Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
  • A61K9/7023—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms
  • A61K9/703—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms characterised by shape or structure; Details concerning release liner or backing; Refillable patches; User-activated patches
  • A61K9/7038—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer
  • A61K9/7046—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer the adhesive comprising macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/7053—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer the adhesive comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl, polyisobutylene, polystyrene
  • A61K9/7061—Polyacrylates
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia

Definitions

• Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative brain disease that causes dementia, a progressive decline in cognitive function beyond what might be expected from normal aging. Short-term memory loss is the most common symptom, and later symptoms include confusion, anger, mood swings, language breakdown, long-term memory loss, and the general withdrawal of the subject as his or her senses decline. Alzheimer's disease has no current cure, however its symptoms can be treated with active agents, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., donepezil, galantamine, rivastigimine, tacrine, etc.) and N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists (e.g., memantine).
• Donepezil known chemically as ( ⁇ )-2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethoxy-2-[[1 -
• Transdermal active agent formulations also known as transdermal patches or skin patches, are adhesive patches containing an active agent that are placed on the skin to deliver the active agent through the skin. Transdermal patches deliver the active agent by percutaneous absorption, which is the absorption of substances through unbroken skin.
• the active agent contained in the patch passes through, or permeates the skin and can reach its site of action through a systemic blood flow.
• the transdermal patch may be placed on the desired treatment site such that the medication contained in the patch is delivered topically.
• a transdermal extended-delivery donepezil active agent composition is provided. Aspects of the compositions of the invention include a donepezil active agent layer that is formulated to provide for multi-day delivery of a therapeutically effective amount of a donepezil active agent to a subject when the composition is topically applied to the subject. Also provided are methods of using the formulations, e.g., for administering a donepezil active agent to a subject, and kits containing the formulations.
• Figure 1 shows a cross sectional view of an embodiment of the transdermal active agent formulation described herein.
• a transdermal extended-delivery donepezil active agent composition is provided. Aspects of the compositions of the invention include a donepezil active agent layer that is formulated to provide for multi-day delivery of a therapeutically effective amount of a donepezil active agent to a subject when the composition is topically applied to the subject. Also provided are methods of using the formulations, e.g., for administering donepezil active agent to a subject, and kits containing the formulations.
• transdermal donepezil compositions are reviewed first in greater detail, followed by a detailed description of methods of using the compositions and a review of kits that include the transdermal formulations.
• compositions of the invention include a donepezil active agent layer, wherein the donepezil active agent layer is formulated to provide for multi-day delivery of a therapeutically effective amount of a donepezil active agent to a subject when said composition is topically applied to said subject.
• multi-day delivery is meant that the layer is formulated to provide a therapeutically effective amount to a subject when the composition is applied to a skin site of a subject for a period of time that is 2 days or longer, e.g., 3 days or longer, such as 5 days or longer, including 7 days or longer, such as 10 days or longer.
• compositions when applied to a skin site of a subject during its intended time of application, e.g., within 7 days of application, provides for a systemic amount of donepezil that provides a desired therapeutic activity.
• the compositions provide delivery of a target dosage of donepezil that is 5 mg/day or greater over a one week period (i.e., 7 days or 168 hours), including 10 mg/day or greater over one week, such as 15 mg/day or greater over one week.
• the active agent compositions of embodiments of the invention are formulated to provide for high skin permeation rates, e.g., as determined using the skin permeation assay reported in the Experimental Section, below.
• skin permeation rates of 1 .5 ⁇ g/cm 2 /hr or greater such as 2.5 ⁇ g/cm 2 /hr or greater, including 3.5 ⁇ g/cm 2 /hr or greater are provided by the compositions.
• the size (i.e., area) of the transdermal compositions may vary.
• the size of the composition is chosen in view of the desired transdermal flux rate of the active agent and the target dosage. For example, if the transdermal flux is 3.4 ⁇ g/cm 2 /hr and the target dosage is 5 mg/day, then the transdermal composition is chosen to have an area of about 43 cm 2 . Or for example, if the transdermal flux is 3.4 ⁇ g/cm 2 /hr and the target dosage is 10 mg/day, then the transdermal patch is chosen have an area of about 87 cm 2 .
• the compositions have dimensions chosen to cover an area of skin when applied to a skin site that ranges from 10 to 200, such as 20 to 150, including 40 to 140 cm 2 .
• the donepezil active agent layer of the compositions may vary in thickness. In some instances, the thickness of the active agent layer ranges from 25 to 250, such as 50 to 200, including 100 to 150 micrometers in thickness.
• the compositions of the invention include a donepezil active agent layer, a backing layer and release liner.
• FIG. 1 a composition 1 according to an embodiment of the invention, where the composition 1 includes a backing layer 2, a donepezil active agent layer 3, and a release liner 4. Each of these layers is now described in greater detail.
• the donepezil active agent layer of compositions of the invention includes a donepezil active agent.
• donepezil active agent is meant donepezil freebase or a salt thereof, e.g., donepezil hydrochloride.
• Donepezil freebase has the empirical formula of C 24 H 29 NO 3 and the IUPAC name ( ⁇ )-2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethoxy-2-[[1 - (phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl]-1 H-inden-1 -one.
• Donepezil has the following chemical structure:
• Salts of donepezil may include the hydrochloride salt, and the like.
• Donepezil hydrochloride salt, or donepezil-HCI has the empirical formula of C 24 H 2 QN(VHCI and the IUPAC name ( ⁇ )-2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethoxy-2-[[1 -(phenylmethyl)-4- piperidinyl]methyl]-1 H-inden-1 -one hydrochloride.
• Donepezil-HCI has the following chemical structure:
• the amount of donepezil active agent present in the donepezil active agent layer is sufficient to provide for the desired extended delivery of donepezil to a subject when applied to a skin site of a subject.
• the donepezil active agent layer includes a donepezil active agent in an amount ranging from 10% to 35% (w/w), such as 15 to 30% (w/w), including 20 to 25% (w/w).
• the donepezil active agent layer is free of solid and un- dissolved donepezil active agent. This means that the donepezil active agent layer does not include crystalline or other solid forms of the donepezil active agent, or donepezil active agent that is not present in the composition.
• embodiments of the donepezil active agent layer include a percutaneous absorption enhancer.
• Percutaneous absorption enhancers employed in embodiments of the compositions facilitate the absorption of the donepezil active agent by the skin of the subject. Accordingly, the percutaneous absorption enhancer may also be referred to as a percutaneous permeation enhancer because it may facilitate not only the percutaneous absorption of the active agent, but also the percutaneous permeation of the active agent through the skin of the subject.
• percutaneous absorption enhancers are polyoxyethers of alcohols, such as but not limited to polyoxyethers of aliphatic alcohols, including saturated or unsaturated higher alcohols, e.g., having 8 to 22 carbon atoms, such as oleyl alcohol and lauryl alcohol.
• the percutaneous absorption enhancer is described by the formula: C m H 2 m + i (OCH 2 CH 2 )nOH wherein: m is an integer ranging from 8 to 22, such as 8 to 18; and n is an integer ranging from 2 to 25, such as 2 to 23.
• Specific percutaneous absorption enhancers of interest include laureth-4 and laureth-23, as well as combinations thereof.
• the donepezil active agent layer contains the percutaneous absorption enhancer in an amount ranging from 2% to 25% (w/w), such as from 10% to 25% (w/w), and including from 15% to 25% (w/w), where 15% (w/w) is present in certain embodiments.
• the transdermal donepezil composition of the invention is provided in an adhesive format, such as an adhesive tape or an adhesive patch.
• the donepezil active agent layer is an adhesive layer, such that when the composition is applied to a skin surface the composition is adhered to a skin surface by the adhesion of the active agent layer to the skin surface.
• the donepezil active agent layer includes a pressure-sensitive adhesive.
• pressure-sensitive adhesive means an adhesive that forms a bond when pressure is applied to adhere the adhesive with a surface.
• the adhesive is one in which no solvent, water, or heat is needed to activate the adhesive.
• Pressure sensitive adhesives of interest include, but are not limited to acrylate copolymers.
• Acrylate copolymers of interest include copolymers of various monomers which may be "soft" monomers, "hard” monomers, and optionally
• the acrylate copolymers can be composed of a copolymer including bipolymer (i.e., made with two monomers), a terpolymer (i.e., made with three monomers), or a tetrapolymer (i.e., made with four monomers), or copolymers made from even greater numbers of monomers.
• the acrylate copolymers can include cross-linked and non-cross-linked polymers. The polymers can be cross-linked by known methods to provide the desired polymers.
• Monomers from which the acrylate copolymers are produced include at least two or more exemplary components selected from the group including acrylic acids, alkyl acrylates, methacrylates, copolymerizable secondary monomers or monomers with functional groups.
• Monomers ("soft" and "hard” monomers) of interest include, but are not limited to, methoxyethyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, hexyl acrylate, hexyl methacrylate, 2-ethylbutyl acrylate, 2-ethylbutyl methacrylate, isooctyl acrylate, isooctyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2- ethylhexyl methacrylate, decyl acrylate, decyl methacrylate, dodecyl acrylate, dodecyl methacrylate, tridecyl
• acrylic adhesive monomers are described in Satas, "Acrylic Adhesives," Handbook of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Technology, 2nd ed., pp. 396-456 (D. Satas, ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (1989).
• acrylate copolymers that include polar functional monomeric residues.
• monomeric residues that provide for -COOH functional groups.
• Useful carboxylic acid monomers to provide the -COOH functional group may contain from about 3 to about 6 carbon atoms and include, among others, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, and the like. Acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and mixtures thereof are employed in certain embodiments acids.
• the functional monomer(s) are present in certain embodiments of the copolymers in an amount of 2 wt% or more, such as between 3-10 wt%.
• the adhesive may have a composition that is, or is substantially the same as, the composition of DuroTak ® 87-2852 (National Adhesives, Bridgewater, NJ).
• the term "substantially the same” as used herein refers to a composition that is an acrylate-vinyl acetate copolymer in an organic solvent solution and provides for the functionality as described herein.
• the acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive is DuroTak ® 87-2852.
• the adhesive may have a composition that is, or is substantially the same as, the composition of DuroTak ® 87-2054 (National Adhesives, Bridgewater, NJ).
• the term "substantially the same” as used herein refers to a composition that is an acrylate-vinyl acetate copolymer in an organic solvent solution and provides for the functionality as described herein.
• the acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive is DuroTak ® 87-2054.
• the adhesive may have a composition that is, or is substantially the same as, the composition of DuroTak ® 87-2196 (National Adhesives, Bridgewater, NJ).
• the term "substantially the same” as used herein refers to a composition that is an acrylate-vinyl acetate copolymer in an organic solvent solution and provides for the functionality as described herein.
• the acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive is DuroTak ® 87-2196.
• polyacrylate-based adhesives of interest are as follows, identified as product numbers, manufactured by National Starch (DURO-TAK ® is a trademark of National Starch adhesives): 87-200A, 87-2353, 87-2100, 87-2051 , 87- 2052, 87-2194, 87-2677, 87-201 A, 87-2979, and 87-2074.
• DURO-TAK ® is a trademark of National Starch adhesives
• compositions of the invention may include a backing layer.
• the backing may be flexible to an extent that it can be brought into close contact with a skin surface.
• the backing is such that it does not absorb the active agent, and does not allow the active agent to be released from the backing side.
• the backing may include, but is not limited to, non-woven fabrics, fabrics, films (including sheets), porous bodies, foamed bodies, paper, composite materials obtained by laminating a film on a non-woven fabric or fabric, and combinations thereof.
• Non-woven fabric may include, but is not limited to the following: polyolefin resins such as polyethylene and polypropylene; polyester resins such as polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate; and besides rayon, polyamide, poly(ester ether), polyurethane, polyacrylic resins, polyvinyl alcohol, styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymers, and styrene-ethylene-propylene-styrene copolymers; and combinations thereof.
• Fabric may include, but is not limited to cotton, rayon, polyacrylic resins, polyester resins, polyvinyl alcohol, and combinations thereof.
• the film may include, but is not limited to the following: polyolefin resins such as polyethylene and polypropylene; polyacrylic resins such as polymethyl methacrylate and polyethyl methacrylate; polyester resins such as polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate; and besides cellophane, polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyacrylonitrile, fluororesins, styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymers, styrene-butadiene rubber, polybutadiene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, polyamide, and polysulfone; and combinations thereof.
• polyolefin resins such as polyethylene and polypropylene
• polyacrylic resins such as polymethyl methacrylate and polyethyl methacryl
• the paper may include, but is not limited to impregnated paper, coated paper, wood free paper, Kraft paper, Japanese paper, glassine paper, synthetic paper, and combinations thereof.
• Composite materials may include, but are not limited to composite materials obtained by laminating the above-described film on the above- described non-woven fabric or fabric.
• a release liner is provided on the donepezil active agent layer, and specifically on a surface of the active agent layer that is distal (i.e. opposite) from the backing layer, if present.
• the release liner facilitates the protection of the active agent layer.
• the release liner may be prepared by treating one side of polyethylene-coated wood free paper, polyolefin-coated glassine paper, a polyethylene terephthalate (polyester) film, a polypropylene film, or the like with a silicone treatment.
• an adhesive overlay can be used to increase the adhesion of the composition when applied to the skin.
• Adhesive overlays can include a layer of adhesive present on a backing material, such as a porous, non-porous, occlusive, or breathable backing material.
• the dimensions of the adhesive overlay are chosen to provide the desired functionality, where in some instances the dimensions are chose such that the adhesive overlay, when applied over the active agent formulation, extends some distance beyond one or more of the sides of the active agent formulation. In some instances, the area of the adhesive overlay exceeds the area of the active agent formulation by 5% or more, such as by 10% or more, including by 20% or more.
• the adhesive overlay can be applied by the patients, by the care givers, or can be integrated in the kits.
• the methods include applying to a skin site of the subject a transdermal donepezil active agent composition of the invention, e.g., as described in detail above, and maintaining the composition at the skin site of the subject for a period of time sufficient to deliver the donepezil active agent to the subject.
• the transdermal active agent composition may be applied to the skin of the subject, for example at a skin site, a keratinized skin site, etc.
• the transdermal active agent composition may be applied to a skin surface of a desired skin site such that the composition is adhered to the skin surface by the adhesion of the active agent layer to the skin surface.
• the transdermal active agent composition may be applied to a skin site for an amount of time sufficient to deliver the donepezil active agent to the subject. In some cases, the transdermal active agent composition may be applied to the skin site for an amount of time sufficient to deliver an effective amount of the donepezil active agent to the subject.
• the term "effective amount" means a dosage sufficient to provide the desired result. For example, an effective amount may be an amount of the donepezil active agent present in the composition that is sufficient such that, when applied to a skin site in accordance with the methods described herein, the subject's symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease and/or dementia are alleviated at least to some measurable extent (e.g., as determined by using any convenient art accepted assay), if not completely diminished.
• the transdermal active agent composition may be applied to the skin site for an amount of time sufficient to deliver a target dose of the active agent to the subject over a period of time.
• the target dose that is delivered may be one that provides for a systemic level of active agent that is sufficient to provide the desired activity with respect to the target disease, e.g., Alzheimer's.
• the target dose of the active agent may be 5 mg/day or greater, including 10 mg/day or greater, such as 15 mg/day or greater.
• the transdermal active agent composition may be applied to the skin site for an amount of time ranging from 1 day to 14 days, such as 3 days to 10 days, including 7 days to 10 days.
• the transdermal active agent composition may be applied to the skin site for 7 days (i.e., one week). After the transdermal active agent composition has been applied to the skin site for the desired amount of time (i.e., an amount of time sufficient to deliver a target dose of the active agent to the subject over a period of time), the composition may be removed from the skin site. A new transdermal composition may be applied at the same or at a different skin site. The new transdermal composition may be applied to a different skin site to reduce the possible occurrence of skin irritation and/or skin sensitization at the prior site of application.
• the methods described herein may include a diagnostic step.
• Individuals may be diagnosed as being in need of the subject methods using any convenient protocol, and are generally known to be in need of the subject methods, e.g., they are suffering from a target disease condition or have been determined to be at risk for suffering from a target disease condition, prior to practicing the subject methods.
• Diagnosis or assessment of Alzheimer's disease and dementia is well- established in the art. Assessment may be performed based on, but not limited to the following: patient history; collateral history from relatives; diagnostic tests, such as clinical observation of behavior; mental status testing of cognitive functions including but not limited to memory, language, perceptual skills, attention, constructive abilities, orientation, problem solving and functional abilities; physical examinations; neurological examinations; brain imaging, such as but not limited to computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT); and the like.
• CT computed tomography
• MRI magnetic resonance imaging
• PET positron emission tomography
• SPECT single photon emission computed tomography
• transdermal active agent compositions find use in any application where a subject would benefit from being administered an antidementia active agent, such as but not limited to donepezil.
• the compositions are employed in the treatment of a condition.
• treatment is meant that at least an amelioration of the symptoms associated with the condition afflicting the subject is achieved, where amelioration is used in a broad sense to refer to at least a reduction in the magnitude of a parameter, e.g. symptom, associated with the condition being treated.
• treatment also includes situations where the pathological condition, or at least symptoms associated therewith, are completely inhibited, e.g., prevented from happening, or stopped, e.g., terminated, such that the subject no longer suffers from the condition, or at least the symptoms that characterize the condition.
• administration of donepezil according to the subject methods can be used to treat diseases or conditions including, but not limited to Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and the like.
• the transdermal active agent composition may be used for administering donepezil to a subject.
• the method includes applying a transdermal active agent composition, as described herein, to a skin surface of a subject.
• the method further includes maintaining the active agent composition on the skin of the subject for a period of time sufficient to deliver the active agent to the subject.
• Subjects of interest include humans.
• the transdermal active agent composition is provided as an adhesive patch and is applied to the skin surface, whereby the active agent in the composition can be administered by percutaneous permeation through the skin.
• the transdermal active agent composition is applied to a skin surface, the active agent permeates the skin in contact with the patch to reach the site of action through a systemic blood flow.
• kits for use in practicing the methods described herein are also provided.
• the kits include a transdermal donepezil active agent composition, e.g., as described above.
• the kits include an adhesive overlay as described above.
• the kits will further include instructions for practicing the subject methods or means for obtaining the same (e.g., a website URL directing the user to a webpage which provides the instructions), where these instructions may be printed on a substrate, where substrate may be one or more of: a package insert, the packaging, reagent containers and the like.
• the one or more components are present in the same or different containers, as may be convenient or desirable.
• Formulations were prepared by mixing stock solutions of each of the mixture components in organic solvents (typically 30-60 wt% solid content in ethyl acetate, methanol and/or ethanol), followed by a mixing process. Once a homogeneous mixture was formed, the solution was cast on a release liner (sliconized polyester sheet of 2-3 mils) and dried at 65° - 8O 0 C for 10-90 minutes. The adhesive films were laminated to a PET backing.
• organic solvents typically 30-60 wt% solid content in ethyl acetate, methanol and/or ethanol

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• 2009
  • 2009-08-31 CN CN200980138160XA patent/CN102164601A/zh active Pending
  • 2009-08-31 MX MX2011002260A patent/MX2011002260A/es not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2009-08-31 CA CA2733265A patent/CA2733265A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2009-08-31 EP EP09818191A patent/EP2328582A4/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 2009-08-31 JP JP2011530087A patent/JP2012504163A/ja active Pending
  • 2009-08-31 US US12/551,231 patent/US20100080842A1/en not_active Abandoned
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  • 2009-08-31 AU AU2009300184A patent/AU2009300184A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2009-08-31 WO PCT/US2009/055542 patent/WO2010039381A1/en not_active Ceased
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