WO2009113354A1 - 電気化学表示素子 - Google Patents
電気化学表示素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009113354A1 WO2009113354A1 PCT/JP2009/052388 JP2009052388W WO2009113354A1 WO 2009113354 A1 WO2009113354 A1 WO 2009113354A1 JP 2009052388 W JP2009052388 W JP 2009052388W WO 2009113354 A1 WO2009113354 A1 WO 2009113354A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/153—Constructional details
- G02F1/1533—Constructional details structural features not otherwise provided for
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F2001/164—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect the electrolyte is made of polymers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
- G02F2203/34—Colour display without the use of colour mosaic filters
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrochemical display element.
- a conventional liquid crystal display or CRT As a means for browsing such electronic information, a conventional liquid crystal display or CRT, and in recent years, a light emitting type such as an organic EL display is mainly used.
- the electronic information is document information, it is relatively long time. It is necessary to pay close attention to this browsing means, and these actions are not necessarily human-friendly means.
- eyes flicker due to flickering, inconvenient to carry, reading posture is limited It is known that it is necessary to adjust the line of sight to the still screen, and there are problems such as increased power consumption when read for a long time.
- the method using a polarizing plate such as a reflective liquid crystal has a low reflectance of about 40% and is difficult to display white, and many of the manufacturing methods used for producing the constituent members are not easy.
- the polymer dispersed liquid crystal requires a high voltage and utilizes the difference in refractive index between organic substances, so that the resulting image has insufficient contrast.
- the polymer network type liquid crystal has problems such as a high voltage and a complicated TFT circuit required to improve the memory performance.
- a display element based on electrophoresis requires a high voltage of 10 V or more, and there is a concern about durability due to electrophoretic particle aggregation.
- an electrodeposition method hereinafter abbreviated as ED method
- an electrochromic method hereinafter abbreviated as EC method
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide an electrochemical display element capable of performing high-quality full-color display without performing complex driving with a simple display element configuration. There is to do.
- An electrochemical display comprising a plurality of electrolyte layers, containing a redox active compound that is contained in at least one of the electrolyte layers and is substantially incompatible with an adjacent electrolyte layer element.
- R 1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group
- R 2 and R 3 each represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent
- X represents> N—R 4 , an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom
- R 4 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- a redox active compound and a dimming material different from the redox active compound the redox active compound being combined with a redox reaction of the dimming material, and the dimming material 9.
- the electrochemical display element according to any one of (1) to (8), wherein oxidation-reduction reaction is performed at different electrodes.
- an electrochemical display element that can perform high-quality full-color display with a simple configuration of a display element without complicated driving.
- the electrochemical display element of the present invention includes a plurality of electrolyte layers and a redox active compound contained in at least one of the electrolyte layers and substantially incompatible with the adjacent electrolyte layers. To do.
- the compatible state of the present invention means a state in which a plurality of types of substances have affinity for each other to form a homogeneous solution or mixture.
- Methods for evaluating whether or not they are compatible include a method for evaluating the degree of bleeding by transmittance, a method for observing uniformity with an optical microscope or a polarizing optical microscope, an analysis method by thermal analysis, and an analysis by pulse NMR. A known method such as a method can be used.
- the redox active compound when the redox active compound is solid, it is not dissolved in the liquid phase contained in the adjacent electrolyte layer.
- the redox active compound when the redox active compound is liquid, the adjacent electrolyte layer If the redox active compound is dissolved in the liquid phase electrolyte, increase the compatibility parameter difference between the liquid that forms this liquid phase and the liquid in the adjacent layer.
- the method of not mixing can be mentioned.
- the parameters of the compound serving as an index include molecular weight, solubility in various solvents, SP value, carbon number, type and number of polar groups, valence, Tg, melting point, and the like.
- a compound having a molecular weight of 200 or less and a polymer compound having a molecular weight of 1000 or more using a compound having greatly different SP values, a compound having 8 or more carbon atoms contained in the compound, and a cationic or anion Ionic compounds having the same properties may be used.
- a method of preventing compatibility by mixing a polymer binder in the electrolyte layer to increase the physical strength of the electrolyte or delaying the diffusion rate of the substance can also be mentioned.
- the redox active compound of the present invention may be any compound as long as it is a compound that is oxidized and reduced by an electrode reaction.
- the redox active compound include pyridyl compounds such as viologen, heptyl viologen, phenanthroline and bipyridine, conductive polymer compounds such as polypyrrole, polyaniline and polythiophene, 2- [2- [4- (dimethylamino) phenyl] ethenyl]- Styryl compounds such as 3,3-dimethylindolino [2,1-b] oxazolidine, donor / acceptor type compounds such as tetracyanoquinodimethane, tetrathiafulvalene, TTF, Prussian blue, metal-bipyridyl complex, metal phenanthroline complex , Metallocenes, organometallic complexes such as metal-phthalocyanine complexes, diphenylamine, aminophenol, Tris-aminophen
- the “redox-active compound is a light-modulating material used for image display” in the present invention means that the absorption of ultraviolet light, visible light, and infrared light varies greatly depending on the oxidation-reduction active compound being oxidized or reduced. It means that the material has an image display function by greatly changing the optical density of the display element.
- an electrochromic compound in the redox active compound of the present invention, can be preferably used as the light control material.
- the electrolyte described above contains an electrochromic compound, and a full-color display is achieved by a color change that exhibits yellow, magenta, and cyan colors due to the oxidation and reduction reaction of the electrochromic compound by the operation of driving the counter electrode. Preferably it is done.
- the electrochromic compound according to the present invention is a phenomenon in which the property of optical absorption (color and light transmittance) of a substance reversibly changes due to electrochemical oxidation-reduction (electrified). Any compound that exhibits (chromism) may be used. Specific compounds include “Electrochromic display” (June 28, 1991, Sangyo Tosho Co., Ltd.) pp27-124, “Development of chromic materials” (November 15, 2000, CMC Corporation) pp81 And the compounds described in -95 and the like.
- One of the electrochromic compounds that can be preferably used in the electrochemical display device of the present invention is a metal complex in which at least one organic ligand having a carbon-nitrogen double bond as a partial structure is coordinated. Is preferred.
- the type of metal constituting the metal complex is not particularly limited as long as the organic ligand having a carbon-nitrogen double bond as a partial structure can be coordinated, but group 8 of the periodic table (iron, Ruthenium, osmium), Group 9 (cobalt, rhodium, iridium), lanthanoids (cisprosium, ytterbium, lutetium, etc.), nickel and copper are preferred, and iron and cobalt are particularly preferred.
- the metal complex according to the present invention is characterized in that the colored state is changed by an oxidation-reduction reaction, and the colored state is preferably changed in the range of ⁇ 3.5 V to 3.5 V, more preferably -1. It is preferable that the coloring state changes in the range of 5V to 1.5V.
- organic ligand having a carbon-nitrogen double bond as a partial structure examples include hydrazones (eg, hydrazone, azine, semicarbazone, isosemicarbazone, carbohydrazone, hydrazone acid, hydrazidine, amidrazon, etc.
- hydrazones eg, hydrazone, azine, semicarbazone, isosemicarbazone, carbohydrazone, hydrazone acid, hydrazidine, amidrazon, etc.
- Oximes eg, oxime, hydroxymic acid, amidoxime, etc.
- imines eg, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds (eg, pyrazole, imidazole, thiazole, oxazole, triazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, Pyrazine, triazine, benzimidazole, purine, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, phenanthroline, porphyrin, phthalocyanine, pyrroline, imidazoline, pyrazoline, pyrazolone, oxazoline, thiazoline, etc.) And the like.
- nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds eg, pyrazole, imidazole, thiazole, oxazole, triazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, Py
- multidentate ligands are preferred, and bidentate or tridentate ligands are particularly preferred.
- Specific examples include bipyridines, terpyridines, phenanthrolines, tetrazolylpyridines, pyridylquinazolines, bis-isoquinolines, pyridylazines, pyridylbenzimidazoles, and the like.
- organic ligand having a carbon-nitrogen double bond as a partial structure according to the present invention is preferably a compound represented by the following general formula [I].
- R 31 , R 32 , R 33 and R 34 are each independently a hydrogen atom, amino group, hydroxy group, mercapto group, alkoxy group, alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkynyl group or aryl group. Alternatively, it represents a heterocyclic group, and these substituents may further have a substituent.
- R 31 and R 32 , R 32 and R 33 and R 33 and R 34 may be linked to each other to form an aromatic or non-aromatic cyclic structure, and any position on the cyclic structure May have a substituent.
- R 31 and R 32 , R 32 and R 33, or R 33 and R 34 are preferably a compound in which each is linked to each other to form an aromatic or non-aromatic cyclic structure.
- the organic ligand having a carbon-nitrogen double bond as a partial structure according to the present invention is represented by the following general formula [II]: Is preferred.
- R 33 and R 34 have the same meanings as in the general formula [I], and Z represents an atomic group necessary for forming a cyclic structure together with C ⁇ N. Further, these cyclic structures may have a substituent at any substitutable position. These ring structures are preferably aromatic heterocyclic structures.
- the organic compound having a carbon-nitrogen double bond according to the present invention as a partial structure.
- the ligand is preferably a compound represented by the following general formula [III].
- Z 1 and Z 2 together with C ⁇ N represent an atomic group necessary for forming a cyclic structure.
- the compound represented by the general formula [III] may have a substituent at any substitutable position on the two cyclic structures.
- the substituent shown as a concrete cyclic structure of the said general formula [I] may be sufficient.
- the organic ligand having a carbon-nitrogen double bond as a partial structure according to the present invention is:
- a compound represented by the general formula [IV] is preferable.
- R 31 and R 34 have the same meanings as those in the general formula [I], and Z 3 represents an atomic group necessary for forming a cyclic structure together with two carbon atoms. To express. Further, this cyclic structure may have a substituent at any substitutable position.
- R 31 and R 34 have the same meanings as those in the general formula [I].
- R 41 and R 42 each represents an alkyl group which may have a substituent.
- the organic ligand having a carbon-nitrogen double bond as a partial structure according to the present invention has an adsorptive group that is chemically or physically adsorbed to the electrode from the viewpoint of adhesion to the electrode surface and film durability. It is preferable to have at least one.
- the chemical adsorption according to the present invention is a relatively strong adsorption state due to a chemical bond with the electrode surface
- the physical adsorption according to the present invention is a relatively strong van der Waals force acting between the electrode surface and the adsorbed substance. It is weakly adsorbed.
- the adsorptive group of the present invention is preferably a chemisorbable group, and examples of chemisorbable adsorptive groups include —COOH, —P—O (OH) 2 , —OP ⁇ O (OH) 2 and -Si (OR) 3 (R represents an alkyl group).
- organic ligand according to the present invention having a carbon-nitrogen double bond as a partial structure and further having an adsorptive group chemically or physically adsorbing to the electrode surface
- it is not limited to these.
- M represents a central metal
- L represents an organic ligand
- n represents the number of ligands
- A represents a counter salt for neutralizing the charge.
- the compound represented by the general formula (A) can be exemplified.
- R 1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group
- R 2 and R 3 each represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent, but the substitution represented by R 1 , R 2 , or R 3
- Specific examples of the group include, for example, an alkyl group (for example, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, tert-butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, etc.), cycloalkyl group (for example, cyclohexyl group, cyclopentyl group).
- alkenyl group, cycloalkenyl group, alkynyl group for example, propargyl group
- glycidyl group for example, acrylate group, methacrylate group, aromatic group (for example, phenyl group, naphthyl group, anthracenyl group, etc.), heterocyclic group
- alkoxy group for example, methoxy group, ethoxy group, propyloxy group, pentyloxy group, cyclopentyloxy group, hexyloxy group, cyclohexy
- R 1 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, preferably a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, more preferably a substituted or unsubstituted 2-hydroxyphenyl group or 4-hydroxyphenyl group.
- R 2 and R 3 are preferably an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aromatic group, or a heterocyclic group, more preferably one of R 2 and R 3 is a phenyl group, the other is an alkyl group, and more preferably R 2 and R 3 are both phenyl groups.
- R 4 is preferably a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aromatic group, a heterocyclic group, or an acyl group, more preferably a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 5 to 10 carbon atoms, or acyl. It is a group.
- electrochromic compound represented by the general formula (A) are shown below, but the present invention is not limited to these exemplified compounds.
- Metal salt compounds As the metal salt compound that is the redox active compound of the present invention and can be preferably used as a light-modulating material, dissolution and precipitation are repeated by driving the counter electrode on at least one electrode on the counter electrode. Any compound may be used as long as the salt contains a metal species that can be used. Preferred metal species are silver, bismuth, copper, nickel, iron, chromium, zinc and the like, and particularly preferred metal species are silver and bismuth from the viewpoint of black color tone and redox potential.
- the silver salt compound in which the metal salt compound contained in the electrolyte is silver or a compound containing silver in the chemical structure is preferable.
- the compound containing silver or silver in the chemical structure in the present invention is a general term for compounds such as silver oxide, silver sulfide, metallic silver, silver colloidal particles, silver halide, silver complex compounds, silver ions, Phase state species such as solid state, solubilized state in liquid, and gas state, and charged state species such as neutral, anionic, and cationic are not particularly limited.
- the electrolyte layer when a metal salt compound is used as the light modulating material for the electrolyte layer, particularly when a silver salt compound is used, the electrolyte layer is represented by the following general formula (1) or general formula (2). It is preferable to contain at least one of the compounds to be prepared.
- R 7 -SR 8 each represent a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group, and R 7 and R 8 may be bonded to each other to form a ring. However, when a ring containing an S atom is formed, an aromatic ring is not formed.
- M represents a hydrogen atom, a metal atom or quaternary ammonium.
- Z represents a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring.
- n represents an integer of 0 to 5
- R 9 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkylcarbonamide group, an arylcarbonamide group, an alkylsulfonamide group, an arylsulfonamide group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group Group, alkylthio group, arylthio group, alkylcarbamoyl group, arylcarbamoyl group, carbamoyl group, alkylsulfamoyl group, arylsulfamoyl group, sulfamoyl group, cyano group, alkylsulfonyl group, arylsulfonyl group, alkoxycarbonyl group, aryl Represents an oxycarbon
- R 7 and R 8 each represent a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group, and these include a linear group or a branched group. Further, these hydrocarbon groups may contain one or more nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, phosphorus atoms, sulfur atoms, and halogen atoms. However, when forming a ring containing an S atom, an aromatic ring is not formed. Each element adjacent to the S atom is preferably a carbon atom.
- groups that can be substituted for the hydrocarbon group include amino groups, guanidino groups, quaternary ammonium groups, hydroxyl groups, halogen compounds, carboxylic acid groups, carboxylate groups, amide groups, sulfinic acid groups, sulfonic acid groups, and sulfates. Groups, phosphonic acid groups, phosphate groups, nitro groups, cyano groups and the like.
- silver or a compound containing silver is solubilized by coexisting with a compound containing a chemical structural species that interacts with silver that causes a coordinate bond with silver or a weak covalent bond with silver. It is common to use a means for converting to.
- a chemical structural species a halogen atom, a mercapto group, a carboxyl group, an imino group, and the like are known.
- a thioether group is also useful as a silver solvent, has little influence on coexisting compounds, and is a solvent. It is characterized by high solubility in water.
- Exemplified Compound 1-2 is particularly preferable from the viewpoint that the objective effect of the present invention can be exhibited.
- M represents a hydrogen atom, a metal atom or quaternary ammonium.
- Z represents a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring.
- n represents an integer of 0 to 5
- R 9 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkylcarbonamide group, an arylcarbonamide group, an alkylsulfonamide group, an arylsulfonamide group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group Group, alkylthio group, arylthio group, alkylcarbamoyl group, arylcarbamoyl group, carbamoyl group, alkylsulfamoyl group, arylsulfamoyl group, sulfamoyl group, cyano group, alkylsulfonyl group, arylsulfonyl group, alkoxycarbonyl group, aryl Represents an oxycarbon
- Examples of the metal atom represented by M in the general formula (2) include Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, and Ag.
- Examples of the quaternary ammonium include H 4 N, (CH 3) 4 N, (C 4 H 9) 4 N, (CH 3) 3 NC 12 H 25, (CH 3) 3 NC 16 H 33, include (CH 3) 3 NCH 2 C 6 H 5 and the like.
- Examples of the nitrogen-containing heterocycle represented by Z in the general formula (2) include a tetrazole ring, a triazole ring, an imidazole ring, an oxadiazole ring, a thiadiazole ring, an indole ring, an oxazole ring, a benzoxazole ring, and a benzimidazole ring.
- Examples of the halogen atom represented by R 9 in the general formula (2) include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom.
- Examples of the alkyl group include, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i- Examples include propyl, butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, octyl, dodecyl, hydroxyethyl, methoxyethyl, trifluoromethyl, benzyl, etc.
- Examples of the aryl group include phenyl, naphthyl, and the like.
- alkylcarbonamide group examples include acetylamino, propionylamino, butyroylamino and the like.
- arylcarbonamide group examples include benzoylamino and the like.
- sulfonamide group examples include methanesulfonyl.
- Minosulfonyl, ethanesulfonylamino group and the like, arylsulfonamide groups include, for example, benzenesulfonylamino group, toluenesulfonylamino group and the like, and aryloxy groups include, for example, phenoxy and the like, alkylthio Examples of the group include each group such as methylthio, ethylthio, and butylthio. Examples of the arylthio group include phenylthio group and tolylthio group.
- alkylcarbamoyl group examples include methylcarbamoyl, dimethylcarbamoyl, Examples include ethyl carbamoyl, diethyl carbamoyl, dibutyl carbamoyl, piperidyl carbamoyl, morpholyl carbamoyl and the like, and aryl carbamoyl groups include, for example, phenyl carbamoyl, methyl phenyl carbamoyl Examples include groups such as vamoyl, ethylphenylcarbamoyl, and benzylphenylcarbamoyl.
- alkylsulfamoyl group examples include methylsulfamoyl, dimethylsulfamoyl, ethylsulfamoyl, diethylsulfamoyl, and dibutylsulfamoyl.
- examples of each group include moyl, piperidylsulfamoyl, morpholylsulfamoyl, and arylsulfamoyl groups include, for example, phenylsulfamoyl, methylphenylsulfamoyl, ethylphenylsulfamoyl, benzylphenylsulfamoyl.
- Examples of the alkylsulfonyl group include a methanesulfonyl group and an ethanesulfonyl group.
- Examples of the arylsulfonyl group include a phenylsulfonyl group and a 4-chlorophenylsulfonyl group. Examples of each group include p-toluenesulfonyl and the like.
- Examples of the alkoxycarbonyl group include groups such as methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, and butoxycarbonyl.
- Examples of the aryloxycarbonyl group include phenoxycarbonyl and the like.
- Examples of the alkylcarbonyl group include acetyl, propionyl, and butyroyl groups.
- Examples of the arylcarbonyl group include a benzoyl group and an alkylbenzoyl group.
- Examples of the acyloxy group include acetyl group.
- Examples of the heterocyclic group include oxazole ring, thiazole ring, triazole ring, selenazole ring, tetrazole ring, oxadiazole ring, thiadiazole ring, thiazole group, and the like.
- Jin ring a triazine ring, a benzoxazole ring, benzothiazole ring, an indolenine ring, benzimidazole benzoselenazole ring, naphthothiazole ring, triazaindolizine ring, diaza indolizine ring, tetraazacyclododecane indolizine ring group, and the like.
- substituents include those having further substituents.
- Exemplified Compounds 2-12, 2-18, and 2-20 are particularly preferable from the viewpoint that the objective effects of the present invention can be exhibited.
- the molar concentration of halogen ions contained in the electrolyte is [X] (mol / kg)
- the total molar concentration of metal ions of the metal salt compound contained in the electrolyte is [M] (mol / kg)
- the halogen atom means an iodine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, or a fluorine atom.
- [X] / [M] is larger than 0.01, X ⁇ ⁇ X 2 is generated during the redox reaction of the metal ion, and X 2 easily cross-oxidizes with the reduced form of the metal ion to reduce the metal ion.
- the halogen atom molar concentration is as low as possible with respect to the metal ion molar concentration, because it oxidizes the body and decreases memory properties and becomes one of the causes of uneven reflectance fluctuations during repeated driving.
- the halogen species preferably have a total molar concentration of [I] ⁇ [Br] ⁇ [Cl] ⁇ [F] from the viewpoint of improving memory properties.
- Organic solvent can be used for the electrolyte layer of the present invention.
- Organic solvents include propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, ⁇ -butrolactone, tetramethylurea, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, 2- (N-methyl) -2-pyrrolidinone, hexamethyl Phosphortriamide, N-methylpropionamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylacetamide, N, N dimethylformamide, N-methylformamide, butyronitrile, propionitrile, acetonitrile, acetylacetone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone 2-butanol, 1-butanol, 2-propanol, 1-propanol, ethanol, methanol, acetic anhydride, ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyfuran, t
- examples of the solvent that can be used in the present invention include J. A. Riddick, W.M. B. Bunger, T.A. K. Sakano, “Organic Solvents”, 4th ed. , John Wiley & Sons (1986). Marcus, “Ion Solvation”, John Wiley & Sons (1985), C.I. Reichardt, “Solvents and Solvent Effects in Chemistry”, 2nd ed. VCH (1988), G .; J. et al. Janz, R.A. P. T.A. Tomkins, “Nonqueous Electrolytes Handbook”, Vol. 1, Academic Press (1972).
- the organic solvent used for the electrolyte may be a single type or a mixture of solvents.
- the electrolyte layer does not substantially contain a volatile solvent.
- a volatile solvent examples include various ionic liquids, phthalates having 8 or more carbon atoms, fatty acid esters, sorbitols, and the like.
- a known silver salt compound such as a silver salt with an acid or a silver complex with iminodiacetic acid can be used.
- the silver salt a compound which does not have a nitrogen atom having a coordination property with halogen, carboxylic acid or silver, and for example, silver p-toluenesulfonate is preferable.
- the silver ion concentration contained in the electrolyte according to the present invention is preferably 0.2 mol / kg ⁇ [Ag] ⁇ 2.0 mol / kg. If the silver ion concentration is less than 0.2 mol / kg, it becomes a dilute silver solution, and the driving speed is delayed. If it is greater than 2 mol / kg, the solubility deteriorates, and precipitation tends to occur during low-temperature storage, which is disadvantageous. It is.
- a thickener can be used for the electrolyte.
- gelatin gum arabic, poly (vinyl alcohol), hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, poly ( Vinylpyrrolidone), poly (alkylene glycol), casein, starch, poly (acrylic acid), poly (methyl methacrylic acid), poly (vinyl chloride), poly (methacrylic acid), copoly (styrene-maleic anhydride), copoly ( Styrene-acrylonitrile), copoly (styrene-butadiene), poly (vinyl acetal) s (eg, poly (vinyl formal) and poly (vinyl butyral)), poly (esters), poly (urethanes), phenoxy resins, poly (PVC Redene), poly (epoxides), poly (carbonates, poly (PVC Redene), poly (epoxides), poly (carbonates),
- thickeners may be used in combination of two or more.
- compounds described on pages 71 to 75 of JP-A No. 64-13546 can be exemplified.
- the compounds preferably used are polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl pyrrolidones, hydroxypropyl celluloses, and polyalkylene glycols from the viewpoint of compatibility with various additives and improvement in dispersion stability of white particles.
- the electrolyte may contain a polyvinylidene fluoride compound (PVDF).
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride compound
- polyvinylidene fluoride compound according to the present invention examples include a homopolymer of vinylidene fluoride, or a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and another polymerizable monomer, preferably a radical polymerizable monomer.
- copolymerizable monomers examples include, for example, hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene, trifluoroethylene, ethylene, propylene, acrylonitrile, vinylidene chloride, and methyl acrylate. , Ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, styrene and the like.
- copolymerizable monomers can be used in an amount of 1 to 50 mol%, preferably 1 to 25 mol%, based on the total amount of monomers.
- hexafluoropropylene is preferably used.
- a vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer obtained by copolymerizing 1 to 25 mol% of hexafluoropropylene with vinylidene fluoride can be preferably used.
- two or more kinds of vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymers having different copolymerization ratios may be mixed and used.
- two or more kinds of these copolymerizable monomers can be used for copolymerization with vinylidene fluoride.
- a polymer compound such as a polyacrylate polymer compound, a polyacrylonitrile polymer compound, or a polyether polymer compound can be mixed and used together with the polyvinylidene fluoride compound.
- the mixing ratio at this time is such that the polymer compound is usually mixed in an amount of 200 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polyvinylidene fluoride compound.
- the number average molecular weight of the polyvinylidene fluoride compound used in the present invention is usually from 10,000 to 2,000,000, preferably in the range of 100,000 to 1,000,000. it can.
- the electrolyte is cast on at least one of the counter electrodes, the other of the counter electrodes is laminated on the electrolyte, and then heat treatment at 65 ° C. or higher and 180 ° C. or lower is performed, so that the electrolyte is The method of making it adhere
- Examples of a method for applying an electrolyte in which a metal salt compound is blended in a polymer matrix of a polyvinylidene fluoride compound to at least one of the counter electrodes include an extrusion molding method and a casting method. It is preferable.
- a metal salt compound, a polyvinylidene fluoride compound, an electrolyte constituent such as an electrolyte solution is mixed, and after adjusting the viscosity with an appropriate diluent, a conventionally known coater applied to the casting method is used. It can be formed by coating on one surface side of the counter electrode using and drying.
- a doctor coater for example, a doctor coater, a blade coater, a rod coater, a knife coater, a reverse roll coater, a gravure coater, a spray coater, or a curtain coater can be used. .
- the other electrode surface of the counter electrode is bonded to the electrolyte surface applied by the above method, and then heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 65 ° C. or higher and 180 ° C. or lower to adhere the electrolyte to the counter electrode.
- heat treatment temperature is 65 ° C. or higher, sufficient adhesion between the electrode and the electrolyte can be obtained, and when the temperature is 180 ° C. or lower, thermal damage to the material can be eliminated.
- auxiliary layers such as a protective layer, a filter layer, an antihalation layer, a crossover light cut layer, and a backing layer.
- the auxiliary layer may be provided in a region sandwiched between the pair of counter electrodes, or may be provided in a region not sandwiched between the counter electrodes.
- a ferrocene derivative is preferably used as the metallocene derivative.
- ferrocene derivatives include ferrocene, methyl ferrocene, dimethyl ferrocene, ethyl ferrocene, propyl ferrocene, n-butyl ferrocene, t-butyl ferrocene, 1,1-dicarboxyferrocene, and the like.
- the metallocene derivatives can be used alone or in admixture of two or more.
- a constituent layer containing a hole transport material As a constituent layer according to the display element of the present invention, a constituent layer containing a hole transport material can be provided.
- hole transport materials include aromatic amines, triphenylene derivatives, oligothiophene compounds, polypyrroles, polyacetylene derivatives, polyphenylene vinylene derivatives, polythienylene vinylene derivatives, polythiophene derivatives, polyaniline derivatives, polytoluidine derivatives, CuI, CuSCN CuInSe 2 , Cu (In, Ga) Se, CuGaSe 2 , Cu 2 O, CuS, CuGaS 2 , CuInS 2 , CuAlSe 2 , GaP, NiO, CoO, FeO, Bi 2 O 3 , MoO 2 , Cr 2 O 3 Etc.
- the substrate examples include polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, polycarbonates, cellulose acetate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene dinaphthalene dicarboxylate, polyethylene naphthalates, polyvinyl chloride, polyimide, and polyvinyl acetal.
- Synthetic plastic films such as polystyrene can also be preferably used. Syndiotactic polystyrenes are also preferred. These can be obtained, for example, by the methods described in JP-A Nos. 62-117708, 1-46912 and 1-178505.
- a metal substrate such as stainless steel, a paper support such as baryta paper and resin-coated paper, and a support provided with a reflective layer on the plastic film
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho 62-253195 pages 29 to 31. What was described as a support body is mentioned. RDNo. 17643, page 28, ibid. No. 18716, page 647, right column to page 648, left column, and No. 307105, page 879 can also be preferably used.
- these supports those having resistance to curling due to heat treatment of Tg or less as in US Pat. No. 4,141,735 can be used. Further, the surface of these supports may be subjected to surface treatment for the purpose of improving the adhesion between the support and other constituent layers.
- glow discharge treatment ultraviolet irradiation treatment, corona treatment, and flame treatment can be used as the surface treatment.
- the support described on pages 44 to 149 of publicly known technology No. 5 (issued by Aztec Co., Ltd. on March 22, 1991) can also be used.
- a glass substrate or an epoxy resin kneaded with glass can be used.
- the counter electrodes is a metal electrode.
- the metal electrode for example, known metal species such as platinum, gold, silver, copper, aluminum, zinc, nickel, titanium, bismuth, and alloys thereof can be used.
- the metal electrode is preferably a metal having a work function close to the redox potential of silver in the electrolyte. Among them, silver or a silver electrode having a silver content of 80% or more is advantageous for maintaining the reduced state of silver, Also excellent in prevention.
- the electrode can be produced by an existing method such as a vapor deposition method, a printing method, an ink jet method, a spin coating method, or a CVD method.
- At least one of the counter electrodes is a transparent electrode.
- the transparent electrode is not particularly limited as long as it is transparent and conducts electricity.
- ITO Indium Tin Oxide
- IZO Indium Zinc Oxide
- FTO Fluorine Doped Tin Oxide
- ITO Indium Tin Oxide
- Zinc Oxide Platinum, Gold, Silver, Rhodium, Copper
- Examples thereof include chromium, carbon, aluminum, silicone, amorphous silicon, and BSO (Bismuth Silicon Oxide).
- an ITO film may be vapor-deposited on the substrate by a sputtering method or the like, or an ITO film may be formed on the entire surface and then patterned by a photolithography method.
- the surface resistance value is preferably 100 ⁇ / ⁇ or less, and more preferably 10 ⁇ / ⁇ or less.
- the thickness of the transparent electrode is not particularly limited, but is generally 0.1 to 20 ⁇ m.
- a sealant In the display element of the present invention, a sealant, a columnar structure, and spacer particles can be used as necessary.
- Sealing agent is for sealing so as not to leak outside, also called sealing agent, epoxy resin, urethane resin, acrylic resin, vinyl acetate resin, ene-thiol resin, silicone resin, Curing types such as a thermosetting type, a photo-curing type, a moisture-curing type, and an anaerobic curing type such as a modified polymer resin can be used.
- Columnar structures provide strong self-holding (strength) between substrates, for example, cylindrical bodies, square pillars, elliptical pillars, trapezoidal pillars arranged in a predetermined pattern such as a lattice arrangement.
- a columnar structure such as a body can be mentioned.
- stripes arranged at predetermined intervals may be used.
- This columnar structure is not a random array, it can maintain an appropriate interval between substrates, such as an evenly spaced array, an array in which the interval gradually changes, and an array in which a predetermined arrangement pattern is repeated at a constant cycle. It is preferable that the sequence is considered so as not to hinder. If the ratio of the area occupied by the columnar structure to the display area of the display element is 1 to 40%, a practically sufficient strength as a display element can be obtained.
- a spacer may be provided between the pair of substrates for uniformly maintaining a gap between the substrates.
- the spacer include a sphere made of resin or inorganic oxide.
- a fixed spacer having a surface coated with a thermoplastic resin is also preferably used.
- the diameter of the spacer is equal to or less than the height of the columnar structure, preferably equal to the height. When the columnar structure is not formed, the diameter of the spacer corresponds to the thickness of the cell gap.
- Electrochemical display element driving method In the electrochemical display element of the present invention, it is preferable to perform a driving operation in which a metal is deposited by applying a voltage equal to or higher than the deposition overvoltage, and the metal is continuously deposited by applying a voltage equal to or lower than the deposition overvoltage.
- a driving operation in which a metal is deposited by applying a voltage equal to or higher than the deposition overvoltage, and the metal is continuously deposited by applying a voltage equal to or lower than the deposition overvoltage.
- the writing energy can be reduced, the driving circuit load can be reduced, and the writing speed as a screen can be improved.
- overvoltage exists in electrode reactions in the electrochemical field. For example, overvoltage is described in detail on page 121 of “Introduction to Chemistry of Electron Transfer-Introduction to Electrochemistry” (published by Asakura Shoten in 1996).
- the display element of the present invention can also be regarded as an electrode reaction between the electrode and silver in the electrolyte, it can be easily understood that overvoltage exists even in silver dissolution precipitation. Since the magnitude of the overvoltage is governed by the exchange current density, it is possible to continue silver black precipitation by applying a voltage equal to or lower than the precipitation overvoltage after the formation of silver black as in the present invention. However, it is presumed that electron injection can be easily performed with little excess electric energy.
- the method for controlling the transparent state and the colored state of the electrochemical display device of the present invention can be determined based on the deposition voltage and dissolution overvoltage of the metal ion of the metal salt compound, and the threshold voltage for coloring and decoloring of the electrochromic compound. It is preferable. For example, in the case of a display element having a silver complex and an iron complex between counter electrodes, a colored state other than black is shown when no voltage is applied, a white state is shown on the oxidation side, and a black state is shown on the reduction side.
- the iron complex is oxidized by applying a voltage nobler than the redox potential of the iron complex to show a white state, and between the redox potential of the iron complex and the precipitation overvoltage of the silver complex.
- a voltage By applying a voltage, the iron complex is reduced and returned to a colored state other than black, and by applying a voltage that is lower than the silver complex precipitation overvoltage, silver is deposited on the electrode, indicating a black state, and the iron complex is redox.
- the driving operation of the electrochemical display element of the present invention may be simple matrix driving or active matrix driving.
- the simple matrix driving in the present invention is a driving method in which a current is sequentially applied to a circuit in which a positive line including a plurality of positive electrodes and a negative electrode line including a plurality of negative electrodes are opposed to each other in a vertical direction.
- the active matrix drive is a system in which scanning lines, data lines, and current supply lines are formed in a grid pattern, and are driven by TFT circuits provided in each grid pattern. Since switching can be performed for each pixel, there are advantages such as gradation and memory function. For example, a circuit described in FIG. 5 of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-29327 can be used.
- the electrochemical display element of the present invention can be used in the electronic book field, the ID card related field, the public related field, the transportation related field, the broadcasting related field, the settlement related field, the distribution logistics related field and the like. Specifically, keys for doors, student ID cards, employee ID cards, various membership cards, convenience store cards, department store cards, vending machine cards, gas station cards, subway and railway cards, bus cards, Cash cards, credit cards, highway cards, driver's licenses, hospital examination cards, electronic medical records, health insurance cards, Basic Resident Registers, passports, electronic books, etc.
- Example 1> (Preparation of display element 1-comparative example) (Preparation of electrolyte layer 1) A mixture of 0.05 g of PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), 1.0 g of ethylmethylimidazolium- (bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide) (EMI-TFSI), 0.05 g of silver iodide and 0.01 g of sodium iodide After heating to 120 ° C. and completely dissolving, the solution was cooled to 100 ° C. and applied to a thickness of 10 ⁇ m on an ITO-attached PET substrate (electrode 1). Thereafter, the electrolyte layer 1 was formed on the electrode 1 by cooling.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- EMI-TFSI ethylmethylimidazolium- (bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide
- EMI-TFSI ethylmethylimidazol
- the electrolyte layer 2 / electrode 2 and the electrolyte layer 1 / electrode 1 of Example 1 were overlapped so that the electrolyte layer 1 and the electrolyte layer 2 were in contact with each other, and were laminated at 150 ° C. to produce a display element 2.
- Example 2 The same results as in Example 1 were obtained when the same evaluation as in Example 1 was performed, except that the equivalent of bismuth chloride was used instead of the silver iodide in Example 1.
- Example 3 Evaluation was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 0.1 g of 1,1′-di-n-octyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (EC compound 1) was used instead of silver iodide in Example 1. As a result, the result of the EC compound 1 being colored similar to the blackening in Example 1 was obtained.
- EC compound 1 1,1′-di-n-octyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride
- Example 4 (Preparation of display element 3-present invention) Display element 2 was treated in the same manner as display element 2 except that silver iodide of display element 2 was added to equimolar compound (A-105) (EC compound 2) and EC compound 1 was added to electrolyte layer 2 in an equimolar amount. A display element 3 was produced.
- Example 5> (Preparation of Display Element 4-Present Invention) PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) 0.05 g, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO) 0.01 g, ferrocene 0.005 g, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium-tetrafluoroborate (IL111 manufactured by CYPHOS) ) After 1.0 g of the mixture was heated to 120 ° C. and completely dissolved, it was cooled to 100 ° C. and applied to the electrode 1 with a thickness of 10 ⁇ m, and then cooled to form the electrolyte layer 3.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- TEMPO 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl
- IL111 trihexyltetradecylphosphonium-tetrafluoroborate
- An electrolyte layer 6 having a thickness of 1.5 ⁇ m was formed on the electrolyte layer 5 in the same manner as the electrolyte layer 4 except that the exemplified compound (A-4) of the electrolyte layer 4 was changed to 0.15 g of the exemplified compound (A-13). Formed.
- An electrolyte layer 7 having a thickness of 1 ⁇ m was formed on the electrolyte layer 6 in the same manner as the electrolyte layer 5.
- an electrolyte layer having a thickness of 2.0 ⁇ m is formed on the electrolyte layer 7 in the same manner as the electrolyte layer 4 except that the exemplary compound (A-4) of the electrolyte layer 4 is changed to 0.20 g of the exemplary compound (A-105). 8 was formed.
- An electrolyte layer 9 having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m was formed on the electrode 2 in the same manner as the electrolyte layer 3 except that 0.7 g of titanium dioxide was added to the electrolyte layer 3.
- the electrolyte layer 8 and the electrolyte layer 9 were overlapped so as to be adjacent to each other, and lamination was performed at 150 ° C. From the ends of the electrolyte layers 4, 6, and 8, contacts were made so as not to short-circuit each other, and the display element 4 was produced.
- Electrode 1 or electrode 2 and electrolyte layer 4 or electrolyte layer 6 or electrolyte layer 8 are connected and ⁇ 4 V is applied, each color of black and white, yellow, magenta, cyan, blue, green, and red can be displayed. It was confirmed to be a display element. Further, it was confirmed that the same display was possible even when the exemplified compound was changed to another electrochromic dye.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の酸化還元活性化合物であって、調光材料としてエレクトロクロミック化合物を好ましく用いることができる。
本発明の酸化還元活性化合物であって、調光材料として好ましく用いることができる金属塩化合物としては、対向電極上の少なくとも一方の電極上で、該対向電極の駆動操作で、溶解及び析出を繰り返して行うことができる金属種を含む塩であれば、如何なる化合物であってもよい。好ましい金属種は、銀、ビスマス、銅、ニッケル、鉄、クロム、亜鉛等であり、特に好ましい金属種は、黒の色調と酸化還元電位の観点から、銀、ビスマスである。
本発明の電気化学表示素子においては、電解質が含有する金属塩化合物が、銀または銀を化学構造中に含む化合物である銀塩化合物が好ましい。本発明でいう銀または銀を化学構造中に含む化合物とは、例えば、酸化銀、硫化銀、金属銀、銀コロイド粒子、ハロゲン化銀、銀錯体化合物、銀イオン等の化合物の総称であり、固体状態や液体への可溶化状態や気体状態等の相の状態種、中性、アニオン性、カチオン性等の荷電状態種は特に問わない。
R7-S-R8
式中、R7、R8は各々置換または無置換の炭化水素基を表し、R7とR8は互いに結合して環を形成しても良い。但し、S原子を含む環を形成する場合には、芳香族環を形成することはない。
1-2:HOCH2CH2SCH2CH2OH
1-3:HOCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2OH
1-4:HOCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2OH
1-5:HOCH2CH2SCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2SCH2CH2OH
1-6:HOCH2CH2OCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH
1-7:H3CSCH2CH2COOH
1-8:HOOCCH2SCH2COOH
1-9:HOOCCH2CH2SCH2CH2COOH
1-10:HOOCCH2SCH2CH2SCH2COOH
1-11:HOOCCH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2COOH
1-12:HOOCCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH(OH)CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2COOH
1-13:HOOCCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH(OH)CH(OH)CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2COOH
1-14:H3CSCH2CH2CH2NH2
1-15:H2NCH2CH2SCH2CH2NH2
1-16:H2NCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2NH2
1-17:H3CSCH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH
1-18:H2NCH2CH2OCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2OCH2CH2NH2
1-19:H2NCH2CH2SCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2SCH2CH2NH2
1-20:H2NCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2NH2
1-21:HOOC(NH2)CHCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH
1-22:HOOC(NH2)CHCH2SCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2SCH2CH(NH2)COOH
1-23:HOOC(NH2)CHCH2OCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2OCH2CH(NH2)COOH
1-24:H2N(O=)CCH2SCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2SCH2C(
=O)NH2
1-25:H2N(O=)CCH2SCH2CH2SCH2C(O=)NH2
1-26:H2NHN(O=)CCH2SCH2CH2SCH2C(=O)NHNH2
1-27:H3C(O=)CNHCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2NHC(=O)
CH3
1-28:H2NO2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2SO2NH2
1-29:NaO3SCH2CH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2CH2SO3Na
1-30:H3CSO2NHCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2NHSO2CH3
1-31:H2N(NH)CSCH2CH2SC(NH)NH2・2HBr
1-32:H2N(NH)CSCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2SC(NH)NH2・2HCl
1-33:H2N(NH)CNHCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2NHC(NH)
NH2・2HBr
1-34:〔(CH3)3NCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH2N(CH3)3〕2+・2Cl-
本発明の表示素子においては、電解質に含まれるハロゲンイオンのモル濃度を[X](モル/kg)とし、前記電解質に含まれる金属塩化合物の金属イオンの総モル濃度を[M](モル/kg)としたとき、下式(1)で規定する条件を満たすことが好ましい。
0≦[X]/[M]≦0.01
本発明で言うハロゲン原子とは、ヨウ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子、フッ素原子のことを言う。[X]/[M]が0.01よりも大きい場合は、金属イオンの酸化還元反応時にX-→X2が生じ、X2は金属イオンの還元体と容易にクロス酸化して金属イオン還元体を酸化し、メモリー性を低下させたり、繰り返し駆動時の反射率変動ムラの要因の1つになるのでハロゲン原子のモル濃度は金属イオンのモル濃度に対してできるだけ低い方が好ましい。本発明においては、0≦[X]/[M]≦0.001がより好ましい。ハロゲンイオンを添加する場合、ハロゲン種については、メモリー性向上の観点から、各ハロゲン種モル濃度総和が[I]<[Br]<[Cl]<[F]であることが好ましい。
本発明の電解質層には有機溶媒を用いることができる。有機溶媒としては、プロピレンカーボネート、エチレンカーボネート、γ-ブトロラクトン、テトラメチル尿素、スルホラン、ジメチルスルホキシド、1,3-ジメチル-2-イミダゾリジノン、2-(N-メチル)-2-ピロリジノン、ヘキサメチルホスホルトリアミド、N-メチルプロピオンアミド、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド、N-メチルアセトアミド、N,Nジメチルホルムアミド、N-メチルホルムアミド、ブチロニトリル、プロピオニトリル、アセトニトリル、アセチルアセトン、4-メチル-2-ペンタノン、2-ブタノール、1-ブタノール、2-プロパノール、1-プロパノール、エタノール、メタノール、無水酢酸、酢酸エチル、プロピオン酸エチル、ジメトキシエタン、ジエトキシフラン、テトラヒドロフラン、エチレングリコール、ジエチレングリコール、トリエチレングリコールモノブチルエーテル、水等が挙げられる。これらの溶媒の内、凝固点が-20℃以下、かつ沸点が120℃以上の溶媒を少なくとも1種含むことが好ましい。
本発明の表示素子においては、ヨウ化銀、塩化銀、臭化銀、酸化銀、硫化銀、クエン酸銀、酢酸銀、ベヘン酸銀、p-トルエンスルホン酸銀、トリフルオロメタンスルホン酸銀、メルカプト類との銀塩、イミノジ酢酸類との銀錯体等の公知の銀塩化合物を用いることができる。これらの中で、ハロゲンやカルボン酸や銀との配位性を有する窒素原子を有しない化合物を銀塩として用いるのが好ましく、例えば、p-トルエンスルホン酸銀が好ましい。
本発明の表示素子においては、電解質に増粘剤を使用することができ、例えば、ゼラチン、アラビアゴム、ポリ(ビニルアルコール)、ヒドロキシエチルセルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース、セルロースアセテート、セルロースアセテートブチレート、ポリ(ビニルピロリドン)、ポリ(アルキレングリコール)、カゼイン、デンプン、ポリ(アクリル酸)、ポリ(メチルメタクリル酸)、ポリ(塩化ビニル)、ポリ(メタクリル酸)、コポリ(スチレン-無水マレイン酸)、コポリ(スチレン-アクリロニトリル)、コポリ(スチレン-ブタジエン)、ポリ(ビニルアセタール)類(例えば、ポリ(ビニルホルマール)及びポリ(ビニルブチラール))、ポリ(エステル)類、ポリ(ウレタン)類、フェノキシ樹脂、ポリ(塩化ビニリデン)、ポリ(エポキシド)類、ポリ(カーボネート)類、ポリ(ビニルアセテート)、セルロースエステル類、ポリ(アミド)類、疎水性透明バインダーとして、ポリビニルブチラール、セルロースアセテート、セルロースアセテートブチレート、ポリエステル、ポリカーボネート、ポリアクリル酸、ポリウレタン等が挙げられる。
本発明の表示素子においては、電解質にポリフッ化ビニリデン化合物(PVDF)を含有することができる。
本発明の表示素子においては、電解質を対向電極の少なくとも一方にキャストし、対向電極のもう一方を電解質の上に張り合わせ、その後、65℃以上、180℃以下の熱処理を行って、電解質を対向電極に密着させる方法を用いることができる。
本発明の表示素子の構成層として、保護層、フィルター層、ハレーション防止層、クロスオーバー光カット層、バッキング層等の補助層を挙げることができ、これらの補助層中には、各種の化学増感剤、貴金属増感剤、感光色素、強色増感剤、カプラー、高沸点溶剤、カブリ防止剤、安定剤、現像抑制剤、漂白促進剤、定着促進剤、混色防止剤、ホルマリンスカベンジャー、色調剤、硬膜剤、界面活性剤、増粘剤、可塑剤、スベリ剤、紫外線吸収剤、イラジエーション防止染料、フィルター光吸収染料、防ばい剤、ポリマーラテックス、重金属、帯電防止剤、マット剤等を、必要に応じて含有させることができる。補助層は一対の対向電極間に挟まれる領域に設けてもよいし、対向電極間に挟まれない領域に設けてもよい。
頁 分類 頁 分類 頁 分類
化学増感剤 23 III 648右上 96 III
増感色素 23 IV 648~649 996~8 IV
減感色素 23 IV 998 IV
染料 25~6 VIII 649~650 1003 VIII
現像促進剤 29 XXI 648右上
カブリ抑制剤・安定剤
24 IV 649右上 1006~7 VI
増白剤 24 V 998 V
硬膜剤 26 X 651左 1004~5 X
界面活性剤 26~7 XI 650右 1005~6 XI
帯電防止剤 27 XII 650右 1006~7 XIII
可塑剤 27 XII 650右 1006 XII
スベリ剤 27 XII
マット剤 28 XVI 650右 1008~9 XVI
バインダー 26 XXII 1003~4 IX
支持体 28 XVII 1009 XVII
本発明の表示素子の構成層には、メタロセン誘導体を用いることができる。メタロセン誘導体としてフェロセン誘導体を用いることが好ましい。フェロセン誘導体の例としては、フェロセン、メチルフェロセン、ジメチルフェロセン、エチルフェロセン、プロピルフェロセン、n-ブチルフェロセン、t-ブチルフェロセン、1,1-ジカルボキシフェロセン等が挙げられる。メタロセン誘導体は、それぞれ単独で、あるいは2種類以上を混合して用いることができる。
本発明の表示素子の対向電極間の構成層について、更に説明する。
本発明で用いることのできる基板としては、例えば、ポリエチレンやポリプロピレン等のポリオレフィン類、ポリカーボネート類、セルロースアセテート、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリエチレンジナフタレンジカルボキシラート、ポリエチレンナフタレート類、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリイミド、ポリビニルアセタール類、ポリスチレン等の合成プラスチックフィルムも好ましく使用できる。また、シンジオタクチック構造ポリスチレン類も好ましい。これらは、例えば、特開昭62-117708号、特開平1-46912、同1-178505号の各公報に記載されている方法により得ることができる。更に、ステンレス等の金属製基盤や、バライタ紙、及びレジンコート紙等の紙支持体ならびに上記プラスチックフィルムに反射層を設けた支持体、特開昭62-253195号公報(29~31頁)に支持体として記載されたものが挙げられる。RDNo.17643の28頁、同No.18716の647頁右欄から648頁左欄及び同No.307105の879頁に記載されたものも好ましく使用できる。これらの支持体には、米国特許第4,141,735号明細書のようにTg以下の熱処理を施すことで、巻き癖をつきにくくしたものを用いることができる。また、これらの支持体表面を支持体と他の構成層との接着の向上を目的に表面処理を行ってもよい。
本発明の表示素子においては、対向電極の少なくとも1種が金属電極であることが好ましい。金属電極としては、例えば、白金、金、銀、銅、アルミニウム、亜鉛、ニッケル、チタン、ビスマス、及びそれらの合金等の公知の金属種を用いることができる。金属電極は、電解質中の銀の酸化還元電位に近い仕事関数を有する金属が好ましく、中でも銀または銀含有率80%以上の銀電極が銀の還元状態維持のために有利であり、また電極汚れ防止にも優れる。電極の作製は蒸着法、印刷法、インクジェット法、スピンコート法、CVD法等の既存の方法を用いることができる。
本発明の表示素子には、必要に応じてシール剤、柱状構造物、スペーサー粒子を用いることができる。
本発明の電気化学表示素子においては、析出過電圧以上の電圧印加で金属を析出させ、析出過電圧以下の電圧印加で該金属の析出を継続させる駆動操作を行うことが好ましい。この駆動操作を行うことにより、書き込みエネルギーの低下や、駆動回路負荷の低減や、画面としての書き込み速度を向上させることができる。一般に電気化学分野の電極反応において過電圧が存在することは公知である。例えば、過電圧については「電子移動の化学-電気化学入門」(1996年 朝倉書店刊)の121ページに詳しい解説がある。本発明の表示素子も電極と電解質中の銀との電極反応と見なすことができるので、銀溶解析出においても過電圧が存在することは容易に理解できる。過電圧の大きさは交換電流密度が支配するので、本発明のように黒化銀が生成した後に析出過電圧以下の電圧印加で黒化銀の析出を継続できるということは、黒化銀表面の方が余分な電気エネルギーが少なく容易に電子注入が行えると推定される。
本発明の電気化学表示素子は、電子書籍分野、IDカード関連分野、公共関連分野、交通関連分野、放送関連分野、決済関連分野、流通物流関連分野等の用いることができる。具体的には、ドア用のキー、学生証、社員証、各種会員カード、コンビニストアー用カード、デパート用カード、自動販売機用カード、ガソリンステーション用カード、地下鉄や鉄道用のカード、バスカード、キャッシュカード、クレジットカード、ハイウェイカード、運転免許証、病院の診察カード、電子カルテ、健康保険証、住民基本台帳、パスポート、電子ブック等が挙げられる。
(表示素子1の作製-比較例)
(電解質層1の作製)
PVDF(ポリフッ化ビニリデン)0.05gとエチルメチルイミダゾリウム-(ビス(トリフルオロメチルスルホニル)イミド)(EMI-TFSI)1.0gとヨウ化銀0.05gとヨウ化ナトリウム0.01gの混合物を120℃に加温し完全に溶解させた後、100℃まで冷却して、ITO付PET基板(電極1)上に厚さ10μm塗布した。その後、冷却して電極1上に、電解質層1を形成した。
PET上に銀ペースト/カーボンペーストをこの順に塗布乾燥し、電極2を作製した。電解質層1/電極1と電極2とを電解質層1を挟むように重ね合わせ、150℃でラミネートを行い、表示素子1を作製した。
PVDF(ポリフッ化ビニリデン)0.05gとトリヘキシルテトラデシルホスホニウム-テトラフルオロボーレート(CYPHOS社製 IL111)1.0gとヨウ化ナトリウム0.01gの混合物を120℃に加温し完全に溶解させた後、100℃まで冷却して、電極2上に厚さ2μm塗布した。その後、冷却して電解質層2を形成した。この電解質層2/電極2と実施例1の電解質層1/電極1とを、電解質層1と電解質層2が接触するように重ね合わせ、150℃でラミネートを行い、表示素子2を作製した。
電極1と電極2間に±1.5Vを印加して、電極1、電極2上での黒化銀生成状況を確認した。表示素子1は、電極1、電極2とも黒化銀の生成が確認された。これに対して表示素子2では、電極1上へは黒化銀の生成が確認できたが、電極2上への黒化銀生成は確認できなかった。表示素子1では、電極1上へ生成した黒化銀のメモリー性は、数秒で黒化銀が溶解したが、表示素子2では、数10分、溶解しなかった。以上より、本発明の構成を用いると、化合物の隣接層への拡散を抑制することができ、高い表示品質が得られることが確認できた。
実施例1のヨウ化銀に代えて、等モルの塩化ビスマスに変更した以外は、実施例1と全く同様の評価を行った所、実施例1と同様の結果が得られた。
実施例1のヨウ化銀に代えて、1,1′-ジ-n-オクチル-4,4′-ビピリジニウム ジクロリド(EC化合物1)0.1gに変更した以外は実施例1と同様にし評価を行った所、EC化合物1の着色状況は実施例1の黒化と同様の挙動を示す結果が得られた。
(表示素子3の作製-本発明)
表示素子2のヨウ化銀を等モルの例示化合物(A-105)(EC化合物2)に、電解質層2にEC化合物と等モルのEC化合物1を添加した以外は表示素子2と同様にして、表示素子3を作製した。
電極1と電極2間に±2.0Vを印加して、電極1、電極2上で生成する着色物の色調を観察した。EC化合物2は電極1が陽極の時のみ発色し、電極2側での発色は観察されなかった。また、EC化合物1は、電極2が負極の時のみ発色し、電極1側での発色は観察されなかった。
(表示素子4の作製-本発明)
PVDF(ポリフッ化ビニリデン)0.05g、2,2,6,6-テトラメチルピペリジン 1-オキシル(TEMPO)0.01g、フェロセン0.005g、トリヘキシルテトラデシルホスホニウム-テトラフルオロボーレート(CYPHOS社製 IL111)1.0gの混合物を120℃に加温し完全に溶解させた後、100℃まで冷却して、電極1上に厚さ10μmで塗布し、その後、冷却して電解質層3を形成した。次に、PVDF0.05g、EMI-TFSI1.0g、例示化合物(A-4)0.1gとヨウ化銀0.05gとヨウ化ナトリウム0.01gの混合物を120℃に加温し完全に溶解させた後、100℃まで冷却して、電解質層3上に2μmの厚みで塗布し、その後、冷却して電解質層4を形成した。電解質層3から、TEMPOを除いた以外は電解質層3と同様にして、電解質層4上に厚さ1μmの電解質層5を形成した。電解質層4の例示化合物(A-4)を0.15gの例示化合物(A-13)に変更した以外は電解質層4と同様にして、電解質層5上に厚み1.5μmの電解質層6を形成した。電解質層6上に電解質層5と同様にし厚み1μmの電解質層7を形成した。さらに、電解質層4の例示化合物(A-4)を0.20gの例示化合物(A-105)に変更した以外は電解質層4と同様にして、電解質層7上に厚み2.0μmの電解質層8を形成した。電極2上に電解質層3に二酸化チタン0.7gを添加した以外は電解質層3と同様にして厚み15μmの電解質層9を形成した。次に、電解質層8と電解質層9とが隣接するように重ね合わせ、150℃でラミネーションを行った。電解質層4、6、8の端部から、それぞれがショートしないように、コンタクトを取り、表示素子4を作製した。
電極1または電極2、及び、電解質層4または電解質層6または電解質層8を接続し、±4Vを印加したところ、白黒、イエロー、マゼンタ、シアン、ブルー、グリーン、レッドの各色が表示でき、フルカラー表示素子であることを確認した。また、例示化合物を他のエレクトロクロミック色素に変更しても、同様な表示が可能であることを確認した。
Claims (9)
- 複数の電解質層を有し、該電解質層の少なくとも1つの層に含有され、隣接する電解質層には実質的に相溶しない酸化還元活性化合物を含有することを特徴とする電気化学表示素子。
- 前記酸化還元活性化合物が画像表示に用いる調光材料であることを特徴とする請求の範囲第1項に記載の電気化学表示素子。
- 前記調光材料が金属塩化合物であることを特徴とする請求の範囲第2項に記載の電気化学表示素子。
- 前記金属塩化合物が銀塩化合物であることを特徴とする請求の範囲第3項に記載の電気化学表示素子。
- 前記調光材料がエレクトロクロミック化合物であることを特徴とする請求の範囲第2項に記載の電気化学表示素子。
- 前記調光材料を、複数電解質層の内、1層おきに含有させたことを特徴とする請求の範囲第2項~第6項のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学表示素子。
- 前記調光材料が、イエロー、マゼンター、シアン色を呈するエレクトロクロミック化合物であり、これらを含む電解質層を積層してフルカラー表示を行うことを特徴とする請求の範囲第7項に記載の電気化学表示素子。
- 酸化還元活性化合物と、前記酸化還元活性化合物とは異なる調光材料とを含有し、前記酸化還元活性化合物を、前記調光材料の酸化還元反応に併せて、前記調光材料とは異なる極で酸化還元反応させることを特徴とする請求の範囲第1項~第8項のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学表示素子。
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KR102042797B1 (ko) * | 2018-08-17 | 2019-11-27 | (주)오리온엔이에스 | 복합 전해질층을 포함하는 전기 변색소자 및 그 제조방법 |
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KR20160064338A (ko) * | 2014-11-27 | 2016-06-08 | 한국전자통신연구원 | 가역 전기화학 거울 |
US11156892B2 (en) * | 2018-11-01 | 2021-10-26 | Orion Nes Co., Ltd | Electrochromic device comprising hybrid electrolyte layer and method for fabricating the same |
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JP2000292818A (ja) * | 1999-04-07 | 2000-10-20 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | 光書込み表示素子及びそれを用いた光書込み表示装置 |
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US7626748B2 (en) * | 2005-03-01 | 2009-12-01 | Bijan Radmard | Gel polymers containing ionic liquids |
US7619803B2 (en) * | 2005-05-31 | 2009-11-17 | Konica Minolta Holdings, Inc. | Electrochromic display element and full-color electrochromic display element |
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JP7154556B2 (ja) | 2016-12-05 | 2022-10-18 | 国立大学法人千葉大学 | マルチカラーエレクトロクロミック素子及びこれを用いた表示方法 |
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