Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
  • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
  • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
  • C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
  • C12Q1/6886—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material for cancer
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
  • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
  • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
  • C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
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  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
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  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
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  • G01N33/574—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer
  • G01N33/57484—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer involving compounds serving as markers for tumor, cancer, neoplasia, e.g. cellular determinants, receptors, heat shock/stress proteins, A-protein, oligosaccharides, metabolites
  • G01N33/57488—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer involving compounds serving as markers for tumor, cancer, neoplasia, e.g. cellular determinants, receptors, heat shock/stress proteins, A-protein, oligosaccharides, metabolites involving compounds identifable in body fluids
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
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  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
  • G01N33/6893—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids related to diseases not provided for elsewhere
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  • G16H15/00—ICT specially adapted for medical reports, e.g. generation or transmission thereof
• • G—PHYSICS
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  • G16H20/00—ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance
  • G16H20/10—ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance relating to drugs or medications, e.g. for ensuring correct administration to patients
• • G—PHYSICS
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  • G16H20/30—ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance relating to physical therapies or activities, e.g. physiotherapy, acupressure or exercising
• • G—PHYSICS
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  • G16H50/00—ICT specially adapted for medical diagnosis, medical simulation or medical data mining; ICT specially adapted for detecting, monitoring or modelling epidemics or pandemics
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  • G16H70/00—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of medical references
  • G16H70/20—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of medical references relating to practices or guidelines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
  • C12Q2600/106—Pharmacogenomics, i.e. genetic variability in individual responses to drugs and drug metabolism
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
  • C12Q2600/158—Expression markers
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
  • G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
  • G01N2333/705—Assays involving receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
  • G01N2333/71—Assays involving receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants for growth factors; for growth regulators
• • G—PHYSICS
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  • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
  • G01N2333/90—Enzymes; Proenzymes
  • G01N2333/91—Transferases (2.)
  • G01N2333/912—Transferases (2.) transferring phosphorus containing groups, e.g. kinases (2.7)
  • G01N2333/91205—Phosphotransferases in general
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
  • G01N2333/90—Enzymes; Proenzymes
  • G01N2333/914—Hydrolases (3)
• • G—PHYSICS
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  • G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
  • G16B50/00—ICT programming tools or database systems specially adapted for bioinformatics

Definitions

• the present invention generally relates to the application of molecular profiling to provide a system and method for determining medical intervention for a particular disease state
• the system and method can be conducted at any stage of the disease
• the present invention relates to a system and method for determining medical intervention for a seriously diseased patient, for example, a patient with cancer that has progressed on at least two chemotherapeutic or hormonal regimens, where the method includes the molecular profiling of a biological sample from the patient, determining whether any molecular findings including one or more genes, gene expressed proteins, molecular mechanisms, and/or combinations of such molecular findings exhibit a change in expression compared to a normal reference, and identifying a drug therapy capable of interacting with the genes, gene expressed proteins, molecular mechanisms, or combinations of such molecular findings that exhibited a change in expression
• Treatment regimens or therapies that are selected based on clinical based c ⁇ te ⁇ a, that is, a treatment therapy or regimen is selected for a patient based on the determination that the patient has been diagnosed with a particular disease (which diagnosis has been made from classical diagnostic assays)
• a treatment therapy or regimen is selected for a patient based on the determination that the patient has been diagnosed with a particular disease (which diagnosis has been made from classical diagnostic assays)
• the molecular mechanisms behind va ⁇ ous disease states have been the subject of studies for years, the specific application of a diseased individual's molecular profile in determining treatment regimens and therapies for that individual has been disease specific and not widely pursued
• Some treatment regimens have been determined using molecular profiling in combination with clinical characterization of a patient such as observations made by a physician (such as a code from the International Classification of Diseases, for example, and the dates such codes were determined), laboratory test results, x-rays, biopsy results, statements made by the patient, and any other medical information typically relied upon by a physician to make a diagnosis in a specific disease
• a physician such as a code from the International Classification of Diseases, for example, and the dates such codes were determined
• the present invention is directed to a system and method for determining individualized medical intervention for a particular disease state
• One exemplary method of the present invention for determining medical intervention for a disease state includes the steps of performing a test for a gene and/or a test for a gene expressed protein from a biological sample of a diseased individual, determining which genes and/or gene expressed proteins exhibited change m expression compared to a reference, and identifying a drug therapy used to interact with the gene and/or gene expressed proteins that exhibited a change of expression that is not single disease restricted
• the step of identifying a drug therapy used to interact with a gene and/or gene expressed protein that exhibited a change in expression may include the step of identifying a drug therapy from an automated review of an extensive literature database and/or data generated from clinical trials
• the step of performing a test for a gene and/or a test for a gene expressed protein may include the step of performing an immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis and/or a micro array analysis
• the step of performing a micro array analysis may include the step of performing an analysis using an expression micro array, a comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) micro array, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) micro array, a fluorescent in-situ hybridization (ISH), an in-situ hybridization (ISH), and a proteomic array
• the step of performing an IHC analysis may include the step of performing an IHC analysis for a gene expressed protein which includes at least one of Her2/Neu, ER, PR, c-kit, EGFR, MLHl , MSH2, CD20, p53, Cyclin Dl, bcl2, COX-2, Androgen receptor, CD52, PDGFR, AR, CD25, and VEGF
• the step of performing a micro array analysis in the above-described exemplary method for determining medical intervention for a disease state may include the step of performing a micro array analysis for a gene which includes at least one of BCL2, HIFlA, AR, ESRl , PDGFRA, , KIT, PDGFRB, CDW52, ZAP70, PGR, SPARC, GART, GSTPl, NFKBIA, MSH2, TXNRDl, HDACl , PDGFC, PTEN, CD33, TYMS, RXRB, ADA, TNF, ERCC3, RAFl , VEGF, TOPl, TOP2A, BRCA2, TKl , FOLR2, TOP2B, MLHl , IL2RA, DNMTl , HSPCA, ERBR2, ERBB2, SSTRl, VHL, VDR, PTGS2, POLA, CES2, EGFR, OGFR, ASNS, NFKB2, RARA, MS4
• the step of performing a test for a gene and/or a test for a gene expressed protein from a biological sample of a diseased individual may include the step of performing an immunohistochemical analysis on a tumor and the step of determining which genes and/or gene expressed proteins exhibit a change in expression compared to a reference may include the step of determining whether 30% or more of the tumor cells were +2 or greater standing for a particular gene expressed protein.
• the step of performing a test for a gene and/or a test for a gene expressed protein from a biological sample of a diseased individual may include the step of performing a micro array analysis on a tumor and the step of determining which genes and/or gene expressed proteins exhibit a change in expression compared to a reference may include the step of identifying which genes are up-regulated or down- regulated by determining whether the full change of expression for a particular gene relative to a normal tissue of origin reference is significant at p ⁇ 0.001.
• the above- described exemplary method of the present invention for determining medical intervention for a disease state may also include the step of providing a patient profile report which identifies the change in expression for the genes and/or gene expressed proteins along with a possible drug therapy for interaction with each of the genes and/or gene expressed proteins that exhibit a change in expression.
• Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method for identifying a drug therapy capable of interacting with a molecular target which includes the steps of identifying a molecular target in a plurality of diseased individuals that exhibits a change in expression when compared to a normal reference, administrating a drug therapy to the diseased individuals that exhibit the change in expression of the molecular target, and determining any changes in the molecular target of the diseased individuals after the drug therapy
• the step of identifying a molecular target in a plurality of diseased individuals that exhibits a change in expression when compared to a normal reference may include the step of performing a test for a gene and/or a test for a gene expressed protein from a biological sample of the diseased individual where the test comprises an immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis and/or a micro array analysis.
• IHC immunohistochemical
• a system for determining individualized medical intervention for a disease state
• the system includes a host server, a user interface for accessing the host server to access and input data, a processor for processing the inputted data, a memory coupled to the processor for storing the processed data and instructions for: a) accessing a molecular profile taken from a biological specimen of a patient b) determining whether at least one of a gene, a gene expressed protein, a molecular mechanism, and other molecular findings resulting from the molecular profile exhibit change in expression compared to a normal reference, and c) accessing a drug therapy database to identify one or more drug therapies that interact with a gene, a gene expressed protein, a molecular mechanism, and/or other molecular findings that exhibited a change in expression, and a display means for displaying a gene, a gene expressed protein, a molecular mechanism, and other molecular findings exhibiting a change in expression and the drug therapies that interact with them
• Still another exemplary embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method for determining medical intervention for a disease state which includes the steps of performing at least one molecular test for at least one target from a biological sample of a diseased individual, determining whether the target exhibits a change in expression compared to a reference, and identifying at least one non-disease specific agent that interacts with the target that exhibits a change in expression
• the step of identifying at least one non- diseased specific agent that interacts with the target may include the step of identifying a drug therapy from an automated review of an extensive literature base and/or an automated review of data generated from clinical trials
• the exemplary embodiment of the present invention directed to a method for determining medical intervention for a disease state may also include the step of providing a patient profile report which includes the patient's test results for various targets and any proposed therapies based on those results
• the step of performing at least one molecular test for at least one target from a biological sample of a diseased individual in the exemplary embodiment of the present invention directed to a method for determining medical intervention for a disease state may include all of the above-described analyses relating to immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis and micro array analysis and the genes analyzed using those analyses Brief Description of the Drawings
• FIG 1 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a system for determining individualized medical intervention for a particular disease state that utilizes molecular profiling of a patient's biological specimen that is non disease specific
• FIG 2 is a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of a method for determining individualized medical intervention for a particular disease state that utilizes molecular profiling of a patient's biological specimen that is non disease specific
• FIGS 3A through 3D illustrate an exemplary patient profile report in accordance with step 80 of FIG 2
• FIG 4 is a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of a method for identifying a drug therapy/agent capable of interacting with a target
• FIGS 5-14 are flowcharts and diagrams illustrating various parts of an information- based personalized medicine drug discovery system and method in accoidance with the present invention
• FIGS 15-25 are computer screen print outs associated with various parts of the information-based personalized medicine drug discovery system and method shown in FIGS 5-14
• the various system components discussed herein may include one or more of the following a host server or other computing systems including a processor for processing digital data, a memory coupled to the processor for storing digital data, an input digitizer coupled to the processor for inputting digital data, an application program stored in the memory and accessible by the processor for directing processing of digital data by the processor, a display device coupled to the processor and memory for displaying information derived from digital data processed by the processor, and a plurality of databases
• Va ⁇ ous databases used herein may include patient data such as family history, demography and environmental data, biological sample data, prior treatment and protocol data, patient clinical data, molecular profiling data of biological samples, data on therapeutic drug agents and/or investigative drugs, a gene library, a disease library, a drug library, patient tracking data, file management data, financial management data, billing data and/or like data useful m the operation of the system
• user computer may include an operating system (e g , Windows NT, 95/98/2000, OS2, UNIX, Linux, Solans
• the term "network' shall include any electronic communications means which incorporates both hardware and software components of such Communication among the parties may be accomplished through any suitable communication channels, such as, for example, a telephone network, an extranet, an intranet, Internet, point of interaction device, personal digital assistant (e g , Palm Pilot®, Blackberry®), cellular phone, kiosk, etc ), online communications, satellite communications, off-line communications, wireless communications, transponder communications, local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), networked or linked devices, keyboard, mouse and/or any suitable communication or data input modality
• LAN local area network
• WAN wide area network
• networked or linked devices keyboard, mouse and/or any suitable communication or data input modality
• the system is frequently described herein as being implemented with TCP/IP communications protocols, the system may also be implemented using IPX, Appletalk, IP-6, NetBIOS, OSI or any number of existing or future protocols.
• the network is in the nature of a public network, such as the Internet, it may be advantageous to presume the network to be insecure and open to eavesdroppers.
• Specific information related to the protocols, standards, and application software utilized in connection with the Internet is generally known to those skilled in the art and, as such, need not be detailed herein.
• the various system components may be independently, separately or collectively suitably coupled to the network via data links which includes, for example, a connection to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) over the local loop as is typically used in connection with standard modem communication, cable modem, Dish networks, ISDN, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), or various wireless communication methods, see, e.g., GILBERT HELD, UNDERSTANDING DATA COMMUNICATIONS (1996), which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• ISP Internet Service Provider
• the network may be implemented as other types of networks, such as an interactive television (ITV) network.
• ITV interactive television
• the system contemplates the use, sale or distribution of any goods, services or information over any network having similar functionality described herein.
• transmit may include sending electronic data from one system component to another over a network connection.
• data may include encompassing information such as commands, queries, files, data for storage, and the like in digital or any other form.
• the system contemplates uses in association with web services, utility computing, pervasive and individualized computing, security and identity solutions, autonomic computing, commodity computing, mobility and wireless solutions, open source, biometrics, grid computing and/or mesh computing.
• Any databases discussed herein may include relational, hierarchical, graphical, or object-oriented structure and/or any other database configurations.
• Common database products that may be used to implement the databases include DB2 by IBM (White Plains, NY), various database products available from Oracle Corporation (Redwood Shores, CA), Microsoft Access or Microsoft SQL Server by Microsoft Corporation (Redmond, Washington), or any other suitable database product.
• the databases may be organized in any suitable manner, for example, as data tables or lookup tables. Each record may be a single file, a series of files, a linked series of data fields or any other data structure. Association of certain data may be accomplished through any desired data association technique such as those known or practiced in the art. For example, the association may be accomplished either manually or automatically.
• Automatic association techniques may include, for example, a database search, a database merge, GREP, AGREP, SQL, using a key field in the tables to speed searches, sequential searches through all the tables and files, sorting records in the file according to a known order to simplify lookup, and/or the like.
• the association step may be accomplished by a database merge function, for example, using a "key field" in pre-selected databases or data sectors.
• a "key field" partitions the database according to the high-level class of objects defined by the key field. For example, certain types of data may be designated as a key field in a plurality of related data tables and the data tables may then be linked on the basis of the type of data in the key field.
• the data corresponding to the key field in each of the linked data tables is preferably the same or of the same type.
• data tables having similar, though not identical, data in the key fields may also be linked by using AGREP, for example.
• any suitable data storage technique may be utilized to store data without a standard format.
• Data sets may be stored using any suitable technique, including, for example, storing individual files using an ISO/IEC 7816-4 file structure; implementing a domain whereby a dedicated file is selected that exposes one or more elementary files containing one or more data sets; using data sets stored in individual files using a hierarchical filing system; data sets stored as records in a single file (including compression, SQL accessible, hashed via one or more keys, numeric, alphabetical by first tuple, etc.); Binary Large Object (BLOB); stored as ungrouped data elements encoded using ISO/IEC 7816-6 data elements; stored as ungrouped data elements encoded using ISO/IEC Abstract Syntax Notation (ASN.l) as in ISO/IEC 8824 and 8825; and/or other proprietary techniques that may include fractal compression methods, image compression methods, etc.
• BLOB Binary Large Object
• the ability to store a wide variety of information in different formats is facilitated by storing the information as a BLOB.
• any binary information can be stored in a storage space associated with a data set.
• the BLOB method may store data sets as ungrouped data elements formatted as a block of binary via a fixed memory offset using either fixed storage allocation, circular queue techniques, or best practices with respect to memory management (e.g., paged memory, least recently used, etc.).
• the ability to store va ⁇ ous data sets that have different formats facilitates the storage of data by multiple and unrelated owners of the data sets.
• a first data set which may be stored may be provided by a first party
• a second data set which may be stored may be provided by an unrelated second party
• a third data set which may be stored may be provided by a third party unrelated to the first and second party.
• Each of these three exemplary data sets may contain different information that is stored using different data storage formats and/or techniques. Further, each data set may contain subsets of data that also may be distinct from other subsets.
• the data can be stored without regard to a common format.
• the data set (e g , BLOB) may be annotated in a standard manner when provided for manipulating the data.
• the annotation may comprise a short header, trailer, or other appropriate indicator related to each data set that is configured to convey information useful in managing the various data sets.
• the annotation may be called a "condition header”, “header”, “trailer”, or “status”, herein, and may comprise an indication of the status of the data set or may include an identifier correlated to a specific issuer or owner of the data Subsequent bytes of data may be used to indicate for example, the identity of the issuer or owner of the data, user, transaction/membership account identifier or the like Each of these condition annotations are further discussed herein.
• the data set annotation may also be used for other types of status information as well as various other purposes
• the data set annotation may include security information establishing access levels
• the access levels may, for example, be configured to permit only certain individuals, levels of employees, companies, or other entities to access data sets, or to permit access to specific data sets based on the transaction, issuer or owner of data, user or the like.
• the security information may restrict/permit only certain actions such as accessing, modifying, and/or deleting data sets.
• the data set annotation indicates that only the data set owner or the user are permitted to delete a data set, various identified users may be permitted to access the data set for reading, and others are altogether excluded from accessing the data set.
• any databases, systems, devices, servers or other components of the system may consist of any combination thereof at a single location or at multiple locations, wherein each database or system includes any of va ⁇ ous suitable secu ⁇ ty features, such as firewalls, access codes, encryption, decryption, compression, decompression, and/or the like
• the computing unit of the web client may be further equipped with an Internet browser connected to the Internet or an intranet using standard dial-up, cable, DSL or any other Internet protocol known in the art Transactions originating at a web client may pass through a firewall in order to prevent unauthorized access from users of other networks Further, additional firewalls may be deployed between the varying components of CMS to further enhance security
• Firewall may include any hardware and/or software suitably configured to protect CMS components and/or enterprise computing resources from users of other networks Further, a firewall may be configured to limit or restrict access to various systems and components behind the firewall for web clients connecting through a web server Firewall may reside m varying configurations including Stateful Inspection, Proxy based and Packet Filtering among others Firewall may be integrated within an web server or any other CMS components or may further reside as a separate entity
• the computers discussed herein may provide a suitable website or other Internet- based graphical user interface which is accessible by users
• the Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS), Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS), and Microsoft SQL Server are used in conjunction with the Microsoft operating system, Microsoft NT web server software, a Microsoft SQL Server database system, and a Microsoft Commerce Server
• components such as Access or Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, Informix MySQL, Interbase, etc , may be used to provide an Active Data Object (ADO) compliant database management system
• ADO Active Data Object
• Any of the communications, inputs, storage, databases or displays discussed herein may be facilitated through a website having web pages
• the term "web page" as it is used herein is not meant to limit the type of documents and applications that might be used to interact with the user
• a typical website might include, in addition to standard HTML documents, various forms, Java applets, JavaScript, active server pages (ASP), common gateway interface scripts (CGI), extensible markup language (XML), dynamic HTML, cascading style sheets (CSS), helper applications, plug-ins, and the like
• a server may include a web service that receives a request from a web server, the request including a URL (http //yahoo com/stockquotes/ge) and an IP address (123 56 789 234) The web server retrieves the appropriate web pages and sends the data or applications for the web pages to the IP address
• Web services are applications that are capable of interacting with other applications over a communications means, such as the internet Web services are typically based on standards or protocols such as XML
• the web-based clinical database for the system and method of the present invention preferably has the ability to upload and store clinical data files in native formats and is searchable on any clinical parameter
• the database is also scalable and may utilize an EAV data model (metadata) to enter clinical annotations from any study for easy integration with other studies
• the web-based clinical database is flexible and may be XML and XSLT enabled to be able to add user customized questions dynamically
• the database includes exportability to CDISC ODM
• the system and method may be described herein m terms of functional block components, screen shots, optional selections and various processing steps It should be appreciated that such functional blocks may be realized by any number of hardware and/oi software components configured to perform the specified functions
• the system may employ various integrated circuit components, e g , memory elements, processing elements, logic elements, look-up tables, and the like, which may carry out a variety of functions under the control of one or more microprocessors or other control devices
• the software elements of the system may be implemented with any programming or scripting language such as C, C++, Macromedia Cold Fusion, Microsoft Active Server Pages, Java, COBOL, assembler, PERL, Visual Basic, SQL Stored Procedures, extensible markup language (XML), with the various algorithms being implemented with any combination of data structures, objects, processes, routines or other programming elements
• the system may employ any number of conventional techniques for data transmission, signaling, data processing, network control, and the like.
• the system could be used to detect or prevent security issues with a client-side scripting language, such as JavaScript, VBScript or the like.
• client-side scripting language such as JavaScript, VBScript or the like.
• the term "end user”, “consumer”, “customer”, “client”, “treating physician”, “hospital”, or “business” may be used interchangeably with each other, and each shall mean any person, entity, machine, hardware, software or business.
• Each participant is equipped with a computing device in order to interact with the system and facilitate online data access and data input.
• the customer has a computing unit in the form of a personal computer, although other types of computing units may be used including laptops, notebooks, hand held computers, set-top boxes, cellular telephones, touch-tone telephones and the like.
• the owner/operator of the system and method of the present invention has a computing unit implemented in the form of a computer-server, although other implementations are contemplated by the system including a computing center shown as a main frame computer, a mini-computer, a PC server, a network of computers located in the same of different geographic locations, or the like. Moreover, the system contemplates the use, sale or distribution of any goods, services or information over any network having similar functionality described herein.
• each client customer may be issued an "account” or "account number".
• the account or account number may include any device, code, number, letter, symbol, digital certificate, smart chip, digital signal, analog signal, biometric or other identifier/indicia suitably configured to allow the consumer to access, interact with or communicate with the system (e.g., one or more of an authorization/access code, personal identification number (PIN), Internet code, other identification code, and/or the like).
• the account number may optionally be located on or associated with a charge card, credit card, debit card, prepaid card, embossed card, smart card, magnetic stripe card, bar code card, transponder, radio frequency card or an associated account.
• the system may include or interface with any of the foregoing cards or devices, or a fob having a transponder and RFID reader in RF communication with the fob.
• the system may include a fob embodiment, the invention is not to be so limited.
• system may include any device having a transponder which is configured to communicate with RFID reader via RF communication.
• Typical devices may include, for example, a key ring, tag, card, cell phone, wristwatch or any such form capable of being presented for interrogation.
• the system, computing unit or device discussed herein may include a "pervasive computing device," which may include a traditionally non-computerized device that is embedded with a computing unit.
• the account number may be distributed and stored in any form of plastic, electronic, magnetic, radio frequency, wireless, audio and/or optical device capable of transmitting or downloading data from itself to a second device.
• the system may be embodied as a customization of an existing system, an add-on product, upgraded software, a stand alone system, a distributed system, a method, a data processing system, a device for data processing, and/or a computer program product. Accordingly, the system may take the form of an entirely software embodiment, an entirely hardware embodiment, or an embodiment combining aspects of both software and hardware. Furthermore, the system may take the form of a computer program product on a computer-readable storage medium having computer-readable program code means embodied in the storage medium. Any suitable computer-readable storage medium may be utilized, including hard disks, CD- ROM, optical storage devices, magnetic storage devices, and/or the like.
• These computer program instructions may be loaded onto a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions that execute on the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus create means for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart block or blocks.
• These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function specified in the flowchart block or blocks.
• the computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart block or blocks
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a system 10 for determining individualized medical intervention for a particular disease state that utilizes molecular profiling of a patient's biological specimen.
• System 10 includes a user interface 12, a host server 14 including a processor 16 for processing data, a memory 18 coupled to the processor, an application program 20 stored in the memory 18 and accessible by the processor 16 for directing processing of the data by the processor 16, a plurality of internal databases 22 and external databases 24, and an interface with a wired or wireless communications network 26 (such as the Internet, for example).
• System 10 may also include an input digitizer 28 coupled to the processor 16 for inputting digital data from data that is received from user interface 12.
• User interface 12 includes an input device 30 and a display 32 for inputting data into system 10 and for displaying information derived from the data processed by processor 16.
• User interface 12 may also include a printer 34 for printing the information derived from the data processed by the processor 16 such as patient reports that may include test results for targets and proposed drug therapies based on the test results.
• Internal databases 22 may include, but are not limited to, patient biological sample/specimen information and tracking, clinical data, patient data, patient tracking, file management, study protocols, patient test results from molecular profiling, and billing information and tracking
• External databases 24 include, but are not limited to, drug libraries, gene libraries, disease libraries, and public and private databases such as UniGene, OMIM, GO, TIGR, GenBank, KEGG and Biocarta
• FIG 2 shows a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of a method 50 for determining individualized medical intervention for a particular disease state that utilizes molecular profiling of a patient's biological specimen that is non disease specific
• at least one test is performed for at least one target from a biological sample of a diseased patient in step 52
• a target is defined as any molecular finding that may be obtained from molecular testing
• a target may include one or more genes, one or more gene expressed proteins, one or more molecular mechanisms, and/or combinations of such Tests for finding such targets may include, but are not limited to an immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis, a micro array analysis such as a comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) micro array, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) micro array, a fluorescent in-situ hybridization (IHC) analysis, a micro array analysis such as a comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) micro array, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) micro array,
• Biological samples are obtained from diseased patients by taking a biopsy of a tumor, conducting minimally invasive surgery if no recent tumor is available, obtaining a sample of the patient's blood, or a sample of any other biological fluid including, but not limited to, cell extracts, nuclear extracts, cell lysates or biological products or substances of biological origin such as excretions, blood, sera, plasma, urine, sputum, tears, feces, saliva, membrane extracts, and the like
• step 60 a determination is made as to whether one or more of the targets that were tested for in step 52 exhibit a change in expression compared to a normal reference for that particular target
• an IHC analysis may be performed in step 54 and a determination as to whether any targets from the IHC analysis exhibit a change in expression is made m step 64 by determining whether 30% or more of the biological sample cells were +2 or greater staining for the particular target It will be understood by those skilled m the art that there will be instances where +1 or greater staining will indicate a change in expression in that staining results may vary depending on the technician performing the test and type of target being tested
• a micro array analysis may be performed in step 56 and a determination as to whether any targets from the micro array analysis exhibit a change in expression is made in step 66 by identifying which targets are up-regulated or down- regulated by determining whether the fold change in expression for a particular target relative to a normal tissue of origin reference is significant at p ⁇ 0
• At least one non-disease specific agent is identified that interacts with each target having a changed expression m step 70
• An agent may be any drug or compound having a therapeutic effect
• a non-disease specific agent is a therapeutic drug or compound not previously associated with treating the patient's diagnosed disease that is capable of interacting with the target from the patient's biological sample that has exhibited a change in expression
• a patient profile report may be provided which includes the patient's test results for various targets and any proposed therapies based on those results
• An exemplary patient profile report 100 is shown in FIGS 3A-3D
• Patient profile report 100 shown in Fig 3 A identifies the targets tested 102, those targets tested that exhibited significant changes in expression 104, and proposed non-disease specific agents for interacting with the targets 106
• Patient profile report 100 shown in Fig 3B identifies the results 108 of immunohistochemical analysis for certain gene expressed proteins 1 10 and whether a gene expressed protein is a molecular target 112 by determining whether 30% or more of the tumor cells were +2 or greater staining Report 100 also identifies immunohistochemical tests that were not performed 114
• Patient profile report 100 shown in Fig 3C identifies the genes analyzed 1 16 with a micro array analysis and whether the genes were under expressed or over expressed 118 compared to a reference
• patient profile report 100 shown in Fig 3D identifies the clinical history 120 of the patient and the specimens that were
• FIG 4 shows a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of a method 200 for identifying a drug therapy/agent capable of interacting with a target
• a molecular target is identified which exhibits a change in expression in a number of diseased individuals
• a drug therapy/agent is administered to the diseased individuals
• any changes in the molecular target identified in step 202 are identified in step 206 in order to determine if the drug therapy/agent administered in step 204 interacts with the molecular targets identified in step 202
• the drug therapy/agent may be approved for treating patients exhibiting a change in expression of the identified molecular target instead of approving the drug therapy/agent for a particular disease
• FIGS 5-14 are flowcharts and diagrams illustrating various parts of an information- based personalized medicine drug discovery system and method m accordance with the present invention
• FIG 5 is a diagram showing an exemplary clinical decision support system of the mformation-based personalized medicine drug discovery system and method of the present invention
• Data obtained thiough clinical research and clinical care such as clinical trial data, biomedical/molecular imaging data, genomics/proteomics/chemical library/literature/expert curation, biospecimen tracking/LIMS, family history/environmental records, and clinical data are collected and stored as databases and datamarts within a data warehouse
• FIG 6 is a diagram showing the flow of information through the clinical decision support system of the information-based personalized medicine drug discovery system and method of the present invention using web services
• a user interacts with the system by entering data into the system via form-based entry/upload of data sets, formulating queries and executing data analysis jobs, and acquiring and evaluating representations of output data
• the data warehouse in the web based system is where data is extracted,
• the clinical information management system includes the laboratory information management system and the medical information contained in the data warehouses and databases includes medical information libraries, such as drug libraries, gene libraries, and disease libraries, in addition to literature text mining. Both the information management systems relating to particular patients and the medical information databases and data warehouses come together at a data junction center where diagnostic information and therapeutic options can be obtained.
• a financial management system may also be incorporated in the clinical decision support system of the information-based personalized medicine drug discovery system and method of the present invention.
• FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an exemplary biospecimen tracking and management system which may be utilized as part of the information-based personalized medicine drug discovery system and method of the present invention.
• FIG. 8 shows two host medical centers which forward specimens to a tissue/blood bank. The specimens may go through laboratory analysis prior to shipment. Research may also be conducted on the samples via micro array, genotyping, and proteomic analysis. This information can be redistributed to the tissue/blood bank.
• FIG. 9 depicts a flow chart of an exemplary biospecimen tracking and management system which may be utilized with the information-based personalized medicine drug discovery system and method of the present invention.
• the host medical center obtains samples from patients and then ships the patient samples to a molecular profiling laboratory which may also perform RNA and DNA isolation and analysis.
• FIG. 10 A diagram showing a method for maintaining a clinical standardized vocabulary for use with the information-based personalized medicine drug discovery system and method of the present invention is shown in FIG. 10.
• FIG. 10 illustrates how physician observations and patient information associated with one physician's patient may be made accessible to another physician to enable the other physician to utilize the data in making diagnostic and therapeutic decisions for their patients.
• FIG. 11 shows a schematic of an exemplary micro array gene expression database which may be used as part of the information-based personalized medicine drug discovery system and method of the present invention.
• the micro array gene expression database includes both external databases and internal databases which can be accessed via the web based system.
• External databases may include, but are not limited to, UniGene, GO, TIGR, GenBank, KEGG.
• the internal databases may include, but are not limited to, tissue tracking, LIMS, clinical data, and patient tracking
• FIG 12 shows a diagram of an exemplary micro array gene expression database data warehouse which may be used as part of the information-based personalized medicine drug discovery system and method of the present invention
• Laboratory data, clinical data, and patient data may all be housed in the micro array gene expression database data warehouse and the data may in turn be accessed by public/private release and utilized by data analysis tools
• FIG 13 Another schematic showing the flow of information through an information-based personalized medicine drug discovery system and method of the present invention is shown in FIG 13 Like FIG 7, the schematic includes clinical information management, medical and literature information management, and financial management of the mformation-based personalized medicine drug discovery system and method of the present invention
• FIG 14 is a schematic showing an exemplary network of the mformation-based personalized medicine drug discovery system and method of the present invention Patients, medical practitioners, host medical centers, and labs all share and exchange a variety of information in order to pi o vide a patient with a proposed therapy or agent based on various identified targets
• FIGS 15-25 are computer screen p ⁇ nt outs associated with various parts of the information-based personalized medicine drug discovery system and method shown in FIGS 5 14
• FIGS 15 and 16 show computer screens where physician information and insurance company information is entered on behalf of a client
• FIGS 17-19 show computer screens in which information can be entered for ordering analysis and tests on patient samples
• FIG 20 is a computer screen showing micro array analysis results of specific genes tested with patient samples This information and computer screen is similar to the information detailed in the patient profile report shown in FIG 3C
• FIG 22 is a computer screen that shows immunohistochemistry test results for a particular patient for various genes This information is similar to the information contained in the patient profile report shown in FIG 3 B
• FIG 21 is a computer screen showing selection options for finding particular patients, ordering tests and/or results, issuing patient reports, and tracking current cases/patients
• FIG 23 is a computer screen which outlines some of the steps for creating a patient profile report as shown in FIGS 3 A through 3D
• FIG 24 shows a computer screen for ordering an immunohistochemistry test on a patient sample
• FIG 25 shows a computer screen for ente ⁇ ng information regarding a primary tumor site for micro array analysis It will be understood by those skilled in the art that any number and variety of computer screens may be utilized to enter the information necessary for utilizing the information- based personalized medicine drug discovery system and method of the present invention and to obtain information resulting from utilizing the information-based personalized medicine drug discovery system and method of the present invention

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