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Definitions

• the present invention relates to methods for treating cancer. More specifically, the present invention relates to methods for treating cancer, such as lung cancer, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, and epithelial ovarian cancer, in a subject, said methods comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a histone deacetylase inhibitor (e.g., PXD-101 or its analogs), and a second amount or dose of a (i.e., another) chemotherapeutic agent (e.g., dexamethasone or 5-fluorouracil) and/or an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor (e.g., Tarceva®).
• a histone deacetylase inhibitor e.g., PXD-101 or its analogs
• a chemotherapeutic agent e.g., dexamethasone or 5-fluorouracil
• EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
• an active agent or "a pharmacologically active agent” includes a single active agent as well a two or more different active agents in combination
• reference to “a carrier” includes mixtures of two or more carriers as well as a single carrier, and the like.
• Ranges are often expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by the use of the antecedent "about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment.
• Multiple myeloma is a disseminated malignancy of plasma cells that affects approximately 14,600 new patients each year in the United States.
• the etiology of this rare blood disease, affecting mainly the middle-aged to elderly population, is largely unknown although genetic predisposition and environmental factors have been implicated.
• malignant plasma cells arising from clonal expansion accumulate in the bone marrow, producing abnormally high levels of immunoglobulins.
• Multiple myeloma is difficult to diagnose early because there may be no symptoms in early stage. Bone pain especially secondary to compression fractures of the ribs or vertebrae is the most common symptom.
• Dexamethasone is a commonly used regimen for first-line treatment of this disease. More recently, combinations of vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (VAD) have been used to treat multiple myeloma. However, these are not effective long-term treatments. Dexamethasone treatment has a response rate of approximately 25-35%.
• ASCT autologous stem cell transplantation
• lymphatic system or lymphomas
• lymphomas Despite years of research into the development of new methods of treatment, cancers of the lymphatic system, or lymphomas, remain quite common. For example, more than 60,000 people in the United States are diagnosed with lymphoma each year, including more than 55,000 cases of non-Hodgkin's
• Lymphoma (NHL), and these numbers are constantly increasing. In addition, the prognosis for those affected by these diseases is often poor, as the survival rates for lymphoma patients remain low. Clearly, new methods for treating these diseases are needed.
• first-line treatment for many lymphomas typically includes chemotherapy.
• chemotherapy will often entail the administration of a "cocktail" of compounds, e.g., the formulation CHOP, which includes cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone.
• certain first-line cancer treatments also include other forms of cancer therapy, such as radiation therapy.
• patients are often treated with further chemotherapy, e.g., with CHOP or with other formulations, or, in some cases, the patients are treated with other procedures such as bone marrow transplantation.
• further chemotherapy e.g., with CHOP or with other formulations
• other procedures such as bone marrow transplantation.
• patients initially respond to such additional treatments, but subsequently suffer another relapse.
• the more relapses a patient suffers the less agreement there is in the art concerning optimal subsequent treatment.
• a patient fails to respond at all to a treatment, even initially, and is thus said to have a refractory cancer. In such cases as well, little agreement exists in the art regarding optimal subsequent treatment.
• Prostate cancer is the most common cancer leading to death among United States men. Its incidence has increased considerably over the past two decades. This cancer is often initially responsive to hormone treatment, but then frequently progresses into a hormone-insensitive state that is not easily treated. Further, once the cancer spreads or metastasizes from the prostate gland to other tissues such as bone marrow, the cancer usually cannot be cured by presently available treatments, which are either too toxic or cannot reach the metastases. There is a dire need for new strategies to treat prostate cancers, including metastasized prostate cancers, with low toxicity.
• Ovarian cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths among women in the United States and causes more deaths than all other gynecologic malignancies combined.
• Epithelial ovarian cancer the most common ovarian cancer, has a distinctive pattern of spread in which cancer cells migrate throughout the peritoneal cavity to produce multiple metastatic nodules in the visceral and parietal peritoneum and the hemidiaphragms. In addition, metastasis can occur to distant sites such as the liver, lung and brain. Early stage ovarian cancer is often asymptomatic and is detected coincidentally by palpating an ovarian mass on pelvic examination. In premenopausal patients, about 95% of these masses are benign.
• Epithelial ovarian cancer is seldom encountered in women less than 35 years of age. Its incidence increases sharply with advancing age and peaks at ages 75 to 80, with the median age being 60 years. The single most important risk factor for this cancer is a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer.
• Oncogenes associated with ovarian cancers include the HER-2/neu (c-erbB-2) oncogene, which is overexpressed in a third of ovarian cancers, the fms oncogene, and abnormalities in the p53 gene, which are seen in about half of ovarian cancers.
• a number of environmental factors have also been associated with a higher risk of epithelial ovarian cancer, including a high fat diet and intake of lactose in subjects with relatively low tissue levels of galactose-1 -phosphate uridyl transferase.
• the internationally accepted first-line chemotherapy for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer is the combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel. Typical results are median progression-free survival (PFS) of 17-20 months and median survival of 3-5 years. Second-line treatment is determined by duration of remission. If relapse occurs within 6 months of the last treatment, patients are considered “platinum resistant.” Re-treatment with a carboplatin/paclitaxel regimen in these patients is associated with a low response rate (15%) of short duration (3-6 months), and a median survival of approximately 12 months. For this patient population, there is a need for a more effective therapy.
• PFS median progression-free survival
• Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States ("Cancer Facts and Figures 2003," American Cancer Society). Lung cancer is particularly insidious because symptoms of early-stage, localized disease are nonspecific and are frequently attributed to the effects of smoking. By the time the patient seeks medical attention, the disease is usually advanced so that complete surgical resection is possible in less than 30% of all cases, and the overall 5-year survival rate in less than 15%. See, e.g., "Cancer of the Lung: Cancer Screening and Early Detection," in Cancer Medicine, 5th Edition, Bast et al. eds., B.C. Decker Inc., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
• Surgery and radiotherapy may be curative if a cancer is found early, but current drug therapies for metastatic disease are mostly palliative and seldom offer a long-term cure. Even with the new chemotherapies entering the market, improvement in patient survival is measured in months rather than in years, and the need continues for new drugs effective both in combination with existing agents as first line therapy and as second and third line therapies in treatment of resistant tumors.
• Histones are major protein components of chromatin.
• the regulation of chromatin structure is emerging as a central mechanism for the control of gene expression.
• acetylation of the e-amino groups of lysine residues in the amino-terminal tails of nucleosomal histones is associated with transcriptional activation, while deacetylation is associated condensation of chromatin and transcriptional repression.
• Acetylation and deacetylation of histones is controlled by the enzymatic activity of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs).
• HATs histone acetyltransferases
• HDACs histone deacetylases
• HDAC inhibitors such as the natural products trichostatin A (TSA) and suberoyl hydroxamic acid (SAHA), induce the expression of genes associated with cell cycle arrest and tumor suppression. Phenotypic changes induced by HDAC inhibitors include G1 , and G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor cells. Antitumor activity has been demonstrated in vivo in animal models with a number of HDAC inhibitors, including PXD-101.
• PXD-101 is a potent HDAC inhibitor that belongs to the hydroxymate-type of histone deacetylase inhibitors, which for various members of the group has shown pronounced in vitro and in vivo (pre-clinical and early clinical trials) activity against myeloma and lymphoma.
• the present invention is based upon the discovery that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, such as PXD-101, can be used in combination with chemotherapeutic agents and/or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors to provide therapeutically effective anticancer effects. Furthermore, an unexpected synergistic interaction between the HDAC inhibitor and the chemotherapeutic agent or the EGFR inhibitor results, wherein the combined effect is greater than the additive effect resulting from administration of the two treatments each at a therapeutic dose.
• HDAC histone deacetylase
• EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
• one aspect of the present invention relates to a method for the treatment of cancer, wherein the method comprises administering to a patient in need thereof, a first amount or dose of a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, such as PXD-101, and a second amount or dose of a (i.e., another) chemotherapeutic agent, such as dexamethasone or 5-fluorouracil, or an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, such as Tarceva®.
• HDAC histone deacetylase
• EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
• HDAC histone deacetylase
• PXD101 histone deacetylase inhibitor
• said treatment comprises treatment with (i) said histone deacetylase inhibitor and (ii) another chemotherapeutic agent, such as dexamethasone or 5-fluorouracil, or an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, such as Tarceva®.
• HDAC histone deacetylase
• another chemotherapeutic agent such as dexamethasone or 5-fluorouracil
• EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to use of another chemotherapeutic agent, such as dexamethasone or 5-fluorouracil, or an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, such as Tarceva®, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer, wherein said treatment comprises treatment with (i) a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, such as PXD-101 , and (ii) said another chemotherapeutic agent or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor.
• HDAC histone deacetylase
• the treatment procedures described herein can take place sequentially in any order, simultaneously, or a combination thereof.
• the first treatment procedure administration of a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor
• HDAC histone deacetylase
• a total treatment period can be decided for the HDAC inhibitor.
• the second treatment can be administered prior to onset of treatment with the HDAC inhibitor, or following treatment with the HDAC inhibitor.
• second treatment treatment can be administered during the period of HDAC inhibitor administration, but does not need to occur over the entire HDAC inhibitor treatment period.
• the combination therapy can provide a therapeutic advantage in view of the differential toxicity associated with the two treatment modalities. More specifically, treatment with HDAC inhibitors can lead to hematologic toxicity, whereas chemotherapy treatments can be toxic to tissue adjacent the tissue site. As such, this differential toxicity can permit each treatment to be administered at its therapeutic dose, without increasing patient morbidity. Surprisingly however, the therapeutic effects achieved as a result of the combination treatment are enhanced or synergistic, for example, significantly better than additive therapeutic effects.
• Figure 1 depicts a graph (% inhibition vs. Log M DEX) demonstrating the results of a combination study involving PXD-101 and dexamethasone on a myleoma cell line (i.e., U266 cells): PXD-101 pre-incubation, followed by PXD-101 + dexamethasone). The lower curve is DEX only and the upper curve is PXD-101 + DEX.
• Figure 2 depicts a graph (combination index vs. combination number) showing the synergy of PXD-101 and 5-FU in a WST-1 antiproliferative assay as calculated by CalcuSyn® (HCT116, 24 hour PXD-101 + 48 hour 5-FU ALONE, Combination). See also Data Annex 5.
• Figure 3 depicts a graph (combination index vs. combination number) showing the synergy of PXD-101 and 5-FU in a clonogenic assay as calculated by CalcuSyn® (HCT116 PXD-101/5-FU 24h co-incubation).
• Figure 4 depicts a graph (tumor volume (cm 3 ) vs. days) representing the chemo-sensitizing effect of PXD-101 (Control; 5-FU, 15 r ⁇ g/kg; PXD-101 , 100 mg/kg; PXD-101/5-FU, 100/15 mg/kg).
• Figure 5 depicts two bar graphs (in vitro growth inhibition (%)) for (top): PXD-101 (0.25 ⁇ M), Tarceva® (0.32 ⁇ M), and the combination (PXD-101/Tarceva® on CaluO3, 72 hour co-treatment); and (bottom): PXD-101 (0.35 ⁇ M), Tarceva® (0.04 ⁇ M), and the combination (PXD-101/Tarceva® on HCC-4006, 72 hour co-treatment).
• Figure 6 depicts two bar graphs (in vitro growth inhibition (%)) for (top): PXD-101 (1.8 ⁇ M), Alimta® (0.16 ⁇ M), and the combination (PXD-101/Alimta® on A549, 24 hour Alimta®, 48 hour co-treatment); and (bottom): PXD-101 (1.8 ⁇ M), Alimta® (0.04 ⁇ M), and the combination (PXD-101/Alimta® on NCI-H460, 24 hour Alimta®, 48 hour co-treatment).
• the present invention relates to methods for the treatment of cancer.
• the methods comprise administering to a patient in need thereof a first amount or dose of a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, such as PXD-101, and a second amount or dose of a (i.e., another) chemotherapeutic agent, such as dexamethasone or 5-fluorouracil, or an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, such as Tarceva®.
• HDAC histone deacetylase
• EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
• HDAC histone deacetylase
• the second amount or dose is a second amount or dose of a (i.e., another) chemotherapeutic agent.
• the second amount or dose is a second amount or dose of an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor.
• EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
• the second amount or dose is a second amount or dose of a compound selected from: Cisplatin, 5-Fluorouracil, Oxaliplatin, Topotecan, Gemcitabine, Docetaxel, Doxorubicin, Tamoxifen, Dexamethasone, 5-Azacytidine, Chlorambucil, Fludarabine, Tarceva®, Alimta®, Melphalan, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof.
• the method provides an anticancer effect which is synergistic.
• treatment of cancer refers to partially or totally inhibiting, delaying, or preventing the progression of cancer, including cancer metastasis; inhibiting, delaying, or preventing the recurrence of cancer, including cancer metastasis; or preventing the onset or development of cancer (chemoprevention) in a mammal, for example a human.
• the term "therapeutically effective amount" is intended to qualify the combined amount of the first and second treatments in the combination therapy.
• the combined amount will achieve the desired biological response.
• the desired biological response is treatment of cancer, i.e., partial or total inhibition, delay, or prevention of the progression of cancer, including cancer metastasis; inhibition, delay, or prevention of the recurrence of cancer, including cancer metastasis; or the prevention of the onset or development of cancer (chemoprevention) in a mammal, for example a human.
• cancer refers to tumors, neoplasms, carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and the like.
• cancers include, but are not limited to, leukemias and lymphomas such as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), noncutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma, lymphomas associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV), for example, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute nonlymphocytic leukemias, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, Hodgkin's Disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and multiple myeloma, childhood solid tumors such as brain tumors, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, Wilms 1 Tumor, bone tumors, and soft-tissue sarcomas, common solid tumors of adults such as head and neck cancers (e.g., oral, laryngeal, and esophageal), genitourinary cancers (e.g., prostate, bladder,
• the cancer to be treated by the methods disclosed herein is lung cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer to be treated by the methods disclosed herein is multiple myeloma.
• the cancer to be treated by the methods disclosed herein is lymphoma.
• the cancer to be treated by the methods disclosed herein is epithelial ovarian cancer.
• Histone deacetylases are involved in the reversible acetylation of histone and non-histone proteins (p53, tubulin, and various transcription factors). Mammalian HDACs have been ordered into three classes based upon their similarity to known yeast factors. Class I HDACs (HDACs 1 , 2, 3 and 8) bear similarity to the yeast RPD3 protein, are located in the nucleus and are found in complexes associated with transcriptional co-repressors. Class Il HDACs (HDACs 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9) are similar to the yeast HDA1 protein, and have both nuclear and cytoplasmic subcellular localization. Class III HDACs form a structurally distant class of NAD dependent enzymes that are related to the yeast SIR2 proteins.
• hydoxamic acids Compounds that have been shown to inhibit HDAC activity fall into five structurally diverse classes: (1) hydoxamic acids; (2) cyclic tetrapeptides; (3) aliphatic acids; (4) benzamides; and (5) electrophillic ketones.
• Hydroxamic acids were among the first HDAC inhibitors identified and these agents helped define the model pharmacophore for HDAC inhibitors.
• the linker domain of these agents is comprised of linear or cyclic structures, either saturated or unsaturated, and the surface recognition domain is generally a hydrophobic group, most often aromatic.
• Phase I and Il clinical trials are currently on-going for several hydoxamic acid-based HDAC inhibitors, including PXD-101.
• PXD-101 is a highly potent HDAC inhibitor that blocks proliferation of diverse tumor cell lines at low micromolar potency (IC 50 0.08-2.43 ⁇ M) and HDAC enzyme activity (IC 50 9-110 nM).
• PXD-101 slows tumor growth in a dose dependent manner and is particularly active in leukemic mouse models.
• PXD-101 causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in rapidly proliferating cells.
• hydoxamic acid-based HDAC inhibitors are suitable for use in the present invention.
• the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor is selected from compounds represented by the following formula:
• A is an unsubstituted phenyl group
• Q 1 is a covalent bond, a Ci_ 7 alkylene group, or a Ci- 7 alkenylene group
• R 1 is hydrogen, Ci- 7 a!kyl, C 3-2 oheterocyclyl, Cs ⁇ oaryl, or C 5 - 2 oaryl-Ci -7 alkyl; and Q 2 is:
• Q 1 is a covalent bond or a Cwalkylene group.
• Q 1 is a covalent bond. In one embodiment, Q 1 is a C-i ⁇ alkylene group.
• Q 1 is -CH 2 -, -C(CH 3 )-, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH(CH 3 )-,
• Q 1 is a Ci ⁇ alkenylene group.
• R 1 is hydrogen, Ci- 7 alkyl, C 3 . 2 oheterocyclyl, or C 5-2 oaryl.
• R 1 is hydrogen
• R 1 is Ci -7 alkyl.
• R 1 is -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, -sBu, or -tBu. In one embodiment, R 1 is -Me, -nBu, or -iBu
• R 1 is C 3-20 heterocyclyl.
• R 1 is C 5 - 2 oaryl. In one embodiment, R 1 is phenyl.
• R 1 is C 5-20 aryl-Ci- 7 alkyl. In one embodiment, R 1 is benzyl.
• the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor is selected from the following compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof
• the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor is selected from PXD-101 , which is represented by the following formula, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof:
• HDAC histone deacetylase
• This invention is intended to encompass, in addition to the use of the above listed compounds, the use of stereoisomers of such compounds and mixtures thereof.
• a specific stereoisomer can also be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called an enantiomeric mixture.
• a 50:50 (by mole) mixture of enantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture.
• Many of the compounds described herein can have one or more chiral centers and therefore can exist in different enantiomeric forms. If desired, a chiral carbon atom can be designated with an asterisk (*). When bonds to the chiral carbon atom are depicted as straight lines in the formulas of the invention, it is understood that both the (R) and (S) configurations of the chiral carbon atom, and hence both enantiomers and mixtures thereof, are embraced within the formula.
• one of the bonds to the chiral carbon can be depicted as a wedge (bonds to atoms above the plane) and the other can be depicted as a series or wedge of short parallel lines is (bonds to atoms below the plane).
• the Cahn-lnglod-Prelog system can be used to assign the (R) or (S) configuration to a chiral carbon.
• the HDAC inhibitors described herein contain one chiral center, the compounds exist in two enantiomeric forms.
• the enantiomers can be resolved by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example by formation of diastereoisomer salts which can be separated, for example, by crystallization (See, e.g., CRC Handbook of Optical Resolutions via Diastereomeric Salt
• specific enantiomers can be synthesized by asymmetric synthesis using optically active reagents, substrates, catalysts or solvents, or by converting one enantiomer into the other by asymmetric transformation.
• This invention is intended to encompass, in addition to the use of the above listed compounds, the use of each enantiomer and mixtures of enantiomers, such as the specific 50:50 (by mole) mixture referred to as a racemic mixture.
• Designation of a specific absolute configuration at a chiral carbon of the compounds is understood to mean that the designated enantiomeric form of the compounds is in enantiomeric excess (ee) or in other words is substantially free from the other enantiomer.
• the "R” forms of the compounds are substantially free from the “S” forms of the compounds and are; thus, in enantiomeric excess of the "S” forms.
• “S” forms of the compounds are substantially free of “R” forms of the compounds and are, thus, in enantiomeric excess of the "R” forms.
• Enantiomeric excess is the presence of a particular enantiomer at greater than 50%.
• the enantiomeric excess can be about 60% or more, such as about 70% or more, for example about 80% or more, such as about 90% or more.
• the enantiomeric excess of depicted compounds is at least about 90%.
• the enantiomeric excess of the compounds is at least about 95%, such as at least about 97.5%, for example, at least 99% enantiomeric excess.
• a compound When a compound has two or more chiral carbon atoms it can have more than two optical isomers and can exist in diastereoisomeric forms. For example, when there are two chiral carbon atoms, the compound can have up to 4 optical isomers and 2 pairs of enantiomers ((S,S)/(R,R) and (R,S)/(S,R)).
• the pairs of enantiomers e.g., (S,S)/(R,R)
• the stereoisomers which are not mirror-images e.g., (S 1 S) and (R,S) are diastereomers.
• the diastereoisomer pairs can be separated by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example chromatography or crystallization and the individual enantiomers within each pair can be separated as described above.
• This invention is intended to encompass, in addition to the use of above listed compounds, the use of each diastereoisomer of such compounds and mixtures thereof.
• the active compounds disclosed herein can, as noted above, be prepared in the form of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are discussed in Berge et al., 1977, "Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts,” J. Pharm. ScL, Vol. 66, pp. 1-19.
• solvate is used herein in the conventional sense to refer to a complex of solute (e.g., active compound, salt of active compound) and solvent. If the solvent is water, the solvate may be conveniently referred to as a hydrate, for example, a hemihydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate, and the like.
• This invention is intended to encompass, in addition to the use of the above listed compounds, the use of pro-drugs of the compound (e.g., HDAC inhibitors) disclosed herein.
• a prodrug of any of the compounds can be made using well known pharmacological techniques. Homologs and Analogs
• homologs are molecules having substantial structural similarities to the above-described compounds and analogs are molecules having substantial biological similarities regardless of structural similarities.
• chemotherapeutic agents suitable for use in the present invention include one or more other anti-tumor substances, for example those selected from, for example, mitotic inhibitors, for example vinblastine; alkylating agents, for example cisplatin, carboplatin, and cyclophosphamide; inhibitors of microtubule assembly, like paclitaxel or other taxanes; antimetabolites, for example 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, cytosine arabinoside, and hydroxyurea, or, for example, intercalating antibiotics, for example, adriamycin and bleomycin; immunostimulants, for example trastuzumab; DNA synthesis inhibitors, for example, gemcitabine; enzymes, for example asparaginase; topoisomerase inhibitors, for example etoposide; biological response modifiers, for example interferon; and anti-hormones, for example, antioestrogens such as tamoxifen or, for example, antiandrogens
• the chemotherapeutic agent is dexamethasone.
• the chemotherapeutic agent is 5-fluorouracil.
• EGFR inhibitor refers to a molecule having the ability to inhibit a biological function of a native epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Accordingly, the term “inhibitor” is defined in the context of the biological role of EGFR. While preferred inhibitors herein specifically interact with (e.g., bind to) an EGFR, molecules that inhibit an EGFR biological activity by interacting with other members of the EGFR signal transduction pathway are also specifically included within this definition. A preferred EGFR biological activity inhibited by an EGFR inhibitor is associated with the development, growth, or spread of a tumor. EGFR inhibitors, without limitation, include peptides, non-peptide small molecules, antibodies, antibody fragments, antisense molecules, and oligonucleotide decoys.
• the EGFR inhibitor is Tarceva®.
• chemotherapeutic agents and EGFR inhibitors include: Cisplatin, 5-Fluorouracil, Oxaliplatin, Topotecan, Gemcitabine, Docetaxel, Doxorubicin, Tamoxifen, Dexamethasone, 5-Azacytidine, Chlorambucil, Fludarabine, Tarceva®, Alimta®, Melphalan.
• the treatment comprises treatment with (i) a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, such as PXD-101 , and (ii) a compound selected from: Cisplatin, 5-Fluorouracil, Oxaliplatin, Topotecan, Gemcitabine, Docetaxel, Doxorubicin, Tamoxifen, Dexamethasone, 5-Azacytidine, Chlorambucil, Fludarabine, Tarceva®, Alimta®, Melphalan, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof.
• HDAC histone deacetylase
• the methods of treatment of the present invention comprise administering to a patient in need thereof a first amount or dose of a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, such as PXD-101 , in a first treatment procedure, and a second amount or dose of a (i.e., another) chemotherapeutic agent, such as dexamethasone or 5-fluorouracil, or an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, such as Tarceva®, in a second treatment procedure.
• HDAC histone deacetylase
• EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
• Tarceva® an epidermal growth factor receptor
• the term "patient”, as used herein, refers to the recipient of the treatment. Mammalian and non-mammalian patients are included. In one embodiment, the patient is a mammal. In one embodiment, the patient is a rodent (e.g., a guinea pig, a hamster, a rat, a mouse), murine (e.g., a mouse), a lagomorph (e.g., a rabbit), avian (e.g., a bird), canine (e.g., a dog), feline (e.g., a cat), equine (e.g., a horse), porcine (e.g., a pig), ovine (e.g., a sheep), bovine (e.g., a cow), caprine (e.g., a goat), a primate, simian (e.g., a monkey or ape), a monkey (e.g., marmoset,
• the patient is a human.
• the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors of the invention can be administered in oral forms such as tablets, capsules (each of which includes sustained release or timed release formulations), pills, powders, granules, elixers, tinctures, suspensions, syrups, and emulsions.
• the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors can be administered in intravenous (bolus or infusion), intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular form, all using forms well known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts.
• the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors can be administered in the form of a depot injection or implant preparation which can be formulated in such a manner as to permit a sustained release of the active ingredient.
• the active ingredient can be compressed into pellets or small cylinders and implanted subcutaneously or intramuscularly as depot injections or implants.
• Implants can employ inert materials such as biodegradable polymers or synthetic silicones, for example, Silastic®, silicone rubber, or other polymers, e.g., manufactured by the Dow-Corning Corporation.
• the HDAC inhibitor can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles.
• Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine, or phosphatidylcholines.
• the HDAC inhibitors can also be delivered by the use of monoclonal antibodies as individual carriers to which the compound molecules are coupled.
• the HDAC inhibitors can also be prepared with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers.
• soluble polymers can include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxy-propyl-methacrylamide-phenol, polyhydroxyethyl-aspartamide- phenol, or polyethyleneoxide-polylysine substituted with palmitoyl residues.
• the HDAC inhibitors can be prepared with biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic and polyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates, and cross linked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.
• biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic and polyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates, and cross linked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.
• the dosage regimen utilizing the HDAC inhibitors can be selected in accordance with a variety of factors including type, species, age, weight, sex and the type of cancer being treated; the severity (i.e., stage) of the cancer to be treated; the route of administration; the renal and hepatic function of the patient; and the particular compound or salt thereof employed.
• An ordinarily skilled physician or veterinarian can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required to treat, for example, to prevent, inhibit (fully or partially) or arrest the progress of the disease.
• Oral dosages of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors when used to treat the desired cancer (e.g., in a human), can range between about 2 mg to about 2000 mg per day, such as from about 20 mg to about 2000 mg per day, such as from about 200 mg to about 2000 mg per day.
• oral dosages can be about 2, about 20, about 200, about 400, about 800, about 1200, about 1600 or about 2000 mg per day. It is understood that the total amount per day can be administered in a single dose or can be administered in multiple dosing such as twice, three or four times per day.
• a patient can receive between about 2 mg/day to about 2000 mg/day, for example, from about 20 to 2000 mg/day, such as from about 200 to about 2000 mg/day, for example from about 400 mg/day to about 1200 mg/day.
• a suitably prepared medicament for once a day administration can thus contain between about 2 mg and about 2000 mg, such as from about 20 mg to about 2000 mg, such as from about 200 mg to about 1200 mg, such as from about 400 mg/day to about 1200 mg/day.
• the HDAC inhibitors can be administered in a single dose or in divided doses of two, three, or four times daily. For administration twice a day, a suitably prepared medicament would therefore contain half of the needed daily dose.
• the patient would receive the HDAC inhibitor in quantities sufficient to deliver between about 3 to 1500 mg/m 2 per day, for example, about 3, 30, 60, 90, 180, 300, 600, 900, 1200 or 1500 mg/m 2 per day.
• Such quantities can be administered in a number of suitable ways, e.g., large volumes of low concentrations of HDAC inhibitor during one extended period of time or several times a day.
• the quantities can be administered for one or more consecutive days, intermittent days, or a combination thereof per week (7 day period).
• low volumes of high concentrations of HDAC inhibitor during a short period of time e.g., once a day for one or more days either consecutively, intermittently, or a combination thereof per week (7 day period).
• a dose of 300 mg/m 2 per day can be administered for 5 consecutive days for a total of 1500 mg/m 2 per treatment.
• the number of consecutive days can also be 5, with treatment lasting for 2 or 3 consecutive weeks for a total of 3000 mg/m 2 and 4500 mg/m 2 total treatment.
• an intravenous formulation can be prepared which contains a concentration of HDAC inhibitor of between about 1.0 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL, e.g. 2.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mL, 4.0 mg/mL, 5.0 mg/mL, 6.0 mg/mL, 7.0 mg/mL, 8.0 mg/mL, 9.0 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL and administered in amounts to achieve the doses described above.
• a sufficient volume of intravenous formulation can be administered to a patient in a day such that the total dose for the day is between about 300 and about 1500 mg/m 2 .
• the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor is PXD-101 and is administered intravenously at a rate of 900 mg/m 2 every 24 hours.
• Glucuronic acid, L-lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, or any pharmaceutically acceptable acid/conjugate base with reasonable buffering capacity in the pH range acceptable for intravenous administration of the HDAC inhibitor can be used as buffers.
• Sodium chloride solution wherein the pH has been adjusted to the desired range with either acid or base, for example, hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide, can also be employed.
• a pH range for the intravenous formulation can be in the range of from about 5 to about 12.
• a preferred pH range for intravenous formulation wherein the HDAC inhibitor has a hydroxamic acid moiety can be about 9 to about 12. Consideration should be given to the solubility and chemical compatibility of the HDAC inhibitor in choosing an appropriate excipient.
• Subcutaneous formulations preferably prepared according to procedures well known in the art at a pH in the range between about 5 and about 12, also include suitable buffers and isotonicity agents. They can be formulated to deliver a daily dose of HDAC inhibitor in one or more daily subcutaneous administrations, e.g., one, two, or three times each day.
• the choice of appropriate buffer and pH of a formulation, depending on solubility of the HDAC inhibitor to be administered, is readily made by a person having ordinary skill in the art.
• Sodium chloride solution wherein the pH has been adjusted to the desired range with either acid or base, for example, hydrochloric acid, or sodium hydroxide, can also be employed in the subcutaneous formulation.
• a pH range for the subcutaneous formulation can be in the range of from about 5 to about 12.
• a preferred pH range for subcutaneous formulation wherein the HDAC inhibitor has a hydroxamic acid moiety can be about 9 to about 12. Consideration should be given to the solubility and chemical compatibility of the HDAC inhibitor in choosing an appropriate excipient.
• the HDAC inhibitors can also be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes, using those forms of transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in that art.
• the dosage administration will, or course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regime.
• the HDAC inhibitors can be administered as active ingredients in admixture with suitable pharmaceutical diluents, excipients or carriers (collectively referred to herein as "carrier" materials) suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, that is, oral tablets, capsules, elixers, syrups, and the like, and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices.
• the HDAC inhibitor can be combined with an oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable, inert carrier such as lactose, starch, sucrose, glucose, methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium croscarmellose, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, mannitol, sorbitol, and the like or a combination thereof.
• an oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable, inert carrier such as lactose, starch, sucrose, glucose, methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium croscarmellose, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, mannitol, sorbitol, and the like or a combination thereof.
• the oral drug components can be combined with any oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water, and the like.
• suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn-sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth, or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium croscarmellose, polyethylene glycol, waxes and the like.
• Lubricants that may be used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, and the like.
• Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum, and the like.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the histone deacetylase inhibitors described herein that are suitable for use in the method of the invention are conventional non-toxic salts and can include a salt with a base or an acid addition salt such as a salt with an inorganic base, for example, an alkali metal salt (e.g., lithium salt, sodium salt, potassium salt, etc.), an alkaline earth metal salt (e.g., calcium salt, magnesium salt, etc.), an ammonium salt; a salt with an organic base, for example, an organic amine salt (e.g., triethylamine salt, pyridine salt, picoline salt, ethanolamine salt, triethanolamine salt, dicyclohexylamine salt, N.N'-dibenzylethylenediamine salt, etc.) etc.; an inorganic acid addition salt (e.g., hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, phosphate, etc.); an organic carboxylic or sulfonic acid addition salt (
• the treatment procedures can take place sequentially in any order, simultaneously, or a combination thereof.
• the first treatment procedure, administration of a HDAC inhibitor can take place prior to (e.g., up to 7, 14, 21 days prior to) the second treatment procedure, administration of a chemotherapeutic agent or EGFR inhibitor, after (e.g., up to 7, 14, 21 days after) the second treatment procedure, at the same time as the second treatment procedure, or a combination thereof.
• at least a part of the first treatment procedure is concurrent with a part of the second treatment procedure.
• a total treatment period can be decided for the HDAC inhibitor.
• the chemotherapeutic agent or EGFR inhibitor can be administered prior to onset of treatment with the HDAC inhibitor or following treatment with the HDAC inhibitor.
• the chemotherapeutic agent or EGFR inhibitor can be administered during the period of HDAC inhibitor administration but does not need to occur over the entire HDAC inhibitor treatment period.
• the present invention provides a method of treating cancer (e.g., multiple myeloma), wherein said method comprises administering to a patient, PXD-101 for several days prior to the administration of dexamethasone (DEX).
• the combination therapy is on a 21 -day cycle wherein PXD-101 is administered every 24 hours for five days, then dexamethasone (DEX) and PXD-101 are administered on days 2-5 and 10-13.
• the present invention provides a method of treating cancer (e.g., epithelial ovarian cancer), wherein said method comprises administering to a patient, PXD-101 for several days prior to administering the carboplatin/paclitaxel regimen.
• PXD-101 will be administered every 24 hours for 5 days every three weeks.
• the carboplatin/paclitaxel regimen will be administered on cycle day 3 after administration of PXD-101.
• the present invention provides a method of treating cancer (e.g., lymphoma), wherein said method comprises administering to a patient, PXD- 101 in a first dose or amount and 5-FU in a second dose or amount, to provide therapeutically effective anti-cancer effects.
• cancer e.g., lymphoma
• the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and chemotherapeutic agents and EGFR inhibitors can also be used in a method of inhibiting cell proliferation in a cell comprising contacting the cell with a first amount of a compound capable of inhibiting a histone deacetylase (e.g., PXD-101) or a salt or solvate thereof, and contacting the cell with a second amount of a chemotherapeutic agent or EGFR inhibitor, to prevent, inhibit (fully or partially), or arrest cell proliferation.
• the cell can be a transgenic cell.
• the cell can be in a patient, such as a mammal, for example a human.
• the first amount to treat cancer in a cell is a contact concentration of HDAC inhibitor from about 1 pM to about 50 ⁇ M such as, from about 1 pM to about 5 ⁇ M, for example, from about 1 pM to about 500 nM, such as from about 1 pM to about 50 mM, for example, 1 pM to about 500 pM.
• the concentration is less than about 5.0 ⁇ M.
• the concentration is about 500 nM. Kits
• kits or kit-of-parts comprising: (a) a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, such as PXD-101 , preferably as a component of a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation, and preferably provided in a suitable container and/or with suitable packaging; and
• HDAC histone deacetylase
• kit or kit-of-parts is suitable for use in a method for treating cancer.
• chemotherapeutic agent such as dexamethasone or 5-fluorouracil, or an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, such as Tarceva®, preferably as a component of a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation, and preferably provided in a suitable container and/or with suitable packaging; wherein said kit or kit-of-parts is suitable for use in a method for treating cancer.
• EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
• the kit or kit-of-parts further comprises instructions, e.g., written instructions, for use, for example, instructions for administration, e.g., of the two drugs.
• the instructions include a list of indications (e.g., cancer, types of cancer) for which combination of drugs is a suitable treatment.
• the kit or kit-of-parts further comprises appropriate reagents (e.g., buffers, solvents) and devices (e.g., tubes, syringes) for assembly and use (e.g., administration).
• appropriate reagents e.g., buffers, solvents
• devices e.g., tubes, syringes
• HDAC inhibitors in combination with standard chemotherapeutic agents were tested in vitro to determine the potential clinical use of an HDAC inhibitor (i.e., PXD-101), in combination chemotherapy. See, for example, the Data Annexes below.
• Cells were cultured, exposed to PXD-101 alone or in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent, and incubated for a time, and the number of viable cells was then assessed using the Cell Proliferation Reagent WST-1 from Boehringer Mannheim (Cat. No. 1 644 807), described below.
• Cells were plated in 96-well plates at 3-10 x 10 3 cells/well in 100 ⁇ l_ of culture medium. The following day, different concentrations of PXD-101 alone or in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent were added and the cells incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. Subsequently, 10 ⁇ L/well of WST-1 reagent was added and the cells re-incubated for 1 hour. After the incubation time, absorbance was measured.
• WST-1 is a tetrazolium salt which is cleaved to formazan dye by cellular enzymes.
• An expansion in the number of viable cells results in an increase in the overall activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases in the sample.
• This augmentation in the enzyme activity leads to an increase in the amount of formazan dye formed, which directly correlates to the number of metabolically active cells in the culture.
• the formazan dye produced is quantified by a scanning multi-well spectrophotometer by measuring the absorbance of the dye solution at 450 nm wavelength (reference wavelength 690 nm).
• Percent activity (% activity) in reducing the number of viable cells was calculated for each test compound as:
• % activity ⁇ (S c - B) / (S° - B) ⁇ x 100
• S c denotes signal measured in the presence of the compound being tested
• S° denotes signal measured in the absence of the compound being tested
• B denotes the background signal measured in blank wells containing medium only.
• the IC50 corresponds to the concentration which achieves 50% activity. IC50 values were calculated using the software package Prism® 3.0 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, California, USA), setting top value at 100 and bottom value at 0.
• Measurement of cell viability in the presence of increasing concentration of test compound at different time points is used to assess both cytotoxicity and the effect of the compound on cell proliferation.
• Drug 1 (D1) and drug 2 (D)2 in combination inhibit X% and (Dx)1 and (Dx)2 are the doses of drug 1 and drug 2 alone that also inhibits X5.
• the % growth values at each dose as determined in the WST-1 assay is used. Cl values that are less than 1 , equal to 1 , or are greater than 1 indicate synergism, additive effect, or antagonism, respectively. Cl's are compared at various percent inhibitory concentrations.
• Figure 2 and Data Annex 5 depicts a graph and chart, respectively, showing the synergy of PXD-101 and 5-FU in a WST-1 anti-proliferative assay as calculated by CalcuSyn®.
• isobolograms To determine whether the combinations are additive, synergistic, or antagonistic, isobolograms are plotted and combination indices calculated using the commercial software program CalcuSyn®.
• the X intercepts indicate the concentrations of one drug which results in a given percentage of growth inhibition and the Y intercepts indicate the concentrations at which the other drug inhibited cell growth.
• the data point that falls between the axes indicates the concentration of the drug combination that inhibits cell growth. The further above or below this data point deviates from the straight line joining the intercept, the more antagonistic or synergistic the effect, respectively.
• Combination data points that fall on or close to the line joining the intercepts indicates additive effects.
• Figure 1 depicts an isobologram for the combination of PXD-101 and 5-FU in a HCT116 cell, line, wherein 5-FU was added alone 24 hours after PXD-101.
• the graph demonstrates that this combination produces a surprisingly synergistic effect.
• Data Annex 8 shows that a synergy between PXD-101 and 5-FU exists also in vivo.
• the survival of the mice treated with the drug combination is greater than the survival of those treated with each drug alone.
• there is also a synergy when mice are treated with PXD-101 and a combination of 5-FU and oxaliplatin see Data Annex 9).
• L-phenylalanine mustard (PAM 1 melphalan) shows synergy with PXD-101 in a number of myeloma cell lines (see Data Annex 1). Furthermore, synergy can be seen between PXD-101 and other chemotherapeutic agents, specifically cisplatin, 5-FU, topotecan, gemcitabine, docetaxel, doxorubicin, tamoxifen, dexamethasaone, and 5-aazacytidine, in a number of tumour cell lines (see Data Annex 2).
• chemotherapeutic agents specifically cisplatin, 5-FU, topotecan, gemcitabine, docetaxel, doxorubicin, tamoxifen, dexamethasaone, and 5-aazacytidine
• the myeloma cell lines (e.g., JJN3, LP-1 , RPMI-8226, U266) were treated with PXD-101 and doxorubicin. As described above, the combined effects of these compounds on the myeloma cell lines was determined by plotting isobolograms and calculating combination indices.
• the myeloma cell lines (e.g., JJN3, LP-1 , RPMI-8226, U266) were treated with PXD-101 and vincristine. As described above, the combined effects of these compounds on the myeloma cell lines was determined by plotting isobolograms and calculating combination indeces. Additive to synergistic effects were observed for this combination when PXD-101 and vincristine were co-incubated over a range of concentrations (see Data Annex 1).
• the antifolate pemetrexed (Alimta®) is marketed for use against lung cancers. There is a clear synergistic effect of combining PXD-101 with Alimta® in proliferation experiments using cultured cells (see Data Annex 12 and Figure 6).
• combination of PXD-101 with 5-FU produced strong synergism in a variety of cell lines (e.g., ovarian cell lines, A2780 and OVCAR3, lung cell line, NYH, breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, and colon cancer cell lines, HT116 and HT116p53). In most circumstances, the strongest synergism was observed when 5-FU was added 24 hours after the administration of PXD-101. (See Data Annex 2.) In addition, the combination of PXD-101 and 5-FU produced synergistic effects in the lymphoma cell line when 5-FU was administered 24 hours after the administration of PXD-101.
• a clonogenic assay was performed essentially as described (Jensen et al., 1993) to determine the anti-proliferative effects of combinations involving PXD-101 , in particular a combination involving PXD-101 and 5-FU.
• HCT116 or p388 cells were exposed to combinations of PXD-101 and 5-FU for the indicated times. Cells were then plated in 0.3% agar in 6 cm petri dishes with sheep red blood cells as feeder layer in triplicate, and were incubated at 37°C. Plates were counted after 14-21 days.
• Data Annex 6 Data Annex 7 and Figure 3 present the data underlying this summary, and shows the synergy of PXD-101 and 5-FU in the clonogenic assay as calculated by CalcuSyn®.
• PXD101 caused significant tumour growth inhibition in a HCT-116 colon cancer xenograft model in nude mice. 5-FU was ineffective in the HCT116 model in the chosen dose regimen, which indicates suboptimal dosing.
• Figure 4 shows the chemo-sensitising effect of PXD101.
• FIG. 4 depicts a graph summarizing the chemo-sensitizing effects of PXD-101 in a HCT116 colon cancer xenograft.
• P388 mouse leukemia cells were injected intrapertoneally (IP) into B6D1F1 female mice.
• PXD-101 and/or chemotherapeutic agent were administered IP on day 3, then daily for the required number of consecutive days. Kaplan-Meier survival distribution graphs are shown for each combination.
• EXAMPLE 4 Growth Inhibition Assays Involving EGFR Inhibitors and HDAC inhibitors
• the objective of this study was to determine whether PXD-101 monotherapy or combination therapy with Tarceva® effects the growth of A431 cells (human epidermoid carcinoma) or Calu-3 cells (human non-small cell lung cancer).
• Cells were plated at 3,000 cells/well in 96-well plates, treated with PXD-101 or Tarceva® (an EGFR-kinase inhibitor) alone or in combination at the indicated concentrations for 72 hours, and evaluated for growth/viability via the CellTiter-Glo assay described above.
• PXD-101 or Tarceva® an EGFR-kinase inhibitor
• PXD-101 used in combination with Tarceva® may be beneficial for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and perhaps other types of cancers.
• the objective of this study was to determine whether PXD-101 treatment effects EGFR protein levels.
• A431 cells human epidermoid carcinoma
• PXD-101 at the indicated concentrations for 24 hours
• whole-cell lysates were harvested and analyzed by Western blotting using an anti-EGFR antibody.
• the blot was reprobed with an anti-actin antibody to control for lane loading.
• A431 cells are known to overexpress wild-type EGFR and to be sensitive to growth-inhibition by reagents that inhibit the EGFR pathway.
• the reduction of EGFR protein induced by PXD-101 may be one mechanism by which PXD-101 used alone is growth-inhibitory to these cells.
• the PXD-101 -mediated reduction in EGFR protein may provide a mechanistic rationale for the additive/synergistic growth-inhibition observed when PXD-101 is used in combination with Tarceva®.
• the percentage Increased Life Span was calculated as the median survival (treatment group) minus median survival (vehicle control) divided by median survival (vehicle control) multiplied with 100:
• P388 i.p. mouse leukemia tumour. Intraperitoneal treatment with PXD101 (mg/kg/treat) and 5-FU (mg/kg/treat) i.p. daily for 5 days starting day 3 after tumour implantation. ILS% percentage Increased Life Spand.
• Such changes and alterations also are intended to include modifications of the specific desired agents described herein in which such changes alter the agent in a manner as not to change the desired potential of the agent, but as to change solubility of the agent in the pharmaceutical composition to be administered or in the body, absorption of the agent by the body, protection of the agent for either shelf life or within the body until such time as the biological action of the agent is able to bring about the desired effect, and such similar modifications. Accordingly, such changes and alterations are properly intended to be within the full range of equivalents, and therefore within the purview of the following claims.
• the invention and the manner and process of making and using it have been thus described in such full, clear, concise and exact terms so as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make and use the same.

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