WO2007065578A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung von carbodiimid- und/oder uretonimin-gruppen enthaltenden polyisocyanaten - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung von carbodiimid- und/oder uretonimin-gruppen enthaltenden polyisocyanaten Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007065578A1 WO2007065578A1 PCT/EP2006/011336 EP2006011336W WO2007065578A1 WO 2007065578 A1 WO2007065578 A1 WO 2007065578A1 EP 2006011336 W EP2006011336 W EP 2006011336W WO 2007065578 A1 WO2007065578 A1 WO 2007065578A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- polyisocyanates
- microwave radiation
- reaction
- preparation
- groups
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/08—Processes
- C08G18/10—Prepolymer processes involving reaction of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen in a first reaction step
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/82—Post-polymerisation treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/02—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates of isocyanates or isothiocyanates only
- C08G18/025—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates of isocyanates or isothiocyanates only the polymeric products containing carbodiimide groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/08—Processes
- C08G18/16—Catalysts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
- C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
- C08G18/74—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic
- C08G18/76—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
- C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
- C08G18/77—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates having heteroatoms in addition to the isocyanate or isothiocyanate nitrogen and oxygen or sulfur
- C08G18/78—Nitrogen
- C08G18/79—Nitrogen characterised by the polyisocyanates used, these having groups formed by oligomerisation of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/797—Nitrogen characterised by the polyisocyanates used, these having groups formed by oligomerisation of isocyanates or isothiocyanates containing carbodiimide and/or uretone-imine groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/28—Treatment by wave energy or particle radiation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2115/00—Oligomerisation
- C08G2115/06—Oligomerisation to carbodiimide or uretone-imine groups
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of polyisocyanates containing carbodiimide (CD) and / or uretonimim (UI) groups by means of microwave-assisted synthesis, and to the use thereof.
- CD carbodiimide
- UI uretonimim
- Polyisocyanates are valuable and essential raw materials for polyurethane chemistry and are used as hard-segment building blocks in the manufacture of foamed and non-foamed polyurethane (PUR) materials on a large industrial scale.
- PUR polyurethane
- the carbodiimide groups can react further with excess isocyanate groups to form uretonimines.
- Such modified polyisocyanates are also referred to as “ancarbodiimidized” polyisocyanates in order to express the fact that only partial conversion of NCO groups into carbodiimide / uretonimine groups is expressed.
- Such a conversion to carbodiimide is particularly critical of reaction conditions and in particular of the type and depending on the amount of catalyst used.
- 1-methylphospholine oxide has proven itself as a catalyst, with the use of inert solvents from aromatic polyisocyanates it is also possible to obtain high molecular weight polycarbodiimides which, at least when monofunctional isocyanates are also used, as chain terminators can also be processed by thermal forming (H. Ulrich, Chemistry and Technology of Isocyanates, John Wiley and Sons, 1996, p. 41 1). Carbodiimides from monofunctional isocyanates are also used as stabilizers in polyesters, polyester-based polyurethanes and in polyether-based poly (urethane ureas) in combination with antioxidants.
- Aliphatic polyisocyanates can also be reacted using phospholine oxide, whereby, for example, hexamethylene diisoxy cyanate (HDI) does not split off the carbon dioxide formed at reaction temperatures of 20 - 50 0 C, but instead directly reinstalled in isomeric form (H. Ulrich, Chemistry and Technology of Isocyanates, John Wiley and Sons, 1996, p. 411).
- polyisocyanate mixtures containing CD / UI groups can be prepared with highly effective catalysts from the phospholine series, in particular from the phospholine oxide series, by the processes according to US Pat. Nos. 2,853,473 and EP-A 515,933 or US Pat. No. 6,120,699 .
- Further catalysts which can be used according to the prior art are described in US Pat. No. 6,120,699, EP-A 0989116 and EP-A 0193787.
- Suitable stoppers are described, for example, in EP-A 515 933, EP-A 609 698 and US-A 6,120,699 and include, for example, acids, acid chlorides, chloroformates and silylated acids, such as, for example, trimethylsilyltrifluoromethanesulfonic acid esters, or alkylating agents, such as, for example, alkyl trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.
- Another group of suitable catalysts are the esters of phosphoric acid according to EP-A 0193787, such as triethyl phosphate, which are distinguished by the fact that polyisocyanate mixtures containing CD-AJI groups prepared with them do not have to be stopped.
- the reactions must, however, at elevated temperatures, for example, be carried out more than 200 ° C, wherein the reaction products due to the high thermal load are unerwünschter- colored as dark and above, the reaction product can be quenched after the reaction is very rapid at low temperatures below 100 0 C also has to limit the undesirable side reaction to the dimer.
- the group of highly active phospholine or phospholine oxide catalysts mentioned above does not have the aforementioned disadvantage, since catalyzed reactions can be carried out at temperatures of about 60 to 100 ° C., so that the undesired dimerization can be avoided.
- the usual reaction times for reactions catalyzed in this way are about 8 to 10 hours, so that an acceleration of the reaction is desirable from an economic point of view.
- the amount of catalyst should be reduced so that the amount of stoppers can be kept low.
- the invention relates to a process for the preparation of polyisocyanates (A) containing carbodiimide / uretonimine groups, which is characterized in that a) polyisocyanates (B) whose NCO value is greater than that of the modified polyisocyanates containing carbodiimide / uretonimine groups (A), are mixed with a catalyst, and b) this mixture is exposed to microwave radiation.
- microwave radiation is understood to mean the frequency range from 300 MHz to 300 GHz or the wavelength range from 1 m to 1 mm (Römpp, Chemie Lexikon, Thieme Verlag, 9th adult and new edition, 1995, p. 2785).
- the literature only describes syntheses for the production of low molecular weight compounds by means of microwave radiation in solvents on a laboratory scale (BL Hayes, - -
- microwave rays significantly accelerate the carbodiimidization of polyisocyanates while obtaining clear reaction products.
- the commercially available “Discover TM” mono-mode microwave device from CEM, Kamp-Lintfort, Germany (frequency 2.45 GHz) can be used.
- a 100 ml reaction vessel was used.
- the CEM device is characterized, among other things, by the fact that it can generate a comparatively high energy density for microwave devices, which can also be maintained over a long period of time by the possibility of simultaneous cooling.
- the temperature load on the reaction mixture can also be kept very low.
- Energy densities of more than 200 watts / liter are preferred. Also included is the irradiation of the microwave energy with simultaneous cooling of the reaction mixture, so that despite the high energy input, only a comparatively low reaction temperature is reached. Compressed air is preferably used for cooling; however, other cooling systems, in particular those with a liquid cooling medium, can also be used.
- microwave devices are not limited to mono-mode devices, but multi-mode devices can also be used in an analogous manner.
- Multi-mode devices are comparable to the well-known household appliances and have inhomogeneous microwave fields, i.e. This irregular microwave distribution leads to so-called hot and cold spots within the microwave chamber, which can be largely compensated for by rotating a microwave plate.
- Mono-mode devices have a homogeneous microwave field and, due to a special chamber design, have no such hot and cold spots.
- the process according to the invention can be carried out not only batchwise, but also continuously by using a pump and suitable tubular reactors. Several microwave devices can also be connected in series or in parallel.
- the process can of course also be carried out under increased or reduced pressure.
- the latter may be advantageous since, in the case of aromatic polyisocyanates, carbon dioxide must be removed from the reaction space as a reaction product.
- the carbon dioxide can of course also be removed in a second reaction step after the reaction has ended. Combinations are also conceivable such that a Part of the carbon dioxide is still separated in the microwave field and the other part is aftertreated by the finished reaction product.
- Carrying out the process under increased pressure can be considered, for example, if, due to technical circumstances, there is no possibility of discharging carbon dioxide in the microwave field and thus, as a result of carbon dioxide bubbles, for example in tubular reactors, the flow rate of polyisocyanate would ultimately be reduced with a constant irradiation duration of a given reaction volume .
- the process is preferably carried out without the use of a solvent.
- a solvent can optionally also be used.
- Preferred polyisocyanates are organic di- or polyisocyanates or polyisocyanate prepolymers.
- Suitable di- or polyisocyanates are aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, araliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic polyisocyanates as described in Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie 562, (1949) 75, for example those of the formula Q (NCO) n in which a whole Number from 2 to 4, preferably 2 and
- Q is an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical with 2 to 18, preferably 6 to 10, carbon atoms, a cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon radical with 4 to 15, preferably 5 to 10, carbon atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon radical with 6 to 15, preferably 6 to 13, carbon atoms.
- Polyisocyanates as described in DE-A 28 32 253 are preferred.
- the technically easily accessible polyisocyanates for example 2,4- and 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate, and any mixtures of these isomers (“TDI”), polyphenylene-polymethylene polyisocyanates, such as those obtained by aniline-formaldehyde condensation and subsequent ones, are generally used with particular preference are produced by phosgenation ( "crude MDI”), as well as separated from monomeric diiso- cyanates such as 4,4 ⁇ - and / or 2.4% - and / or 2,2'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and mixtures thereof.
- the carbodiimide (CD) and / or uretonimim (UI) group-containing polyisocyanates prepared by the process according to the invention using microwave radiation-assisted synthesis can be used in the manner known to those skilled in the art. Examples include: in - -
- Example 1 (According to the Invention) Production of Polyisocyanates Containing Carbodiimide (CD) and / or Uretonimim (UI) Groups by Microwave Radiation-Assisted Synthesis with Phospholine Oxide Catalysis
- Example 2 (According to the Invention) Preparation of Polyisocyanates Containing Carbodiimide (CD) and / or Uretonimim (TJI) Groups by Microwave Radiation-Assisted Synthesis with Triethyl Phosphate Catalysis 81.2 g of 4,4'-MDI with 1 , 65 g (2% by weight, experiment 2-1, table 2), or 0.82 g (1% by weight, experiment 2-2, table 2) of triethyl phosphate (TEP) stirred. These mixtures were then exposed to microwave radiation in a mono-mode microwave device from CEM (Discover), the reaction conditions listed in Table 2 being observed. The microwave energy input of 300 W was constant; it was not refrigerated.
- CEM mono-mode microwave device
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Polyurethanes Or Polyureas (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2008543695A JP2009518473A (ja) | 2005-12-09 | 2006-11-27 | カルボジイミド基および/またはウレトンイミン基含有ポリイソシアネートの製造方法 |
EP06818835A EP1960448A1 (de) | 2005-12-09 | 2006-11-27 | Verfahren zur herstellung von carbodiimid- und/oder uretonimin-gruppen enthaltenden polyisocyanaten |
BRPI0619525-3A BRPI0619525A2 (pt) | 2005-12-09 | 2006-11-27 | processo para produção de poliisocianatos que contêm grupos carbodiimida e/ou uretonimina |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102005058835A DE102005058835A1 (de) | 2005-12-09 | 2005-12-09 | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Carbodiimid- und/oder Uretonimin-Gruppen enthaltenden Polyisocyanaten |
DE102005058835.2 | 2005-12-09 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2007065578A1 true WO2007065578A1 (de) | 2007-06-14 |
Family
ID=37635725
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2006/011336 WO2007065578A1 (de) | 2005-12-09 | 2006-11-27 | Verfahren zur herstellung von carbodiimid- und/oder uretonimin-gruppen enthaltenden polyisocyanaten |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20070135608A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1960448A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2009518473A (de) |
KR (1) | KR20080080522A (de) |
CN (1) | CN101321791A (de) |
BR (1) | BRPI0619525A2 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102005058835A1 (de) |
TW (1) | TW200734363A (de) |
WO (1) | WO2007065578A1 (de) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2009024097A (ja) * | 2007-07-20 | 2009-02-05 | Nisshinbo Ind Inc | カルボジイミド化合物の製造方法 |
DE202019102078U1 (de) | 2019-03-08 | 2019-04-23 | HÜTTENES-ALBERTUS Chemische Werke Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Formaldehyd-Fänger für Bindemittelsysteme |
DE102018133239A1 (de) | 2018-12-20 | 2020-06-25 | HÜTTENES-ALBERTUS Chemische Werke Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Isocyanat-Komposition und Bindemittelsystem enthaltend diese Isocyanat-Komposition |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2386600B1 (de) | 2010-04-15 | 2013-06-19 | LANXESS Deutschland GmbH | Isocyanatgruppen-enthaltende Vernetzer für Nitrilkautschuke |
MX2014007223A (es) | 2011-12-20 | 2014-09-22 | Bayer Ip Gmbh | Hidroxiaminopolimeros y procedimientos para su preparacion. |
JP2017193656A (ja) * | 2016-04-21 | 2017-10-26 | Dic株式会社 | 粘着テープ、その製造方法、物品及び携帯電子端末 |
CN108586706B (zh) * | 2018-04-18 | 2021-06-29 | 万华化学集团股份有限公司 | 制备含有碳化二亚胺和/或脲酮亚胺类衍生物的改性异氰酸酯混合物的方法 |
EP3741766B1 (de) * | 2019-05-24 | 2022-08-31 | Covestro Intellectual Property GmbH & Co. KG | Neue katalysatoren für die synthese von oligomeren isocyanaten |
CN115417971B (zh) * | 2022-09-16 | 2023-09-19 | 万华化学集团股份有限公司 | 一种利用tdi精馏塔塔釜液制备的阻燃异氰酸酯组合料及其制备方法 |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2447143A1 (de) * | 1973-10-01 | 1975-04-03 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Verkapselter isocyanurat-katalysator |
EP0609698A1 (de) * | 1993-02-01 | 1994-08-10 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung organischer Carbodiimide und ihre Verwendung als Kunststoff Stabilisatoren |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2853473A (en) * | 1956-08-27 | 1958-09-23 | Du Pont | Production of carbodiimides |
DE2832253A1 (de) * | 1978-07-22 | 1980-01-31 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von formschaumstoffen |
DE3840079A1 (de) * | 1988-11-28 | 1990-06-07 | Illbruck Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung von elastischen schaumstoffen auf polyurethan-basis durch mikrowellenverschaeumung |
DE4117384A1 (de) * | 1991-05-28 | 1992-12-03 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung fluessiger, lagerstabiler carbodiimid- und/oder uretonimingruppen aufweisender organischer isocyanate und ihre verwendung zur herstellung von polyurethankunststoffen |
CN1070875C (zh) * | 1995-01-13 | 2001-09-12 | 爱赛克斯特种产品公司 | 可用湿气固化的两组分聚氨酯粘合剂 |
US6120699A (en) * | 1998-09-21 | 2000-09-19 | Basf Corporation | Storage stable methylene bis(phenylisocyanate) compositions |
-
2005
- 2005-12-09 DE DE102005058835A patent/DE102005058835A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2006
- 2006-11-27 KR KR1020087013595A patent/KR20080080522A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2006-11-27 EP EP06818835A patent/EP1960448A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-11-27 BR BRPI0619525-3A patent/BRPI0619525A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2006-11-27 WO PCT/EP2006/011336 patent/WO2007065578A1/de active Application Filing
- 2006-11-27 JP JP2008543695A patent/JP2009518473A/ja active Pending
- 2006-11-27 CN CNA2006800457025A patent/CN101321791A/zh active Pending
- 2006-12-06 US US11/634,545 patent/US20070135608A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-12-08 TW TW095145879A patent/TW200734363A/zh unknown
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2447143A1 (de) * | 1973-10-01 | 1975-04-03 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Verkapselter isocyanurat-katalysator |
EP0609698A1 (de) * | 1993-02-01 | 1994-08-10 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung organischer Carbodiimide und ihre Verwendung als Kunststoff Stabilisatoren |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2009024097A (ja) * | 2007-07-20 | 2009-02-05 | Nisshinbo Ind Inc | カルボジイミド化合物の製造方法 |
DE102018133239A1 (de) | 2018-12-20 | 2020-06-25 | HÜTTENES-ALBERTUS Chemische Werke Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Isocyanat-Komposition und Bindemittelsystem enthaltend diese Isocyanat-Komposition |
WO2020126689A1 (de) | 2018-12-20 | 2020-06-25 | HÜTTENES-ALBERTUS Chemische Werke Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Isocyanat-komposition und bindemittelsystem enthaltend diese isocyanat-komposition |
DE202019102078U1 (de) | 2019-03-08 | 2019-04-23 | HÜTTENES-ALBERTUS Chemische Werke Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Formaldehyd-Fänger für Bindemittelsysteme |
WO2020182724A1 (de) | 2019-03-08 | 2020-09-17 | HÜTTENES-ALBERTUS Chemische Werke Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Formaldehyd-fänger für bindemittelsysteme |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20080080522A (ko) | 2008-09-04 |
BRPI0619525A2 (pt) | 2011-10-04 |
US20070135608A1 (en) | 2007-06-14 |
CN101321791A (zh) | 2008-12-10 |
DE102005058835A1 (de) | 2007-06-14 |
TW200734363A (en) | 2007-09-16 |
JP2009518473A (ja) | 2009-05-07 |
EP1960448A1 (de) | 2008-08-27 |
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