Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
  • C08F210/02—Ethene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J7/00—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances
  • C08J7/04—Coating
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08L23/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D123/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
  • C09D123/02—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C09D123/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
  • C09D123/08—Copolymers of ethene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
  • C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
  • C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
  • C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
  • C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
  • C23C22/48—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 not containing phosphates, hexavalent chromium compounds, fluorides or complex fluorides, molybdates, tungstates, vanadates or oxalates
  • C23C22/53—Treatment of zinc or alloys based thereon
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
  • C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
  • C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
  • C23C22/48—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 not containing phosphates, hexavalent chromium compounds, fluorides or complex fluorides, molybdates, tungstates, vanadates or oxalates
  • C23C22/56—Treatment of aluminium or alloys based thereon
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
  • C23C22/78—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
  • C23C22/82—After-treatment
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
  • C23C22/82—After-treatment
  • C23C22/83—Chemical after-treatment
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31678—Of metal

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for the treatment of surfaces using one or more copolymers (A) which contain copolymerized as comonomers:
• (C) optionally one or more further free-radically copolymerizable comonomers.
• the present invention relates to surfaces coated with copolymer (A).
• the surface treatment of, for example, metal or polymer surfaces is an area of great economic importance.
• the surface treatment may be, for example, a treatment for the purpose of paint adhesion, undercoating protection of a paint under corrosive load, to improve the coefficient of friction with other surfaces, in particular cold working, such as deep drawing, folding, crimping, bending, to achieve a decorative appearance, to improve the bondability, the weldability and in particular the corrosion protection go.
• Copolymers of ethylene with Vinylphosphonkladimethylester or Vinylphosponklad- redichloromethylester are known per se, see for example DE 34 15 527 A and SU 305 166.
• DE 34 15 527 A proposes to use such copolymers for deactivating Ziegler catalysts.
• the present invention is based on copolymers (A) which contain in copolymerized form:
• alkenylphosphonic diester (b) is a compound of the formula I.
• R 1 is selected from branched and preferably unbranched C 1 -C 10 -alkyl, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, iso-pentyl, sec-pentyl, neo-pentyl, 1, 2-dimethylpropyl, iso-amyl, n-hexyl, iso-hexyl, sec-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n- Nonyl, n-decyl; particularly preferably C 1 -C 4 -alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, in particular methyl,
• R 2 selected from branched and preferably unbranched C 1 -C 10 -alkyl, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-butyl Pentyl, iso-pentyl, sec-pentyl, neo-pentyl, 1, 2-dimethylpropyl, iso-amyl, n-hexyl, iso-hexyl, sec-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl; particularly preferably unbranched C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, in particular methyl,
• R 3 different or preferably the same and selected from
• Phenyl unsubstituted or substituted once or three times with, for example, halogen, for example chlorine, or, for example, with unbranched C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, in particular methyl,
• Ci-Cio-alkyl Benzyl, and branched and preferably unbranched Ci-Cio-alkyl, such as
• the radicals R 3 may be linked together to form a five- to ten-membered ring.
• the two radicals R 3 are different, where one radical R 3 is, for example, methyl and the other is ethyl or n-propyl or iso-propyl.
• the two radicals R 3 are identical and in particular selected from methyl and ethyl.
• R 1 and R 2 are each hydrogen, and R 3 are each the same and selected from C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, especially selected from methyl and ethyl.
• one or more further radically copolymerizable comonomers (c) are selected from ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, for example crotonic acid and in particular (meth) acrylic acid, ethylenically unsaturated C 4 -C 10 -dicarboxylic acids and their anhydrides, (methacrylic acid-C 1 -C 4) Alkyl esters, in particular methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate,
• C 1 -C 6 -alkylcarboxylic acid vinyl esters for example vinyl acetate or vinyl propionate
• C 1 -C 20 -alkyl vinyl and allyl ethers and ⁇ -olefins having 3 to 40 C atoms such as, for example, isobutene, 1-butene, diisobutene, 1
• Preferred comonomers (c) are selected from ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, for example crotonic acid and in particular (meth) acrylic acid, and ethylenically unsaturated C 4 -C 10 -dicarboxylic acids and their anhydrides, in particular itaconic acid anhydride and especially maleic anhydride.
• copolymer (A) contains no further copolymerized comonomer (c).
• copolymer (A) is one that is copolymerized as comonomer
• Copolymers (A) can be prepared by free-radically initiated copolymerization under high-pressure conditions, for example in stirred high-pressure autoclaves or in high-pressure tubular reactors. Production in stirred high pressure autoclave is preferred.
• High pressure autoclaves are known per se, a description can be found in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th edition, keywords: Waxes, Vol. A 28, p 146 ff., Verlag Chemie Weinheim, Basel, Cambridge, New York, Tokyo, 1996. In them predominantly the ratio length / diameter at intervals of 5: 1 to 30: 1, preferably 10: 1 to 20: 1 behaves.
• Suitable pressure conditions for the copolymerization are 500 to 4000 bar, preferably 1500 to 2500 bar. Conditions of this type are also referred to below as high pressure.
• the reaction temperatures are in the range of 150 to 300 ° C, preferably in the range of 195 to 280 ° C.
• the copolymerization can be carried out in the presence of a regulator.
• the regulator used is, for example, hydrogen or at least one aliphatic aldehyde or at least one aliphatic ketone of the general formula II
• radicals R 4 and R 5 are identical or different and are selected from hydrogen;
• Ci-C ⁇ -alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert. Butyl, n-pentyl, iso-pentyl, sec-pentyl, neo-pentyl, 1, 2-dimethylpropyl, iso-amyl, n- Hexyl, iso-hexyl, sec-hexyl, more preferably Ci-C4-alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl; C 3 -C 12 cycloalkyl such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooct
• R 4 and R 5 are covalently linked together to form a 4- to 13-membered ring.
• R 4 and R 5 may be in common: - (CH 2 ) 4 -, - (CH 2 ) S-, - (CH 2 ) B, - (CH 2 ) / -, -CH (CHa) -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH (CH 3 ) - or -CH (CHa) -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH (CH 3 ) -.
• Particularly preferred regulators are propionaldehyde, acetone and ethyl methyl ketone.
• Suitable regulators are furthermore alkylaromatic compounds, for example toluene, ethylbenzene or one or more isomers of xylene.
• suitable regulators are also paraffins such as isododecane (2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane) or isooctane.
• radical initiators for the radical copolymerization the usual radical initiators such as organic peroxides, oxygen or azo compounds can be used. Also mixtures of several radical starters are suitable.
• Suitable peroxides selected from commercially available substances are didecanoyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di (2-ethylhexanoylperoxy) hexane, tert-amyl peroxypivalate, tert-butyl peroxypivalate, tert-amyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate,
• peroxides are di-tert. Butyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxypivalate, tert-butyl peroxyisononanoate or dibenzoyl peroxide or mixtures thereof are particularly suitable.
• azo compound azobisisobutyronitrile ("AIBN") is mentioned as an example Radical starters are metered in amounts customary for polymerizations.
• AIBN azobisisobutyronitrile
• Radical starters are metered in amounts customary for polymerizations.
• Many commercially available organic peroxides are added to so-called phlegmatizers before they are sold to make them more manageable. For example, white oil or hydrocarbons, in particular isododecane, are suitable as phlegmatizers.
• such phlegmatizers may have a molecular weight regulating effect.
• the use of molecular weight regulators should be understood as the additional use of further molecular weight regulators beyond the use of the phlegmatizers.
• the quantitative ratio of the comonomers in the dosage usually does not correspond exactly to the ratio of the units in the copolymers (A) used according to the invention, since alkenylphosphonic diesters (b) are generally more readily incorporated in copolymer (A) than ethylene.
• the comonomers (a), (b) and optionally (c) are usually metered together or separately.
• the comonomers (a), (b) and optionally (c) can be compressed in a compressor to the polymerization pressure.
• the comonomers are first brought by means of a pump to an elevated pressure of for example 150 to 400 bar, preferably 200 to 300 bar and in particular 260 bar and then with a compressor to the actual polymerization.
• the copolymerization can be carried out optionally in the absence and in the presence of solvents, mineral oils, white oil and other solvents which are present in the reactor during the polymerization and used for the phlegmatization of the radical initiator or initiators not being considered as solvents in the context of the present invention.
• Suitable solvents are, for example, toluene, isododecane, isomers of xylene.
• copolymers (A) are copolymers having an average molecular weight M w in the range from 1,000 to 500,000 g / mol, preferably from 1,000 to 200,000 g / mol and very particularly preferably 1,500 up to 150,000 g / mol.
• copolymer (A) used in the present invention has a melt flow rate (MFR) in the range of 1 to 50 g / 10 min, preferably 5 to 20 g / 10 min, more preferably 7 to 15 g / 10 min at 160 ° C and a load of 325 g according to EN ISO 1 133.
• MFR melt flow rate
• copolymer (A) used according to the invention has a kinematic melt viscosity v of 60 mm 2 / s to 100,000 mm 2 / s at 120 ° C., preferably 100 mm 2 / s to 50,000 mm 2 / s.
• the melting range of the present invention used, copolymer (A) in the range of 50 to 120 ° C, preferably in the range of 60 to 1 10 0 C, determined by DSC in accordance with DIN 51,007th
• the melting range of the copolymer (A) used in the present invention may be broad and relate to a temperature interval of at least 7 to at most 20 ° C, preferably at least 10 ° C and at most 15 ° C.
• the melting point of copolymer (A) used according to the invention is sharp and is in a temperature range of less than 2 ° C, preferably less than 1 ° C, determined according to DIN 51007.
• the density of copolymer (A) used according to the invention is usually 0.89 to 1.10 g / cm 3 , preferably 0.92 to 0.99 g / cm 3 , determined according to DIN 53479.
• Copolymers (A) used in the invention may be alternating copolymers or block copolymers or preferably random copolymers.
• the above-described copolymer (A) is used for the treatment of surfaces.
• surfaces which may be made of any material.
• Preferred as material are plastics, more preferably mono- or multiphase plastic blends or compounds, in particular with technical thermoplastic components such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyamides, polyacrylonitrile, PMMA, and metals, wherein the term "metals" in the context of the present invention also Particularly suitable alloys are those with predominantly iron, aluminum, nickel, chromium, copper, titanium, zinc, tin, magnesium, cobalt, a particularly suitable alloy being steel, for example chromium-nickel steel, stainless steel or galvanized steel
• surfaces made of one or more of the foregoing metals may be a coating that completely or partially covers a surface of another metal, wood, or plastic.
• Surfaces to be treated in accordance with the present invention may take any shape, may be planar or curved, and may be internal or external surfaces of one or more articles.
• Surfaces to be treated in accordance with the invention may be smooth, have a smooth appearance, in particular for the unaided human eye, or they may be structured, for example they may have elevations or depressions, for example punctiform or in the form of grooves.
• the surface to be treated is the inner surface of a device that serves as a cooling circuit, for example, in automobiles or power plants.
• copolymer (A) can be dissolved, dispersed or emulsified in a liquid which can also serve as a constituent of the coolant (s), for example saline solution Feed in the cooling circuit.
• Suitable concentrations of copolymer (A) in the total liquid serving as a coolant are, for example, 0.05 to 30% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 10% by weight.
• the feeding of copolymer (A) can be carried out once or continuously or periodically. Treated according to the invention
• refrigeration circuits are components of refrigerators or freezers.
• a metal or plastic surface is wetted during drilling, milling, turning, cutting, grinding, thread cutting or rolling and / or drawing with solution of copolymer (A).
• a metal or polymer surface which may not be pretreated or pretreated, is provided with a layer of copolymer of the invention. This can be done, for example, by applying inventive copolymer in the form of a film on the surface to be treated and then dried. During drying, the film can cure of copolymer according to the invention.
• a metal or polymer surface may be treated with an aqueous formulation of copolymer (A).
• Pre-treated or non-pretreated metal or polymer surfaces according to the invention are preferably surfaces of base metals, for example surfaces of iron, steel, zinc or zinc alloys, aluminum or aluminum alloys, tin or tin alloys, magnesium or magnesium alloys. alloys. Steels can be both low-alloyed and high-alloy steels.
• the inventive method is particularly suitable for passivating surfaces of zinc, zinc alloys, aluminum or aluminum alloys.
• These may be surfaces of bodies or workpieces consisting entirely of the abovementioned metals or the abovementioned alloy.
• they may also be surfaces of bodies or workpieces coated with zinc, zinc alloys, aluminum or aluminum alloys, where the bodies or workpieces concerned may consist of other materials, for example of other metals, alloys, polymers or composite materials ,
• it may be the surface of galvanized iron or steel.
• galvanized also includes coating with a zinc alloy, in particular ZnAI zinc galvanizing and electrolytic zincing with ZnNi, ZnFe, ZnMn and ZnCo alloys.
• Zinc alloys include, in particular, Al, Mg, Pb, Si, Mg, Sn, Cu or Cd. It may also be Al / Zn alloys in which Al and Zn are present in approximately the same amount. Coatings may be substantially homogeneous coatings or also coatings with concentration gradients. For example, it can be galvanized steel, which was additionally vapor-deposited with Mg. As a result, a surface Zn / Mg alloy can arise. Typical constituents of aluminum alloys include in particular Mg, Mn, Si, Zn, Cr, Zr, Cu or Ti.
• a strip metal preferably of aluminum or aluminum alloys or iron or steel, in particular strips of electrolytically galvanized or hot-galvanized steel.
• a metal or polymer surface which may not be pretreated or pretreated is provided with a layer of copolymer (A). This can for example be done so that to apply copolymer (A) in the form of a film on the surface to be treated and then dried. During drying, the film of the copolymer (A) can cure.
• the surface to be treated according to the invention with copolymer (A), in particular surfaces of metal, can first be pretreated, for example cleaned, in particular degreased and / or de-oiled, further stained and / or de-rusted.
• degreasing or de-oiling also includes one or more preceding pre-cleaning steps.
• pre-cleaning step is removed contaminating fat or oil, which may be formed for example in the form of stains or oil or fat layer, in the actual cleaning step by means of at least one cleaning bath, for example by immersion, or with the help of at least one
• the cleaning agent to be applied to the surface to be cleaned which is sprayed on, pour over the surface to be cleaned or spray with the aid of, for example, a hose.
• the residues of cleaning bath or cleaning agent can then be removed, for example with one or more successive rinsing baths, and finally the surface is dried.
• Degreasing or degreasing baths must be disposed of at regular intervals.
• the fat or oil accumulated in the degreasing or deoiling bath is separated from the aqueous phase in a further working step. Due to the presence of surfactants in the degreasing or Entölungsbad further chemicals (demulsifiers, cleavers) are required as an aid for disposal. Details on the degreasing or de-oiling of metals as well as helpful formulations and equipment are described, for example, under the heading "Metals, Surface Treatment” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 6th edition, 2000, Wiley-VCH-Verlag GmbH, Weinheim Germany represented.
• an aqueous cleaning or degreasing bath preferably in an alkaline cleaning bath or an alkaline degreasing bath containing as surfactant one or more sulfated polyalkoxylated fatty alcohols or one or more sulfated polyalkoxylated phenols, for example each having a molecular weight M n in the range of 800 to 3000 g / mol, in a concentration, for example in the range of 0.01 to 20 wt .-%, preferably 0.02 to 10 wt .-% and particularly preferably at least 0, 1 wt .-% may be.
• a used alkaline cleaning or degreasing bath may for example have a pH in the range from 8 to 14, preferably at least 9 and more preferably 1 to 13.
• Cleaning or degreasing baths especially alkaline cleaning or degreasing baths may have a temperature in the range of 10 to 80 ° C.
• the cleaning or degreasing or de-oiling can for example be carried out over a period in the range of 0.1 to 30 seconds.
• copolymer (A) is applied to the surface to be treated according to the invention. This can be done using common techniques. For example, a formulation chosen from solutions, dispersions or emulsions of copolymer (A), or a
• the application can be carried out as spraying, spraying, knife coating, rolling, dipping, brushing or electrophoretic painting.
• the layer thickness of copolymer (A) may, for example, in the range of 10 nm to
• the layer thickness of copolymer (A) can be influenced, for example, by the type and amount of the components applied and the exposure time. It is preferred to adjust the layer thickness of copolymer (A) above the concentration of copolymer (A) in the preferably aqueous formulation used for coating. Furthermore, it can be influenced by process parameters, for example by doctoring off or rolling off too much applied formulation.
• the layer thickness in the context of the present invention is measured after drying, it can be determined gravimetrically or by means of X-ray fluorescence (phosphorus).
• Copolymer (A) for coating is preferably applied as a formulation in a suitable solvent or a mixture of different solvents. Particular preference is given to using water as sole solvent.
• Other components of a mixture of various solvents include, in particular, water-miscible solvents. Examples include: monoalcohols such as methanol, ethanol or propanol, higher alcohols such as ethylene glycol or polyether polyols and ether alcohols such as n-butyl glycol or methoxypropanol.
• a preferred mixture of water with Organic solvents comprise at least 75% by weight, more preferably at least 85% by weight and most preferably at least 95% by weight of water. The data relate in each case to the total amount of the solvents used to prepare the relevant formulation.
• Copolymer (A) can be dissolved, emulsified or dispersed in solvent or solvent mixture.
• a dispersion of copolymer (A) is preferably used to carry out the process according to the invention.
• the concentration of the copolymer (A) may be, for example, 0.1 to 40% by weight, preferably 1 to 30% by weight, and more preferably 3 to 25% by weight. The amounts given above are based on the sum of all components of the formulation.
• copolymer (A) is formulated in water as the sole solvent, and the concentration of copolymer (A) is in the range of 0.5 to 40% by weight.
• the formulation according to the invention may comprise further components beyond the said components solvent and copolymer (A).
• These may be, for example, inorganic or organic acids.
• Further optional components include surface-active compounds (dispersants, emulsifiers, surfactants), surfactants, corrosion inhibitors such as, for example, antioxidants, hydrotropes, antifreezes, biocides, complexing agents, carriers, waxes, metal salts, bases and other polymers other than copolymer of the invention.
• a component can have more than one function.
• Exemplary surface-active compounds are surfactants, emulsifiers and / or dispersants which may be cationic, anionic, zwitterionic or nonionic.
• Suitable surfactants are, for example, alkyl and alkenyl alkoxylates of the type R 6 -EOv / PO w wherein R 6 are generally linear or branched C 6 -C 30 -alkyl or alkenyl radicals, preferably C 5 -C 10 -alkyl radicals, and EO for an ethylene oxide unit and PO represents a propylene oxide unit, wherein EO and PO can be arranged in any order, also randomly, and v and w can be the same or preferably different and are preferably ⁇ 100, with the proviso that v and w are not simultaneously zero , v or w is preferably in the range from 3 to 50.
• nonionic surfactants examples include Emulan®, Lutensol® and Plurafac® from BASF Aktiengesellschaft. Further examples are alkylphenol ethoxylates, EO / PO block copolymers such as EOzPOsEOz.
• suitable anionic surfactants are R 6 EOvSOaNa and R 6 EOvSOaK.
• suitable cationic surfactants are alkylammonium salts, for example sulfates or halides of R 6 N (CH 3) 3, so-called quats.
• Exemplary corrosion inhibitors are butynediol, benzotriazole, aldehydes, amine carboxylates, benzotriazoles, derivatives of benzotriazole such as methylenebenzotriazole and 2-mercaptobenzotriazole, amino and nitrophenols, amino alcohols such as triethanolamine, aminobenzimidazole, imidazolines, aminoimidazolines, triazine tricarboxylic acids, aminotriazole, benzimidazolamines, benzothiazoles , Boric acid esters with alkanolamines such as boric diethanolamine esters, carboxylic acids and their esters, quinoline derivatives, dibenzylsulfoxide, dicarboxylic acids and their esters, diisobutenylsuccinic acid, dithiophosphonic acid, fatty amines and fatty acid amides, guanidine and guanidine derivatives, urea and urea derivatives, laurylpyridin
• Corrosion inhibitors are - if they are used in compositions of the invention - in an amount of generally 0.01 to 50 g / l, preferably 0.1 to 20 g / l, more preferably 1 to 10 g / l used.
• Dispersants can be used unstabilized or stabilized with one or more thickening agents.
• suitable thickeners are, for example, unmodified or modified polysaccharides of the xanthan, alginate, guar or cellulose type. Particularly suitable modified polysaccharides are methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose.
• Exemplary hydrotropes include urea and sodium xylene sulfonate.
• antifreeze agents are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, glycerine and sorbitol.
• biocides are 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, glutaraldehyde, phenoxyethanol or -propanol, glyoxal, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol, chloroacetamide, formalin, 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one, silver and polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine.
• complexing agents which may be mentioned are, for example, nitrilotriacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, methylglycinediacetic acid, diethylenepentamine pentaacetic acid and their respective salts, in particular alkali metal salts.
• Suitable carriers are polycarboxylic acids, for example poly (meth) acrylic acid or polymaleic acid, optionally partially or completely neutralized, partially or completely hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylamide, copolymers of polyacrylamide, ligninsulfonic acid and its salts, starch, starch derivatives (eg oxidized starch), cellulose, C 1 -C 10 -alkylphosphonic acid, 1-aminoalkyl-1, 1-diphosphonic acid.
• Exemplary metal salts are phosphates. These may be dissolved or particulate phosphates. For example, these may be orthophosphates, hydrogenphosphates, diphosphates or diphosphates. Examples of suitable phosphates include Zn 3 (PO 4) 2, Zn (H 2 PO 4 ) 2, Mg 3 (PO 4 ) 2 or Ca (H 2 PO 4 J 2 or corresponding hydrates thereof.
• Illustrative acids to be named are phosphoric acid, phosphorous acids, methanesphosphonic acid, phosphonic acid.
• polymers other than copolymer (A) include polyacrylates, polyurethanes, polyamides, each preferably in water-dissolved or water-dispersed form.
• the formulation according to the invention contains at least one dispersed wax.
• wax is known to the person skilled in the art and is described, for example, in Römpp Lexikon der Chemie, keyword “lacquers and printing inks", Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York 1998, p. 615/616 or Ullmann's Encyclpedia, 6th edition, keyword Waxes; 1.2. Definition "and includes fluorinated waxy substances such as so-called PTFE waxes (see, for example, Römpp, supra, pages 466/467).
• Preferred waxes are oligomeric or polymeric substances which have a molecular weight Mw of from 1,000 to 100,000 g / mol, more preferably from 2,000 to 30,000 g / mol.
• preferred waxes have a total weight fraction of at least 50% by weight of structural elements selected from the group of (-CH 2 -CH 2 -), (-CH 2 -CI-K), (- CH 2 -CH (CH 3 ) -), (CH 3 ), [C (R 7 ) 2 -C (R 7 ) 2 ] and [C (R 7 ) 2 -C (R 7 ) (C (R 7 ) 3 )], wherein R 7 may be the same or different and are H or F, and with the proviso that said structural elements are linked together so as to comprise predominantly units of at least 12 directly linked carbon atoms.
• R 7 may be the same or different and are H or F, and with the proviso that said structural elements are linked together so as to comprise predominantly units of at least 12 directly linked carbon atoms.
• a mixture of different waxes can be used.
• Waxes may also have acidic functions, especially carboxylic acid groups which may be present in neutralized or unneutralized form.
• waxes for practicing the present invention include [CAS numbers in square brackets]:
• Carnauba wax for example oxidized polyethylene wax according to [68441-
• copolymeric polyethylene waxes for example copolymers of ethylene with acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic anhydride, vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, for example
• Metal salts of montan acids for example sodium salts [93334-05-5] and calcium salts [68308-22-5],
• Esters of long-chain carboxylic acids with long-chain alcohols for example stearic acid n-octadecyl ester [2778-96-3],
• Montanic acid esters of polyhydric alcohols for example montan wax glycerides
• Fatty acid amides for example erucamide [1 12-84-5], oleamide [301-02-0] and 1, 2
• mixtures of waxes are suitable, for example
• Blends of polyethylene wax and polyethylene glycol Particularly preferred guard are those which are particularly easy to incorporate into the formulation of the invention, such as micronized waxes and / or wax dispersions.
• Micronized waxes in the sense of the present invention are particularly finely divided powders with an average particle diameter of preferably less than 20 ⁇ m, more preferably from 2 to 15 ⁇ m.
• Wax dispersions are aqueous preparations of waxes which contain water, optionally further water-miscible solvents, spherical wax particles and, as a rule, one or more auxiliaries.
• Preferred wax dispersions for use in the present invention have an average particle diameter of less than 1 ⁇ m, preferably 20 to 500 nm, more preferably 50 to 200 nm.
• Micronized waxes and wax dispersion are commercially available.
• Auxiliaries are used in wax dispersions, for example, in order to ensure the dispersibility of the wax and its storage stability.
• Auxiliaries may be, for example, bases for the neutralization or partial neutralization of acid functions in the wax, for example alkali metal hydroxides, ammonia, amines or alkanolamines. Acid groups can also be neutralized or partially neutralized with cations, for example Ca ++ or Zn ++ .
• they can be surface-active substances, preferably nonionic surfactants or anionic surfactants.
• nonionic surfactants include ethoxylates and propoxylates based on alcohols and hydroxyaromatics and their sulfation and sulfonation products.
• anionic surfactants include alkylsulfonates, arylsulfonates and alkylarylsulfonates.
• wax dispersions having a pH in the range from 8 to 11.
• wax in an amount of 0.01 to 60 wt .-%, preferably 0.1 to 40 wt .-%, particularly preferably 0.25 to 20 wt .-%, most preferably 0.5 to 15 wt. % and even more preferably used up to 10 wt.%, in each case based on the total inventive formulation.
• formulations according to the invention contain in total in the range from 0.01 to 600 g / l, preferably 0.1 to 100 g / l of additive (s).
• the duration of the treatment with copolymer (A) can be in the range of significantly less than one second to several minutes, for example in the range of 0.1 seconds to 10 minutes.
• the continuous process has been particularly allows contacting the surface to be treated with copolymer (A) for a period of 1 to 60 seconds.
• copolymer (A) is formulated in a powder coating and applied to the surface to be treated according to the invention by a powder coating method (English: Powder coating).
• coating takes place at a temperature of the immersion bath in question in the range from 15 to 90.degree. C., preferably from 25 to 80.degree. C. and particularly preferably from 30 to 60.degree. This can be done by heating the dipping bath containing the copolymer (A) -containing formulation. If, according to the invention, it is desired to coat articles which have a metal surface, it is also possible to automatically set an elevated temperature by immersing the relevant hot metal in the dipping bath containing the copolymer (A) -containing formulation.
• the process according to the invention can be carried out batchwise or, preferably, continuously.
• a discontinuous process may, for example, be a dipping process for piece goods in which the article may be suspended from racks or may be present as loose goods in perforated drums.
• a continuous process is particularly suitable for treating strip metals.
• the strip metal is driven through a trough or a spray device with a formulation containing copolymer (A), and optionally through further pre- or post-treatment stations.
• copolymer (A) After the actual application of copolymer (A) is dried. Drying can be done at room temperature by simply evaporating in air at room temperature.
• Drying can also be assisted by suitable auxiliaries and / or auxiliary measures, for example by heating and / or by passing gas streams, in particular air streams, in particular by drying in a drying tunnel. Drying can also be assisted by IR emitters.
• a temperature of 40 ° C to 160 ° C, preferably 50 ° C to 150 ° C and more preferably 70 ° C has proven to 130 ° C. This refers to the temperature on the polymer or metal surface; If necessary, the dryer temperature must be set higher.
• inventive treatment of surfaces with copolymer (A) at least portions of copolymer (A) and optionally other components of the formulation of the surface of the polymer or metal chemisorbed and / or react with the surface, so that a firm bond between the surface and copolymer (A) comes about.
• Surfaces coated according to the invention can be provided in a manner known in principle with one or more paint layers applied one above the other.
• it may be colored or effect paint layers.
• Typical paints, their composition and typical layer sequences in several paint layers are known per se. It is observed that in many cases the coating applied according to the invention with commercially available paints can be overcoated.
• a so-called primer is applied to the optionally pretreated surface which it is desired to coat before the actual coating.
• exemplary primers are polyamines and polyethyleneimines.
• copolymer (A) it is preferable to set a layer thickness of copolymer (A) in the range of> 4 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m. Then you can provide with one or more layers of paint.
• copolymer (A) is applied as a primer, for example with a layer thickness in the range from 50 nm to 50 ⁇ m, preferably 100 nm to 10 ⁇ m, very particularly preferably from 300 nm to 3 ⁇ m. Then you can apply one or more layers of paint.
• copolymer (A) is applied as a lacquer or constituent of a lacquer, preferably on a non-pretreated surface of metal. In this embodiment, a layer thickness of copolymer (A) in the range of 100 nm to 3 ⁇ m is preferred.
• Another object of the present invention are polymer or metal surfaces, polymer or metal surface, coated with copolymer (A), which contains copolymerized as a comonomer: (a) ethylene,
• Another object of the present invention are articles having at least one surface according to the invention.
• Surfaces of the invention and, accordingly, articles having surfaces according to the invention have particularly good corrosion protection, for example an improved oxidative corrosion stability with respect to solid, liquid and gaseous oxidizing media.
• a further subject of the present invention are aqueous formulations, for example aqueous solutions, aqueous emulsions and in particular aqueous dispersions, containing 0.01 to 40 wt .-% of copolymer (A), which contains copolymerized as comonomers:
• a special subject of the present invention are copolymers (A ') which contain in copolymerized form as comonomers:
• copolymers (A ') are those which have been copolymerized as comonomers
• copolymers (A ') according to the invention with respect to copolymerized ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and / or ethylenically unsaturated C 4 -C 10 -dicarboxylic acid may be present as free acid or partially or completely neutralized, for example with alkali metal such as.
• alkali metal such as sodium or potassium or with alkaline earth metal such as magnesium or calcium or with ammonia or organic amine, in particular C 1 -C 4 monoalkylamine, di-C 1 -C 4 -alkylamine, tri-C 1 -C 4 -alkylamine or tetra-C 1 -C 4 -alkylammonium be neutralized.
• a copolymerized anhydride of ethylenically unsaturated C 4 -C 10 -dicarboxylic acid may be in hydrolyzed form.
• x is an integer in the range of zero to three, preferably zero or one
• y is an integer in the range of one to four, with the proviso that the sum of x and y does not exceed four.
• C 1 -C 4 - ⁇ -hydroxyalkyl are 3-hydroxypropyl, 4-hydroxybutyl and in particular 2-hydroxyethyl, also referred to below as hydroxyethyl.
• hydroxyalkylammonium are N 1 N- Dihydroxyethylammonium, N-methyl-N-hydroxyethylammonium, N, N-dimethyl-N- hydroxyethylammonium, N-methyl-N, N-dihydroxyethylammonium, Nn-butyl hydroxyethylammonium, Nn-butyl N, N-dihydroxyethylammonium.
• suitable organic amines for neutralizing are, for example, morphine-Nn, imidazole, imidazolines, oxazolines, triazoles and fatty acid alkanolamines.
• Suitable neutralizing agents are furthermore KOH, NaOH, Ca (OH) 2, NaHCO 3, Na 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 and KHCO 3 .
• copolymer (A ') is achieved, for example, by the process described above, care being taken that at least one comonomer selected from ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids and ethylenically unsaturated C 4 -C 10 -dicarboxylic acids and their anhydrides must be metered.
• Another object of the present invention is thus a process for the preparation of copolymers of the invention (A '), which is characterized in that
• comonomer selected from ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids and ethylenically unsaturated C 4 -C 10 -dicarboxylic acids and their anhydrides, more preferably (meth) acrylic acid or maleic acid or maleic anhydride, at 500 to 4000 bar and reaction temperatures in the range of 150 to 300 ° C copolymerized with each other.
• Me CH, either in bulk or as a solution in toluene (concentration see Table 1) copolymerized methacrylic acid (Table 1).
• ethylene (10.0 or 12.0 kg / h) under the pressure of 1700 bar continuously fed into the high-pressure autoclave.
• Vinylphosphonic acid dimethyl ester was continuously metered into the high-pressure autoclave with the aid of a high-pressure pump under the pressure of 1700 bar.
• the amount of methacrylic acid indicated in Table 1 was first compressed with a compressor to an intermediate pressure of 260 bar and then fed continuously into the high-pressure autoclave with the aid of another compressor under the reaction pressure of 1700 bar.
• Examples (A.6) and (A.7) a tubular reactor was used, as described in EP 0 101 343 (length: 595 m, inner diameter: 15/21 mm) with a length / diameter ratio of approx. 35,000 and three sites for dosing tert-amyl peroxypivalate.
• the course of the reaction is characterized by the maximum temperatures behind the points at which tert-amyl peroxypivalate is metered.
• T6 228/225/224 0 C
• T7 219/226/225 0 C.
• VPD vinylphosphonic acid dimethyl ester ID. Isododecane (2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane), PO: tert-amyl peroxypivalate C (PO): Concentration of PO in ID in mol / l, c (PA) 'Concentration of PA in ID in VoI -% , 100% by volume correspond to pure PA, c (VPD): concentration of VPD in toluene in% by weight of VCP 'precursor copolymer
• the density was determined according to DIN 53479.
• the melting point or melting range Tmeii was determined by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) according to DIN 51007
• the content of MAS was determined by determining the acid number according to DIN 53402.
• the content of ethylene and VPD was determined by 1 H NMR spectroscopy
• the density was determined according to DIN 53479.
• the melting point or melting range Tmeii was determined by DSC (Differential scanning calo ⁇ metry) according to DIN 51007. Further abbreviations s above
• Aqueous Formulation F.1.1 Preparation of Aqueous Formulation F.1.1 According to the Invention 100 g of copolymer (AM), 380 g of water and 9.9 g of 25% by weight aqueous ammonia solution (equivalent to 45 mol% NH 3) were used in a 1 liter round bottom flask regarding the carboxylic acid groups contained) for 2 hours at about 95 ° C and then cooled to room temperature. It was filtered leaving some solid on the filter. The filtrate obtained was inventive aqueous formulation F.1.1.
• copolymer (AM) according to the present invention precipitated.
• Copolymer (AM) according to the invention was filtered off, mechanically comminuted, washed four times with water and dried at 30 ° C. under reduced pressure (1 mbar) over a period of 24 hours.
• 1 H-NMR an equal proportion of methoxy groups was identified in this ammonia-treated sample compared to the untreated copolymer (AM).
• test panels made of Al 99.9, CuZn 37, Zn 99.8, galvanized steel (20 ⁇ m one-sided zinc coating) or structural steel St 1.0037 were used.
• the thickness of the passivation layer was determined by differential weighing before and after exposure of the composition used in the invention to the metal surface and assuming that the layer has a density of 1 kg / l.
• layer thickness is always understood to mean a size determined in this way, regardless of what density the layer actually had.
• the corrosion-inhibiting effect was determined by a salt spray test in a salt spray atmosphere according to DIN 50021. Depending on the type of corrosion damage, the service life in the corrosion test was defined differently.
• the following sheet metal pretreatments were optionally selected to ensure a chromium-free surface.
• test sheets The pretreatment of the test sheets was carried out according to ISO 8407 material specific and is explicitly listed here for St 1.0037.
• Unpassivated electrolytically galvanized test panels having dimensions of 50 mm 20 mm ⁇ ⁇ 1 mm were immersed in an aqueous cleaning solution of 0.5 wt .-% HCl and 0.1 wt .-% of a saturated ethoxylated with on average 9 ethylene oxide equivalents Ci 3 - oxo alcohol dipped, rinsed immediately with demineralized water and then dried by blowing with nitrogen.
• test panel measuring 50 mm ⁇ 20 mm ⁇ 1 mm was wiped with a paper towel and immersed in the alkaline degreasing bath at 10 volts between the electrodes and connected as a cathode. The voltage was adjusted so that the current was 1 A. After ten seconds, the test panel was removed from the alkaline degreasing bath and rinsed for five seconds under running demineralized water.
• test sheet was immersed in a test solution for 1 to 30 seconds at room temperature, then dried at 80 ° C to constant weight and determined the area-related mass composition by differential gravimetric gravimetric. The indicated value resulted from the average of individual measurements per 3 different test panels.
• the preparation and cleaning of the test sheets was carried out according to ISO 8407 material-specific and is explicitly listed here for St 1.0037.
• Test plates were dipped once for 10 seconds in a 5% by weight ethanolic solution of (A.2).
• the coated test panel showed no changes in color and metallic gloss as compared to the untreated test panel.
• Test plates were dipped once for 10 seconds in a 5% by weight ethanolic solution of (A.3). Layer thickness: 4 ⁇ m.
• the coated test panel showed no changes in color and metallic gloss as compared to the untreated test panel. Dwell time up to grade 8 in a 5% salt spray atmosphere at 30 ° C: 15 hours.
• Test plates were dipped once for 10 seconds in a 5% by weight ethanolic solution of (A.6). Layer thickness: 5.5 ⁇ m. The coated test panel showed no changes in color and metallic gloss as compared to the untreated test panel. Dwell time up to grade 8 in a 5% salt spray atmosphere at 30 ° C: 18 hours.
• Dwell time up to grade 8 in a 5% salt spray atmosphere at 30 ° C is less than 1 hour.
• Comparative Example C2 Passivation Layer with H3PO4 (Phosphation) Test plates were immersed once for 10 seconds in an aqueous 0.1, 0.5 or 1% by weight phosphoric acid. Dwell time up to grade 8 in a 5% salt spray atmosphere at 30 ° C: less than 2 hours each.

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