Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D333/50—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D333/76—Dibenzothiophenes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C381/00—Compounds containing carbon and sulfur and having functional groups not covered by groups C07C301/00 - C07C337/00
  • C07C381/12—Sulfonium compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C309/00—Sulfonic acids; Halides, esters, or anhydrides thereof
  • C07C309/63—Esters of sulfonic acids
  • C07C309/64—Esters of sulfonic acids having sulfur atoms of esterified sulfo groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C309/65—Esters of sulfonic acids having sulfur atoms of esterified sulfo groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of a saturated carbon skeleton
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C381/00—Compounds containing carbon and sulfur and having functional groups not covered by groups C07C301/00 - C07C337/00
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
  • G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
  • G03F7/004—Photosensitive materials
  • G03F7/0045—Photosensitive materials with organic non-macromolecular light-sensitive compounds not otherwise provided for, e.g. dissolution inhibitors
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
  • G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
  • G03F7/004—Photosensitive materials
  • G03F7/027—Non-macromolecular photopolymerisable compounds having carbon-to-carbon double bonds, e.g. ethylenic compounds
  • G03F7/028—Non-macromolecular photopolymerisable compounds having carbon-to-carbon double bonds, e.g. ethylenic compounds with photosensitivity-increasing substances, e.g. photoinitiators
  • G03F7/029—Inorganic compounds; Onium compounds; Organic compounds having hetero atoms other than oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
  • G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
  • G03F7/004—Photosensitive materials
  • G03F7/039—Macromolecular compounds which are photodegradable, e.g. positive electron resists
  • G03F7/0392—Macromolecular compounds which are photodegradable, e.g. positive electron resists the macromolecular compound being present in a chemically amplified positive photoresist composition
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S430/00—Radiation imagery chemistry: process, composition, or product thereof
  • Y10S430/1053—Imaging affecting physical property or radiation sensitive material, or producing nonplanar or printing surface - process, composition, or product: radiation sensitive composition or product or process of making binder containing
  • Y10S430/1055—Radiation sensitive composition or product or process of making
  • Y10S430/114—Initiator containing
  • Y10S430/122—Sulfur compound containing
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S430/00—Radiation imagery chemistry: process, composition, or product thereof
  • Y10S430/1053—Imaging affecting physical property or radiation sensitive material, or producing nonplanar or printing surface - process, composition, or product: radiation sensitive composition or product or process of making binder containing
  • Y10S430/1055—Radiation sensitive composition or product or process of making
  • Y10S430/114—Initiator containing
  • Y10S430/126—Halogen compound containing

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel photoactive compounds useful in photoresist compositions in the field of microlithography, and especially useful for imaging negative and positive patterns in the production of semiconductor devices, as well as photoresist compositions and processes for imaging photoresists.
• Photoresist compositions are used in microlithography processes for making miniaturized electronic components such as in the fabrication of computer chips and integrated circuits.
• a thin coating of film of a photoresist composition is first applied to a substrate material, such as silicon wafers used for making integrated circuits.
• the coated substrate is then baked to evaporate any solvent in the photoresist composition and to fix the coating onto the substrate.
• the photoresist coated on the substrate is next subjected to an image- wise exposure to radiation.
• the radiation exposure causes a chemical transformation in the exposed areas of the coated surface.
• Visible light, ultraviolet (UV) light, electron beam and X- ray radiant energy are radiation types commonly used today in microlithographic processes.
• the coated substrate is treated with a developer solution to dissolve and remove either the radiation exposed or the unexposed areas of the photoresist.
• the trend toward the miniaturization of semiconductor devices has led to the use of new photoresists that are sensitive at lower and lower wavelengths of radiation and has also led to the use of sophisticated multilevel systems to overcome difficulties associated with such miniaturization.
• photoresist compositions negative-working and positive-working. The type of photoresist used at a particular point in lithographic processing is determined by the design of the semiconductor device.
• Photoresist resolution is defined as the smallest feature, which the resist composition can transfer from the photomask to the substrate with a high degree of image edge acuity after exposure and development. In many leading edge manufacturing applications today, photoresist resolution on the order of less than one-half ⁇ m (micron) are necessary. In addition, it is almost always desirable that the developed photoresist wall profiles be near vertical relative to the substrate.
• edge roughness is typically observed for line and space patterns as roughness along the photoresist line, and for contact holes as side wall roughness. Edge roughness can have adverse effects on the lithographic performance of the photoresist, especially in reducing the critical dimension latitude and also in transferring the line edge roughness of the photoresist to the substrate. Hence, photoresists that minimize edge roughness are highly desirable.
• Photoresists sensitive to short wavelengths between about 100 nm and about 300 nm are often used where subhalfmicron geometries are required. Particularly preferred are photoresists comprising non-aromatic polymers, a photoacid generator, optionally a dissolution inhibitor, and solvent.
• UV deep ultraviolet
• Photoresists used in the deep UV typically comprise a polymer which has an acid labile group and which can deprotect in the presence of an acid, a photoactive component which generates an acid upon absorption of light, and a solvent.
• Photoresists for 248 nm have typically been based on substituted polyhydroxystyrene and its copolymers, such as those described in US 4,491 ,628 and US 5,350,660.
• photoresists for 193 nm exposure require non-aromatic polymers, since aromatics are opaque at this wavelength.
• US 5,843,624 and GB 2,320,718 disclose photoresists useful for 193 nm exposure.
• polymers containing alicyclic hydrocarbons are used for photoresists for exposure below 200 nm.
• Alicyclic hydrocarbons are incorporated into the polymer for many reasons, primarily since they have relatively high carbon:hydrogen ratios which improve etch resistance, they also provide transparency at low wavelengths and they have relatively high glass transition temperatures.
• Photoresists sensitive at 157 nm have been based on fluorinated polymers, which are known to be substantially transparent at that wavelength. Photoresists derived from polymers containing fluorinated groups are described in WO 00/67072 and WO 00/17712. The polymers used in a photoresist are designed to be transparent to the imaging wavelength, but on the other hand, the photoactive component has been typically designed to be absorbing at the imaging wavelength to maximize photosensitivity. The photosensitivity of the photoresist is dependent on the absorption characteristics of the photoactive component, the higher the absorption, the less the energy required to generate the acid, and the more photosensitive is the photoresist.
• the present invention relates to a compound of the formula Ai Xi,
• Ai is an organic onium cation
• Xi is anion of the formula X-CF 2 CF 2 OCF 2 CF 2 -SO 3 " , where X is selected from halogen, alkyl, alkoxy and aryloxy; where Ai is selected from
• Ar is selected from , naphthyl, or anthryl
• Y is selected from
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , RIA, RIB, R2A, R2B, RSA, R3B, R4A, R4B, RSA, and R 5B are each independently selected from Z, hydrogen, OSO2R9, OR20, straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkylcarbonyl group, aryl, aralkyl, arylcarbonylmethyl group, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyloxycarbonylalkyl with the cycloalkyl ring optionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyloxyalkyl with the cycloalkyl ring optionally containing one or more
• V is a linkage group selected from a direct bond, a divalent straight or branched alkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, divalent aryl group, divalent aralkyl group, or divalent monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms;
• X2 is hydrogen, halogen, or straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms;
• R 8 is a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms, a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, or aryl;
• R 11 O R 15 O R 16 O «) (I")
• R 1 O and R 1I each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms, or a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, or Rio and Rn together can represent an alkylene group to form a five- or six- membered ring;
• Ri 2 represents a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms, a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, or aralkyl, or R10 and Ri 2 together represent an alkylene group which forms a five- or six-membered ring together with the interposing — C — O — group, the carbon atom in the ring being optionally substituted by an oxygen atom;
• Ri 3 represents a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms or a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms;
• Ru and R 15 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms or a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms;
• Ri 6 represents a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms, a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, aryl, or aralkyl;
• Ri 7 represents straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms, a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, aryl, aralkyl, the group — Si(Ri 6 )2Ri7, or the group — O — Si(Ri 6 )2Ri7 > the straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, aryl, and aralkyl being unsubstituted or substituted as above.
• the invention further relates to the use of the above described compound and its preferred embodiments as a photoacid generator in a photoresist compoisition.
• the present invention also relates to a photoresist composition
• a photoresist composition comprising a polymer containing an acid labile group and a compound as described above.
• the photoresist composition can also contain one or more additional photoacid generators selected from (a) a compound having the formula (Ai) 2 Xi 1 , where each Ai is as defined above and can be different and Xi 1 is an anion of the formula Q-R 50 o-SO 3 , where Q is selected from " O 3 S and O 2 C; and R 50O is a group selected from linear or branched alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof, optionally containing a catenary S or N, where the alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl groups are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more groups selected from the group consisting of halogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted Ci -8 perflu
• Examples of the Xi2 anion include CF 3 SO 3 " , CHF 2 SO 3 “ , CH 3 SO 3 “ , CCI 3 SO 3 “ , C 2 F 5 SO 3 “ , C 2 HF 4 SO 3 “ , C 4 F 9 SO 3 " , camphor sulfonate, perfluorooctane sulfonate, benzene sulfonate, pentafluorobenzene sulfonate, toluene sulfonate, perfluorotoluene sulfonate, (Rf 1 SO 2 ) 3 C “ and (Rf 1 SO 2 ) 2 N " , wherein each Rf 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of highly fluorinated or perfluorinated alkyl or fluorinated aryl radicals and may be cyclic, when a combination of any two Rf 1 groups are linked to form a bridge, further, the Rf1 alkyl chains contain from 1-20 carbon
• Examples of such anions Xi2 include (C 2 F 5 SO 2 J 2 N " , (C 4 F 9 SOs) 2 N-, (C 8 F 17 SO 2 )J 3 C-, (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 C- (CF 3 SO 2 J 2 N-, (CF 3 SOa) 2 (C 4 F 9 SO 2 )C-, (C 2 F 5 SOz) 3 C " , (C 4 F 9 SO 2 J 3 C-, (CF 3 SO 2 J 2 (C 2 F 5 SO 2 )C- (C 4 F 9 SO 2 )(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 C- (CF 3 SO 2 )(C 4 F 9 SO 2 )N-, [(CFa) 2 NC 2 F 4 SO 2 IzN " , (CFa) 2 NC 2 F 4 SO 2 C- (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , (3,5- Ws(CF 3 )C 6 H 3 )SO 2 N-SO 2 CF 3 , C 6 F 5 SO 2 C ⁇ (SO 2 CF
• Examples of Ai Xi2 include bis(4-t-butylphenyl) iodonium bis-perfluoroethane sulfonimide, diphenyliodonium trifluoromethane sulfonate, diphenyliodonium nonafluorobutane sulfonate, triphenylsulfonium trifluromethane sulfonate, triphenylsulfonium nonafluorobutane sulfonate, 4-(1-butoxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium bis-(perfluorobutanesulfonyl)imide, 4-(1 -butoxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium bis- (perfluoroethanesulfonyl)imide, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyldiphenylsulfonium bis- perfluorobutanesulfonyl)imide, 2,4,6-trimethylphen
• the ratio of the inventive photoacid generators to the additional photoacid generators ranges from about 1 :0.6 to about 1:1.3. Processes for making coated substrates using the inventive photoacid generators as well as coated substrates are also provided for herein.
• the present invention relates to a compound of the formula Ai Xi,
• Ai is an organic onium cation
• Xi is anion of the formula X-CF 2 CF 2 OCF 2 CF 2 -SOa " , where X is selected from halogen, alkyl, alkoxy and aryloxy; where Ai is selected from
• Y is selected from R 6 — S-R 7
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , RIA, RIB, R2A, R2B, R3A, RSB, R4A, R4B, RBA, and R 5B are each independently selected from Z, hydrogen, OSO 2 Rg 1 OR 2 O, straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkylcarbonyl group, aryl, aralkyl, arylcarbonyl methyl group, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyloxycarbonylalkyl with the cycloalkyl ring optionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyloxyalkyl with the cycloalkyl ring optionally containing
• R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkylcarbonyl group, aryl, aralkyl, straight or branched perfluoroalkyl, monocycloperfluoroalkyl or polycycloperfluoroalkyl, arylcarbonylmethyl group, nitro, cyano, or hydroxyl or R 6 and R 7 together with the S atom to which they are attached form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered saturated or unsaturated ring optionally containing one or more O atoms;
• R 9 is selected from alkyl, fluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, aryl, fluoroaryl, perfluoroaryl, monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group with the cycloalky
• R 20 is alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyloxycarbonylalkyl with the cycloalkyl ring optionally containing one or more O atoms, or monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyloxyalkyl with the cycloalkyl ring optionally containing one or more O atoms;
• T is a direct bond, a divalent straight or branched alkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, divalent aryl group, divalent aralkyl group, or divalent monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms;
• V is a linkage group selected from a direct bond, a divalent straight or branched alkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, divalent aryl group, divalent
• X2 is hydrogen, halogen, or straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms;
• R 8 is a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms, a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, or aryl;
• R 10 and Rn each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms, or a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, or R 10 and Rn together can represent an alkylene group to form a five- or six- membered ring;
• R 12 represents a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms, a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, or aralkyl, or R 10 and Ri 2 together represent an alkylene group which forms a five- or six-membered ring together with the interposing — C — O — group, the carbon atom in the ring being optionally substituted by an oxygen atom; Ri 3 represents a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms or a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more
• Ri 4 and Ri 5 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms or a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms;
• Ri6 represents a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms, a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, aryl, or aralkyl;
• Ri7 represents straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms, a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, aryl, aralkyl, the group — Si(Ri ⁇ )2Ri7, or the group — O — Si(Ri6)2Ri7, the straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, aryl, and aralkyl being unsubstituted or substituted as above.
• Ai is where R 6 and R 7 are each independently unsubstituted or substituted straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms or unsubstituted or substituted aryl, or R 6 and R 7 together with the S atom to which they are attached form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered saturated or unsaturated ring optionally containing one or more O atoms; T is a direct bond or a divalent straight or branched alkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms optionally substituted with oxo.
• R 6 and R 7 are each independently unsubstituted or substituted aryl; and T is a direct bond.
• the aryl of R 6 and R 7 are each substituted by OSO2R9, OR20, hydroxy, or alkoxy.
• R 3A is selected from hydroxy and straight or branched alkoxy chain and each of R 2 A and R 4 A is selected from hydrogen and straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms.
• R 6 and R 7 together with the S atom to which they are attached form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered saturated or unsaturated ring optionally containing one or more O atoms; and T is a divalent straight or branched alkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms optionally substituted with oxo.
• each of R 3 A and R 3 B is selected from hydrogen, straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms, and straight or branched alkoxy chain.
• the compounds of the invention can be synthesized by methods well known to those skilled in the art as described or in analogy to the methods specified in the examples.
• the acid fluoride F-Xi is commercially available, e. g., from SynQuest Labs., Inc. (Alachoa, Floride, U.S.A.).
• the invention further relates to the use of the compounds Ai Xi Bi and their preferred embodiments as a photo acid generator in a photoresist composition, preferably a photoresist composition as described below.
• the present invention also relates to a photoresist composition
• a photoresist composition comprising a polymer containing an acid labile group and a compound as described above.
• the photoresist composition can also contain one or more additional photoacid generators, preferably selected from (a) a compound having the formula (Ai) 2 Xi 1 , where each Ai is as defined above and can be different and Xi 1 is an anion of the formula Q-R 5 Oo-SO 3 " , where Q is selected from ⁇ O 3 S and " O 2 C; and R 5 oo is a group selected from linear or branched alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof, optionally containing a catenary S or N, where the alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl groups are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more groups selected from the group consisting of halogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted
• Examples of the Xi2 anion include CF 3 SO 3 " , CHF 2 SO 3 “ , CH 3 SO 3 “ , CCI 3 SO 3 “ , C 2 F 5 SO 3 “ , C 2 HF 4 SO 3 “ , C 4 FgSO 3 " , camphor sulfonate, perfluorooctane sulfonate, benzene sulfonate, pentafluorobenzene sulfonate, toluene sulfonate, perfluorotoluene sulfonate, (Rf 1 SO 2 ) 3 C " and (Rf 1 SO 2 ) 2 N ⁇ , wherein each Rf 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of highly fluorinated or perfluorinated alkyl or fluorinated aryl radicals and may be cyclic, when a combination of any two Rf1 groups are linked to form a bridge, further, the Rf 1 alkyl chains contain from 1-20
• Examples of such anions Xi2 include (C 2 F 5 SOa) 2 N “ , (C 4 F 9 SO 2 J 2 N “ , (C 8 F 17 SO 2 )SC “ , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 C “ (CF 3 SOa) 2 N “ , (CF 3 SOa) 2 (C 4 F 9 SO 2 )C “ , (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 3 C ⁇ (C 4 F 9 SO 2 ) S C " , (CF 3 SO 2 J 2 (C 2 F 5 SO 2 )C-, (C 4 F 9 SOa)(C 2 F 5 SOa) 2 C " , (CF 3 SO 2 )(C 4 F 9 SO 2 )N- [(CFs) 2 NCaF 4 SOa] 2 N-, (CFa) 2 NC 2 F 4 SO 2 C " (SO 2 CF 3 )a, (3,5-
• Ai Xi2 examples include bis(4-t-butylphenyl) iodonium bis-perfluoroethane sulfonimide, diphenyliodonium trifluoromethane sulfonate, diphenyliodonium nonafluorobutane sulfonate, triphenylsulfonium trifluromethane sulfonate, triphenylsulfonium nonafluorobutane sulfonate, 4-(1-butoxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium bis-(perfluorobutanesulfonyl)imide, 4-(1 -butoxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium bis- (perfluoroethanesulfonyl)imide, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyldiphen
• alkyl as used herein means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon, preferably with 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
• Representative examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert- butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 3-methylhexyl, 2,2-dimethylpentyl, 2,3- dimethylpentyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, and n-decyl.
• Alkylene refers to divalent alkyl radicals, which can be linear or branched, and preferably have 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as, for example, methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene or the like.
• aryl a radical (preferably with 6 to 14 carbon atoms) derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon by the elimination of one atom of hydrogen and can be substituted or unsubstituted.
• the aromatic hydrocarbon can be mononuclear or polynuclear.
• aryl of the mononuclear type include phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, mesityl, cumenyl, and the like.
• aryl of the polynuclear type include naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, and the like.
• the aryl group can be unsubstituted or substituted as provided for hereinabove.
• alkoxy refers to a group of alkyl— O-, where alkyl is defined herein.
• Representative examples of alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 2-propoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, and hexyloxy.
• aryloxy refers to a group of aryl— O— , where aryl is defined herein.
• aralkyl an alkyl group containing an aryl group, preferably (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl-(CrCio)-alkyl. It is a hydrocarbon group having both aromatic and aliphatic structures, that is, a hydrocarbon group in which a lower alkyl hydrogen atom is substituted by a mononuclear or polynuclear aryl group.
• aralkyl groups include, without limitation, benzyl, 2-phenyl-ethyl, 3-phenyl-propyl, 4-phenyl-butyl, 5-phenyl-pentyl, 4-phenylcyclohexyl, 4-benzylcyclohexyl, 4- phenylcyclohexylmethyl, 4-benzylcyclohexylmethyl, naphthylmethyl, and the like.
• monocycloalkyl refers to an optionally substituted, saturated or partially unsaturated monocycloalkyl ring system (preferably with 3 to
• polycycloalkyl refers to an optionally substituted, saturated or partially unsaturated polycycloalkyl ring system containing two or more rings (preferably with 7 to 12 carbon atoms), where if the ring is partially unsaturated, it is then a polycycloalkenyl group.
• Examples of monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl groups optionally containing one or more O atoms are well know to those skilled in the art and include, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cycloheptyl, cyclohexyl, 2-methyl-2-norbomyl, 2-ethyl-2- norbomyl, 2-methyl-2-isobornyl, 2-ethyl-2-isobornyl, 2-methyl-2-adamantyl, 2-ethyl- 2-adamantyl, 1-adamantyl-1-methylethyl, adamantyl, tricyclodecyl, 3- oxatricyclo[4.2.1.0 2l5 ]nonyl, tetracyclododecanyl, tetracyclo [5.2.2.0.0] undecanyl, bornyl, isobornyl norbomyl lactone, adamantyl lac
• alkoxycarbonylalkyl embraces alkyl radicals substituted with an alkoxycarbonyl radical as defined herein.
• alkylcarbonyl as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein, which can be generically represented as alkyl— C(O)-.
• Representative examples of alkylcarbonyl include, but are not limited to acetyl
• Alkoxycarbonyl means alkyl-O— C(O)- , wherein alkyl is as previously described. Non-limiting examples include methoxycarbonyl [CH 3 O — C(O) — ] and the ethoxycarbonyl [CH 3 CH 2 O-C(O)-]. benzyloxycarbonyl [C 6 H 5 CH 2 O-C(O)-] and the like.
• Alkoxyalkyl means that a terminal alkyl group is linked through an ether oxygen atom to an alkyl moiety, which can be generically represented as alkyl-O- alkyl wherein the alkyl groups can be linear or branched.
• alkoxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, methoxypropyl, methoxybutyl, ethoxypropyl, methoxymethyl
• Monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyloxyalkyl means that a terminal monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group is linked through an ether oxygen atom to an alkyl moiety, which can be generically represented as monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyl— O—alkyl .
• Monocyclofluoroalkyl- or polycyclofluoroalkyl means a monocyclalkyl- or polycycloalkyl group substituted with one or more fluorine atoms.
• Polymers useful in the photoresist compositions include those that have acid labile groups that make the polymer insoluble in aqueous alkaline solution, but such a polymer in the presence of an acid catalytically deprotects the polymer, wherein the polymer then becomes soluble in an aqueous alkaline solution.
• the polymers preferably are transparent below 200 nm, and are essentially non-aromatic, and preferably are acrylates and/or cycloolefin polymers.
• Such polymers are, for example, but not limited to, those described in US 5,843,624, US 5,879,857, WO 97/33,198, EP 789,278 and GB 2,332,679.
• Nonaromatic polymers that are preferred for irradiation below 200 nm are substituted acrylates, cycloolefins, substituted polyethylenes, etc.
• Aromatic polymers based on polyhydroxystyrene and its copolymers may also be used, especially for 248 nm exposure.
• Polymers based on acrylates are generally based on poly(meth)acrylates with at least one unit containing pendant alicyclic groups, and with the acid labile group being pendant from the polymer backbone and/or from the alicyclic group.
• pendant alicyclic groups may be adamantyl, tricyclodecyl, isobornyl, menthyl and their derivatives.
• Other pendant groups may also be incorporated into the polymer, such as mevalonic lactone, gamma butyrolactone, alkyloxyalkyl, etc.
• structures for the alicyclic group include:
• polymers examples include poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-mevalonic lactone methacrylate), poly(carboxy-tetracyclododecyl methacrylate-co-tetrahydropyranylcarboxytetracyclododecyl methacrylate), poly(tricyclodecylacrylate-co-tetrahydropyranylmethacrylate-co-methacrylicacid), poly(3-oxocyclohexyl methacrylate-co-adamantylmethacrylate).
• Polymers synthesized from cycloolefins, with norbornene and tetracyclododecene derivatives, may be polymerized by ring-opening metathesis, free-radical polymerization or using metal organic catalysts. Cycloolefin derivatives may also be copolymerized with cyclic anhydrides or with maleimide or its derivatives. Examples of cyclic anhydrides are maleic anhydride (MA) and itaconic anhydride.
• MA maleic anhydride
• the cycloolefin is incorporated into the backbone of the polymer and may be any substituted or unsubstituted multicyclic hydrocarbon containing an unsaturated bond. The monomer can have acid labile groups attached.
• the polymer may be synthesized from one or more cycloolefin monomers having an unsaturated bond.
• the cycloolefin monomers may be substituted or unsubstituted norbomene, or tetracyclododecane.
• the substituents on the cycloolefin may be aliphatic or cycloaliphatic alkyls, esters, acids, hydroxyl, nitrile or alkyl derivatives. Examples of cycloolefin monomers, without limitation, include:
• cycloolefin monomers which may also be used in synthesizing the polymer are:
• polymers are described in the following reference and incorporated herein, M-D. Rahman et al, Advances in Resist Technology and Processing, SPIE, Vol. 3678, p1193, (1999).
• examples of these polymers include poly((t-butyl-5- norbornene ⁇ -carboxylate-co ⁇ -hydroxyethyl- ⁇ -norbornene ⁇ -carboxylate-co- ⁇ - norbornene-2-carboxylic acid-co-maleic anhydride), poly(t-butyl-5-norbornene-2- carboxylate-co-isobomyl-5-norbornene-2-carboxylate-co-2-hydroxyethyl ⁇ 5- norbornene-2-carboxylate-co-5-norbornene-2-carboxylic acid-co-maleic anhydride), poly(tetracyclododecene-5-carboxylate-co-maleic anhydride), poly(t-butyl-5- norbomen
• Polymers containing mixtures of (meth)acrylate monomers, cycloolefinic monomers and cyclic anhydrides, where such monomers are described above, may also be combined into a hybrid polymer.
• cycloolefin monomers include those selected from t-butyl norbornene carboxylate (BNC), hydroxyethyl norbornene carboxylate (HNC), norbornene carboxylic acid (NC), t-butyltetracyclo[4.4.0.1. 2l6 1. 7 ' 10 ] dodec-8-ene-3-carboxylate, and t-butoxy carbonylmethyl tetracyclo[4.4.0.1. 2l6 1.
• cycloolefins include t-butyl norbornene carboxylate (BNC), hydroxyethyl norbornene carboxylate (HNC), and norbornene carboxylic acid (NC).
• Examples of (meth)acrylate monomers include those selected from mevalonic lactone methacrylate (MLMA), 2- methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate (MAdMA), 2-adamantyl methacrylate (AdMA), 2- methyl-2-adamantyl acrylate (MAdA), 2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate (EAdMA), 3,5-dimethyl-7-hydroxy adamantyl methacrylate (DMHAdMA), adamantyl methyloxy- methyl methacrylate (AdOMMA), isoadamantyl methacrylate, hydroxy-1- methacryloxyadamatane (HAdMA; for example, hydroxy at the 3- position), hydroxy- 1 -adamantyl acrylate (HADA; for example, hydroxy at the 3- position), ethylcyclopentyl acrylate (ECPA), ethylcyclopentyl methacrylate (ECPMA), tricyclo
• polymers formed with these monomers include poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1 - methacryloxyadamantane-co- ⁇ -gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate); poly(2-ethyl-2- adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co- ⁇ -gamma- butyrolactone methacrylate); poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy- 1 -methacryloxyadamantane-co- ⁇ -gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate); poly(t-butyl norbornene carboxylate-co-maleic anhydride-co-2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co- ⁇ -gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate-co-methacryloyloxy norbornen
• suitable polymers include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,610,465, 6,120,977, 6,136,504, 6,013,416, 5,985,522, 5,843,624, 5,693,453, 4,491 ,628, WO 00/25178, WO 00/67072, JP 2000-275845, JP 2000-137327, and JP 09-73173 which are incorporated herein by reference. Blends of one or more photoresist resins may be used. Standard synthetic methods are typically employed to make the various types of suitable polymers. Procedures or references to suitable standard procedures (e.g., free radical polymerization) can be found in the aforementioned documents.
• suitable standard procedures e.g., free radical polymerization
• the cycloolefin and the cyclic anhydride monomer are believed to form an alternating polymeric structure, and the amount of the (meth)acrylate monomer incorporated into the polymer can be varied to give the optimal lithographic properties.
• the percentage of the (meth)acrylate monomer relative to the cycloolefin/anhydride monomers within the polymer ranges from about 95 mole% to about 5 mole%, further ranging from about 75 mole% to about 25 mole%, and also further ranging from about 55 mole% to about 45 mole%.
• Fluorinated non-phenolic polymers, useful for 157 nm exposure also exhibit line edge roughness and can benefit from the use of the novel mixture of photoactive compounds described in the present invention.
• Such polymers are described in WO 00/17712 and WO 00/67072 and incorporated herein by reference.
• Example of one such polymer is poly ⁇ etrafluoroethylene-co-norbornene-co- ⁇ -hexafluoroisopropanol- substituted 2-norbornene.
• Polymers synthesized from cycloolefins and cyano containing ethylenic monomers are described in the US Patent 6,686,429, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference, may also be used.
• the molecular weight of the polymers is optimized based on the type of chemistry used and on the lithographic performance desired. Typically, the weight average molecular weight is in the range of 3,000 to 30,000 and the polydispersity is in the range 1.1 to 5, preferably 1.5 to 2.5.
• the solid components of the present invention are dissolved in an organic solvent.
• the amount of solids in the solvent or mixture of solvents ranges from about 1 weight% to about 50 weight%.
• the polymer may be in the range of 5 weight% to 90 weight% of the solids and the photoacid generator may be in the range of 1 weight% to about 50 weight% of the solids.
• Suitable solvents for such photoresists may include for example ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, isophorone, methyl isoamyl ketone, 2- heptanone 4-hydroxy, and 4-methyl 2-pentanone; Ci to Ci 0 aliphatic alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and propanol; aromatic group containing-alcohols such as benzyl alcohol; cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate; aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons (for example, hexane, toluene, xylene, etc and the like); cyclic ethers, such as dioxane and tetrahydrofuran; ethylene glycol; propylene glycol; hexylene glycol; ethylene glycol monoalkylethers such as ethylene glycol monomethylether, ethylene glycol monoethy
• additives such as colorants, non-actinic dyes, anti-striation agents, plasticizers, adhesion promoters, dissolution inhibitors, coating aids, photospeed enhancers, additional photoacid generators, and solubility enhancers (for example, certain small levels of solvents not used as part of the main solvent (examples of which include glycol ethers and glycol ether acetates, valerolactone, ketones, lactones, and the like), and surfactants may be added to the photoresist composition before the solution is coated onto a substrate.
• surfactants that improve film thickness uniformity such as fluorinated surfactants, can be added to the photoresist solution.
• a sensitizer that transfers energy from a particular range of wavelengths to a different exposure wavelength may also be added to the photoresist composition.
• bases are also added to the photoresist to prevent t- tops or bridging at the surface of the photoresist image.
• bases are amines, ammonium hydroxide, and photosensitive bases.
• Particularly preferred bases are trioctylamine, diethanolamine and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide.
• the prepared photoresist composition solution can be applied to a substrate by any conventional method used in the photoresist art, including dipping, spraying, and spin coating.
• spin coating for example, the photoresist solution can be adjusted with respect to the percentage of solids content, in order to provide coating of the desired thickness, given the type of spinning equipment utilized and the amount of time allowed for the spinning process.
• Suitable substrates include silicon, aluminum, polymeric resins, silicon dioxide, doped silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, tantalum, copper, polysilicon, ceramics, aluminum/copper mixtures; gallium arsenide and other such Group Ill/V compounds.
• the photoresist may also be coated over antireflective coatings.
• the photoresist coatings produced by the described procedure are particularly suitable for application to silicon/silicon dioxide wafers, such as are utilized in the production of microprocessors and other miniaturized integrated circuit components.
• An aluminum/aluminum oxide wafer can also be used.
• the substrate may also comprise various polymeric resins, especially transparent polymers such as polyesters.
• the photoresist composition solution is then coated onto the substrate, and the substrate is treated (baked) at a temperature from about 7O 0 C to about 15O 0 C for from about 30 seconds to about 180 seconds on a hot plate or for from about 15 to about 90 minutes in a convection oven. This temperature treatment is selected in order to reduce the concentration of residual solvents in the photoresist, while not causing substantial thermal degradation of the solid components.
• Treatment is conducted until substantially all of the solvents have evaporated and a thin coating of photoresist composition, on the order of half a micron (micrometer) in thickness, remains on the substrate.
• the temperature is from about 95 0 C to about 12O 0 C.
• the treatment is conducted until the rate of change of solvent removal becomes relatively insignificant.
• the film thickness, temperature and time selection depends on the photoresist properties desired by the user, as well as the equipment used and commercially desired coating times.
• the coated substrate can then be imagewise exposed to actinic radiation, e.g., ultraviolet radiation, at a wavelength of from about 100 nm (nanometers) to about 300 nm, x-ray, electron beam, ion beam or laser radiation, in any desired pattern, produced by use of suitable masks, negatives, stencils, templates, etc.
• actinic radiation e.g., ultraviolet radiation
• the photoresist is then subjected to a post exposure second baking or heat treatment before development.
• the heating temperatures may range from about 90 0 C to about 15O 0 C, more preferably from about 100 0 C to about 13O 0 C.
• the heating may be conducted for from about 30 seconds to about 2 minutes, more preferably from about 60 seconds to about 90 seconds on a hot plate or about 30 to about 45 minutes by convection oven.
• the exposed photoresist-coated substrates are developed to remove the image-wise exposed areas by immersion in a developing solution or developed by spray development process.
• the solution is preferably agitated, for example, by nitrogen burst agitation.
• the substrates are allowed to remain in the developer until all, or substantially all, of the photoresist coating has dissolved from the exposed areas.
• Developers include aqueous solutions of ammonium or alkali metal hydroxides.
• One preferred developer is an aqueous solution of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide.
• the post-development heat treatment can comprise the oven baking of the coating and substrate below the coating's softening point or UV hardening process.
• the developed substrates may be treated with a buffered, hydrofluoric acid base etching solution or dry etching.
• the photoresist Prior to dry etching the photoresist may be treated to electron beam curing in order to increase the dry-etch resistance of the photoresist.
• the invention further provides a method for producing a semiconductor device by producing a photo-image on a substrate by coating a suitable substrate with a photoresist composition.
• the subject process comprises coating a suitable substrate with a photoresist composition and heat treating the coated substrate until substantially all of the photoresist solvent is removed; image-wise exposing the composition and removing the image-wise exposed areas of such composition with a suitable developer.
• Example 1 Yield was 84% . Melting point (capillary) 118-122C.
• a silicon substrate coated with a bottom antireflective coating (B.A.R.C.) was prepared by spin coating the bottom anti-reflective coating solution (AZ® ArF-38, available from AZ Electronic Materials USA Corp., Somerville, NJ) onto the silicon substrate and baking at 225°C for 90 sec.
• the B.A.R.C film thickness was 87 nm.
• the photoresist solution for Example 3 was then coated on the B.A.R.C coated silicon substrate.
• the spin speed was adjusted such that the photoresist film thickness was 130 nm, soft baked at 100°C/60s, exposed with Nikon 306D 0.85NA & dipole illumination using 6% half-tone mask.
• the exposed wafer was post exposure baked at 110°C/60 s, and developed using a 2.38 weight% aqueous solution of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide for 30 sec.
• the line and space patterns were then measured on a AMAT CD SEM (critical dimension scanning electron microscope).
• the sensitivity to print 70nm dense CD was 30 mJ, more than 0.20nm DoF, with 3sigma line edge roughness (LER)/ line width roughness (LWR) values of 9 and 13 nm, respectively.
• a silicon substrate coated with a bottom anti reflective coating (B.A.R.C.) was prepared by spin coating the bottom anti-reflective coating solution (AZ® ArF-38, available from AZ Electronic Materials USA Corp., Somerville, NJ) onto the silicon substrate and baking at 225°C for 90 sec.
• the B.A.R.C film thickness was 87 nm.
• the photoresist solution for Example 5 was then coated on the B.A.R.C coated silicon substrate.
• the spin speed was adjusted such that the photoresist film thickness was 130 nm, soft baked at 100°C/60s, exposed with Nikon 306D 0.85NA & dipole illumination using 6% half-tone mask.
• the exposed wafer was post exposure baked at 110°C/60 s, and developed using a 2.38 weight% aqueous solution of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide for 30 sec.
• the line and space patterns were then measured on a CD SEM.
• the sensitivity to print 70nm dense CD was 41 mJ, had more 6% EL, more than 0.25 nm DoF, with 3sigma LER/LWR values of 6.36/10.38 nm with straight profiles.
• Example 1 0.0335 g (47 ⁇ mol/g) of bis [di(4-t-butylphenyl) iodonium] perfluorobutane-1 ,4-disulfonate, 0.0058 g of DIPA and 0.0204 g of 10 weight% PGMEA solution of a surfactant (fluoroaliphatic polymeric ester, supplied by 3M
• a silicon substrate coated with a bottom antireflective coating (B.A.R.C.) was prepared by spin coating the bottom anti-reflective coating solution (AZ® ArF-38, available from AZ Electronic Materials Corporation, Somerville, NJ) onto the silicon substrate and baking at 225°C for 90 sec.
• the B.A.R.C film thickness was 87 nm.
• the photoresist solution for Example 7 was then coated on the B.A.R.C coated silicon substrate.
• the spin speed was adjusted such that the photoresist film thickness was 130 nm, soft baked at 100°C/60s, exposed with Nikon 306D 0.85NA & dipole illumination using 6% half-tone mask.
• the exposed wafer was post exposure baked at 110°C/60 s, and developed using a 2.38 weight% aqueous solution of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide for 30 sec.
• the line and space patterns were then measured on a CD SEM.
• the sensitivity to print 70nm dense CD was 41 mJ, had more 8% EL, more than 250 nm DoF, with 3sigma LER/LWR values of 6.34/9.73 nm with straight profiles.
• a silicon substrate coated with a bottom anti reflective coating (B.A.R.C.) was prepared by spin coating the bottom anti-reflective coating solution (AZ® ArF-38, available from AZ Electronic Materials Corporation, Somerville, NJ) onto the silicon substrate and baking at 225 0 C for 90 sec.
• the B.A.R.C film thickness was 87 nm.
• the photoresist solution for Example 9 was then coated on the B.A.R.C coated silicon substrate.
• the spin speed was adjusted such that the photoresist film thickness was 130 nm, soft baked at 100°C/60s, exposed with Nikon 306D 0.85NA & dipole illumination using 6% half-tone mask.
• the exposed wafer was post exposure baked at 110°C/60 s, and developed using a 2.38 weight% aqueous solution of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide for 30 sec.
• the line and space patterns were then measured on a CD SEM.
• the sensitivity to print 70nm dense CD was 45 mJ, 6% EL, more than 250nm DoF, with 3sigma LER/LWR values of 7 and 11 nm, respectively, with straight profiles.
• Examples 3, 5, 7, and 9 can be repeated by substituting the polymer therein with one of the following polymers: poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3- hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co- ⁇ -gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate); poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantyI methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-i-methacryloxyadamantane- co- ⁇ -gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate); poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate- co-3-hydroxy-1 -methacryloxyadamantane-co- ⁇ -gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate); poly(t-butyl norbornene carboxylate-co-maleic anhydride-co-2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co- ⁇ -gamma-butyrolactone meth
• photoresist solutions formed therefrom are expected to give similar results as to those found in Examples 4, 6, 8, and 10.
• Example 11 can be repeated by replacing triphenylsulfonium 5- iodooctafluoro-3-oxapentafluoro sulfonate from Example 1 or replacing bis(4-t- butylphenyl)iodonium 5-iodooctafluoro-3-oxapentane sulfonate from Example 2 with one of the following: bis(4-octyloxyphenyl) iodonium 5-iodooctafluoro-3-oxapentane sulfonate, [(4-octyloxyphenyl) phenyl iodonium] 5-iodooctafluoro-3-oxapentane sulfonate, (4-methylphenyl) phenyl iodonium 5-iodooctafluoro-3-oxapentane sulfonate, bis(4-methylpheny
• the additional photoacid generators of formula (Ai) 2 Xi 1 can be made in accordance with the procedures set forth in United States Patent Application Serial Nos. 11/179,886, filed July 12, 2005, and 11/355,762, filed February 16, 2006 (published as WO 2007/007175), the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
• Other examples are found in United States Patent Application Serial No. 11/355,400, filed February 16, 2006, United States Published Patent Application 2004-0229155, and United States Published Patent Application 2005- 0271974, United States Patent No. 5,837,420, United States Patent No. 6,111 ,143, and United States Patent No. 6,358,665, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

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