WO2006085400A1 - 廃プラスチックのリサイクル時に発生する塩酸の抑制方法 - Google Patents
廃プラスチックのリサイクル時に発生する塩酸の抑制方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006085400A1 WO2006085400A1 PCT/JP2005/014574 JP2005014574W WO2006085400A1 WO 2006085400 A1 WO2006085400 A1 WO 2006085400A1 JP 2005014574 W JP2005014574 W JP 2005014574W WO 2006085400 A1 WO2006085400 A1 WO 2006085400A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- acid acceptor
- plastic
- hydrochloric acid
- acid
- waste
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J11/00—Recovery or working-up of waste materials
- C08J11/04—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J11/00—Recovery or working-up of waste materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/20—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring
- C08J3/22—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring using masterbatch techniques
- C08J3/226—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring using masterbatch techniques using a polymer as a carrier
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2423/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/141—Feedstock
- Y02P20/143—Feedstock the feedstock being recycled material, e.g. plastics
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/62—Plastics recycling; Rubber recycling
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for suppressing hydrochloric acid generated when using a discarded plastic product as a recycled plastic material.
- plastic container and packaging wastes based on the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law are collected without being separated for each container, plastic containers of various materials are included. Therefore, since recycled plastic materials are a mixture of various materials, their bending strength, impact strength, and welding strength are all lowered when they are commercialized. This point is different from waste plastic materials of general plastic products that are sorted and collected according to material.
- plastic container and packaging waste and other general plastic products When reusing plastic container and packaging waste and other general plastic products as recycled plastic materials, they may be sorted by material.
- sorting materials first, the collected waste plastics, so-called “plastic waste”, are cut out if they are bags, and the materials are visually sorted by hand, and these are pulverized, Then, they are sorted by near infrared rays, washed, and subjected to wet specific gravity sorting etc. and dewatered and dried to make recycled plastic materials. However, it is impossible to completely sort every material by these sorting.
- the step of carrying out the agglomeration or pelletizing process (primary step)
- the product made into the agglomerate or pellet is a product Process (secondary process) which performs injection molding or extrusion as.
- the crushed plastic waste hereinafter referred to as “fluff”
- the crushed plastic waste is crushed and pelletized into an agrome shape obtained by grinding or a twin-screw extruder.
- an agglomerated shape it is generally molded at about 100 to 130 ° C.
- pelletization by a twin screw extruder it is generally formed at 140 to 180 ° C.
- the product is injection molded as a secondary process, it is generally molded at a high temperature of 200 to 250 ° C.
- the raw material to be used is a fluff which has been subjected to washing and dewatering steps.
- dewatering and drying steps such as centrifugal dewatering
- water remains in between the films.
- hydrochloric acid from the hydrochloric acid-containing polymer mixed in the fluff. Because of this, when using recycled plastic materials as raw materials, harmful hydrochloric acid is extremely likely to be generated, which causes problems as a condition.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-19101.
- the method for producing dechlorinated waste plastic described in the above-mentioned patent publication uses the application as a boiler fuel, a blast furnace raw material or a sedative for steel making, and is used for these applications.
- the remaining metal oxides, metal carbonates, etc. are regarded as harmless as long as
- the object of the present invention is to provide a method for suppressing the hydrochloric acid generated when using the plastic container and packaging waste and the waste of general plastic products as recycled plastic materials, or when pelletizing is carried out.
- the present invention is configured as follows to achieve the above object. That is, according to the present invention, the method of suppressing hydrochloric acid generated during the recycling of waste plastic is used when using waste plastic such as plastic container packaging waste and other general plastic product waste as a recycling plastic material.
- the recycled plastic material is mixed with at least 0.1% by weight of an acid acceptor.
- the acid acceptor is preferably a master batch obtained by mixing an acid acceptor and a base resin.
- the base resin it is preferable to use an ethylene acrylic acid ethyl copolymer or low density polyethylene.
- Examples of the acid acceptor include magnesium oxide, hydrotalcite, calcium carbonate and carbonate.
- One or more of gumnesium, calcium hydroxide and magnesium caerate can be used.
- the acid acceptors may be used alone or in combination of two or more. When mixing two or more acid acceptors, it is more preferable to mix the magnesium oxide in a larger proportion than in the case of the hydrotalcite where it is preferable to mix the magnesium oxide and the hydrotalcite. .
- the ratio of the acid acceptor to the base resin is preferably 40% by weight or less.
- hydrochloric acid generated during molding can be suppressed by adding an acid acceptor at the time of recycling, disposal of plastic container and packaging wastes and general plastic products that could not be used because of PVC contamination.
- Waste plastics such as materials can be used as recycled plastic materials, or can be pelletized.
- the smell can be removed by adding an acid acceptor at the time of recycling, it can be used for food-related containers and the like.
- removal of water can suppress foaming and increase the specific gravity of pellets. Therefore, the storage area of the recycled plastic material can be reduced, the transportation efficiency can be improved, and the mechanical strength of the molded product can be enhanced.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory view of a can showing a test method.
- FIG. 2 A photograph of a pellet without adding an acid acceptor.
- FIG. 3 A photograph of a pellet to which an acid acceptor has been added.
- FIG. 4 A photograph showing the residual water content of the pellet immediately after molding.
- the plastic bag on the left contains pellets added with an acid acceptor, and the plastic bag on the right contains an acid acceptor. It contains the Shinray pellet.
- FIG. 5 (a) is a photograph showing the dispersion state of an acid acceptor in a molded article to which an acid acceptor of powder is directly added.
- FIG. 5 (b) is a photograph showing the dispersion of an acid acceptor in a molded article to which an acid acceptor has been added as a master batch.
- FIG. 6 A photograph showing the dispersion state of an acid acceptor when granulated using a super mixer
- FIG. 7 A photograph showing the dispersion state of an acid acceptor when it is made a master batch by a twin screw extruder.
- waste plastic When waste plastic is used as a recycled plastic material, at least 0.1% by weight of an acid acceptor is mixed as a master batch with the recycled plastic material. In this way, by mixing 0.1% by weight or more of the acid acceptor as a master batch, even if waste plastic is used as a recycled plastic material, no wrinkles can be generated in the manufacturing machine.
- Acid acceptor (stabilizer) for City Dust (hereinafter referred to as “CD”), which is a waste of plastic container and packaging waste containing 0.1% of PVC and / or waste of general plastic products.
- CD Acid acceptor
- Three kinds of sample materials are prepared by adding 1 wt%, 0.1 wt%, and 0.01 wt% of magnesium oxide (MgO) to each of them as tumbling.
- MgO magnesium oxide
- comparative materials prepare CD and polypropylene (PP) with no acid acceptor added. Next, each sample material and the comparative material were separately molded at 220 ° C. using a 50 t injection molding machine to obtain five kinds of test samples.
- the acidity of the above sample was measured. As shown in FIG. 1, the sample 3 after injection was immediately placed in the can body 2 having the open / close lid 1 and the lid 1 was closed and left at normal temperature for 8 hours or more. On the back of the lid 1, a reagent 4 for measuring pH, such as litmus paper, was attached in advance, and the lid 1 was left closed as described above, and the acidity of the reagent 4 was measured. The measurement was performed by extracting the pH degree of the color matched to the standard color by contrasting the standard color of the reagent with the changed color.
- the generation of hydrochloric acid can be suppressed by mixing the acid acceptor at 1% by weight or more. It should be noted that the mixing of the above acid acceptors is effective not only in the case of using plastic container and packaging wastes and wastes of general plastic products as recycled plastic materials, but is also effective in pelletizing. is there. In addition, although the display of the results is omitted, the same effect can be obtained also with hydrotalcite (Mg 6 A 12 ( ⁇ H) 16 C 3 3 4 H 20) and magnesium zinc (Mg Zn). The same effect can also be obtained by using a 2500t injection molding machine, a (50) -shaft extruder, or a ⁇ 30 twin-screw extruder.
- Example 2 Next, the case where ion chromatography is used to measure acidity more accurately will be described.
- the shape of the acid acceptor is generally powder. Therefore, powders of magnesium oxide, hydrotalcite, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium hydroxide and magnesium caerate were used as acid acceptors.
- the powder While the powder is tumbled in the powder state, the powder has high dispersibility and thus has poor dispersibility. In addition, powder has a low bulk density and is bulky, so it is preferable for plastic material recycling.
- Various materials such as low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), nylon, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), etc. are mixed in the CD.
- an acid acceptor as a powder has a problem that it is not only easy to handle but also has high cohesion, and thus a large amount of additive is required. Also, the acid acceptor does not melt and remains as foreign matter in the molded product, and although generation of hydrochloric acid can be suppressed, so-called addition of foreign matter causes deterioration in the impact resistance of the molded product, etc. There is a problem of becoming a problem. .
- resin fluidity must be considered along with the choice of base resin. Fluidity of EEA and LDPE as base resin is also various. Force MFR is preferably 5 or more.
- CD and acid acceptor were mixed and purged by a molding machine.
- the cylinder temperature of the molding machine was 200 to 220 ° C., and the residence time in the cylinder was 180 seconds.
- As the acid acceptor magnesium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium hydroxide and magnesium carbonate were used. Magnesium oxide was also measured for the masterbatch.
- An ethylene acrylic acid ethyl copolymer (EEA) was used as the master batch base resin.
- the purged resin was frozen with liquid nitrogen and pulverized to give a sample.
- the lower limit was calculated as 3 g of the blank test detection limit as the detection lower limit ig and was set to 5 g / g.
- the generation of hydrochloric acid can be suppressed to a low level by mixing only 0.1% by weight. It was found that the amount of generated hydrochloric acid can be suppressed low by adding a very small amount of an acid acceptor by measurement by force ion chromatography, which was difficult to measure accurately in Example 1 which was measured using a reagent.
- Example 3 the measurement of hydrochloric acid was performed by a more accurate method.
- evaluations were made as to the case where powder of magnesium oxide and powder of hydrotalcite were used alone as the acid acceptor and the case of using them as a mixture.
- fluff was washed, centrifuged, and dried in a drying oven at 50 ° C. for 10 minutes, dried for 20 minutes, and dried for 30 minutes.
- acid acceptor a magnesium oxide powder and a hydrotalcite powder were used alone or a mixture of these, and a low density polyethylene (LDPE) base resin was used as a master batch.
- LDPE low density polyethylene
- the dried raw material was introduced into a twin-screw extruder (diameter 50 mm, co-directional twin-screw, L / D-28), and the extrusion outlet force was used to measure the hydrochloric acid concentration of the gas generated.
- the cylinder temperature of the twin-screw extruder was 140 to 160 ° C.
- Example 2 although it has been described that the dispersibility is improved by using the acid acceptor as the masterbatch, the following effects can be obtained by further adding the acid acceptor as the master batch. I understand. That is, when fluff is made into pellets using a twin-screw extruder as the primary process, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, when the acid acceptor masterbatch is added to make pellets and the acid acceptor masterbatch is not added. In the case of using pellets in the above, the condition of each pellet that came out differs.
- Figure 4 compares the degree of cloudiness of the plastic bag with the pellet sealed.
- the bag on the left side of FIG. 4 is a bag of pellets added with an acid acceptor masterbatch, and the bag on the right of FIG. 4 is a bag of pellets to which no acid acceptor masterbatch is added.
- the acid acceptor masterbatch is a mixture of 75% by weight of magnesium oxide powder and 25% by weight of hydrotalcite powder as an acid acceptor, and the base resin is low density polyethylene (LDPE) and ethylene atari. It was prepared by changing the amount of acid acceptor added to the base resin, using a glutamic acid ethyl copolymer (EEA).
- EAA glutamic acid ethyl copolymer
- the acid acceptor is prepared as a master batch by a twin screw extruder if the addition amount is 40% by weight or less, and if it exceeds the addition amount by weight 0% by weight, it is formed by a super mixer. It made as a grain thing. The reason for using a super mixer is that a twin-screw extruder can not be used as a masterbatch if the amount of acid acceptor added exceeds 40% by weight.
- fluff of recycled plastic material is pelletized with a twin screw extruder and I used what I did.
- the odor was evaluated.
- the odor was also found to be weak by adding an acid acceptor, and the odor was weaker than in the case.
- test plate without acid acceptor added to recycled plastic material a test plate using magnesium oxide as acid acceptor, and magnesium oxide and hydite as a acid acceptor at a ratio of 75: 25
- the size of the test plate is 100 mm ⁇ 100 mm ⁇ 2 mm.
- a third party 10 people who were not involved in the invention at all, evaluated which plate had the strong odor. Of the three, the one with strong odor was rated as 3; the one with middle odor was rated with 2; the least odor among 3 with 1; and the one with no odor as 0. The evaluation results are shown in Table 5.
- the smell is strong: 3 Smell: 2 In this, the smell is small: 1 No smell at all: 0
- a waste plastic can be used as a recycled plastic material by mixing at least 0.1% by weight of an acid acceptor with the recycled plastic material.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP05770364A EP1849822B1 (en) | 2005-02-14 | 2005-08-09 | Method of inhibiting hydrochloric acid from generating during recycling of waste plastic |
CN2005800344944A CN101039996B (zh) | 2005-02-14 | 2005-08-09 | 废塑料再循环时产生的盐酸的抑制方法 |
KR1020077008701A KR101110401B1 (ko) | 2005-02-14 | 2005-08-09 | 폐플라스틱의 재활용시 발생하는 염산의 억제 방법 |
DE200560009979 DE602005009979D1 (de) | 2005-02-14 | 2005-08-09 | Verfahren zur inhibierung der bildung von salzsäure beim recycling von kunststoffabfällen |
HK08100230A HK1109640A1 (en) | 2005-02-14 | 2008-01-09 | Method of inhibiting hydrochloric acid from generating during recycling of waste plastic |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2005036082A JP4828836B2 (ja) | 2004-08-03 | 2005-02-14 | 廃プラスチックのリサイクル時に発生する塩酸の抑制方法 |
JP2005036038A JP4783031B2 (ja) | 2003-08-05 | 2005-02-14 | 廃プラスチックのリサイクル時に発生する塩酸の抑制方法 |
JP2005-036038 | 2005-02-14 | ||
JP2005-036082 | 2005-02-14 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2006085400A1 true WO2006085400A1 (ja) | 2006-08-17 |
Family
ID=36792977
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2005/014574 WO2006085400A1 (ja) | 2005-02-14 | 2005-08-09 | 廃プラスチックのリサイクル時に発生する塩酸の抑制方法 |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1849822B1 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101110401B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101039996B (ja) |
DE (1) | DE602005009979D1 (ja) |
HK (1) | HK1109640A1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006085400A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AT508100A2 (de) * | 2009-03-30 | 2010-10-15 | Erema | Neutralisierung durch füllstoff |
DK2537883T3 (da) | 2011-06-20 | 2014-05-26 | Imerys Minerals Ltd | Fremgangsmåder og sammensætninger i forbindelse med genanvendelse af polymeraffald |
WO2013019868A1 (en) | 2011-08-02 | 2013-02-07 | Mba Polymers, Inc. | Methods for reducing contamination in plastics recovered from durable goods |
US9028943B2 (en) | 2012-10-30 | 2015-05-12 | Mba Polymers, Inc. | Method for improving the surface appearance and processing of plastics recovered from durable goods |
JP2016106160A (ja) | 2013-03-25 | 2016-06-16 | 神島化学工業株式会社 | 酸化マグネシウム粒子、樹脂組成物、ゴム組成物及び成形体 |
CN105601987B (zh) * | 2015-11-12 | 2019-04-23 | 杭州电子科技大学 | 一种含卤材料催化脱卤的方法 |
AR118077A1 (es) * | 2019-02-27 | 2021-09-15 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Composición para la eliminación de olores para resina reciclada |
KR102082004B1 (ko) * | 2019-04-19 | 2020-02-26 | 송창호 | 폐합성수지를 이용한 건축자재 및 그 제조방법 |
EP4079791A1 (de) * | 2021-04-22 | 2022-10-26 | Coperion GmbH | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur aufbereitung von kunststoffmaterial |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH07118314A (ja) * | 1993-10-25 | 1995-05-09 | Dainippon Ink & Chem Inc | 再生樹脂の製造法及びその再生樹脂組成物 |
JP2000007823A (ja) * | 1998-06-19 | 2000-01-11 | Nippon Polyolefin Kk | ハロゲン含有熱可塑性樹脂製繊維の再利用方法 |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0662104A1 (en) * | 1992-09-25 | 1995-07-12 | Ciba SC Holding AG | Process for the stabilization of and stabilizer mixtures for recycled plastic mixtures |
JP2001191051A (ja) * | 2000-01-12 | 2001-07-17 | Akira Yoshikawa | 脱塩素化廃プラスチックの製造方法 |
JP4801830B2 (ja) * | 2000-04-17 | 2011-10-26 | 住化カラー株式会社 | ポリオレフィン系樹脂組成物 |
-
2005
- 2005-08-09 CN CN2005800344944A patent/CN101039996B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-08-09 KR KR1020077008701A patent/KR101110401B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-08-09 DE DE200560009979 patent/DE602005009979D1/de active Active
- 2005-08-09 EP EP05770364A patent/EP1849822B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2005-08-09 WO PCT/JP2005/014574 patent/WO2006085400A1/ja active IP Right Grant
-
2008
- 2008-01-09 HK HK08100230A patent/HK1109640A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH07118314A (ja) * | 1993-10-25 | 1995-05-09 | Dainippon Ink & Chem Inc | 再生樹脂の製造法及びその再生樹脂組成物 |
JP2000007823A (ja) * | 1998-06-19 | 2000-01-11 | Nippon Polyolefin Kk | ハロゲン含有熱可塑性樹脂製繊維の再利用方法 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of EP1849822A4 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR101110401B1 (ko) | 2012-03-13 |
CN101039996B (zh) | 2010-05-05 |
HK1109640A1 (en) | 2008-06-13 |
EP1849822A1 (en) | 2007-10-31 |
EP1849822A4 (en) | 2008-03-26 |
CN101039996A (zh) | 2007-09-19 |
DE602005009979D1 (de) | 2008-11-06 |
EP1849822B1 (en) | 2008-09-24 |
KR20070111444A (ko) | 2007-11-21 |
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