WO2009143929A1 - Système de cellules à combustible - Google Patents

Système de cellules à combustible Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009143929A1
WO2009143929A1 PCT/EP2009/002582 EP2009002582W WO2009143929A1 WO 2009143929 A1 WO2009143929 A1 WO 2009143929A1 EP 2009002582 W EP2009002582 W EP 2009002582W WO 2009143929 A1 WO2009143929 A1 WO 2009143929A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fuel cell
cell system
cell stack
bipolar
heating
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2009/002582
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Stefan Haufe
André Kopp
Dieter Melzner
Annette Reiche
Fabian Walter
Original Assignee
Elcomax Membranes Gmbh
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Elcomax Membranes Gmbh filed Critical Elcomax Membranes Gmbh
Publication of WO2009143929A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009143929A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
    • H01M8/04037—Electrical heating
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
    • H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/0258—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/0267—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors having heating or cooling means, e.g. heaters or coolant flow channels
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
    • H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
    • H01M8/2425—High-temperature cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/2432—Grouping of unit cells of planar configuration
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
    • H01M8/2457—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with both reactants being gaseous or vaporised
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1007—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes with both reactants being gaseous or vaporised
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the fuel cell system The fuel cell system
  • the invention relates to a fuel cell system, comprising - a fuel cell stack, which provides an electrical power at operation at its electrical output and a plurality of membrane-electrode assemblies, MEAs, which are separated from each other by electrically and thermally conductive bipolar plates, an electrical energy storage and a powered from the electrical energy storage, electric heater in thermal contact with the fuel cell stack.
  • Fuel cells typically consist of at least one membrane-electrode assembly, MEA for short, consisting of a polymer, ion-conducting and gas-tight electrolyte membrane, PEM, and two gas diffusion electrodes, which lie flat against the two sides of the membrane.
  • MEA membrane-electrode assembly
  • Gas diffusion electrodes usually comprise in contact with the electrolyte membrane an electrode layer of an electrocatalyst which is finely dispersed on a porous support material, usually carbon black, and a gas diffusion layer of a fibrous material, usually a graphite fleece, which closes the MEA to the outside.
  • a hydrogen-containing gas is introduced on the anode side. This is distributed over the gas diffusion electrode, whereby the hydrogen is split into protons and electrons.
  • the electrons are supplied in a circuit connected between anode and cathode.
  • the protons migrate through the PEM and are reacted at the cathode-side electrode with oxygen, which is introduced on the cathode side, and the electrons which are returned via the circuit with the formation of water.
  • the resulting electron flow forms an electrical current with which, for example, connected consumers can be operated.
  • fuel cells are not used individually but in the form of fuel cell stacks in which several MEAs are connected in series in series.
  • the MEAs are each separated by so-called bipolar plates, which serve the mechanical stabilization, the electrical contacting and the supply of reaction gases or discharge of reaction products in corresponding channel systems in the bipolar plates.
  • the bipolar plates are often with an internal, closed channel system for cooling the heating up during operation MEAs, which is located between the anode and cathode side of the bipolar plates and is spatially separated from the MEAs.
  • the cited DE 10 2004 061 784 Al discusses the problem of operating fuel cell stacks at very low temperatures at which the resulting water can condense or freeze on cold bipolar plates.
  • To remedy the installation of electrical heating elements in end plates that is proposed thermally and electrically insulating boundary plates of the fuel cell stack.
  • the heating elements are to be fed directly by the current generated in warmer MEAs of the fuel cell stack.
  • a disadvantage of this solution is the necessity of operating at least some MEAs for heating the fuel cell stack. However, this requires the use of very pure fuel gas.
  • a reformate gas ie a hydrogen-containing gas with proportions of carbon monoxide (CO), which is obtained in a so-called reformer from hydrocarbons
  • CO carbon monoxide
  • the use of reformate therefore requires either a complex pre-purification of the reformate gas or the operation of the fuel cell at a very high temperature, which is dependent on the CO content and is typically above 150 degrees Celsius ( 0 C). At such temperatures, the equilibrium between desorption and adsorption of CO on the catalyst is advanced in the direction of desorption, so that the catalyst layers clearly are more tolerant.
  • the system disclosed in the cited document which requires the operation of at least some MEAs at very low temperatures, is therefore not suitable for the use of reformate gas as a fuel gas without pre-cleaning.
  • DE 10 2005 012 617 A1 also discloses an electrically heatable fuel cell stack.
  • the document proposes applying the entire stack to its main electrical connections with an alternating voltage. This causes an alternating current through the entire stack. Due to the electrical resistance of the MEAs and bipolar plates, a power loss occurs, which leads to a heating of the stack.
  • a disadvantage of this system is the need for a separate AC power source, which means a considerable technical effort in a system in which otherwise only DC voltages or DC currents act.
  • the heating device comprises a plurality of electrical heating elements, in each case at least one heating element is embedded in thermal contact with the bipolar plate in a plurality of bipolar plates and the energy storage via a power electronics with the connected electrical output of the fuel cell stack and is chargeable from the power supplied by this.
  • This idea is implemented on the one hand by the power electronics, which makes the electrical energy storage, such as an accumulator, usable as storage for cell stack in the fuel generated electrical energy. An external energy source for charging the energy storage is thus unnecessary.
  • the Heating in energetically particularly favorable manner performed so that the required for the operation of the fuel cell stack with reformate, high temperature is achieved quickly and in an energetically favorable manner.
  • the required minimum capacity of the energy storage is reduced, which advantageously leads to that during the power-generating operation of the fuel cell stack only a small part of the generated electrical energy has to be diverted to charge the energy storage. Due to the direct embedding of the heating elements in the bipolar plates, preferably in all bipolar plates, the required heating power is generated exactly where it is to be effective, namely in the area of the applied to the bipolar plates MEAs whose
  • the heating heat supplied from the outside This creates a heating in areas of the stack, where it is not required.
  • the heating elements are designed as electrical resistance wires with a thermally conductive and electrically insulating sheath.
  • bipolar plate comprises two thermally and electrically conductive, surface, directly interconnected channel plates and that the at least one embedded in this bipolar plate heating element is inserted into a groove which is introduced into at least one of the contacting surfaces of the channel plates.
  • This embodiment takes into account the commonly used design of bipolar plates. Accordingly, bipolar plates are composed of two channel plates. Each of these channel plates has an open channel system on the surface facing the adjacent MEA in the installed state, through which a reaction gas is conducted to the electrode of the MEA. Often, at least one of the channel plates on an additional, open channel system on the other channel plate facing surface, which serves as a coolant line in the installed state.
  • the grooves are in the Heating elements are inserted, introduced into one of these inner contact surfaces of the channel plates.
  • the heat is generated centrally between two adjacent MEAs, so that both adjacent MEAs can be charged with about the same thermal energy. This allows a reduction in the number of heated bipolar plates in the stack.
  • At least one bipolar plate comprises two thermally and electrically conductive channel plates connected to each other in a planar manner via a central plate, and that the at least one heating element embedded in this bipolar plate engages in a groove is inserted, which is introduced into the central plate.
  • This variant takes into account a further design of bipolar plates, in which the bipolar plate is composed of three individual plates, namely two outer channel plates and a central plate connecting them.
  • At least one bipolar plate is at least partially made of a castable material, eg a graphite material, and the at least one heating element embedded in the bipolar plate is cast into the plate material.
  • a castable material eg a graphite material
  • the at least one heating element embedded in the bipolar plate is cast into the plate material.
  • the fuel cell stack preferably has at least one temperature sensor which detects a temperature of the fuel cell stack.
  • the temperature sensor is connected to a fuel gas supply control, which controls a supply of fuel gas in the fuel cell stack, wherein the fuel gas supply control prevents the supply of fuel gas below a detected by the temperature sensor minimum temperature.
  • the temperature sensor is connected to a temperature control circuit which controls the supply of the heater from the energy storage for setting a target temperature of the fuel cell stack.
  • the temperature control circuit prevents the supply of the heater after reaching an upper limit temperature.
  • This upper limit temperature may, but need not be, identical to the minimum temperature mentioned above for the introduction of fuel gas. Namely, after the fuel cell has started, the cell heats up itself by the exothermic reaction on its MEAs, and even needs to be normally countercooled with a cooling device to avoid thermal damage. The heater has thus fulfilled its task after the fuel cell has started and can be switched off.
  • the heating elements of different bipolar plates are connected in groups in parallel with each other.
  • the heating elements of all heated bipolar plates are combined into a group and connected in parallel, so that they can be energized together.
  • This variant is referred to in the context of this application as a single-zone heating.
  • the heating elements of a plurality of groups of mutually parallel heating elements are provided and power electronics are provided, the heating elements of different groups fed differently from the energy storage.
  • this variant is referred to as multi-zone heating.
  • the variant of the three-zone heating which has a weaker energized center zone and two more energized edge zones.
  • the bipolar plates which are closest to the end plates of the fuel cell stack and thus affected by particular heat dissipation can be heated to a greater extent than the bipolar plates located in the central region of the fuel cell stack a homogenization of the temperature profile over the length of the fuel cell stack leads.
  • the power electronics used for the control of the heating elements can be the same power electronics, with which the charge of the energy storage is performed.
  • Embodiments of the invention are exemplified.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a fuel cell system according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 shows a perspective sectional view of a bipolar plate according to the invention
  • Figure 3 a schematic representation of a
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a fuel cell system 10 according to the invention.
  • the system 10 comprises a fuel cell stack 12, an electrical energy store 14, e.g. an accumulator, power electronics 16 and a reformer 18 or a fuel gas reservoir or other fuel gas source.
  • an electrical energy store 14 e.g. an accumulator
  • power electronics 16 e.g. an accumulator
  • reformer 18 e.g. a fuel gas reservoir or other fuel gas source
  • the fuel cell stack includes a plurality of membrane-electrode assemblies 22, MEAs, separated by bipolar plates 24. Each bipolar plate 24 is in the one shown
  • Embodiment of an anode channel plate 26 and a cathode channel plate 28 Embodiment of an anode channel plate 26 and a cathode channel plate 28.
  • the anode channel plate 26 and the cathode channel plate 28 are connected to each other areally.
  • a substantially spiral groove 30 is incorporated, for example milled, in which an electric heating wire 32 is inserted.
  • the heating wires 32 of all bipolar plates 24 are connected in parallel with each other.
  • a temperature sensor 33 is arranged. This captures the temperature of the Fuel cell stack 12 and passes them to a temperature control 34 on.
  • the temperature control 34 is connected to the power electronics 16. In this way, the heating wires in the bipolar plates 24 can be energized in a controlled manner with energy from the energy storage 14 and the fuel cell stack can be preheated before receiving its power-generating operation.
  • two further temperature sensors 36 are arranged on marginal bipolar plates 24, which are connected to a temperature-dependent supply control 38 in the present embodiment.
  • the supply control 38 controls a valve 40 in the supply line of the CO-containing reformate gas from the reformer 18.
  • the valve 40 is opened only when the temperature sensors 36 of the supply control 38 report the reaching of a sufficiently high temperature.
  • the sensors 36 are preferably provided in the marginal bipolar plates, since these are adjacent to the end plates 42 of the stack 12 and therefore subjected to a particular heat dissipation.
  • the single-zone heater shown in the exemplary embodiment shown which comprises heating elements in each bipolar plate, it can be assumed that when the required minimum temperature in the outer bipolar plates has been reached, all the bipolar plates have reached the required minimum temperature.
  • the temperature control 34 and the supply control 38 are separate units shown, the separate temperature sensors 33, 36 use. This is for illustrative purposes only. In practice, a combined unit connected to common temperature sensors is typically used.
  • the diagram of Figure 1 shows the sake of clarity, a fuel cell stack 12 with only eleven individual fuel cells.
  • a favorable, real dimensioning may for example be as follows:
  • the stack 12 is an air-cooled fuel cell stack with 33 individual fuel cells, i. 33 MEAs and 34 bipolar plates.
  • a spiral groove of a length of 3 meters and a cross section of 1.55 x 1.55 millimeters is milled.
  • a PFA-coated heating wire with an outside diameter of 1.47 +/- 0.05 millimeters is inserted.
  • the resistance of the heating wire is 4.3 ohms per meter, so at one
  • a heating power of 15 watts per meter or 45 watts per bipolar plate drops.
  • An NiCr / Ni thermocouple with an outer diameter of 1.5 millimeters is pushed through a 1.5 x 1.5 millimeter channel on the anode plate and measures the surface temperature directly at the heating conductor.
  • a realized embodiment of such a fuel cell stack has a bipolar plate weight of about 8.8 kilograms and a heat capacity of 0.71 kilojoules per Kelvin and kilogram (kJ / K * kg).
  • the heating of the stack 12 is performed such that the heating conductor is controlled to a fixed temperature.
  • the maximum temperature depends on the heat conductor used and the stack components used. In the case of bipolar plates made of a graphite composite, the maximum temperature for avoiding thermal damage is advantageously about 190 Crad Celsius.
  • the influx of fuel gas is opened while the heater is turned off. The exothermic fuel cell reaction then ensures the maintenance of the required minimum temperature. Typically, even cooling must be performed to prevent exceeding the maximum allowable temperature of the stack. From the power generated in the fuel cell stack is supplied via the power electronics of the consumer required share of these and excess energy used to recharge the memory 14.
  • FIG 2 shows schematically a part of a bipolar plate 24, in which (shown in phantom), a heating conductor 32 is introduced spirally.
  • the bipolar plate 24 shown in Figure 2 is in one piece, in contrast to the bipolar plates 24 of Figure 1, wherein the heating wire 32 in the plate material is poured.
  • These can be crimped, for example, with a stainless steel sleeve and insulated with a shrink tube, for example made of silicone.
  • FIG. 1 While the illustration of Figure 1 shows a single-zone heating, a three-zone heating is shown in Figure 3.
  • the fuel cell stack 12 is shown in Figure 3 only as an array of bipolar plates 24. While the eleven peripheral bipolar plates of zones I and III are connected in parallel with each other, the central eleven bipolar plates of central region II are not connected in parallel with them but only with each other.
  • the zones I and III on the one hand and the zone II on the other hand are fed with different voltages Ul and U2. For this purpose, no two different voltage sources are required. Rather, a suitable control of the power electronics 16 is sufficient.
  • the voltage Ul is typically higher than the voltage U2. This results in a higher heating power in the bipolar plates of zones I and III.
  • Fuel cell system Fuel cell stack Accumulator Power electronics Fuel gas reservoir Consumers MEA Bipolar plate Anode plate Cathode plate Heating conductor Temperature sensor Temperature control Temperature sensor Supply control Control valve End plate Cold end

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)

Abstract

L’invention concerne un système de cellules à combustible comprenant: une pile de cellules à combustible (12) qui, en fonctionnement, fournit une puissance électrique à sa sortie électrique et présente une pluralité d’ensembles électrodes-membranes (22), MEA, qui sont séparés par des plaques bipolaires (24) électriquement et thermiquement conductrices, un accumulateur d’énergie électrique (14) et un dispositif de chauffage électrique (32) qui est alimenté par l’accumulateur d’énergie électrique (14) et est en contact thermique avec la pile de cellules à combustible (12). Le dispositif de chauffage comprend une pluralité d’éléments chauffants électriques (32). Dans plusieurs plaques biopolaires (24) est incorporé au moins un élément chauffant (32) en contact thermique avec les surfaces de la plaque bipolaire (24) et l’accumulateur d’énergie (14) est relié à la sortie électrique de la pile de cellules à combustible (12) par une électronique de puissance (16) et peut être chargé à partir de la puissance fournie par celle-ci.
PCT/EP2009/002582 2008-05-30 2009-04-08 Système de cellules à combustible WO2009143929A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102008025967A DE102008025967A1 (de) 2008-05-30 2008-05-30 Brennstoffzellensystem
DE102008025967.5 2008-05-30

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2009143929A1 true WO2009143929A1 (fr) 2009-12-03

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PCT/EP2009/002582 WO2009143929A1 (fr) 2008-05-30 2009-04-08 Système de cellules à combustible

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DE (1) DE102008025967A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2009143929A1 (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103219535A (zh) * 2013-05-10 2013-07-24 天津大学 一种质子交换膜燃料电池堆冷启动的控制方法
EP2667440A1 (fr) 2012-05-23 2013-11-27 WS Reformer GmbH Système de cellules combustibles et procédé de fonctionnement d'un tel système
CN113555581A (zh) * 2021-06-08 2021-10-26 北京格睿能源科技有限公司 燃料电池及其加热方法
CN113871652A (zh) * 2021-09-29 2021-12-31 中汽创智科技有限公司 一种燃料电池电堆模块及控制方法

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102013013723B4 (de) * 2013-08-20 2015-04-23 Stephan Köhne Vorrichtung zur Verspannung eines Brennstoffzellen-Stapels zur Strom- und/oder Wärmeerzeugung mit integrierter Temperaturregulierung des Brennstoffzellen-Stapels
DE102020205877A1 (de) 2020-05-11 2021-11-11 Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Brennstoffzelleneinheit
DE102021206586A1 (de) 2021-06-25 2022-12-29 Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Brennstoffzellenstapels, Bipolarplatte sowie Brennstoffzellenstapel

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DE19956721A1 (de) * 1998-11-25 2000-05-31 Toshiba Kawasaki Kk Separator einer Protonenaustausch-Brennstoffzelle und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung
EP1009051A2 (fr) * 1998-12-08 2000-06-14 General Motors Corporation Plaque bipolaire à refroidissement liquide composée de plaques encollées pour piles à combustible de type PEM
JP2002313391A (ja) * 2001-04-13 2002-10-25 Honda Motor Co Ltd 燃料電池
US20050058865A1 (en) * 2003-09-12 2005-03-17 Thompson Eric L. Self -thawing fuel cell
US20060199051A1 (en) * 2005-03-07 2006-09-07 Dingrong Bai Combined heat and power system

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DE102004061784A1 (de) 2004-12-22 2006-07-13 Daimlerchrysler Ag PEM-Brennstoffzellenstapel mit schneller Kaltstartfähigkeit
DE102005012617B4 (de) 2005-03-18 2006-12-14 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Heizung einer Brennstoffzelle oder eines Brennstoffzellenstacks

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19956721A1 (de) * 1998-11-25 2000-05-31 Toshiba Kawasaki Kk Separator einer Protonenaustausch-Brennstoffzelle und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung
EP1009051A2 (fr) * 1998-12-08 2000-06-14 General Motors Corporation Plaque bipolaire à refroidissement liquide composée de plaques encollées pour piles à combustible de type PEM
JP2002313391A (ja) * 2001-04-13 2002-10-25 Honda Motor Co Ltd 燃料電池
US20050058865A1 (en) * 2003-09-12 2005-03-17 Thompson Eric L. Self -thawing fuel cell
US20060199051A1 (en) * 2005-03-07 2006-09-07 Dingrong Bai Combined heat and power system

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2667440A1 (fr) 2012-05-23 2013-11-27 WS Reformer GmbH Système de cellules combustibles et procédé de fonctionnement d'un tel système
WO2013174712A1 (fr) 2012-05-23 2013-11-28 Ws Reformer Gmbh Système de piles à combustible et procédé pour le faire fonctionner
CN103219535A (zh) * 2013-05-10 2013-07-24 天津大学 一种质子交换膜燃料电池堆冷启动的控制方法
CN113555581A (zh) * 2021-06-08 2021-10-26 北京格睿能源科技有限公司 燃料电池及其加热方法
CN113871652A (zh) * 2021-09-29 2021-12-31 中汽创智科技有限公司 一种燃料电池电堆模块及控制方法

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