WO2009150760A1 - 光電陰極 - Google Patents
光電陰極 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009150760A1 WO2009150760A1 PCT/JP2008/070329 JP2008070329W WO2009150760A1 WO 2009150760 A1 WO2009150760 A1 WO 2009150760A1 JP 2008070329 W JP2008070329 W JP 2008070329W WO 2009150760 A1 WO2009150760 A1 WO 2009150760A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J1/00—Details of electrodes, of magnetic control means, of screens, or of the mounting or spacing thereof, common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J1/02—Main electrodes
- H01J1/34—Photo-emissive cathodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J40/00—Photoelectric discharge tubes not involving the ionisation of a gas
- H01J40/02—Details
- H01J40/04—Electrodes
- H01J40/06—Photo-emissive cathodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J31/00—Cathode ray tubes; Electron beam tubes
- H01J31/08—Cathode ray tubes; Electron beam tubes having a screen on or from which an image or pattern is formed, picked up, converted, or stored
- H01J31/26—Image pick-up tubes having an input of visible light and electric output
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a photocathode that emits photoelectrons upon incidence of light.
- the photocathode has high sensitivity to incident light.
- sensitivity is particularly required, and reduction of dark current is also required.
- linearity is also required in fields where measurement with a wide dynamic range is required, such as semiconductor inspection equipment.
- Patent Document 1 a photocathode using Sb and Bi is disclosed.
- improvement of various characteristics such as reduction of dark current or improvement of linearity is desired simultaneously with further improvement of quantum efficiency.
- a metal thin film or a net-like electrode has been formed between the incident face plate and the photocathode to increase the conductivity of the photocathode.
- the reduction of the rate and the photocathode area are reduced, and the effective quantum efficiency is lowered.
- the photocathode according to the present invention includes a photoelectron emission layer containing Sb and Bi and emitting photoelectrons to the outside upon incidence of light, and the photoelectron emission layer contains 32 mol% or less of Bi with respect to Sb and Bi. It is characterized by being.
- This photocathode can dramatically improve linearity at low temperatures.
- the photoelectron emission layer preferably contains 29 mol% or less of Bi with respect to Sb and Bi.
- the photoelectron emission layer preferably contains 0.4 mol% or more of Bi with respect to Sb and Bi. Thereby, the dark current can be surely reduced.
- the photoelectron emission layer preferably contains 8.8 mol% or more of Bi with respect to Sb and Bi. Thereby, the linearity equivalent to the upper limit value of the linearity of the multi-alkali photocathode can be stably obtained.
- the photocathode according to the present invention it is preferable to further include an underlayer formed of MgO on the light incident side of the photoelectron emission layer.
- the photoelectron emitting layer is preferably formed by reacting an SbBi alloy thin film with potassium metal vapor and cesium metal vapor (rubidium metal vapor).
- the intermediate layer 14 and the underlayer 16 are made of a combination of HfO 2 —MgO, an effect as a buffer layer of the photoelectron emission layer 18 and the substrate 12 can be obtained, and an effect of preventing light reflection can be obtained.
- the photoelectron emitting layer 18 is formed by reacting an SbBi alloy thin film with potassium metal vapor and cesium metal vapor, or reacting rubidium metal vapor with cesium metal vapor.
- the photoelectron emission layer 18 is formed as a porous layer made of Sb—Bi—K—Cs or Sb—Bi—Rb—Cs.
- the photoelectron emission layer 18 functions as a photoelectron emission layer of the photocathode 10.
- the alloy thin film of SbBi is deposited on the underlayer 16 by sputtering deposition, EB deposition, or the like.
- the film thickness of the photoelectron emission layer 18 is in the range of 150 to 1000 mm.
- the inventor of the present application has found that the inclusion of Bi of a predetermined amount or more in Sb of the photoelectron emission layer 18 increases the number of carriers due to lattice defects and increases the conductivity of the photocathode. did. Thus, it was found that the linearity of the photocathode 10 can be improved by containing Bi. Moreover, although the high sensitivity photocathode had the problem that dark current will become large, it discovered that dark current could be reduced by containing Bi in Sb.
- FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram for explaining the idea that dark current can be reduced by adding Bi to Sb
- (a) is a conceptual diagram of a photocathode not containing Bi
- (b) is a conceptual diagram of a photocathode not containing Bi
- FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram of a photocathode containing Bi.
- thermionic energy 0.038 eV at room temperature
- the Bi content is high, the Ea value of the surface barrier is further increased and the quantum efficiency is lowered, but the inventor of the present application can sufficiently secure the sensitivity required depending on the application field. The content ratio of Bi that can be obtained was found.
- the photocathode 10 When the photocathode 10 is used in a semiconductor foreign matter inspection apparatus, scattered light when a small foreign matter is irradiated with laser light becomes weak, but scattered light when a large foreign matter is irradiated with laser light becomes large. Accordingly, the photocathode 10 is required to have a sensitivity sufficient to detect weak scattered light and a wide dynamic range that can handle both weak scattered light and large scattered light.
- the Bi content to SbBi in the photoelectron emission layer 18, that is, the ratio of the molar amount of Bi to the total molar amount of Sb and Bi is In order to ensure the sensitivity and linearity required in this field, it is preferably 8.8 mol% or more and 32 mol% or less, and more preferably 8.8 mol% or more and 29 mol% or less. Moreover, in order to ensure the linearity of the photocathode 10 at the time of low temperature, it is preferable that it is 16.7 mol% or more and 32 mol% or less.
- the Bi content to Sb in the photoelectron emission layer 18 sufficiently reduces the dark current.
- it is preferably 16.7 mol% or less, more preferably 0.4 mol% or more and 16.7 mol% or less.
- it is still more preferable.
- the operations of the photocathode 10 and the photomultiplier tube 30 will be described. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, in the photomultiplier tube 30, incident light h ⁇ transmitted through the incident window 34 enters the photocathode 10. The light h ⁇ enters from the substrate 12 side, passes through the substrate 12, the intermediate layer 14, and the base layer 16, and reaches the photoelectron emission layer 18.
- the photoelectron emission layer 18 functions as an active layer for emitting photoelectrons, where photons are absorbed and photoelectrons e ⁇ are generated. Photoelectrons e ⁇ generated in the photoelectron emission layer 18 are emitted from the surface of the photoelectron emission layer 18. The emitted photoelectrons e ⁇ are multiplied by the multiplication unit 40 and collected by the anode 38.
- the sample of the photocathode which concerns on an Example, and the sample of the photocathode which concerns on the comparative example are demonstrated.
- the sample of the photocathode according to the example has an intermediate layer 14 made of hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ) formed on the borosilicate glass substrate 12 and an underlayer 16 made of MgO formed thereon.
- An SbBi alloy film containing Bi with a predetermined content is formed on the underlayer 16 of this sample, and the SbBi alloy film is exposed to potassium metal vapor and cesium metal vapor until it is confirmed that the photocathode sensitivity reaches the maximum value.
- the photoelectron emission layer 18 is formed.
- the SbBi layer of the photoelectron emission layer 18 is 30 to 80 mm (150 to 400 mm in terms of photoelectron emission layer).
- a manganese oxide underlayer is formed on a borosilicate glass substrate, an Sb film is formed thereon, and a photoelectron emitting layer is formed by reacting potassium metal vapor and cesium metal vapor.
- the sample of the conventional bialkali photocathode formed (Comparative Example A1, Comparative Example A2) and the photoelectron emitting layer by reacting sodium metal vapor, potassium metal vapor and cesium metal vapor with the Sb film on the UV transmissive glass substrate And a sample of a multi-alkali photocathode (Comparative Example B) formed.
- a photocathode sample having the same configuration as the photocathode sample according to the example (Comparative Example C1, Comparative Example 1) except that Bi is not contained at all on the photoelectron emission surface.
- Example C2 comparative example D, comparative example E are used.
- 4 to 7 show a sample of a photocathode having a Bi content of 0.4 to 32 mol% according to the embodiment, and a photocathode according to a comparative example having the same configuration as the example except that the Bi content is 0 mol%.
- the spectral sensitivity characteristics of a sample (Comparative Example C2), a conventional sample of a bialkali photocathode (Comparative Example A1) using manganese oxide as an underlayer, and a sample of a multialkali photocathode (Comparative Example B) are shown.
- 4 is a sample of a photocathode having a Bi content of 0 mol%, 0.4 mol%, 0.9 mol%, and 1.8 mol%, and FIG.
- FIG. 5 is a Bi content of 2.0 mol%, 2.1 mol%, 6.9 mol%, 8.8 mol% photocathode sample
- FIG. 6 shows Bi content 10.5 mol%, 11.4 mol%, 11.7 mol%, 12 mol% photocathode sample
- FIG. 7 shows Bi content 13 mol%, 16. It is a graph which shows the quantum efficiency with respect to each wavelength about the sample of 7 mol%, 29 mol%, and 32 mol% of a photocathode. 4 to 7, the horizontal axis represents wavelength (nm) and the vertical axis represents quantum efficiency (%).
- the quantum efficiency higher than that of the conventional bialkali photocathode can be secured by setting Bi contained in the photoelectron emission layer to 16.7 mol% or less.
- the quantum efficiency is higher than that of the conventional sample at a wavelength of 500 to 600 nm. Therefore, it is understood that the sensitivity at 500 to 600 nm, that is, the green sensitivity to the red sensitivity can be improved as compared with the conventional bialkali photocathode by containing 16.7 mol% or less of Bi with respect to SbBi of the photoelectron emission layer.
- the sample (ZK4192) with a Bi content of 29 mol% shows a quantum efficiency of 20% or more at the peak between wavelengths 320 to 440 nm. Accordingly, a quantum efficiency of 20% or more, which is considered to be sufficient sensitivity in a field where the amount of incident light is large, such as a semiconductor inspection apparatus, by containing 29 mol% or less of Bi with respect to SbBi in the photoelectron emission layer. It is understood that can be obtained.
- the quantum efficiency is larger than or equivalent to that of the sample of the multialkali photocathode (Comparative Example B) at a wavelength of 450 to 500 nm.
- Table 1 shows the experimental results comparing the cathode sensitivity, anode sensitivity, dark current, cathode blue sensitivity index, and dark count for each Bi content of the photocathode.
- Table 1 shows the measurement results of samples having a Bi content of 0.4 to 16.7 mol% as the photocathode according to the example, and the bialkali with manganese oxide as the underlayer as the photocathode according to the comparative example.
- the measurement results of the conventional sample of the photocathode (Comparative Example A1) and the photocathode sample (Comparative Example C1, Comparative Example D, and Comparative Example E) with a Bi content of 0 mol% are shown.
- Samples having a Bi content of 0.4 to 16.7 mol% and photocathode samples having a Bi content of 0 mol% were both oxidized on the substrate 12. It has an intermediate layer 14 made of hafnium (HfO 2 ) and a base layer 16 made of MgO formed thereon.
- the cathode blue sensitivity index in Table 1 is the cathode current when a filter having a thickness of 1/2 of the blue filter CS-5-58 (manufactured by Corning) is placed in front of the photomultiplier tube 30 when measuring the lumen sensitivity. (A / lm-b).
- the dark count in Table 1 is a value for relatively comparing the number of photoelectrons emitted from the photoelectron emission layer 18 in the dark state in which light incident on the photocathode 10 is blocked, and in a room temperature environment of 25 ° C. It was measured with Specifically, this dark count is calculated based on the result of FIG. 8 obtained by a measuring device that counts photoelectrons.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the count number for each intensity of photoelectrons emitted from the photoelectron emission layer in the dark state, with a Bi content of 0 mol% (Comparative Example C1), 2.1 mol%, 6.9 mol%, and 10.
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 8 indicates the channel of the measuring device, and the horizontal axis indicates the count number of photoelectrons detected in each channel.
- FIG. 9 shows the relationship between the dark count value shown in Table 1 and the Bi content.
- FIG. 9 shows a photocathode sample having a Bi content of 0.4 to 16.7 mol%, and a photocathode sample having a Bi content of 0 mol% and an intermediate layer of HfO 2 (Comparative Example C1, Comparative Example D, Comparison) It is the graph which plotted the value of the dark count of Example E).
- the horizontal axis of the graph shown in FIG. 9 indicates the Bi content (mol%), and the vertical axis indicates the dark count value.
- the dark count value is reduced by more than half.
- the reduction of dark count was seen also in 13 mol% between Bi content rate 10.5 mol% or more and 16.7 mol% or less.
- FIG. 10 shows the relationship between the dark count value and the Bi content in the region where the Bi content is low in FIG.
- FIG. 10 shows a sample of a photocathode having a Bi content of 0.4 to 2.1 mol%, and a photocathode sample having a Bi content of 0 mol% and an intermediate layer of HfO 2 (Comparative Example C1, Comparative Example D, Comparison) It is the graph which plotted the value of the dark count of Example E).
- the horizontal axis of the graph shown in FIG. 10 indicates the Bi content (mol%), and the vertical axis indicates the dark count value.
- the photocathode sample having a Bi content of 0.4 mol% is compared with the photocathode samples having a Bi content of 0 mol% (Comparative Example C1, Comparative Example D, and Comparative Example E).
- the dark count is significantly reduced. Therefore, it is understood that if Bi is contained even in a small amount, that is, if the Bi content is larger than 0 mol%, the effect of reducing the dark count value can be obtained. From the above, it is understood that by adding Bi to Sb, the dark count value can be reduced while obtaining a higher cathode blue sensitivity index than that of the conventional sample using manganese oxide as an underlayer (see Table 1).
- FIG. 11 and 12 show the linearity of a photocathode sample having a Bi content of 2.0 to 32 mol%.
- FIG. 11 is a photocathode sample having a Bi content of 2.0 mol%, 2.1 mol%, 6.9 mol%, 8.8 mol%, 10.5 mol%, 11.7 mol%, 12 mol%, 13.3 mol%
- 12 is a graph showing the rate of change with respect to the cathode current of each photocathode sample having a Bi content of 16.7 mol%, 29 mol%, and 32 mol%.
- the horizontal axis represents the cathode current (A)
- the vertical axis represents the rate of change (%).
- FIG. 13 is a graph in which the cathode current when the change rate shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 is ⁇ 5% is plotted for each content rate.
- the horizontal axis indicates the Bi content (mol%)
- the vertical axis indicates the cathode current (A) at a change rate of ⁇ 5%.
- the upper limit of the linearity of the bialkali photocathode (Sb—K—Cs) according to Comparative Examples A1 and A2 is known to be 0.01 ⁇ A, and therefore, 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 A in FIG. Is indicated by a dotted line.
- the upper limit value of the linearity of the multi-alkali photocathode (Sb—Na—K—Cs) according to Comparative Example B is known to be 10 ⁇ A
- a sample having a Bi content of 8.8 mol% or more shows a linearity equivalent to the upper limit (1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 A) of the linearity of the multi-alkali photocathode.
- the change in linearity with respect to the change in Bi content is large, and the linearity is greatly reduced due to the decrease in Bi content, whereas the Bi content is 8
- the change in linearity with respect to the change in Bi content is small. Therefore, even if the Bi content is slightly changed due to a manufacturing error, high linearity can be stably secured without abrupt change in linearity.
- FIG. 14 is a graph in which the cathode current when the rate of change is ⁇ 5% is plotted for each content rate for each temperature.
- a photocathode sample (ZK4198) with a Bi content rate of 32 mol% according to the example, Bi content rate The linearity of a 16.7 mol% photocathode sample (ZK4142) and a conventional bialkali photocathode sample (Comparative Example A2) based on manganese oxide according to a comparative example were measured in a low temperature environment. The measurement results are shown.
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 14 represents the temperature (° C.) in the measurement environment, and the vertical axis represents the cathode current (A) at a change rate of ⁇ 5%.
- the sample of the conventional bialkali photocathode with manganese oxide as the underlayer has a sharp decrease in linearity with a decrease in temperature.
- the linearity is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 times or more lower than the linearity at room temperature (25 ° C.).
- the linearity at ⁇ 100 ° C. is only 0.1 times lower than the linearity at room temperature (25 ° C.).
- the linearity at ⁇ 100 ° C. is hardly lowered as compared with the linearity at room temperature.
- the linearity at low temperatures can be drastically improved by setting the Bi content to 32 mol% or less.
- the photocathode capable of improving the linearity at a low temperature is suitable for use in, for example, observation of dark matter in the universe performed by a high energy physicist.
- a liquid argon scintillator ⁇ 189 ° C.
- a liquid xenon scintillator ⁇ 112 ° C.
- the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment, and various modifications are possible.
- the substances contained in the substrate 12 and the underlayer 16 are not limited to the substances described above.
- the intermediate layer 14 may not be provided.
- the method of forming each layer of the photocathode is not limited to the method described in the above embodiment.
- the photocathode according to this embodiment may be applied to an electron tube such as an image intensifier (II tube).
- II tube image intensifier
- the present invention provides a photocathode capable of improving various characteristics.
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Claims (13)
- SbとBiを含有し、光の入射により光電子を外部に放出する光電子放出層を備え、
前記光電子放出層には、Sb及びBiに対して32mol%以下のBiが含有されていることを特徴とする光電陰極。 - 前記光電子放出層には、Sb及びBiに対して29mol%以下のBiが含有されていることを特徴とする請求項1記載の光電陰極。
- 前記光電子放出層には、Sb及びBiに対して16.7mol%以下のBiが含有されていることを特徴とする請求項1記載の光電陰極。
- 前記光電子放出層には、Sb及びBiに対して6.9mol%以下のBiが含有されていることを特徴とする請求項1記載の光電陰極。
- 前記光電子放出層には、Sb及びBiに対して0.4mol%以上のBiが含有されていることを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか一項記載の光電陰極。
- 前記光電子放出層には、Sb及びBiに対して8.8mol%以上のBiが含有されていることを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか一項記載の光電陰極。
- ―100℃におけるリニアリティが、25℃におけるリニアリティの0.1倍よりも高いことを特徴とする請求項1記載の光電陰極。
- 波長320~440nmでのピークにおいて20%以上の量子効率を示すことを特徴とする請求項2記載の光電陰極。
- 波長300~430nmでのピークにおいて35%以上の量子効率を示すことを特徴とする請求項4記載の光電陰極。
- 前記光電子放出層の光の入射側に、HfO2から形成される中間層を更に備えることを特徴とする請求項1~9のいずれか一項記載の光電陰極。
- 前記光電子放出層の光の入射側に、MgOから形成される下地層を更に備えることを特徴とする請求項1~10のいずれか一項記載の光電陰極。
- 前記光電子放出層は、SbBiの合金薄膜に、カリウム金属蒸気及びセシウム金属蒸気を反応させることによって形成されることを特徴とする請求項1~11のいずれか一項記載の光電陰極。
- 前記光電子放出層は、SbBiの合金薄膜に、カリウム金属蒸気及びルビジウム金属蒸気とセシウム金属蒸気を反応させることによって形成されることを特徴とする請求項1~11のいずれか一項記載の光電陰極。
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EP08874613.6A EP2309529B1 (en) | 2008-06-13 | 2008-11-07 | Photocathode |
CN200880129779.XA CN102067264B (zh) | 2008-06-13 | 2008-11-07 | 光电阴极 |
US12/996,526 US8796923B2 (en) | 2008-06-13 | 2008-11-07 | Photocathode |
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JP2008155777A JP5308078B2 (ja) | 2008-06-13 | 2008-06-13 | 光電陰極 |
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JP5899187B2 (ja) | 2013-11-01 | 2016-04-06 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | 透過型光電陰極 |
JP6419572B2 (ja) * | 2014-12-26 | 2018-11-07 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | 光電面、光電変換管、イメージインテンシファイア、及び光電子増倍管 |
CN107923986A (zh) | 2015-09-14 | 2018-04-17 | 哈里伯顿能源服务公司 | 用于井下核应用的闪烁体检测器中的暗电流校正 |
CN111448481A (zh) * | 2017-12-11 | 2020-07-24 | 拉皮斯坎系统股份有限公司 | X射线断层扫描检查系统及方法 |
CN111816533B (zh) * | 2019-11-13 | 2022-03-25 | 北方夜视技术股份有限公司 | 双碱光电阴极及其制备方法 |
CN111261472B (zh) * | 2020-03-31 | 2022-03-25 | 北方夜视技术股份有限公司 | 低热发射的光电阴极、光电倍增管及其制备方法 |
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JP3179537B2 (ja) | 1991-11-19 | 2001-06-25 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | 光電面および光電子増倍管 |
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WO2005096403A2 (en) * | 2004-03-31 | 2005-10-13 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Organic photoelectric conversion element utilizing an inorganic buffer layer placed between an electrode and the active material |
KR100647305B1 (ko) * | 2004-12-23 | 2006-11-23 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 광전소자 및 이를 이용한 램프 및 디스플레이패널 |
JP4926504B2 (ja) * | 2006-03-08 | 2012-05-09 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | 光電面、それを備える電子管及び光電面の製造方法 |
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CN110783157A (zh) * | 2019-10-24 | 2020-02-11 | 北方夜视技术股份有限公司 | 一种应用于多碱光电阴极的复合光学薄膜及其制备方法 |
CN110783157B (zh) * | 2019-10-24 | 2021-11-05 | 北方夜视技术股份有限公司 | 一种应用于多碱光电阴极的复合光学薄膜及其制备方法 |
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CN105788997B (zh) | 2018-10-19 |
JP5308078B2 (ja) | 2013-10-09 |
CN102067264B (zh) | 2014-07-02 |
CN102067264A (zh) | 2011-05-18 |
EP2309529A1 (en) | 2011-04-13 |
US8796923B2 (en) | 2014-08-05 |
EP3288060A1 (en) | 2018-02-28 |
CN103887126A (zh) | 2014-06-25 |
JP2009301905A (ja) | 2009-12-24 |
EP2309529B1 (en) | 2017-10-04 |
CN105788997A (zh) | 2016-07-20 |
CN103887126B (zh) | 2017-06-20 |
US20110089825A1 (en) | 2011-04-21 |
EP2309529A4 (en) | 2015-06-03 |
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