WO2010024440A1 - 活性酸素耐性菌及びその利用方法 - Google Patents
活性酸素耐性菌及びその利用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- G01N2333/908—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on hydrogen peroxide as acceptor (1.11)
Definitions
- the present invention relates to bacteria having resistance to active oxygen, methods for using them, and apparatuses to which the method can be applied.
- Catalase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of decomposing hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, and is known to be widely distributed in animals and plants and microorganisms.
- Commercially available products are of various origins such as catalase derived from beef liver and Aspergillus fungi.
- a new strain of Iggiobacterium oxidorelicum that is resistant to hydrogen peroxide has been isolated from industrial wastewater containing hydrogen peroxide at a high concentration so far, and its cell extract is a strong catalase. It is disclosed that it has activity (for example, patent document 3).
- Catalase is an enzyme that can reduce the generation of such active oxygen from hydrogen peroxide, and is expected to be applied in health foods, beverages, and other fields.
- active oxygen similar to that generated from hydrogen peroxide water or the like can be generated by a so-called photocatalyst containing titanium oxide or the like. That is, water is decomposed by the photocatalyst to generate active oxygen.
- active oxygen has a sterilization and antibacterial effect, and is generally commercially available as a material to be applied to a portion where a sterilization or antibacterial effect is desired.
- the photocatalyst even if the raw material composition is the same, the catalytic activity is not always the same, and the evaluation is not always easy.
- sterilization and antibacterial effects must be evaluated in a relatively mild environment where bacteria can inhabit, and it is not easy to confirm sterilization and antibacterial effects even when a control experiment is performed. Therefore, it is desired to create a base state by decomposing active oxygen generated in the working environment of the photocatalyst in a relatively mild environment where bacteria can inhabit.
- active oxygen has a strong bactericidal action and is used in a wide range of fields other than the photocatalyst described above.
- sodium hypochlorite has a bactericidal action due to active oxygen and is used in liquid chlorine bleaches and bactericides sold for household use (for washing, kitchen use, sterilization of milk bottles, etc.) Has been.
- the aqueous solution diluted with sodium hypochlorite is also used as a food additive under the name of antiformin.
- As a disinfectant it is also used for disinfecting vegetables and fruits. It is often used as a disinfectant in medical institutions. It is used for disinfection of medical equipment and linen in order to be effective against various bacteria and viruses.
- the detoxification method is preferably a method that does not become harmful even if performed excessively.
- micrococcus luteus which is a kind of bacteria
- Aspergillus niger which is a kind of fungus
- catalase derived from Thermoascusauranticus are relatively excellent in temperature stability, but have a high activity of catalase and a higher catalase activity.
- an environment that further improves the production ability of such microorganisms can be created.
- the microorganisms containing such bacteria can be detoxified when sterilized with active oxygen. Further, it is more preferable if the photocatalyst can be evaluated.
- microorganisms provide a preferable environment thereof, and further apply them to provide a good utilization method of active oxygen, and sterilization using such utilization method. It is an object of the present invention to provide an evaluation method for photocatalysts and an apparatus that utilizes such a method.
- SW1 genus Exibacterium
- SW1 a novel microorganism (SW1) strain belonging to the genus Exigobacteria having high hydrogen peroxide resistance and high hydrogen peroxide decomposition activity.
- SW1 the bacterium belonging to the genus Exigobacteria (SW1) deposited as an accession number NITE P-439 on October 24, 2007 to the National Institute for Product Evaluation and Technology is provided.
- the environment where the catalase activity of the bacterium is particularly high is provided.
- the disinfection and / or sterilization method using these, and the evaluation method of a photocatalyst are provided. More specifically, it is as follows.
- SW1 strain deposited under the deposit number NITE P-439.
- microorganism according to (1) above which is a novel microorganism belonging to the genus Exigobacterium, wherein the base sequence of DNA corresponding to 16S rRNA is the base sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 1.
- microorganism according to (3) above which is a novel microorganism belonging to the genus Microbacterium, wherein the base sequence of DNA corresponding to 16S rRNA is the base sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 2.
- microorganism according to (5) above which is a novel microorganism belonging to the genus Rahnella, wherein the base sequence of DNA corresponding to 16S rRNA is the base sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 3.
- the hot water supply system using the method as described in said (10) or (11) can also be provided.
- the hot water purification method using the method as described in said (10) or (11) can also be provided.
- Such a bath water purification / circulation device (for example, a 24-hour bath) or a hot water supply system includes either a hot water tank or a bathtub and a pipe that discharges or supplies hot water to the tank through or without a valve.
- a pump that pressurizes hot water in the hot water supply at the location a chemical tank that includes a case where a part of the pipe is substituted, a filtration tank (including the filtration tank of the filtration device), and a special shape (for example, zigzag) And a detoxification tank including any shape including those wound in a coil shape, wherein chemicals that generate active oxygen may be added to the chemical tank, for example, bacteria such as Legionella bacteria
- chemicals that generate active oxygen may be added to the chemical tank, for example, bacteria such as Legionella bacteria
- a sufficient amount of sodium hypochlorite is added so that the concentration is sufficient to kill (e.g., concentration in the chemical tank or in the pipe connected to the chemical tank).
- a detoxification tank which may include a biological treatment tank
- biopellets and the like may be placed in the biological treatment tank, and the bacterium belonging to the genus Exigobacterium (SW1)
- a biopellet provided with auxiliary bacteria may be used, or the biodegradation tank may be provided with a mixture of both biopellets.
- Catalase can be efficiently produced by the novel microorganism as described above. In addition, this makes it possible to eliminate excess hydrogen peroxide after being used for oxidation treatment under mild conditions. It is also possible to create a base state by decomposing active oxygen generated in the working environment of the photocatalyst in a relatively mild environment where bacteria can inhabit.
- New microorganisms with catalase activity are not always able to decompose hydrogen peroxide most efficiently in an environment where hydrogen peroxide exists.
- another microorganism may create an environment with higher catalase activity. In this way, the activity of a novel microorganism having originally high catalase activity can be further enhanced.
- the amount (concentration) of active oxygen can be reduced under mild conditions, and it can also be used as an anti-aging agent when used in foods, beverages, and other ingestions. It becomes.
- a water sample was collected from the Abe River in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, and cultured under the following conditions.
- the sampling point is the Atogi area on the middle of the Abe River. This collection date and time was around 10:00 am on August 12, 2006.
- the temperature at this time was 28.3 ° C., and the water temperature was 16.8 ° C. (20.3 ° C. at the river inflow point).
- the medium used for the culture is a standard agar medium (granular type manufactured by Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), a nutrient broth agar medium (powder type manufactured by Oxioid), and an R2A medium (powder type manufactured by Nihon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.). It was.
- the temperature at this time was 30 degreeC and 37 degreeC.
- the culture time was 12 to 24 hours.
- the target genus Exigobacterium was isolated under the following conditions.
- the isolation method was fishing fungus isolation.
- the colonies grown on the above-mentioned standard agar medium were picked using platinum loops, cultured at 37 ° C. for 12 hours in each liquid medium, and then streaked on the agar medium with platinum loops to obtain isolated colonies.
- a nutrient broth agar medium and a liquid medium were used as other media.
- the culture temperature was 37 ° C.
- the culture time was 12 hours (liquid medium) and 24 hours (agar medium).
- the 16S rRNA gene was amplified by the PCR method and analyzed as follows.
- the isolated bacterium was cultured in the liquid medium described above, and then collected by centrifugation (5 to 15 minutes at 3000 rpm). Using a DNA extraction kit as a DNA sample, the gene was partially amplified targeting the 16S region (16S rRNA gene) used for bacterial genetic classification, and the amplified band was confirmed by electrophoresis. DNA was excised from the electrophoresis gel, purified, partially amplified again, and subjected to a sequencing reaction after purification, and the base sequence was determined with a sequencer. Then, the nucleotide sequence was collated with a database (NCINB; blast) and identified from homology.
- NCINB NCINB; blast
- a nutrient broth liquid medium (Oxioid powder type) was used and cultured at 37 ° C. for 12 hours. DNA extraction was performed using QIAamp DNA mini kit (manufactured by QIAGEN). At this time, GeneAmp PCR System 9600 (made by ABI) was used as a thermal cycler. In addition, a primer for detection of 16S rRNA (Shimadzu review, vol. 57 p121-131 2000) was used as a primer. AmpliTaq Gold (manufactured by ABI) was used as a gene amplification enzyme.
- ABI Prism 3100-Avant Genetic Analyzer manufactured by ABI was used as a sequencer, and BigDye (registered trademark) Terminato 3.1 was used as a sequencing reagent. Thereby, the result of the base sequence as shown in Sequence Listing 1 was obtained.
- a similar phylogenetic tree was prepared by using a similar base sequence and alignment and a neighbor-joining method, it was found to belong to the genus Exigobacterium. Specifically, the 16S rRNA gene was examined, and it was determined as an Exibacterium (SW1) bacterium based on a base sequence of 1523 bp.
- the genus Exibacterium (SW1) of the present invention has the following characteristics. -Morphological characteristics Gram staining: Positive Spore: None Bacteria form: Cocci-Growth characteristics in medium (1) Meat agar plate culture (2) Meat broth liquid culture Color: Yellow to tan Color: Circular Surface: Smooth Biochemical characteristics Gram stainability: Existence Catalase test: Positive ⁇ Growth at each temperature -1 °C:- 4 ° C: + 30 ° C: + 45 ° C: + ⁇ DNA-DNA homology with related bacterial species
- Exibacterium (SW1) bacterium of the present invention has higher resistance to sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide than Staphylococcus aureus.
- Microbacterium genus bacteria and Ranella genus bacteria were isolated under the following conditions.
- the sequences were as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 3 in the Sequence Listing.
- the 16S rRNA gene was examined and identified by the base sequence of 1483 bp.
- the bacterium belonging to the genus Microbacterium was deposited (EUS) as a deposit number NITE P-450 on November 1, 2007 with the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation.
- 16S rRNA gene was investigated and identified by the base sequence of 1504 bp. This genus Ranella was deposited (Cit) under the accession number NITE P-440 on October 24, 2007 to the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation.
- the bacteria on the isolated plate were collected and used as a DNA sample using a DNA extraction kit.
- the gene was partially amplified targeting the 16S region (16S rRNA gene) used for bacterial genetic classification, and the amplified band was confirmed by electrophoresis.
- DNA was excised from the electrophoresis gel, purified, partially amplified again, and subjected to a sequencing reaction after purification, and the base sequence was determined with a sequencer.
- the nucleotide sequence was checked against a database (NCINB; blast) and identified from homology. As a culture condition at this time, a nutrient broth liquid medium was used and cultured at a temperature of 37 ° C. for 12 hours.
- QIAamp DNA mini kit QIAGEN
- QIAamp DNA mini kit QIAGEN
- GeneAmp PCR System 9600 manufactured by ABI
- primer a primer for detecting 16S rRNA (Shimazu review, vol. 57 p121-131 2000) was used.
- AmpliTaq Gold manufactured by ABI
- ABI Prism 3100-Avant Genetic Analyzer manufactured by ABI was used.
- sequencing reagent at this time BigDye (registered trademark) Terminato 3.1 was used.
- A Medium: Nutrient broth liquid medium Temperature: 37 ° C Time: 12 hours Shaking culture
- B Medium: LB liquid medium Temperature: 37 ° C Time: 12 hours Shaking culture
- C Medium: Standard liquid medium Temperature: 37 ° C Time: 12 hours Shaking culture
- D Medium: GAM liquid medium Temperature: 37 ° C Time: 24 hours Anaerobic culture
- E Medium: Standard liquid medium Temperature: 37 ° C Time: 12 hours Shaking culture
- F Medium: R2A liquid medium Temperature: 37 ° C Time: 12 hours Shaking culture
- G Medium: R2A liquid medium Temperature: 37 ° C Time: 12 hours Shaking culture
- H Medium: R2A liquid medium Temperature: 37 ° C Time: 12 hours Shaking culture
- I A standard liquid medium was prepared at a 10-fold concentration, and diluted 10-fold with Abe river water collected.
- OD values (turbidity) and catalase activity after 0 to 7 hours (every hour) and 12 hours were measured in single cultures (cultured at 37 ° C. in 10 mL (ml) of nutrient broth liquid medium). .
- the catalase activity was measured by a hydrogen peroxide decomposition reaction using a fermentation tube. Each measurement result is shown in FIG.1 and FIG.2.
- catalase activity test The catalase activity test was performed by filling a 10 mL (milliliter) fermentation tube (Ainhorn type manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.) with 3% aqueous hydrogen peroxide and using the micropipette for 1 mL (milliliter) of the bacterial solution after the above culture. Inserted and added, the amount of oxygen gas decomposed by catalase was measured.
- the catalase activity was an oxygen 0.1 mL (milliliter) / 1 mL (milliliter) bacterial solution. In (I), it can be seen that the plateau is reached in 7 hours. The catalase activity was 0.2 mL (milliliter) / 1 mL (milliliter) bacterial solution of oxygen.
- strain (A) also exists in (I), but catalase could not be obtained by culturing water itself.
- Catalase activity was a bacterial solution of oxygen 2.5 mL (milliliter) / 1 mL (milliliter). In (AG), a plateau is reached in 7 hours. (Culture stagnation: 1 to 2 ⁇ 10 9 cells / mL (milliliter)) Catalase activity is 6.5 mL (milliliter) / 1 mL (milliliter) of oxygen and exceeds the activity of the main strain (AA) alone. I understand. In (AH), a plateau is reached in 7 hours.
- Catalase activity is 5.5 mL (milliliter) / 1 mL (milliliter) of oxygen and exceeds the activity of the main strain (AA) alone. I understand. In (AI), a plateau is reached in 7 hours. (Culture stagnation: 1-2 ⁇ 10 9 cells / mL (milliliter)) The catalase activity was 4.0 mL (milliliter) / 1 mL (milliliter) of bacterial solution.
- (B) Escherichia coli (E. Coli) and (E) Bacillus natto (B. subtilis) are considered to have almost the same growth rate as the main strain, and (C) S. aureus And (D) Lactobacillus hardly grows in a nutrient broth medium. Moreover, (F) Ranella genus bacteria and (G) Microbacterium genus bacteria have a slower growth rate than the main strain.
- Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Citri-related bacteria are considered to compete with the main strain and reduce catalase activity.
- mixing with Microbacterium genus microbacterium can give a slightly higher catalase activity than single culture of the main strain. Since the highest catalase activity was obtained by adding only the microbacteria genus, which is a heterotrophic bacterium, mixed culture of the main strain and the bacterium belonging to the genus Microbacterium is effective. Since the bacterium belonging to the genus Microbacterium is a heterotrophic bacterium, the isolation and storage is stable when the genus Ranella is present. However, separation culture is possible by using R2A medium.
- the amount of active 60 kD (kilodalton) catalase is less than that when sodium hypochlorite is not added in any of the original bacteria, lysis, and purification. It was. Further, when sodium hypochlorite was added, the amount of 120 kD (kilodalton) catalase was larger than the amount when sodium hypochlorite was not added. From this, it is recognized that when sodium hypochlorite was added, the amount of active 60 kD (kilodalton) catalase was reduced and changed to 120 kD (kilodalton). Incidentally, the molecular weight of catalase alone is about 24 kD (kilo dalton).
- Adding sodium hypochlorite to the medium in this way is effective for sterilization of the medium and the culture tank.
- sterilization of a culture medium and a culture tank is difficult by a normal laboratory level method.
- it is a method of adding sodium hypochlorite to a culture medium, it can also carry out comparatively easily for mass culture.
- it is added to the tolerance limit, it is considered that the catalase production has an adverse effect as described above. Therefore, when the addition concentration was examined, it is preferable to add sodium hypochlorite so that the amount of sodium hypochlorite added is 0.04% or less with respect to the medium.
- the sterilization effect generally decreases when the concentration is low, from the viewpoint of the sterilization effect, it is preferably 0.0001% or more, more preferably 0.0005% or more, and still more preferably 0.01% or more. is there. For example, in the case of the present embodiment, a range of 0.002% to 0.005% is particularly preferable.
- This concentration is relative to the theoretical value of sodium hypochlorite. For example, in the case of a 35% sodium hypochlorite solution, the actual addition amount multiplied by 35% is sodium hypochlorite. It becomes quantity.
- Catalase produced by laboratory culture with Ex bacteria and catalase produced by about 1 t (ton) of Ex culture were compared by molecular weight.
- a predetermined amount of each culture solution was taken and measured by CBB (Coomassie blue) staining and Western blotting by antibody reaction.
- the samples used were those cultured at the laboratory level under the conditions (1) to (6) below, and cultured for about 1 t (ton) by the usual method.
- (7) Before precipitation and (8) After precipitation Each thing was compared. Specifically, each 5 mL (milliliter) of the bacterial solution was frozen and thawed to destroy the bacteria and electrophoresed as it was.
- cattle liver-derived catalase (CalBIOCHEM, Catalase, Bovine Liver) and human blood cell-derived catalase (CALBIOCHEM, Catalase, Human Erythrocytes) were also examined.
- These standard samples mainly contained catalase of 60 kD (kilo dalton), and since the concentration was high, the band became large.
- a catalase of 60 kD (kilo dalton) was detected.
- a low molecular weight sample was observed in the standard sample, but none of the samples (1) to (6) could be detected because the sample amount was small (5 mL (milliliter)).
- catalase available from Qingdao autoimmune Biotech Co. Ltd. http://www.ekl558.cn/) sold in China at a low price has more impurities than the standard product.
- this catalase showed a luminol reaction, which was found to be blood, not extracted protein.
- none of the catalases relating to the examples of the present invention showed a luminol reaction.
- a predetermined amount of alum for example, 1 kg (kilogram) / 1 t (ton)
- a predetermined amount of alum for example, 1 kg (kilogram) / 1 t (ton)
- alum for example, 1 kg (kilogram) / 1 t (ton)
- simple purification can be performed using dialysis membranes of 10 to 30 kD (kilodalton) and 100 to 300 kD (kilodalton).
- Ex bacteria are grown under the most preferable conditions for the growth of Ex bacteria (for example, about 0.001% sodium hypochlorite added to the medium). For example, inoculate 2 L (liter) (2 ⁇ 10 12 cells) of Ex bacteria under conditions of [500 L (liter) medium + sodium hypochlorite 20 mL (milliliter) (35% concentration stock solution)] for 16 hours. .
- Microbacterium Inoculum Prepare a predetermined amount (for example, 2 L (liter)) of Microbacterium inoculum during the growth of Ex bacteria.
- the subordinate bacteria may be propagated under conditions different from the main bacteria.
- the subordinate bacteria can be propagated after sterilization of other bacteria in advance.
- the predetermined amount of medium for example, 4500 L (liter)
- the prepared predetermined amount for example, 2 L (liter)
- the predetermined amount for example, 2 to 5000 L (liter)
- the predetermined amount may be an amount sufficient to promote the activity of the main bacteria.
- the amount of subordinate bacteria is 0.001% or more with respect to the main bacteria.
- the amount of the subordinate bacteria may be larger than that of the main bacteria, but in consideration of the production efficiency of catalase, the same amount or less than that of the main bacteria is preferable. Preferably, it is 25% or less, and it is 10% or less depending on conditions.
- a predetermined amount of alum is added to the culture tank and separated and purified
- a predetermined amount of alum for example, 1 kg (kilogram) / 1 t (ton)
- Ex bacteria etc. are precipitated and bacteria are collected. From the remaining solution, catalase can be simply purified by dialysis membrane or ultrafiltration. In the steps I to IV described above, Ex bacteria have been described. However, it is considered that such a method for producing a large amount of catalase can be applied to other bacterial species.
- FIG. 5 shows a schematic diagram of a hot water supply system incorporating a sterilizer using circulating hot water.
- the hot water supply system 10 can discharge the hot water 14 that has entered the bathtub 12 to the outside of the tank by opening the drain lid 16, and can open the hot water into the tank by opening the water supply lid 18. Hot water drained from the drainage port passes through the pipe 20, is pressurized by the pump 22, is pushed up to the medicine tank 24, passes through the valve 26, and flows to the filtration device 28.
- the hot water containing sodium hypochlorite having a sufficient concentration flows to the filtration device 28, and is filtered while flowing into the detoxification tank 30 while killing bacteria hidden in the dust trapped by the filter.
- the detoxification tank 30 is provided with a stirring tank 42 at the top, and evenly mixes the chemicals etc. in the hot water flowing according to the arrow 50 and adjusts the temperature as necessary. be able to.
- the hot water leaving the tank flows into the biological treatment tank 44 according to the arrow 52.
- the stirring tank 42 may be omitted.
- the biological treatment tank 44 includes V-shaped tanks 60, 62, and 64 that form zigzag channels similar to the drug tank 24 and the stirring tank 42.
- a biopellet 68 having a specific gravity of 1.122 to 1.127 is arranged at the bottom of each V-shaped tank, and is provided with a pellet carrying an Exibacterium (SW1) bacterium.
- SW1 Exibacterium
- the genus Exibacterium (SW1) is sufficiently resistant to sodium hypochlorite, decomposing active oxygen and detoxifying it.
- a biopellet using a single bacterium belonging to the genus Exibacterium (SW1) is used, but as described above, it may be used together with the above-mentioned auxiliary bacteria.
- This biopellet is a technique based on a microorganism immobilization method, and pelletization includes a method of naturally fixing to a porous material such as activated carbon using a biofilm, a method of comprehensively fixing to acrylamide and the like. In general, the former is often used. A separately produced catalase may be added here.
- the temperature is raised to 70 ° C. or higher with a heater, but it is necessary to sufficiently increase the heat resistance of each member. Moreover, the preferable temperature for a bath is around 40 ° C., and cooling is necessary to return to this temperature.
- the genus Exibacterium (SW1) is the most. It is a temperature that functions efficiently, and it is possible to obtain an unexpected effect of improving efficiency by eliminating waste of energy.
- the hot water that has passed through the biological treatment tank 44 traps the biopellet by the rough film 46. This trap is renewed by a roller 48 on both sides, after a predetermined time, with a new rough film 46, just like a typewriter ribbon.
- the temperature at which Exigobacterium (SW1) bacteria function most efficiently and produce catalase and catalase works best is 25-42 ° C, more preferably 30-40 ° C, More preferably, since it is around 37 ° C. of 36 to 38 ° C., it is desirable to sufficiently control the temperature, and the range of pH 6 to 9 is preferable, pH 6 to 8 is more preferable, and about pH 7 is further preferable. In addition, since the other bacteria described above have optimum temperatures, such temperature control and pH control are desirable.
- FIG. 9 shows a schematic diagram of the photocatalyst evaluation apparatus.
- a petri dish 86 is disposed in a sealed container 84 irradiated by a lamp 82 (fluorescent lamp or black light), and water for preventing drying of the microorganism for evaluation is placed therein.
- a glass plate 90 coated with a photocatalyst is placed on a piece of wood handed over a petri dish.
- the light from the lamp 82 is applied to the plate 90 through the transparent glass 92 (preferably quartz glass) on the ceiling.
- the transparent glass 92 preferably quartz glass
- UV light from black light can also kill microorganisms directly.
- coating a photocatalyst also has bactericidal ability. Therefore, the functional evaluation of the photocatalyst cannot be completely performed.
- a microorganism for evaluation such as Escherichia coli that does not die by irradiation with a predetermined ultraviolet ray (for example, by black light) is selected in the same manner as in the genus Exibacterium (SW1). Thereby, the possibility of the death of the microorganisms by ultraviolet irradiation can be excluded. Experiments are performed by dropping such E.
- microorganisms for producing high catalase activity and such an environment and to make effective use of those microorganisms, so that active oxygen can be effectively used.
- a microorganism that produces an enzyme with high catalase activity the genus Exigobacterium (SW1) has been isolated, so that the production efficiency is extremely high.
- SW1 genus Exigobacterium
- an environment in which the catalase activity was particularly high could be found.
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Abstract
Description
単離菌を上述する液体培地で培養後、遠心回収(3000rpmで5分から15分)した。DNA抽出キットを用いてDNA試料とし、細菌の遺伝学的分類に用いられる16S領域(16S rRNA遺伝子)を標的として遺伝子を部分増幅し、電気泳動により増幅バンドを確認した。電気泳動ゲルからDNAを切り出して精製し、再度部分的に増幅し、精製後シーケンス反応を行いシーケンサーで塩基配列を確定した。そして、塩基配列をデータベース(NCINB;blast)と照合し、相同性から同定した。このときの培養条件として、ニュートリエントブロス液体培地(Oxioid社製 粉末型)を用い、37℃で、12時間培養を行った。DNAの抽出は、QIAamp DNA mini kit(QIAGEN社製)を用いて行った。このとき、サーマルサイクラーとしては、GeneAmp PCR System 9600 (ABI社製)を用いた。また、Primerとして、16S rRNA検出用プライマー(島津評論 vol.57 p121-131 2000年)を用いた。遺伝子増幅酵素としては、AmpliTaq Gold(ABI社製)を用いた。また、シーケンサーは、ABI Prism 3100-Avant Genetic Analyzer(ABI社製)を用い、シーケンス試薬としては、BigDye(登録商標) Terminato 3.1を用いた。これにより、配列表1のような塩基配列の結果を得た。類似した塩基配列とアラインメントを取り近隣結合法により系統樹を作成したところ、イグジオバクテリウム(Exiguobacterium)属に属することが分かった。具体的には、16S rRNA遺伝子を調べ、1523 bp の塩基配列により、イグジオバクテリウム(Exiguobacteriu)属(SW1)菌とした。
・形態学的特性
グラム染色:陽性
芽胞:無し
菌形:球桿菌
・培地における生育特性
(1)肉汁寒天平板培養
(2)肉汁液体培養
色調:黄色~黄褐色
形:円形
表面:平滑
・生理・生化学的特性
グラム染色性:有
カタラーゼ試験:陽性
・各温度における生育
-1℃:-
4℃:+
30℃:+
45℃:+
・近縁菌種とのDNA-DNA 相同性
(ア)イグジオバクテリウム(Exiguobacteriu)属(SW1)菌、並びに、(イ)大腸菌(E.Coli)及び黄色ブドウ球菌(S.Aureus)の混合、について、それぞれ次亜塩素酸耐性を調べた。具体的には、ニュートリエントブロス液体培地を準備し、温度37℃で、6時間培養を行った。(ア)のSW1菌については、次亜塩素酸ナトリウム20ppm、200ppm、500ppmをそれぞれ添加した3種類を、(イ)の大腸菌及び黄色ブドウ球菌については、次亜塩素酸ナトリウム20ppm、200ppmをそれぞれ添加した2種類を準備した。その結果、SW1菌については、500ppm添加であっても生育するが、大腸菌及び黄色ブドウ球菌については、20ppm、200ppmのいずれにおいても生育が見られなかった。
これらの菌は、単離方法として、釣菌単離方法による。これらの菌は、R2A寒天培地に生育したコロニーを、個々に釣菌してリン酸緩衝液100μL(マイクロリットル)に懸濁し、コンラージ棒を用いて新たなR2A寒天培地に塗布し、37℃で、24時間培養することにより、単離した。このときの培地は、R2A寒天培地であり、培養温度を37℃として、24時間培養を行った。
単離したプレート上の菌を回収し、DNA抽出キットを用いてDNA試料とした。細菌の遺伝学的分類に用いられる16S領域(16S rRNA遺伝子)を標的として遺伝子を部分増幅し、電気泳動により増幅バンドを確認した。電気泳動ゲルからDNAを切り出して精製し、再度部分的に増幅し、精製後シーケンス反応を行いシーケンサーで塩基配列を確定した。塩基配列をデータベース(NCINB;blast)と照合し、相同性から同定した。このときの培養条件として、ニュートリエントブロス液体培地を用い、温度37℃で、12時間培養を行った。このとき、DNA抽出には、QIAamp DNA mini kit(QIAGEN社)を用いた。また、サーマルサイクラーとしては、GeneAmp PCR System 9600 (ABI社製)を用いた。また、プライマーとしては、16S rRNA検出用プライマー(島津評論 vol.57 p121-131 2000年)を用いた。更に、遺伝子増幅酵素としては、AmpliTaq Gold(ABI社製)を用いた。そして、シーケンサーとしては、ABI Prism 3100-Avant Genetic Analyzer(ABI社製)を用いた。このときのシーケンス試薬としては、BigDye(登録商標) Terminato 3.1を用いた。
(A~E)においては、液体窒素中保存菌株(1~2×108~109)を20μL(マイクロリットル)ずつ接種した。
(F~H)においては、R2A寒天培地上に生育したコロニーを釣菌してリン酸緩衝液100μL(マイクロリットル)に懸濁した。ここで、(F)及び(G)は、20μL(マイクロリットル)ずつ接種した。そして、(H)においては、各20μL(マイクロリットル)ずつ接種した。以下に各々の条件を並べる。
(A)培地:ニュートリエントブロス液体培地
温度:37℃
時間:12時間 振盪培養
(B)培地:LB液体培地
温度:37℃
時間:12時間 振盪培養
(C)培地:標準液体培地
温度:37℃
時間:12時間 振盪培養
(D)培地:GAM液体培地
温度:37℃
時間:24時間 嫌気培養
(E)培地:標準液体培地
温度:37℃
時間:12時間 振盪培養
(F)培地:R2A液体培地
温度:37℃
時間:12時間 振盪培養
(G)培地:R2A液体培地
温度:37℃
時間:12時間 振盪培養
(H)培地:R2A液体培地
温度:37℃
時間:12時間 振盪培養
(I)10倍濃度で標準液体培地を調整し、採水した安倍川の水で10倍に希釈した。
培地:標準液体培地
温度:37℃
時間:12時間 振盪培養
(A)~(I)各々の培養菌液は、100μL(マイクロリットル)をL字管に調整したニュートリエントブロス液体培地の、10mL(ミリリットル)中に添加し、37℃で振盪培養した。
カタラーゼ活性試験は、10mL(ミリリットル)の発酵管(旭硝子社製のアインホルン型)中に3%過酸化水素水を充填し、マイクロピペットを用いて上述の培養後菌液を1mL(ミリリットル)だけ、挿入添加し、カタラーゼにより分解発生する酸素ガス量を測定した。
上述(A)培養液100μL(マイクロリットル)と、(B)~(I)の各々の培養菌液の100μL(マイクロリットル)をL字管に調整したニュートリエントブロス液体培地10mL(ミリリットル)中に添加し((AB)、(AC)、(AD)、(AE)、(AF)、(AG)、(AH)、(AI))、37℃で振盪培養した。カタラーゼ活性試験は、10mL(ミリリットル)発酵管(アインホルン型)中に3%過酸化水素水を充填し、マイクロピペットを用いて上述の培養後菌液を1mL(ミリリットル)だけ、挿入添加し、カタラーゼにより分解発生する酸素ガス量を測定した。
Ex菌の培養時に培地に耐性限界の次亜塩素酸ナトリウムを入れた場合及び入れない場合において、上述するような条件で16時間培養した結果、細胞溶解法で取り出したカタラーゼの量及び性質について検討した。元菌(原液)、溶解(細胞溶解液(自家製:50mM Tris-HCl緩衝液 pH7.5, 0.15M NaCl, 0.1% SDS,1% Triton X-100)で溶解した溶液)、精製(ゲルクロマト(GE社製 Sephacryl S-1000))についてそれぞれ調べた。次亜塩素酸ナトリウムを添加した場合、活性のある60kD(キロダルトン)カタラーゼの量が、元菌、溶解、精製の何れの場合でも次亜塩素酸ナトリウムを添加しなかった場合の量に比べ少なかった。また、次亜塩素酸ナトリウムを添加した場合、120kD(キロダルトン)カタラーゼの量が、次亜塩素酸ナトリウムを添加しなかった場合の量に比べ多かった。このことから、次亜塩素酸ナトリウムを添加した場合、活性のある60kD(キロダルトン)カタラーゼが減量し、120kD(キロダルトン)に変化したことが認める。因みに、カタラーゼ単体の分子量は約24kD(キロダルトン)である。このように培地に次亜塩素酸ナトリウムを添加することは、培地や培養タンクの滅菌のために有効である。例えば、大量培養時には、培地や培養タンクの滅菌は通常の実験室レベルの方法では困難である。しかし、次亜塩素酸ナトリウムを培地に添加するという方法であれば、大量培養にも比較的容易に行うことができる。但し、例えば、耐性限界まで添加してしまうとカタラーゼ産生には悪影響が上述するようにあると考えられる。そのため、添加濃度を検討したところ、次亜塩素酸ナトリウムの添加量は培地に対して0.04%以下となるように添加することが好ましい。より好ましくは、0.01%以下であり、更に好ましくは、0.005%以下である。例えば、約0.002%とすることもできる。一方、一般に濃度が低いと滅菌効果が低下するので、滅菌効果の観点からは、好ましくは、0.0001%以上、より好ましくは、0.0005%以上、更に好ましくは、0.01%以上である。例えば、本実施例の場合は、0.002%から0.005%の範囲が特に好ましい。尚、この濃度は、次亜塩素酸ナトリウムの理論値に対するもので、例えば、35%の次亜塩素酸ナトリウム溶液の場合、実際の添加量に35%を乗じたものが次亜塩素酸ナトリウムの量となる。
(1)普通ブイヨン液体培地(0.1%肉エキス,0.2%酵母エキス,0.5%ペプトン,0.5%塩化ナトリウム,pH7.0±.)
(2)普通ブイヨン液体培地 + 次亜塩素酸ナトリウム 1μL(マイクロリットル)/25mL(ミリリットル)
(3)ノーマルLB(1.0%,0.5%酵母エキス,1.0%塩化ナトリウム)
(4)普通ブイヨン液体培地 + 次亜塩素酸ナトリウム 1μL(マイクロリットル)/25mL(ミリリットル)
(5)普通ブイヨン液体培地 + トリプトン(BD社製 Bacto Tryptone) 100mg(ミリグラム)/10mL(ミリリットル)
(6)普通ブイヨン液体培地 + トリプトン(BD社製 Bacto Tryptone) 100mg(ミリグラム)/10mL(ミリリットル) + 次亜塩素酸ナトリウム 1μL(マイクロリットル)/25mL(ミリリットル)
大量に培養した場合、菌をどのように回収し、カタラーゼをどのように精製するかが重要である。そこで、例えば、タンク内で菌を沈殿させるために、ミョウバンを所定量(例えば、1kg(キログラム)/1t(トン))を加えることができる。菌回収後、物理的に破壊して(フレンチプレス)、カタラーゼ溶液とすることができる。更に、10~30kD(キロダルトン)と100~300kD(キロダルトン)の透析膜を使って簡易精製することができる。
I.Ex菌の培養・増殖
Ex菌の増殖に最も好ましい条件(例えば、培地に約0.001%の次亜塩素酸ナトリウムを添加したもの)で、Ex菌を増殖する。例えば、2L(リットル)(2×1012個)のEx菌の種菌を[500L(リットル)培地+次亜塩素酸ナトリウム20mL(ミリリットル)(35%濃度原液)]の条件で、16時間培養する。ここでは、主菌となる菌の増殖のための最適な条件を提供することが好ましい。例えば、主菌が活性酸素に対する耐性が高い場合、従菌を加えないので従菌の活性酸素対する耐性を考慮する必要がない。また、主菌の増殖を妨げる他の菌の増殖や生存を制限可能な条件(例えば、より高い濃度の活性酸素)を選択することもできる。特に高い活性酸素濃度での増殖は、増殖容器内の滅菌効果も期待できる。
II.ミクロバクテリウム(Microbacterium)種菌の準備
Ex菌の増殖中にミクロバクテリウム(Microbacterium)種菌を別途所定量(例えば、2L(リットル))準備する。ここでは、主菌とは異なる条件で従菌を繁殖させてもよい。また、必ずしも大量である必要がないならば、その他の菌の滅菌を事前に行ってから従菌を繁殖させることもできる。
III.Ex菌及びミクロバクテリウム(Microbacterium)種菌による混合培養
増殖したEx菌(例えば、16時間で200L(リットル)(2×1014個))に、培地を所定量(例えば、4500L(リットル))加え、更に、準備した所定量(例えば、2L(リットル))のミクロバクテリウム(Microbacterium)種菌を添加して、所定時間(例えば、24時間)培養し、所定量(例えば、2~5000L(リットル)(2~5×1014個))まで増やす。ここで、所定量とは、主菌の活性を図るのに充分な量であればよい。例えば、主菌に対して、従菌の量が、0.001%以上であることが好ましい。また、0.01%以上であることがより好ましい。更に、0.1%以上であることが好ましい。また、従菌の量は主菌よりも多くてもよいが、カタラーゼの産生効率を考慮すれば、主菌と同量又はそれ以下が好ましい。好ましくは、25%以下であり、条件によっては10%以下である。
IV.培養タンクへミョウバンを所定量添加・分離精製
混合培養を行った培養タンクにミョウバンを所定量(例えば、1kg(キログラム)/1t(トン))を加える。これにより、Ex菌等を沈殿させ、菌を回収する。そして、残りの溶液から、カタラーゼを透析膜又は限界ろ過により簡易精製することができる。
尚、上述するIからIVの工程では、Ex菌について述べてきたが、このような大量なカタラーゼの産生の方法は、他の菌種についても適用することが可能と考えられる。
G ミクロバクテリウム(Microbacterium)属菌
10 給湯システム
12 浴槽
20、36 配管
22 ポンプ
24 薬剤槽
26、34 バルブ
28 ろ過装置
30 無害化槽
42 撹拌槽
44 生物処理槽
46 粗い膜
48 ローラ
60、62、64 V字型槽
68 バイオペレット
80 光触媒評価装置
82 ランプ
86 シャーレ
Claims (12)
- 受託番号NITE P-439として寄託された新規微生物(SW1)菌株。
- イグジオバクテリウム(Exiguobacteriu)属に属する新規微生物であって、16S rRNAに対応するDNAの塩基配列が、配列番号1に記載の塩基配列である請求項1に記載の微生物。
- 主菌及び従菌を含む活性酸素を分解する混合物であって、
前記主菌は、請求項1又は2に記載の菌株を含み、かつ、カタラーゼ活性を示し、
前記従菌は従属栄養細菌であることを特徴とする混合物。 - 前記従菌は、ミクロバクテリウム(Microbacterium)属(EUS)菌及び/又はラネラ(Rahnella)属(Cit)菌を含むことを特徴とする請求項3に記載の混合物。
- 主菌及び従菌を用いてカタラーゼを産生する方法において、
前記主菌は、請求項1又は2に記載の菌株を含み、かつ、カタラーゼ活性を示し、
前記従菌は従属栄養細菌であり、
前記主菌を培養して増殖して増殖主菌溶液を生成する工程と、
前記増殖主菌溶液に前記従菌を所定の割合で添加して混合培養溶液とする工程と、
前記混合培養溶液を用いて培養し、カタラーゼを産生させる工程と、を含むカタラーゼの産生方法。 - 受託番号NITE P-450として寄託された新規微生物(EUS)菌株。
- ミクロバクテリウム(Microbacterium)属に属する新規微生物であって、16S rRNAに対応するDNAの塩基配列が、配列番号2に記載の塩基配列である請求項6に記載の微生物。
- 受託番号NITE P-440として寄託された新規微生物(Cit)菌株。
- ラネラ(Rahnella)属に属する新規微生物であって、16S rRNAに対応するDNAの塩基配列が、配列番号3に記載の塩基配列である請求項8に記載の微生物。
- 請求項3又は4に記載の混合物を用いて、活性酸素を分解する方法。
- 請求項1又は2の新規微生物を用いて、過剰な活性酸素により殺菌した後に、残存活性酸素を無毒化することを特徴とする方法。
- 光触媒を施した第1の試料に、請求項1又は2の微生物を含む培養液を滴下する工程と、
光触媒を施した第2の試料に、紫外線耐性のある微生物を含む培養液を滴下する工程と、
前記第1及び第2の試料に紫外線を所定の強さで、所定時間、均等に照射する工程と、
前記第1及び第2の試料のそれぞれの微生物が紫外線照射後に生存しているかを調べる工程と、を含む光触媒の評価方法。
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