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
  • A61C5/00—Filling or capping teeth
  • A61C5/40—Implements for surgical treatment of the roots or nerves of the teeth; Nerve needles; Methods or instruments for medication of the roots
  • A61C5/44—Means for controlling working depth, e.g. supports or boxes with depth-gauging means, stop positioners or files with adjustably-mounted handles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
  • A61C5/00—Filling or capping teeth
  • A61C5/50—Implements for filling root canals; Methods or instruments for medication of tooth nerve channels
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
  • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
  • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
  • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
  • A61N1/325—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for iontophoresis, i.e. transfer of media in ionic state by an electromotoric force into the body
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
  • A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
  • A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
  • A61B18/14—Probes or electrodes therefor

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a device and method for treatment of a dental cavity such as a root canal and, more particularly, but not exclusively to a device for sterilizing a root canal.
• a root canal is the commonly used term for the main canals within the dentine of the tooth. These are part of the natural cavity within a tooth that consists of the dental pulp chamber, the main canals, and sometimes more intricate anatomical branches that may connect the root canals to each other or to the root surface of the tooth. Root canals are filled with a highly vascularized, loose connective tissue, the dental pulp. This sometimes becomes infected and inflamed, generally due to caries or tooth fractures that allow microorganisms, mostly bacteria from the oral flora or their byproducts, access to the pulp chamber or the root canals. The infected tissue is removed by a surgical intervention known as endodontic therapy, more commonly known as root canal treatment.
• Removal and disinfection procedures are not always effective at removing individual bacteria, but it is even more difficult to remove bacterial films. Nevertheless complete removal of bacteria or sterilization of the canal prior to sealing the root canal is a necessary condition for a successful outcome to the treatment.
• a further disadvantage of the above system is that bubbles or air pockets tend to occur, especially in the deeper parts of the root canal or where root canal passages are not straight, and the air pockets tend to prevent the cleaning fluid from making contact with all surfaces.
• Other systems place an electrode inside the root canal and another electrode outside the tooth and pass a current between the two, closing the circuit via the human body.
• the electromagnetic field and in some case the temperature kills bacteria, but the effectiveness is limited because often the conditions in the canal are not ideal. This is particularly the case when the electrode is far from the apical aria.
• One version uses 500 Watts of power, at a frequency of 300-KHz, in order to create a current path from the apical aria of the root canal to the external electrode, through the patient's flesh.
• a disadvantage of this system is that much of the power provided goes to setting up the current path and not to carrying out the sterilization. Furthermore the sterilization effect is not uniform over the root canal, and requires exceptional skill on the part of the dentist in order to be successful. Furthermore the resistance provided by the human body varies between individuals, making it impossible to control the power level in given cases. Thus a higher than designed resistance may reduce the output and vice versa. Furthermore the power increases with proximity to the apical aria, due to the reduced distance between the two ends of the probe or electrode and in some cases a current overload may result, causing pain to the patient. Thus it is impossible to control the power and you may either expose the client to sharp, pain or you may fail to provide sufficient power to destroy all the bacteria.
• the apex contains healthy tissue which should not be damaged.
• a device for sterilization of a dental cavity comprising: an electrode pair for extending into said cavity; and a controller configured for sending controlled electrical energy to said cavity via current flowing between the electrodes when located in said cavity, thereby to provide electrical energy for said sterilization.
• a first electrode of said electrode pair forms a central axis and a second electrode of said electrode pair is coiled about said central axis.
• said first electrode is controllably extendable along said axial direction, thereby to vary a length of a gap between said first electrode and said second electrode.
• said controller is configured to adjust a level of energy released within said cavity. In an embodiment, said level of energy is limited in accordance with a tooth cavity resistance limit.
• a device may comprise a plug for closure of said cavity.
• said plug is movable to define a depth to which said electrode pair extends into said cavity.
• a device may be designed to detect whether the cavity contains conductive fluid, said detecting comprising measuring conductivity between the electrodes.
• said controller is configured to cut off said current if absence of said fluid is detected in said cavity.
• a device may be configured with an apex detection unit for detecting an apex of said cavity and a mechanical limiter to limit an extension of said electrode pair into said detected apex.
• said controller comprises a pulse generator and said energy is controlled by varying a size of pulses generated.
• a device may comprise a resistance measurement unit for measuring electrical resistance around the extent of said electrode pair.
• said controller is operatively connected to said resistance measurement, thereby to shut off said controlled current whenever said electrical resistance is at a level indicating that said electrodes are not currently located in said cavity or are located in an apex of said cavity.
• said controller is configured to provide a pre- sterilization stage of cavity clearing.
• said conductive fluid is a salt solution.
• said salt solution comprises a salt concentration lying between 0.9% and saturation.
• the salt concentration comprises any one of the group comprising a 2% solution, a 3% solution, a 4% solution, a 5% solution, a 6% solution, a 7% solution, an 8% solution, a 9% solution, a 10% solution, an 11% solution, a 12% solution, a 13% solution, a 14% solution, a 15% solution, a 16% solution, a 17% solution, an 18% solution, a 19% solution, and a 20% solution.
• said conductive fluid is ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
• EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
• a method of treatment of a cavity comprising: inserting a pair of electrodes into said cavity; and generating a controlled energy pulse between said electrodes, and therewith disinfecting said cavity.
• the method may comprise filling said cavity with a conductive fluid prior to said generating a controlled energy pulse.
• the method may comprise, prior to filling said cavity with conductive fluid, providing a pulse to dry tissues within said cavity for removal.
• the method may comprise measuring a location of an apex of said cavity and setting a mechanical limiter to prevent insertion of said electrodes into said apex.
• the method may comprise controlling said energy according to a local volume of said cavity.
• the method may comprise locating said electrodes at a first depth in said cavity and controlling said energy pulse according to a local volume at said first depth and then relocating said electrodes to a second depth and controlling said energy pulse according to a local volume at said second depth.
• a method of treatment of a cavity comprising: inserting a pair of electrodes into said cavity; and generating controlled energy between said electrodes, and therewith disinfecting said cavity.
• FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram illustrating a first device according to an embodiment of the present invention where electrodes are inserted into a root canal;
• FIG. 2 shows both a detail and an exploded diagram of the electrode assembly of the device of FIG. 1;
• FIG. 3A is a simplified cross section of the handle and electrode moving mechanism of the device of FIG. 1;
• FIG. 3B is an alternative version of the electrode moving assembly of FIG. 3A allowing for multiple electrode positions
• FIG. 4 is another simplified diagram showing the cross section compared to the complete assembly and against the various assemblies separated from each other;
• FIG. 5 is a simplified diagram showing the device of FIG. 1 with attachments for apex location, according to another embodiment of the present invention
• FIG. 6 is a simplified diagram showing in greater detail the electrode assembly of FIG. 1 in the root canal
• FIG. 7 is a simplified flow chart showing the operation of a device according to an embodiment of the present invention
• FIG. 8 is a simplified diagram showing the device in the two different positions for the first and second pulse trains respectively according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 9 is a simplified schematic diagram which shows use of attachments for apex location in order to set the position of the electrode in the root canal.
• the present embodiments comprise an apparatus and a method for root canal sterilization using electrical energy, where an electrode pair is inserted into the root canal. A discharge is induced between the electrodes of the electrode pair. The current is confined to the gap between the electrode ends and thus to the root canal, and electrical energy is therefore kept out of surrounding tissues. The result is that several Joules of energy can be released within the root canal to kill the bacteria, without detrimental effect on the human body
• the effect can be enhanced by filling the root canal with either a conductive fluid, such as salt water or an irrigation fluid such as 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), to take two examples.
• a conductive fluid such as salt water or an irrigation fluid such as 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
• EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
• Other fluids with high conductivity or sterilizing ability may also be considered.
• the electrical energy diffuses into the root canal volume and kills the bacteria.
• the bacteria are killed by one or more of an electromagnetic wave, a wave of heat provided via the liquid and a pressure wave. Although any one of the above may be useful, two or more are preferred for clinical effectiveness and all three together provide the ideal sterilization, thus providing the sterilization.
• the electric current generated between the electrodes can be concentrated in a precise region, that is the region between the two electrode tips, so the use of energy can be tightly controlled.
• the electrodes in the root canal it is possible to provide energy at precise locations in the root canal and to vary the energy in accordance with the locations.
• the energy level can be tailored for the particular location within the canal according to the canal volume and shape.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a device 10 for sterilization of a dental root cavity 12, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• the device comprises an electrode pair 14 for extending into the cavity.
• a controller - control box 16 - comprises a power supply 17, a controller 18 and an apex locator unit 19.
• the power supply includes capacitors to store energy, a voltage supply, a supply limiter and a timer, and provides precise pulses.
• the controller 18 includes a microprocessor and is able to carry out functions such as measuring apex location within the root canal, measuring conductivity and calculating the pulses needed for the given conditions, in some embodiments of the invention.
• the controller 16 sends a controlled electrical current at high voltage to the cavity via the electrodes.
• the controlled current is confined within the cavity since both electrodes are located within the cavity.
• the energy released carries out the disinfection.
• the energy released can be of the order of magnitude of 1 to 10 or even 90 Joules, and may be calculated to heat fluid within the cavity within milliseconds to a temperature exceeding 130 degrees Celsius or at least a temperature exceeding 100 degrees Celsius, to kill any bacteria present.
• the pulse is optionally a pulse modulated high voltage alternating current whose duration defines the necessary energy levels. The high voltage and the distance between the electrodes define whether breakdown will occur, leading to a spark.
• FIG. 2 is a detail of FIG. 1 showing the electrodes of the electrode pair.
• a first electrode 20 extends axially within a sleeve 22.
• Sleeve 22 is an insulator.
• a tip of the first electrode 20 extends from the sleeve 22.
• the second electrode 24 of the pair is coiled around the central axis.
• the electrode construction is made thin enough and flexible enough to be inserted into a root canal. In particular the end of the assembly comes to a point to allow for penetration into the depths of the canal.
• the head of the axial electrode meaning the proximal end, has a larger diameter than the distal end, and the outer electrode is wound around the axial electrode. The two electrodes are isolated from each other.
• the first electrode is controllably extendable along the axial direction, so that the tip can be extended or retracted as desired.
• the result is to vary the length of a gap between the first electrode and the second electrode and thus control the passage of electrical energy within the canal.
• the mechanism defines at least two specific lengths of the electrode gap, providing two locations or more in the root canal for releasing energy. Pulses of energy often lead to sparks and the location of the spark is generally in the region between the two ends of the electrodes so that adjusting the height of the first electrode is a relatively accurate way of pinpointing the location of the spark and thus providing precise pinpointing of the energy, from which point the energy spreads around the canal to carry out sterilization.
• the controller may alter the current or the voltage or the time or length of the pulses and thus adjust the level of energy released within the cavity. Such an energy level adjustment may be carried out in line with adjustment of the location of the electrode so that greater energy is provided at the outermost end of the root canal and lesser energy at the narrower apex.
• the conical shape of the apex tends to decrease resistance and increase the energy at the narrow parts of the canal, thus naturally providing the energy level adjustment even without artificially intervening. Furthermore the number of pulses in a pulse train is limited so as to reduce the possibility of unintentional energy release after the device has been removed from the root canal.
• the construction of the electrode assembly may include a plug 26 which serves to close the cavity, and helps to keep any liquids inside.
• the plug thus prevents release of fluids heated by the spark.
• any kind of toxic fluid is used then it prevents the release of the toxic fluid into the mouth
• the plug is movable to define a depth to which the electrode pair extends into said cavity. As shown the plug is located over rotatable element 28 which can be screwed along thread 30 to provide a finely defined length of the electrode assembly. The length can be set to define the distance to the apex of the root canal so as to prevent the electrodes from being extended into the apex.
• the cavity is filled with fluid before insertion of the electrodes, so that the effect of the spark is to heat the fluid.
• the electrodes can be used to measure the resistance in the cavity prior to supply of the spark so as to ascertain that the fluid is present.
• the controller may be set to cut off the current if absence of fluid is detected. In one embodiment there is no separate measurement activity. The first of a train of spark-causing pulses is generated and if the conductivity is too low then it is inferred that the fluid is not present and the remainder of the train is stopped.
• the device may be used together with any kind of fluid injector that injects the conductive fluid into the cavity.
• the conductive fluid may be a salt solution, say between 2 and 20% saline solution.
• other fluids such as EDTA may be used, as mentioned.
• the root canal cavity is very small, of the order of about 7 micro liters in volume, so that very little fluid is in fact present. A small amount of energy can thus heat up the fluid very quickly.
• the central electrode extends beyond both the sleeve and the tip of the outer electrode.
• a gap between the electrodes of about 7- 10mm is initially defined, however the central electrode can be retracted from this initial position to define different length gaps during the course of the treatment.
• the spark generally begins in the region between the two electrodes and thus retraction of the central electrode moves this region and allows for sparks at different locations in the root canal. Since the initial maximum extent is set not to reach the apex, all further treatment is safely away from the apex as well. The spark location can be safely moved within the canal under complete control. Furthermore the amount of energy can be varied according to the present depth. In the deepest parts of the canal the diameter is much smaller and thus less energy is needed than say at the surface.
• the amount of power may be arrived at by online measurement of the current and voltage during the pulse train.
• the constricted space of the canal can only accommodate a limited amount of energy, which defines an upper level of resistance so that increasing the amount of energy beyond this value achieves nothing.
• the pulse energy level may thus be limited to the lowest value giving such an upper resistance value for any reason.
• Controlling according to the upper resistance value provides for greater energy for greater width and less energy for lesser width.
• a preferred diameter for the central electrode is 0.15mm.
• the spiral shape of the second electrode may serve to increase the structural stability of the electrode assembly as a whole.
• the device may include an apex locator detection unit which detects the apex of the root canal.
• an apex detection unit is discussed in applicant's copending US
• Plug 26 serves as a mechanical limiter to limit an extension of said electrode pair into the detected apex.
• the controller 16 may comprise a pulse generator and the current may be controlled by varying a size of the pulses generated.
• the controller may include a resistance measurement unit which measures electrical resistance around the extent of the electrode pair.
• the controller may shut off the controlled current to the electrodes whenever the electrical resistance is at a level indicating that the electrodes are not currently located in the cavity or are located in an apex of said cavity, or when the fluid does not appear to be present.
• the controller supports a pre-disinfection stage of cavity clearing, in which pre-treatment pulses from the electrodes clear dead or dying tissue from the root canal or the walls.
• a pre-disinfection stage may be carried out without artificial insertion of fluid, more specifically prior to insertion of the fluid into the root canal. The natural moisture in the canal may be sufficient.
• the plug 26 is placed over the tooth being treated.
• Handle 32 is held by the operator to keep the electrode assembly steady within the root canal and button 34 is pressed both to start a train of pulses and to operate the retraction mechanism of the central electrode, so that the pulses can be spread out over at least two locations over the length of the canal.
• FIG. 3A is a cross section showing the mechanism of device 10, according to an embodiment of the invention. Parts that are the same as those in figures already described are given corresponding reference numerals and are described further only as necessary for an understanding of the present embodiment.
• FIG. 3A particularly shows the details of the mechanism for advancing the electrode.
• Electromagnet 36 is alternatively energized and de-energized to attract or not attract pole 38. Pole 38 takes with it block 40 which is pulled upwards until it reaches step 41, where it is stopped.
• the arrangement provides for two electrode positions, an upper position and a lower position, as illustrated in FIG. 8 below.
• the length of slot 42 is chosen for optimal location of the spark along the root canal.
• Spring 43 ensures an electrical connection to the outer electrode irrespective of the position of the electrode.
• Button 34 allows the user to operate the controller which will operate the control of the electromagnet and thus the position of the electrode.
• FIG. 3B is a simplified cross-section illustrating a variation of the mechanism of FIG. 3A in which a stepper motor allows a larger number of electrode positions to be attained. Parts that are the same as those in figures already described are given corresponding reference numerals and are described further only as necessary for an understanding of the present embodiment.
• Stepper motor 44 receives commands from the controller and rotates accordingly. Block 45 rotates and via the mutual thread arrangement advances or retracts pole 46 accordingly in a controlled manner.
• FIG. 4 shows that the device may be constructed in three parts, the insertion head 50, which includes the electrode assembly and the cap, the electrode control unit 52 which includes the cap mechanism and the plunger mechanism, and the handle itself 54, which is angled for ease of use.
• the electrode assembly may be removable for sterilization in an autoclave
• FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of a working device.
• the sterilization device
• hook 62 is looped on the lip and the combination of hook 62 and attachment 64 are used for locating the apex, in conjunction with the apex location unit.
• FIG. 6 is an enlarged diagram showing the electrode assembly inserted into the root canal.
• Plug 26 both seals liquids within the tooth cavity and acts as a limiter to prevent the electrodes from reaching the root canal apex.
• the axial electrode 20 has an exposed tip portion 70.
• the coiled second electrode 24 has a tip 74. The distance between the tip 74 and the beginning of the exposed portion 70 defines a spark gap, and it is this distance which is varied by moving the axial electrode so that the precise location of the spark can be varied during the therapy as described above in respect of Figures 3A and 3B.
• the sleeve is fixed with the electrode assembly 50 which is fixed in place by holders 71.
• a process for use of the device is now described with respect to FIG. 7. The process begins with stage 80 by locating the apex using the apex locator attachment 19 and hook 62. At the same time as the apex is located the moisture level of the root is measured and fed directly into the operating program.
• plug 26 is then rotated to define the depth of the apex so as to act as a guard against the electrodes being inserted into the apex.
• the plug is set to give a predetermined distance of clearance from the apex, say one or two or other millimeters of clearance.
• An intermediate stage 84 of providing an initial pulse based on partial penetration of the electrode device into the canal can optionally be carried out in order to dry the tissues of the canal which will need to be removed by the files prior to sterilization. Drying the tissues eases their subsequent removal.
• the size of pulse needed to dry the tissues may be obtained from the detected moisture level of the canal as detected previously.
• the optional conductive or cleaning fluid may be injected into the root canal in stage 86.
• the electrode assembly is now attached to the handle and inserted into the channel until further progress is impeded by the plug, in stage 88.
• the dentist then presses on the button 34, which operates the control program in the controller.
• the control program issues one or more pulses of defined power depending on the location of the electrode within the canal and the size of the canal - the apical constriction. Wherever the volume of the canal is less, the power in the pulses will be less.
• the voltage level of the pulses is controlled to affect the overall power as is the timing of the pulses.
• the pulse train may stop when the program is completed or button 34 is released. A typical number of pulses for the train would not exceed four.
• the plunger is operated to move the electrodes to the higher part of the canal - stage 92.
• stage 94 a further pulse train is produced, and here greater power is used as the size of the canal is larger.
• the amount of power is arrived at by online measurement of the current and voltage.
• the constricted space of the canal can only accommodate a limited amount of energy, which defines an upper level of resistance so that increasing the amount of energy beyond this value achieves nothing.
• the pulse energy level may thus be limited to the lowest value giving such an upper resistance value.
• a large pulse is supplied to disable the electrodes and stop further activity.
• the large pulse is a safety feature intended to ensure that electrical energy is not inadvertently released outside the root canal, say in contact with the jaw or the molars.
• a further safety feature involves the ability to detect inadvertent entry of the electrodes into the apex for whatever reason, say human error in setting the plug.
• the apex locator mechanism continually operates via a small current through the electrode 20 sent to hook 62, of the order of 10mA.
• a danger area is defined and whenever the electrodes are indicated to be in that danger area the pulse train is automatically shut down.
• An additional safety feature ensures that the actual energy of the pulse does not exceed the calculated energy.
• FIG. 8 illustrates the device of the present embodiments in two pulse positions in the root canal.
• the device is initially extended as far as plug 26 will allow, which means that the electrode reaches deep into the root canal, and almost up to the apex.
• the first pulse or pulse train is issued at this first deep position - position A.
• the electrode is retracted, for example using the mechanism of FIG. 3A above, and the second pulse or pulse train is emitted at position B.
• a device according to the present embodiments may have a number of advantages over the existing systems that use electrodes.
• FIG. 9 is a simplified schematic diagram which shows use of attachments for apex location in order to set the plug. Parts that are the same as in earlier figures are given the same reference numerals and are only explained again in accordance with the need to understand the present figure.
• the process of locating the apex is controlled within controller 60. Hook 62 is placed on the gum to define a ground and then a train of high frequency pulses are released into the canal from apex location attachment 64. The reflection of the pulses is measured. A second train of pulses is then emitted at a different frequency and the reflection is measured.

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• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Biomedical Technology (AREA)
• Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
• Dentistry (AREA)
• Epidemiology (AREA)
• Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
• Biophysics (AREA)
• Surgery (AREA)
• Neurosurgery (AREA)
• Neurology (AREA)
• Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
• Cardiology (AREA)
• Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
• Dental Tools And Instruments Or Auxiliary Dental Instruments (AREA)
• Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)
• Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)

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• 2009
  • 2009-11-05 CN CN200980153699.2A patent/CN102271612B/zh active Active
  • 2009-11-05 JP JP2011535206A patent/JP5409796B2/ja active Active
  • 2009-11-05 EP EP09764904A patent/EP2376016A1/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 2009-11-05 BR BRPI0916049A patent/BRPI0916049A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2009-11-05 WO PCT/IL2009/001048 patent/WO2010052717A1/en not_active Ceased
• 2010
  • 2010-05-04 US US12/773,061 patent/US9629691B2/en active Active
• 2017
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