Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C311/14—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to carbon atoms of rings other than six-membered aromatic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
  • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
  • A61K31/404—Indoles, e.g. pindolol
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C303/00—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides
  • C07C303/36—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides of amides of sulfonic acids
  • C07C303/38—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides of amides of sulfonic acids by reaction of ammonia or amines with sulfonic acids, or with esters, anhydrides, or halides thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C303/00—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides
  • C07C303/36—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides of amides of sulfonic acids
  • C07C303/40—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides of amides of sulfonic acids by reactions not involving the formation of sulfonamide groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C311/01—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C311/12—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an unsaturated carbon skeleton containing rings
  • C07C311/13—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an unsaturated carbon skeleton containing rings the carbon skeleton containing six-membered aromatic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
  • C07D209/10—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D209/14—Radicals substituted by nitrogen atoms, not forming part of a nitro radical

Definitions

• This invention relates to a process for making substituted indoles useful as CPLA 2 inhibitors and intermediate compounds in that process.
• N-alkylated indoles generally require expensive materials and processing. An efficient and economical method for producing N-alkylated indoles is therefore desirable.
• the present invention provides method for making a compound of formula 1:
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are defined as described herein.
• the reaction occurs in the presence of a base, a palladium catalyst, and a copper catalyst.
• the compound of formula 4 is then converted to the compound of formula 1.
• the invention further comprises compounds of formulas 3 and 4 and methods for making compounds of formulas 3 and 4.
• the present invention provides method for making a compound of formula 1 :
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 each is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, -CN, -CHO, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -OH, -NO 2 , -C 1 ⁇ alkyl, -C M alkoxy, -NH 2 , -NH(Ci -6 alkyl), -N(C 1-6 a!kyl) 2 , and -NHC(O)-C 1-6 alkyl, and R 5 is selected from the group consisting of H and -C(O)O-C 1-6 alkyl.
• the reaction occurs in the presence of a base, a palladium catalyst, and a copper catalyst.
• the compound of formula 4 is then converted to the compound of formula 1.
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 each is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, -CF 3 , and -C 1-6 alkyl.
• R 1 is H
• R 2 is Cl
• R 3 is Cl
• R 4 is H.
• R 1 is -CF 3
• R 2 is H
• R 3 is H
• R 4 is H.
• Suitable bases include, for example, trialkylamines (e.g., where alkyl has 1-6 carbon atoms such as diisopropylethylamine or triethylamine), alkali earth metal carbonates (e.g., lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, or cesium carbonate), alkali earth metal bicarbonates (e.g., lithium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, or cesium bicarbonate), alkaline earth metal carbonates (e.g., magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, or barium carbonate), and alkaline earth metal bicarbonates (e.g., magnesium bicarbonate, calcium bicarbonate, or barium bicarbonate).
• trialkylamines e.g., where alkyl has 1-6 carbon atoms such as diisopropylethylamine or triethylamine
• alkali earth metal carbonates e.g., lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, or cesium carbonate
• the palladium catalyst may be present in about 0.5 mole % to about 1.5 mole %.
• Any palladium catalyst useful in Sonogashira-type coupling reactions may be used, including, for example, PdCI 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 , Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , Pd(CN) 2 CI 2 , Pd(OAc) 2 , and PdCI 2 with appropriate phosphine ligands such as PPh 3 , P(cyclohexyl) 3 , or P(f-butyl) 2 methyl.
• the copper catalyst may be present in at least about 5 mole % (e.g., 5 mole % to about 15 mole %, or about 10 mole %). Any copper catalyst useful in Sonogashira-type coupling reactions may be used, including, for example, copper iodide (CuI).
• CuI copper iodide
• Organic bases e.g., trialkylamines
• An alcohol such as isopropanol
• an anti-solvent such as water
• compounds of formula 4 may be obtained in yields of at least about 90%, and at purities of at least about 95%.
• the compound of formula 4 may be reacted with copper iodide to produce a compound of formula 5:
• the compound of formula 5 may be reacted with a compound of formula 6:
• the compound of formula 7 may be reacted with a base to remove the ester Ci- 6 alkyl group and produce the compound of formula 1.
• the compound of formula 7 may be isolated by crystallization prior to reacting with the base, or alternatively, the compound of formula 7 may be reacted with the base without prior purification.
• the compound of formula 1 may be purified, for example, by recrystallization from an alcohol, such as ethanol.
• the compound of formula 2 can be prepared by reacting 2-iodo-4- chloroaniline (obtained, for example, by iodination of p-chloroaniline, or by any other method known in the art) with benzhydrol in the presence of an acid such as an organic sulfonic acid (e.g., benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, or the like), in an aprotic solvent (e.g., acetonitrile, toluene, or the like). In some embodiments this reaction proceeds slowly and requires slow addition of the benzhydrol to the 2-iodo-4-chloroaniline to achieve a good yield.
• an acid such as an organic sulfonic acid (e.g., benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, or the like)
• an aprotic solvent e.g., acetonitrile, tolu
• Addition and reaction times can be reduced without reducing the yield or purity of the product by heating the reaction, for example, to at least about 75°C, or at least about 80 0 C, or to the reflux temperature of the solvent.
• the compound of formula 2 thus produced may be purified by precipitation and filtration, followed by trituration with a solvent (e.g., methanol) to remove impurities.
• the compound can be obtained in a purity of at least about 90 % (e.g., about 98-99%) by this method.
• the compound of formula 3 may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula 8 with a compound of formula 9:
• R is -C(O)O-C 1-6 alkyl (such as, for example, tert-butoxycarbonyl).
• the invention also provides a method for making a compound of formula 4:
• the invention further provides compounds of formula 3:
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 each is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, -CN 1 -CHO, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -OH, -NO 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -C 1 ⁇ alkoxy, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1 - C alkyl), -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , and -NHC(O)-C 1-6 alkyl, and R 5 is selected from the group consisting of H and -C(O)O-Ci -6 alkyl.
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 each is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, -CF 3 , and -C 1-6 alkyl.
• R 1 is H, R 2 is Cl, R 3 is Cl, and R 4 is H.
• R 1 is -CF 3 , R 2 is H, R 3 is H, and R 4 is H.
• R 1 is CH 3 , R 2 is H, R 3 is H, and R 4 is CH 3 .
• Examples of compounds of formula 3 include N-but-3-ynyl-C-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)methanesulfonamide, N-but-3-ynyl-C-(3,4- dichlorophenyl)methanesulfonamide, and N-but-3-ynyl-C-(2-[trifluoromethyl]phenyl) methanesulfonamide.
• mole % refers to the ratio of the moles of a reactant to the moles of the compound of formula 2 or of formula 3, whichever is less.
• halogen refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
• alkyl includes both straight and branched chain alkyl groups, e.g., of 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• alkoxy refers to -O-alkyl, where alkyl is defined as described above.
• the palladium catalyst In the reaction between the compounds of formulas 2 and 3, about half of the palladium catalyst can be combined with the compound of formula 3 in a first mixture, and the other half can be combined with the compound of formula 2, the CuI, and the base in a second mixture. The first mixture can then be added slowly to the second.
• the compound of formula 4 may be precipitated and recovered as a solid by filtration, leaving the bulk of the palladium catalyst in the mother liquor solution. If the palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction and indole cyclization reaction are concatenated, the palladium catalyst may be removed during an extractive workup, for example, by washing the organic product layer with an aqueous solution of N- acetylcysteine, a procedure known in the art. The solid precipitate may also be washed if additional palladium extraction is needed.
• the compound of formula 4 is reacted with copper iodide in an aprotic solvent to induce indole cyclization.
• the R 5 group is a carbamate (e.g., terf-butoxycarbonyl), it will be removed during this step.
• Suitable solvents include DMF 1 DMA, or the like.
• the reaction generally is run at a temperature at least about 100 0 C, preferably about 145-155 0 C. Although the reactants may be mixed all at once, it is preferable to slowly add the compound of formula 4 to a hot solution of the copper iodide, especially when the reaction is carried out on large scale.
• the compound of formula 6 may be obtained by any method known in the art, for example, by reacting the corresponding alkyl 4-iodobenzoate with allyl alcohol in a stirred suspension of sodium bicarbonate, tetrabutyl-ammonium bromide and palladium (II) acetate in DMF.
• the compound of formula 6 may be purified, for example, by forming the metabisulfite salt 6a, as shown in Scheme 2 below.
• the compound of formula 6 may be dissolved in a suitable organic solvent (e.g., toluene) and converted to the metabisulfite salt 6a by addition of an aqueous metabisulfite solution.
• a suitable organic solvent e.g., toluene
• Scheme 2 includes sodium metabisulfite (Na 2 S 2 O 5 ) as a reactant, other metabisulfite salts (e.g., potassium metabisulfite, calcium metabisulfite) may be used. Separation of the organic layer removes organic impurities.
• the metabisulfite salt 6a which remains dissolved in the aqueous layer, can then be converted back to the compound of formula 6 by reacting it with a base (e.g., potassium carbonate) in a water-ethyl acetate mixture and separating the ethyl acetate layer to isolate the compound.
• a base e.g., potassium carbonate
• the compound of formula 6 can be isolated having a purity of greater than about 95%.
• the compounds of formulas 5 and 6 are reacted with boron trifluoride etherate, trifluoroacetic acid and triethylsilane in methylene chloride to produce the compound of formula 7.
• the compound of formula 7 can be converted to the compound of formula 1 by treatment with base (e.g., a mixture of aqueous NaOH and THF in ethanol) followed by lowering the pH (using, for example, an acid such as aqueous acetic acid) to produce the compound of formula 1.
• base e.g., a mixture of aqueous NaOH and THF in ethanol
• pH using, for example, an acid such as aqueous acetic acid
• the product may be precipitated, for example, by reducing the solvent volume and reducing the temperature.
• the compound of formula 7 is converted to the compound of formula 1 without previously isolating the compound of formula 7.
• the compound of formula 7 may be crystallized prior to conversion, for example, by evaporating the solvent to produce a syrup, and then stirring the syrup with ether and seed crystals.
• the compound may also be crystallized from an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and the like) or any other suitable solvent.
• the compound of formula 1 may be purified by recrystallization from a variety of solvent systems, for example, from toluene, toluene/heptane mixtures, ethyl acetate/heptane mixtures, and the like. Recrystallization from 100% ethanol has been shown to effectively purify the compound without reducing yield.
• Scheme 3 illustrates a route for making a compound of formula 3.
• the compound of formula 8 may be prepared, for example, by reacting a sulfonyl chloride 10 with aqueous or gaseous ammonia to form a sulfonamide 11, which can then be protected as a carbamate, for example, by reacting with te/f-butoxycarbonyl anhydride (BOC-anhydride).
• BOC-anhydride te/f-butoxycarbonyl anhydride
• the reaction may be run at elevated temperature (e.g., about 45 0 C) in a solvent such as toluene and in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridune (DMAP) and triethylamine (Et 3 N).
• DMAP 4-dimethylaminopyridune
• Et 3 N triethylamine
• the compound of formula 9 may be prepared by reacting 3-butyn-1-ol with 4- chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine in toluene. In this reaction, it is convenient to keep the reaction temperature below about 20 0 C, as the triethylamine hydrochloride salt byproduct precipitates and is readily separated by filtration. The product can be precipitated from the solution, for example, by reducing the solvent volume and adding propanol and cold water.
• the reaction between the compounds of formulas 8 and 9 occurs in the presence of potassium carbonate granules or powder in DMF at elevated temperatures (e.g., 50-55 0 C).
• elevated temperatures e.g., 50-55 0 C.
• the reaction of compounds of formulas 8 and 9 is an example of a homopropargylation reaction.
• Homopropargylation generally involves an SN 2 reaction using a homopropargyl precursor containing a leaving group, such as a halogen or tosylate.
• the methods known in the art may not be suitable for weaker nucleophiles, however, especially if the compound includes base sensitive functional groups.
• the triflate group (CF 3 SO 3 -) has been shown to be a good leaving group, but is relatively expensive.
• a milder method known in the art for introducing the homopropargyl group involves a Mitsunobu type reaction with 3-butyn-1-ol and triphenylphosphine. This reaction, however, suffers from poor atom-economy.
• SN 2 -type homopropargylation reactions can be achieved under relatively mild conditions by using the leaving group p-chlorophenylsulfonyl.
• the homopropargylation reaction is shown in Scheme 4 below, in which Nu represents a nucleophile.
• this process also has the advantage that the compound of formula 9 is a solid that can be prepared in high yield and is stable to extended storage at room temperature.
• the selectivity of homopropargylation using the compound of formula 9 is illustrated by the high yield (-90 %) of the homopropargylations in the examples described herein, using only a slight ( ⁇ 10%) molar excess of the compound of formula 9.
• Examples of compounds that can be synthesized using the methods of this invention include those in which the groups R 1-4 have one of the combinations of shown in the following table:
• Example 1 Benzhydryl-(4-chloro-2-iodo-phenyl)-amine A solution of benzhydrol (13.5 g, 73.3 mmol) and acetonitrile (56 mL) was added over 1 h to a warm (80 0 C), stirred solution of 2-chloro-4-iodoaniline (16 g, 63.1 mmol), benzenesulfonic acid (0.323 g, 2.0 mmol) and acetonitrile (53 mL). The solution was maintained at 80 0 C for an additional 2.5 h. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. Water (31 mL) was added over 1h to the stirred mixture. The mixture was stirred for 2h at room temperature.
• the solid product was collected by filtration.
• the solid product was combined with methanol (67 mL) and warmed to reflux for 30m. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature.
• the purified product was collected by filtration, washed with methanol (2x10 mL) and vacuum dried to give 22.3 g of benzhydryl-(4-chloro-2-iodo-phenyl)-amine with 99% purity (as determined by HPLC). Mp 107-110.
• Tetrahydrofuran (185 mL) was added to the reaction mixture A 10% aqueous solution of phosphoric acid was added to the reaction mixture over 1h, maintaining an internal temperature of ⁇ 5 C.
• the organic phase was collected and washed with 2.5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2.0 L).
• the combined water phases were washed with tetrahydrofuran (200 mL).
• the combined organic phases were concentrated under reduced pressure to a volume of 2.5 L.
• the mixture was cooled in an ice bath, and heptane (3.7 L) was charged over 15 m to complete product precipitation. The mixture was stirred at 0-5 0 C for 1-2h.
• Example 5 N-BOC-N-but-3-ynyl-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-methanesulfonamide A mixture of carbamic acid, [(3,4-dichlorophenylrnethyl)sulfonyl]-, 1 ,1- dimethylethyl ester (443 g, 1.13 mol), 4-chloro-benzenesulfonic acid but-3-ynyl ester (332.5 g, 1.36 mol), granular potassium carbonate (359 g, 2.60 mol), and N 1 N- dimethylformamide (1.38 L) was combined stirred, and warmed to 55 0 C.
• the mixture was stirred and maintained at 50-55 0 C for 21 h. Additional charges of potassium carbonate (about 40 g) were added at 4h intervals. The mixture was cooled to 30 0 C. The potassium carbonate was removed by filtration. The potassium carbonate cake was washed with DMF (2250 mL). Water (600 mL) was added to the stirred filtrates over 30m. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1-2h after complete water addition. The solid was collected by filtration and washed with 50% v/v aqueous methanol (2x350 mL).
• the reaction mixture was stirred and maintained at 55 0 C for 30m after complete addition.
• the reaction mixture was distilled at reduced pressure using a heating bath temperature of 40-45 0 C to remove triethylamine.
• the reaction mixture was filtered through a celite pad. The pad was washed with DMF (40 ml_).
• 2-Propanol (280 ml.) was added to the filtrate.
• the mixture was warmed to 55 0 C.
• Water (280 ml_) was added slowly over 1h to the stirred mixture.
• the stirred mixture was maintained at 55 0 C for 30m after complete water addition.
• the mixture was cooled to 1O 0 C.
• the mixture was filtered through a celite pad and the pad was washed with IPA (2x100 mL). An additional charge of IPA (1400 mL) was added to the filtrate. The mixture was stirred and warmed to 60 0 C. Water (2.2 L) was added to the mixture over 30m, maintaining an internal temperature of 55-60 0 C. The mixture was held at 60 0 C for 30m, then it was cooled to 5 0 C. The solid product was collected by filtration and the cake was washed with cold IPA/water (3/2 v/v, 2x200 mL).
• Example 8 4- ⁇ 3-[1 -Benzhydryl-5-chloro-2-(2- ⁇ [(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-sulfonyl]amino ⁇ ethyl)-1 H-indol-3-yl]propyl ⁇ benzoic acid
• Ethanol (1.38 L) was added to the mixture.
• the mixture was concentrated to 1.1 L at ambient pressure.
• the stirred mixture was cooled to 50 0 C and tetrahydrofuran (275 mL) and 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide (188 g, 2.35 mol) was added.
• the mixture was warmed to reflux for 30 min.
• the mixture was cooled to 50 0 C and toluene (1.38 L), water (225 mL), and acetic acid (141 g, 2.35 mol) was added.
• the mixture was stirred for 30 min.
• the mixture was filtered through a celite pad.
• the layers were separated and the aqueous layer was washed with a solution of tetrahydrofuran and toluene (1/1 v/v, 100 mL).
• the organic layer was washed consecutively with 3% aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 ml), saturated sodium chloride (100 mL), and water (2x125 mL).
• the organic layer was concentrated to 1.1 L at ambient pressure.
• Toluene (550 mL) was added and the mixture was concentrated to 1.1 L at ambient pressure. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and stirred overnight. Heptane (110 mL) was added to the stirred mixture after precipitation of solid product was observed.
• Example 9 4-(3-Oxo-propyl)-benzoic acid ethyl ester
• Ethyl 4-iodobenzoate (200 g, 0.725 mol) and allyl alcohol (63 g, 1.087 mol) are added to a stirred suspension of Sodium bicarbonate (152 g, 1.812 mol), tetrabutyl-ammounium bromide (117 g, 0.362 mol) and Palladium (II) acetate (3.2 g, 0.014 mol) in DMF (600 ml_).
• the reaction mixture is warmed to 75-80 0 C for 3-3.5 hours and cooled to 4O 0 C -50 0 C.
• Toluene (1 L) is added to the reaction mixture with vigorous agitation and the mixture is stirred for 15 min at room temperature.
• the resulting mixture is filtered through a celite pad.
• the pad is washed with toluene (2 x 200 mL).
• the filtrate and wash are combined, washed with water (3 x 1 L), evaporated to constant weight at 3O 0 C -4O 0 C and 10 mmHg.
• the crude product 147.5g (98.8%, 84% by HPLC) of 4-(3-Oxo-propyl)-benzoic acid ethyl ester as dark brown oil is obtained.
• Example 10 Purification of 4-(3-Oxo-propyl)-benzoic acid ethyl ester Crude 4-(3-Oxo-propyl)-benzoic acid ethyl ester (52% purity as determined by
• HPLC HPLC
• toluene 80 mL
• water 100 mL
• the mixture was stirred.
• a solution of sodium metabisulfite (55.4 g) and water (130 mL) was added over 45 min to the stirred solution.
• the reaction mixture was warmed to 32 0 C for 1 h.
• the layers were separated and the aqueous layer was washed with toluene (2x25 mL).
• the layers were separated.
• Water (600 mL) and ethyl acetate (150 mL) were added to the aqueous layer.
• the mixture was stirred and cooled to 2 0 C.
• Example 12 Carbamic acid, [(2,6-dimethylphenyl)methyl-sulfonyl]-1 ,1-dimethylethyl ester
• Example 13 N-BOC-N-but-3-ynyl-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)-methanesulfonamide
• This DMA solution was added over 1 hour to a stirred mixture of copper iodide (2.26 g, 11.8 mmol) and DMA at 150 0 C.
• the reaction mixture was stirred at 150 0 C for an additional 2.25 hours.
• the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through a celite pad with a DMA wash (2x25 mL).
• 2- Propanol 400 mL was added to the warmed (45-40 0 C), stirred filtrate. Then water (600 mL) was added to the stirred, warm (45-50 0 C) mixture over 1 hour. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and stirred for a minimum of 12 hours.
• Ethanol (1.50 L) was added to the mixture.
• the mixture was concentrated to 1.2 L at ambient pressure.
• the stirred mixture was cooled to 50 0 C and tetrahydrofuran (450 mL) and 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide (221 g, 2.76 mol) was added.
• the mixture was warmed to reflux for 30 min.
• the mixture was cooled to 50 0 C and toluene (1.50 L), water (300 mL), and acetic acid (166 g, 2.76 mol) was added.
• the mixture was stirred for 30 min.
• the mixture was filtered through a celite pad.
• the layers were separated and the aqueous layer was washed with a solution of tetrahydrofuran and toluene (1/1 v/v, 100 mL).
• the organic layer was washed consecutively with 3% aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 ml), saturated sodium chloride (100 mL), and water (2x125 mL).
• the organic layer was concentrated to 1.2 L at ambient pressure.
• Toluene (600 mL) was added and the mixture was concentrated to 1.2 L at ambient pressure. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and stirred overnight. Heptane (100 mL) was added to the stirred mixture after precipitation of solid product was observed.
• the mixture was poured into a stirred aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (20 g in 220 mL water) and stirred for 5 hours, allowing the mixture to warm to room temperature. The mixture was refrigerated overnight. The mixture was filtered and the layers were allowed to separate in a separatory funnel (100 mL rinse to complete transfer).
• the light blue aqueous phase was separated and the organic phase was washed with water (3 x 100 mL) until the washings were pH 7 (pH paper).
• the volume was made up 650 mL with dichloromethane. A 200 mL portion at room temperature was removed and distilled to a volume of 160 mL.
• the stirred solution was then distilled while adding dropwise 2B ethanol (260 mL) at such a rate that the level of liquid in the distillation flask remained at the 160 mL mark.
• the final boiling point of the solution was 80- 80.5 0 C.
• the solution was allowed to cool. It was seeded at 68 0 C, allowed to cool to 50 0 C and placed in a water bath at 50 0 C.
• the slurry of crystals was allowed to cool slowly to 26 0 C, and then to 5-10 0 C with an ice/water bath. Further cooling to -10 0 C was achieved using a dry ice/acetone bath. The stirred slurry was kept at -20 0 C for 15 min and then filtered. The filter cake was washed with cold (-20 0 C) 2B ethanol (3 x 20 mL). The mother liquor and washings deposited more product on standing. The wet cake weighed 17.68 g. After drying overnight in a vacuum oven at 54 0 C the crushed product (weighing 9.52 g) was dried once more overnight to provide 9.46 g (65%). HPLC purity (area %) of the material was 97.84%. NMR data was consistent with the product.

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