WO2006006469A1 - 赤外光検出器 - Google Patents
赤外光検出器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006006469A1 WO2006006469A1 PCT/JP2005/012486 JP2005012486W WO2006006469A1 WO 2006006469 A1 WO2006006469 A1 WO 2006006469A1 JP 2005012486 W JP2005012486 W JP 2005012486W WO 2006006469 A1 WO2006006469 A1 WO 2006006469A1
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/14—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation
- H01L27/144—Devices controlled by radiation
- H01L27/146—Imager structures
- H01L27/14643—Photodiode arrays; MOS imagers
- H01L27/14649—Infrared imagers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/7613—Single electron transistors; Coulomb blockade devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0232—Optical elements or arrangements associated with the device
- H01L31/02327—Optical elements or arrangements associated with the device the optical elements being integrated or being directly associated to the device, e.g. back reflectors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0352—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions
- H01L31/035209—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions comprising a quantum structures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0352—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions
- H01L31/035209—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions comprising a quantum structures
- H01L31/035218—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions comprising a quantum structures the quantum structure being quantum dots
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/08—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof in which radiation controls flow of current through the device, e.g. photoresistors
- H01L31/10—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof in which radiation controls flow of current through the device, e.g. photoresistors characterised by potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors
- H01L31/101—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation
- H01L31/112—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by field-effect operation, e.g. junction field-effect phototransistor
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an infrared light measurement technique, and more particularly to an infrared light detector suitable for detecting a video signal.
- QWIP quantum well infrared photodetector
- this detector since the semiconductor quantum dots are polarized or ionized for a long time, the integrated value of the change in the single-electron transistor current value can be detected even with absorption of one far-infrared photon. Thus, the absorption of a single far-infrared photon can also be detected.
- this detector can measure millimeter waves in the far-infrared region. It is a fixed device and does not operate in the mid-infrared region with a wavelength shorter than several tens of microns. In other words, this detector uses interlevel transitions such as quantum levels due to the in-plane size effect, in-plane plasma oscillation, and Landau levels of in-plane orbital motion.
- This detector has a semiconductor mesa structure 191 and a single-electron transistor 192 on the semiconductor mesa structure 191 as shown in FIG. 32 (a), and the electron energy barrier of the mesa structure 191 is shown in FIG. 32 (b). It is designed in such a structure.
- electrons 194 in the quantum dots 193 of the semiconductor mesa structure 191 cause an intersubband transition and are escaped in the vertical direction and absorbed by the electrode 195.
- the ionic state of the quantum dot 193 due to the escape of the electron 194 continues for a long time, and the change of the single-electron transistor current due to the ionized charge 196 is detected to detect the infrared light 190.
- This detector has a configuration in which a semiconductor quantum dot is ionized for a long time by a two-dimensional intersubband transition, and a configuration in which a single electron transistor is driven by this ion potential, and the electrode of the single electron transistor has an antenna effect.
- the present invention can detect single photons with high efficiency in a wide wavelength range from several ⁇ m to several hundred ⁇ m, and in the manufacturing method, an array is formed.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an infrared photodetector having a structure suitable for.
- An infrared photodetector includes an isolated two-dimensional electron layer that absorbs incident infrared photons and generates excited electrons, and is electrically isolated from the surroundings, and an isolated infrared photon that is isolated from the two-dimensional electron layer.
- the current changes due to the means of concentrating the light, the means of charging the isolated two-dimensional electron layer by extracting the electrons excited by the absorption of incident infrared photons from the isolated two-dimensional electron layer, and the charging of the isolated two-dimensional electron layer And a charge sensitive transistor in which this current change is maintained while the charged state is maintained, and a means for selectively exciting the electrons in the isolated two-dimensional electron layer between the two-dimensional subbands is added. It is characterized by
- the quantum dot in the present invention is a force vj that is smaller than 1Z2 of infrared wavelength or smaller than 1 ⁇ m, and is a two-dimensional electron layer in which the ambient force having a smaller size is electrically isolated. Define.
- a quantum plate is defined as an electrically isolated two-dimensional electron layer with an ambient force of several zm to several hundred m square, which is larger than 1Z2 of infrared wavelength.
- E (l) E x + E y + AE 0l + U (r) (3) where the intersubband energy ⁇ is due to the electron confinement effect in the z direction.
- infrared light incident perpendicularly to a quantum dot is a two-dimensional surface because the light is a transverse wave. It has only vibration components in the parallel direction. Therefore, in the present invention, infrared light incident perpendicularly to the quantum dot is concentrated on the isolated two-dimensional electron layer, and an oscillating electric field component perpendicular to the surface of the quantum dot of infrared light is generated to convert the electrons in the quantum dot.
- a microstrip antenna configured with a quantum dot interposed therebetween is used.
- a microstrip antenna is composed of a flat, wide-area flat conductor and a patch-like conductor mounted with a dielectric sandwiched between them.
- the microstrip antenna receives an electromagnetic wave having an oscillating electric field parallel to the patch conductor surface.
- the oscillating electric field resonates as an oscillating electric field perpendicular to the patch conductor surface (see CA Balanis, "Antenna Theory", Wiley, (1997), Ch. 14).
- a microstrip antenna with an impedance matching the radio wave impedance of the infrared light to be detected concentrates the infrared light incident perpendicular to the quantum dot surface on the quantum dot and the oscillating electric field component perpendicular to the quantum dot surface Can be generated, and the electrons in the quantum dot can be selectively transitioned between subbands. Electrons in the quantum dot can be selectively transferred between subbands, so that infrared light in a wide wavelength range up to the number of wavelengths; z m force several hundred IX m can be detected.
- Fig. 1 is a conceptual diagram that explains the mechanism by which electrons excited between subbands escape in the direction perpendicular to the quantum dot surface, and the mechanism by which the generated quantum dots are detected by charge-sensitive transistors. is there.
- the electron 2 excited between the subbands in the quantum dot 1 according to the above equations (4) and (5) escapes in the vertical direction (one z direction) through the tunnel barrier arranged on the lower surface of the quantum dot 1.
- the quantum dot 1 ionizes and the ionization of the quantum dot 1 is detected by the charge sensitive transistor.
- a charge-sensitive transistor As a charge-sensitive transistor, a conductive portion confined immediately below quantum dot 1, that is, source electrode 4, drain electrode 5, and point contact 3 connected via point contact 3 and point contact 3 are sandwiched.
- a transistor is used that has a structure that also has a force with the gate electrodes 6 and 6 that control the size of the point contact 3. This transistor is named the point contact 'transistor.
- Point contact is quantum In the case of a two-dimensional electron gas realized in a well or the like, it means a junction through a point where the existence region of the two-dimensional electron is narrowed to a submicron size.
- a point contact transistor consists of a point contact, a source electrode connected via the point contact, a drain electrode, and a pair of gate electrodes that control the size of the point contact. It is known that the conductivity of a point contact changes very sensitively with electrostatic potential, and the conductivity of a point contact changes extremely sensitively to unit charges placed near the point contact. To do.
- This infrared light detector has a structure in which both electron escape and detection structures can be fabricated as a single body from the epitaxial growth substrate into the same semiconductor multilayer, so that a single electron by a metal is used for detection.
- a transistor see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-214383
- it does not cause problems such as the deterioration of characteristics due to oxidation of the surface of the semiconductor quantum well during single-electron transistor fabrication, and is easy to fabricate. .
- Fig. 2 is a conceptual diagram illustrating a mechanism for horizontally ejecting electrons excited between subbands from a quantum dot, and a mechanism for detecting an ion ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ of the generated quantum dot with a charge sensitive transistor. is there.
- the electron 2 excited between subbands in accordance with Eqs. (4) and (5) in quantum dot 1 is lateral (in the xy plane) as shown by the dotted arrow in the figure.
- the escape electrode 7 provided on the lateral side of the quantum dot 1 is allowed to escape.
- the ion dot of the quantum dot 1 due to this escape is detected by a charge sensitive transistor.
- a point contact transistor in which a point contact is arranged immediately below quantum dot 1 is illustrated.
- a point contact 'transistor may be used, and the charge sensitive transistor may be a single electron transistor.
- FIG. 3 (a) shows the excitation process oc and scattering process ⁇ due to the absorption of infrared light by the electron, and the density of states of the two-dimensional quantum dot 1 ( Density of State (DOS) diagram.
- the horizontal axis represents the density of states
- the vertical axis represents the electron energy
- E is the ground subband
- E is the first excitation subband.
- Figure 3 (b) shows the excitation process oc and scattering process ⁇ due to the absorption of infrared light by the electron, and the density of states of the two-dimensional quantum dot 1 ( Density of State (DOS) diagram.
- the horizontal axis represents the density of states
- the vertical axis represents the electron energy
- E is the ground subband
- E is the first excitation subband.
- Figure 3 (b) shows the excitation process oc and scattering process ⁇ due to the absorption of infrared light by the electron, and the density of states of the two-dimensional quantum
- Fig. 3 (c) shows the electron excitation process ⁇ and the scattering process.
- ⁇ , transfer process%, and relaxation process ⁇ are the positions of electrons.
- Reference numeral 8 denotes a potential barrier U provided between the quantum dot 1 and the escape electrode 7, and the sanging part 9 is an electron.
- the in-plane kinetic energy is calculated from the above formulas (6) and (7).
- the charge sensitive transistor is a single-electron transistor fabricated on top of the quantum dot, or a point contact transistor installed on the side or bottom of the quantum dot as described below.
- the infrared photodetector of the present invention causes the inter-subband excited electrons to escape from the quantum dots, or escapes in the vertical direction of the quantum dots or in the lateral direction of the quantum dots.
- Use a new mechanism By using these mechanisms, a new degree of freedom is created in the configuration of the infrared light detector, and an infrared light detector having a structure suitable for arraying becomes possible.
- the infrared photodetector of the present invention using quantum dots as a two-dimensional electron layer that is electrically isolated from the ambient force has been described.
- the infrared photodetector of the present invention using a quantum plate concentrates infrared light perpendicularly incident on the quantum plate on the quantum plate by a microstrip antenna configured with the quantum plate sandwiched therebetween.
- Infrared light detectors using the above quantum dots are used to generate an oscillating electric field component perpendicular to the quantum plate surface of the infrared light and selectively cause inter-subband transition of electrons in the quantum plate. It is the same as the case of.
- Figure 4 is a conceptual diagram that explains the mechanism by which electrons excited between subbands escape from the quantum plate and the mechanism by which the ionization of the generated quantum plate is detected by a charge-sensitive transistor. Electrons 2 excited between subbands according to the above equations (4) and (5) in the quantum plate 10 escape in the vertical direction (-z direction) through the tunnel barrier placed on the bottom surface of the quantum plate 10 As a result, the quantum plate 10 ionizes and the ionization of the quantum plate 10 is detected by the charge sensitive transistor 11.
- the charge sensitive transistor 11 includes a two-dimensional electron layer 12 disposed immediately below the quantum plate 10, a source electrode 13 and a drain electrode 14 provided at both ends of the two-dimensional electron layer 12, and a lower part of the quantum plate 10.
- Point contact network Select the voltage to be applied to the back gate electrode 15 of the transistor 11 and set the 2D electrons in the 2D electron layer 12 to the state just before depletion. In this state, the concentration of the two-dimensional electron system in the two-dimensional electron layer 12 decreases, the electron system remains in a spider web-like network, and a conductance that allows electrons to move only by tunnels at many points in the network. In particular, it is a small point, that is, a point contact. In other words, many point contacts form a network in this state.
- quantum plate 10 When infrared light enters, electrons 2 in the quantum plate 10 are selectively excited between subbands by a microstrip antenna (not shown), escape to the two-dimensional electron layer 12, are absorbed by the drain electrode 14, and are absorbed by the quantum plate. 10 is ionized. Unlike quantum dots, quantum plate 10 is larger in size than the wavelength of infrared light, so when infrared light is incident, multiple ionizations occur simultaneously at different locations within the quantum plate. That is. When multiple ionized charges are formed, this ionized charge increases the electron concentration of a number of point contacts where the conductance in the two-dimensional electron layer 12 is particularly low, which facilitates tunneling and greatly increases conductance. .
- the ionization continues for a long time, and by integrating the current change based on the change in conductance within this time, it becomes a detectable amount even at a single photon level light intensity, and high sensitivity Infrared light can be detected.
- the charge sensitive transistor of this infrared photodetector is
- the infrared photodetector of the present invention concentrates an isolated two-dimensional electron layer that is electrically isolated from the surroundings and an isolated two-dimensional electron layer that absorbs incident infrared photons and generates excited electrons.
- a means for generating an oscillating electric field component of an incident infrared photon perpendicular to the surface of the isolated two-dimensional electron layer selectively exciting electrons in the isolated two-dimensional electron layer between two-dimensional subbands, and absorption of the incident infrared photon
- It has a charge sensitive transistor capable of maintaining a current change, and has the following specific configuration.
- the isolated two-dimensional electron layer is a quantum dot, and means for selectively exciting two-dimensional intersubbands is formed with the quantum dot interposed therebetween.
- a tunnel barrier layer which is a microstrip antenna and is used to charge an isolated two-dimensional electron layer on the lower surface of a quantum dot, and the source and drain electrodes of a point contact transistor formed on the lower surface of the tunnel barrier layer
- the charge sensitive transistor power is the above point contact transistor.
- the microstrip antenna generates an oscillating electric field of incident infrared light that coincides with the subband excitation direction of the quantum dot, so that subband excitation occurs even when single infrared photons are incident.
- the electrons excited by the subband pass through the tunnel barrier layer and are absorbed by the two-dimensional electron layer of the point contact transistor, and the quantum dots are ionized. Since the energy levels of the source electrode and the drain electrode are set sufficiently lower than the energy level of the tunnel barrier layer, the probability that the electrons return to the quantum dots is sufficiently low, and the ionization time of the quantum dots is sufficiently long.
- the electrical conductivity of the point contact transistor changes due to the electric field of the ionic charge of the quantum dot.
- the ionization duration is sufficiently long so that even single infrared photons can be detected.
- the wavelength of the infrared light to be detected can be selected depending on the thickness of the quantum well forming the quantum dot in the z direction. Also, the energy height and thickness of the tunnel barrier layer are appropriately selected according to the wavelength of infrared light, and this is done according to a known theory.
- the means for escaping the excited electrons from the quantum dots and charging the quantum dots has a lateral direction in the direction of the quantum dots.
- the charge sensitive transistor is a single-electron transistor arranged directly above the quantum dot.
- the gate electrode is arranged on the side of the quantum dot, and the escape electrode is arranged on the side of the gate electrode.
- the energy level of the escape electrode is set sufficiently lower than the electrostatic barrier of the gate electrode, the probability that the escaped electron returns to the quantum dot is small and the ionization duration is sufficiently long.
- the ionic charge changes the conductivity of the single-electron transistor, and single photons can be detected by integrating the change in the current value based on the change in conductivity over the ionization duration.
- the infrared detector of the second configuration is configured to escape electrons in the lateral direction, for example, as a video signal detector, it is easy to manufacture when the infrared photodetector is arrayed.
- the third configuration of the infrared photodetector of the present invention is different from the second configuration in that the charge sensitive transistor force is a point contact transistor disposed on the side of the gate electrode. According to this configuration, the fabrication is easier than in the case of using a single electron transistor.
- the fourth configuration of the infrared photodetector of the present invention is different from the third configuration in that the charge sensitive transistor is a point contact transistor disposed immediately below the quantum dot. Become. According to this configuration, it is easier to manufacture than using a single-electron transistor.
- the isolated two-dimensional electron layer is a quantum plate, and the charge sensitive transistor is a point contact “network” transistor as compared with the first configuration. Is different.
- an isolated two-dimensional electron layer that is electrically isolated from the surroundings that absorbs incident infrared photons and generates excited electrons is compared to a quantum dot. Since the quantum plate has a wide product, multiple excited electrons can be formed simultaneously at different locations on the quantum plate.
- the probability of these electrons returning to the quantum plate is small, so the ionization duration of the quantum plate Is long enough.
- the ionization charge of the quantum plate increases the conductivity of the point contact 'network' transistor and integrates the current value based on this increase over the ionization duration, so even at single photon level incident infrared light intensity. It can be detected.
- the wavelength of infrared light to be detected can be selected depending on the thickness of the quantum well of the two-dimensional electron system that forms the quantum plate. Further, the tunnel barrier is adjusted according to the wavelength of infrared light.
- This configuration eliminates the need for a pair of gate electrodes with a highly precise narrowed tip to form a point contact, which was necessary for a point contact 'transistor. It will be suitable.
- a means for selectively generating two-dimensional intersubband excitation For forming an isolated two-dimensional electron layer, a means for selectively generating two-dimensional intersubband excitation, a means for charging the isolated two-dimensional electron layer, and a charge-sensitive transistor of the infrared photodetector.
- the two-dimensional electron layer, tunnel barrier layer, conductive layer, and insulating layer can also form the same semiconductor multilayer heteroepitaxial growth substrate force. For example, using the highly developed III-V semiconductor heteroepitaxial growth technology, the required two-dimensional electron layer, tunnel barrier layer, conductive layer and insulating layer were stacked in the required order.
- a semiconductor multilayer heteroepitaxial growth substrate can be prepared in advance, and this substrate can be fabricated by mesa etching, the fabrication process is less than that of a general high-cost manufacturing method that requires many lithography processes. As a result, a high-quality and low-cost infrared light detector can be provided.
- the point contact 'transistor includes a two-dimensional electron layer, a gate electrode that narrows the two-dimensional electron existence region of the two-dimensional electron layer to a submicron size, and a two-dimensional electron that is narrowed to a submicron size.
- the source electrode and the drain electrode connected to the point which is the existence region of the electrode may be in force.
- the conductivity of the point contact changes with the single-charge electrostatic potential of the isolated two-dimensional electron layer, and the source drain current changes due to the change in conductivity.
- the above-mentioned point contact 'network' transistor forms a network consisting of a two-dimensional electron layer and a point contact, which is a region where two-dimensional electrons are depleted until just before depletion and narrowed down to a submicron size.
- the backside gate electrode and the source and drain electrodes connected to both ends of the two-dimensional electron layer may be in force.
- the conductivity of the two-dimensional electron layer changes with the electrostatic potential of multiple charges in the isolated two-dimensional electron layer, and the source and drain currents change due to the change in conductivity.
- the infrared photodetector of the present invention can be connected to the above-described infrared photodetector in a series array type or a two-dimensional matrix type, and can be used as, for example, an infrared video signal detector. Monkey.
- the vibration electric field of infrared light incident on the isolated two-dimensional electron layer from above does not inherently have a component (xy direction component) parallel to the plane of the isolated two-dimensional electron layer. Does not cause band excitation.
- the oscillating electric field component of the incident infrared light can be converted into the perpendicular direction (z direction) to the isolated two-dimensional electron layer to cause subband excitation, and the excited electrons can be generated.
- the isolated two-dimensional electron layer can be converted to + e (e: unit charge) by allowing it to escape in the z-direction or xy-direction through the tunnel barrier or potential barrier.
- This ionization takes advantage of the fact that the current flowing through a charge sensitive transistor (single electron transistor, point contact 'transistor or point contact' network 'transistor) placed in the vicinity of the isolated two-dimensional electronic layer changes.
- the excited electrons escaped from the isolated two-dimensional electron layer lose energy in the escape electrode and it is difficult to return to the isolated two-dimensional electron layer again, so the ionization state of the isolated two-dimensional electron layer is 10 ⁇ ( It lasts for a long time, from nano) seconds to several tens of seconds.
- the current change in the charge-sensitive transistor is maintained while the ionized state of the isolated two-dimensional electron layer continues. This realizes ultra-high sensitivity that can detect even single photons.
- the infrared photodetector of the present invention is fabricated by mesa etching a semiconductor multilayer heteroepitaxial growth substrate fabricated in advance, a quantum well for forming an isolated two-dimensional electron layer can be obtained from a wavelength of several meters. It is easy to design to operate in a continuous wide wavelength range up to 10 / zm.
- the array of detectors for the structure is simple [this; to 0 The invention's effect
- the infrared detector of the present invention single-photon or single-photon intensity infrared light can be detected in a wide wavelength range up to the number of wavelengths / zm force of several hundreds / zm.
- an infrared photodetector and an arrayed infrared photodetector can be provided at low cost and high quality.
- FIG. 1 Concept explaining the mechanism for escaping electrons excited between subbands in the direction perpendicular to the quantum dot surface, and the mechanism for detecting the ionic properties of the generated quantum dots with a charge-sensitive transistor FIG.
- FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram for explaining a mechanism for horizontally ejecting electrons excited between subbands from a quantum dot and a mechanism for detecting an ion of a generated quantum dot by a charge sensitive transistor.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the lateral escape mechanism in detail.
- FIG. 4 A conceptual diagram illustrating a mechanism for allowing electrons excited between subbands to escape from the quantum plate, and a mechanism for detecting the ion ion of the generated quantum plate with a charge sensitive transistor.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing a semiconductor multilayer heteroepitaxial growth substrate used for manufacturing the infrared photodetector according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a process diagram for manufacturing the infrared photodetector according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 shows a step performed subsequent to the step of FIG.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the top surface shape and operation of a fabricated point contact transistor.
- FIG. 9 shows a step performed subsequent to the step of FIG.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram for explaining the operation of the infrared light detector according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an operation after the operation of FIG.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a configuration of a serial array type infrared photodetector formed using the infrared photodetector of the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the configuration of a two-dimensional array type infrared photodetector formed using the infrared photodetector of the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram showing a substrate used for manufacturing the infrared photodetector according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram showing a manufacturing process of the infrared light detector of the present invention.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram showing a configuration of an infrared light detector of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram showing a configuration of an infrared light detector according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram showing a manufacturing process of the infrared photodetector according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram showing a process performed subsequent to the process of FIG. 19.
- FIG. 21 is a diagram showing a process performed subsequent to the process of FIG. 20, and a diagram showing a configuration of the infrared light detector.
- FIG. 22 is a diagram showing a configuration of an infrared light detector arrayed using the infrared light detector according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 23 is a diagram showing a semiconductor multilayer heteroepitaxial growth substrate used in the infrared photodetector of the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 24 is a diagram showing a configuration of an infrared photodetector according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 25 is a diagram showing a configuration of an infrared photodetector used in Example 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 26 is a graph showing the applied voltage dependence of the upper surface gate electrode of the infrared photodetector of the present invention and the upper surface gate electrode of the capacitance between the two-dimensional electronic layers.
- FIG. 27 is a diagram showing an infrared light response of the infrared light detector according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 28 is a diagram showing an infrared light wavelength selection characteristic of the infrared light detector according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 29 is a diagram showing the relationship between the free electron concentration n and the resistance R of the two-dimensional electron layer.
- FIG. 30 is a graph showing the dependence of the conductivity of the infrared photodetector on the back gate voltage Vbg.
- FIG. 31 is a diagram schematically showing the current transport phenomenon in the two-dimensional electron layer at the electron concentration just before depletion.
- FIG. 32 is a diagram for explaining the prior art.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing a semiconductor multilayer heteroepitaxial growth substrate 21 used for manufacturing the infrared photodetector 20 of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 5 (a) is a schematic view in the cross-sectional direction of the substrate 21, showing each layer constituting the substrate 21.
- FIG. Figure 5 (b) shows the electron energy diagram formed by joining the layers.
- the vertical axis is a coordinate axis taken in the cross-sectional direction of the substrate 21, and the z direction indicates the depth direction of the substrate 21.
- the horizontal axis represents the electron energy in the z direction of electrons, that is, in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate 21. As shown in FIG.
- the substrate 21 used in the present invention is formed of a heterojunction of GaAs, AlGaAs, and III-V compound semiconductor doped with impurities therein.
- III-V compound semiconductors such as GaAs and InGaAsP can be used.
- the GaAs layer 24 is a first two-dimensional electron layer 24 for forming quantum dots, and Si—A1
- a heterojunction is formed with the Ga As layer 23 and the Al Ga As layer 25 to form a quantum well.
- composition ratio x of As layer 25 is used to form the electron energy diagram of Fig. 5 (b).
- the GaAs layer 26 is a second two-dimensional electron layer 26 for forming a point contact transistor.
- A1 Ga As layer 25 and an Al Ga As layer 27 are respectively formed with a heterojunction to form a quantum well. 0.7
- composition ratio x of As layer 25 is used to form the electron energy diagram of Fig. 5 (b).
- the two-dimensional electron concentration of the first two-dimensional electron layer 24 is set so that the second two-dimensional electron concentration is not depleted by a voltage applied to an element formed from the second two-dimensional electron layer 26 described below.
- the electron layer 26 is designed to have a concentration of 1.5 times or more of the two-dimensional electron concentration.
- the electron energy diagram of the substrate 21 shows that the electrons in the ground subband 30 of the first two-dimensional electron layer 24 absorb infrared light and the first excitation subband 31 It is designed to tunnel through the barrier 32 and fall into the second two-dimensional electron layer 26 when excited by. Also, Si-GaAs layer 22, Si-Al Ga As layer 28 and Al Ga As layer 2
- the substrate 21 shown in FIG. 5 (a) can be produced, for example, by a molecular beam epitaxy method.
- the layer above the first two-dimensional electron layer 24 is referred to as the upper insulating layer 33
- the layer below the second two-dimensional electron layer 26 is referred to as the lower insulating layer 34.
- the components formed from the two-dimensional electronic layer 24 or the two-dimensional electronic layer 26 include 24a, 24b,..., 26a, 26b ′, etc. Later, quote this with a reference.
- FIG. 6 shows a first process for manufacturing the infrared photodetector 20 of the first embodiment using the substrate 21 shown in FIG. 5, and FIG.
- the top view and Fig. 6 (b) show the XX 'cross-sectional structure.
- a two-dot chain line indicates a unit block of the infrared light detector 20.
- the hatched portion 35 indicates the mesa-etched region
- the white square portion 36 includes the quantum dots 24a formed from the two-dimensional electron layer 24 and the upper insulating layer 33, which are left by mesa etching. Me It is a structure.
- Figure 6 (b) shows the mesa etching until the Al Ga As layer 25 is reached.
- the shape of the quantum dots 24a may be formed by controlling the residual film thickness of the upper insulating layer 33 and performing mesa etching.
- the quantum dots 24a are shown as rectangles that are uniformly painted in gray, but the two-dimensional electron density is not uniform in the rectangle from the side wall 24b toward the inside of the rectangle. It is depleted at a certain depth. This depletion is not shown for the sake of clarity.
- the GaAs layer is mechanically separated, that is, the GaAs layer is scraped to form a quantum dot shape is illustrated. It is of course possible to deplete by controlling the residual film thickness of the upper insulating layer. Mesa etching is possible with standard photolithographic techniques.
- the detection infrared wavelength is continuously designed from about 10 m to about 80 m. be able to.
- the quantum dot 24a is preferably a square with a side of 0.3 ⁇ m force to 2 ⁇ m so that the electrostatic potential change on the point contact when ionized is sufficiently large.
- FIG. 7 shows a process performed subsequent to FIG. 6, in which FIG. 7 (a) is a top view and FIG. 7 (b) is an X—X of (a).
- Fig. 7 (c) is a cross-sectional view of Y'-Y in (a).
- the hatched portion 37 indicates the mesa-etched portion
- 33 (24a) indicates the upper insulating layer 33 on the quantum dot 24a
- 25 (26b) indicates the AlGaAs layer 25 on the drain electrode 26b.
- 25 (26c) is the side gate electrode 26c
- FIGS. 7 (b) and 7 (c) Show. As shown in FIGS. 7 (b) and 7 (c), the mesa etching is performed until the lower insulating layer 34 is reached, and then the second two-dimensional electron layer 26 is connected to the point contact 'transistor source electrode 26a, drain electrode 26b, A pair of side gate electrodes 26c and a connection portion 26d between the source electrode 26a and the drain electrode 26b to be a point contact are formed.
- FIG. 8 shows the shape and operation of the top surface of the point contact transistor manufactured by the process shown in FIG. 7.
- FIG. 8 (a) shows the shape viewed from above, and FIG. 8 (b) Shows the formation of point contacts when the side gate electrodes 26c, 26c are negatively biased! As shown in FIG.
- connection portion 26d between the source electrode 26a and the drain electrode 26b is depleted, and a point contact 26e is formed.
- the center of quantum dot 24a exists within 1 m directly above point contact 26e.
- the source electrode 26a, the drain electrode 26b, and the side gate electrodes 26c and 26c are connected to the power source by forming ohmic contacts outside the two-dot chain line frame shown in FIG. Therefore, illustration and description are omitted.
- FIG. 9 shows a process performed subsequent to the process of FIG. 8, and also shows the configuration of the infrared photodetector 20 of the first embodiment.
- patch portions 36 corresponding to the patch electrodes of the microstrip antenna are arranged on the intermediate layer 25 (26a) on the source electrode and on the upper insulating layer 33 (24a) on the quantum dots. It is formed by the strength of the part.
- Fig. 9 (b) is a Y'-Y sectional view of Fig. 9 (a). By this process, the infrared light detector 20 is completed.
- the patch part 36 has a substantially square shape, and one of the vertices of the square extends in a substantially rectangular shape and covers a substantially half of the upper insulating layer 33 on the quantum dot 24a.
- the notch portion 36 and the two-dimensional electron layer 26 constitute a microstrip antenna.
- the patch portion 36 is formed by lift-off or the like which is good with a metal such as A1.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram for explaining the operation of the infrared light detector 20.
- Fig. 10 (a) shows an infrared optical photon 38-single force microstrip antenna having an oscillating electric field parallel to the surface of the patch part 36 and resonating, and the oscillating electric field becomes an oscillating electric field 38z in the z direction. It shows how it was converted.
- FIG. 10 (b) shows the movement of the electrons 39 in the quantum dot 24a, which occurs with the state of FIG. 10 (a).
- the electrons 39 existing in the ground subband 30 absorb the vibration electric field 38z in the z direction and are excited in the first excited state subband 31 to cause the potential barrier 32 to pass. Tunnels in the z direction, falls into the source electrode 26a or the drain electrode 26b, loses energy, moves to the drain electrode 26b, and is absorbed by a power source (not shown). Be collected.
- FIG. 11 shows an operation after the operation of FIG. Fig. 11 (a) shows a state in which electrons 39 are removed from the quantum dots 24a and the quantum dots 24a are ionized, resulting in + charge 40 (size + e) and an electric field 41 due to + charges 40. Yes.
- a point contact 26e is formed immediately below the electric field 41 by the negative voltage of the side gate electrodes 26c and 26c, and the conductivity of the point contact 26e varies depending on the electric field 41. . This change appears as a change in the current 42 flowing from the source electrode 26a to the drain electrode 26b.
- the ionic energy of the quantum dot 24a continues until the electron of external force overcomes the energy barrier 32 shown in the figure and recombines with the + charge 40. For several tens of seconds. If the change of the current 42 during this time is integrated, this change becomes a detectable magnitude, and the detection sensitivity of one infrared phototon is obtained.
- FIG. 12 shows the configuration of a series array type infrared photodetector 44 formed by using the infrared photodetector 20 of the first embodiment.
- a series array is formed by connecting the source electrodes 26a, the notch portions 36, and the drain electrodes 26b of adjacent blocks surrounded by a two-dot chain line shown in FIG. Since it can be fabricated in the same process as described in FIGS. 6 to 9, a serial array infrared detector can be manufactured very easily.
- FIG. 13 shows the configuration of a two-dimensional array type infrared photodetector 46 formed by using the infrared photodetector 20 of the first embodiment, (a) is a top view, and (b), (c ) Are the X—x ′ and Y—Y ′ cross sections of FIG. 13 (a), respectively.
- FIG. 13 (a) shows a point contact transistor formed from the two-dimensional electronic layer 26 in gray.
- a substrate 49 having the configuration shown in FIG. 14 is used. The substrate 49 is different from the substrate 21 shown in FIG. 5 in that a conductive layer 48 made of Si—GaAs is provided below the second two-dimensional electron layer 26.
- the two-dimensional array-type infrared photodetector 46 To fabricate the two-dimensional array-type infrared photodetector 46, first, leave the region to be the quantum dot, and mesa-etch the outer region until it reaches the AlGaAs layer 25.
- Each of the infrared photodetectors constituting the array has a transistor structure in which the drain electrode 26b and the source electrode 26a are connected via a narrow connection portion 26d below the quantum dot 24a. In parallel, they are connected in series in the column direction.
- the patch portion 36 of the microstrip antenna is formed by lift-off as in FIG.
- the microstrip antenna is composed of a patch portion 36 and a conductive layer 48.
- the principle of operation is the same as that shown in Figs. 10 and 11, and the method of forming the point contact 26e below the force quantum dot 24a is different. That is, by biasing the conductive layer 48 to a negative voltage of about IV to ⁇ 5V, the narrowed region 26d below each quantum dot 24a is narrowed and pointed as shown in FIG. 13 (c). Contact 26e is formed.
- the array in Figure 13 is a 3 x 3 matrix, but it is easy to increase the matrix. Alternatively, it is easy to increase the spatial resolution by making individual infrared photodetector arrays into independent pixels.
- the infrared photodetector of the second embodiment is different from the infrared photodetector of the first embodiment in that the direction in which electrons escape is the in-plane direction of the quantum dots.
- FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram showing a substrate 51 used for manufacturing the infrared photodetector 50 of the second embodiment.
- FIG. 15 (a) is a schematic diagram in the cross-sectional direction of the substrate 51, showing each layer constituting the substrate 51, and (b) showing an electron energy diagram formed by heterojunction of each layer.
- the difference between the substrate 51 and the substrate 21 shown in FIG. 5 is that the electrons excited in the z-direction excitation subband 31 do not escape from the first two-dimensional electron layer 24, as shown in FIG. 15 (b).
- the intermediate layer 25 between the first two-dimensional electron layer 24 and the second two-dimensional electron layer 26 is made of Al Ga As
- FIG. 16 shows a manufacturing process of the infrared light detector 50.
- Fig. 16 (a) is a top view
- (b) is a cross-sectional view along XX 'in (a).
- the hatched portion 52 is mesa-etched until it reaches the intermediate layer 25 as shown in FIG. 16 (b).
- a region 53 for forming a square quantum dot and an escape electrode is formed.
- the single-electron transistor, the patch section, and the quantum dots have potential escape barriers in the transverse direction.
- a forming gate electrode is formed, and the fabrication of the infrared photodetector 50 is completed by these steps.
- FIG. 17 shows the configuration of the infrared light detector 50
- FIG. 17 (a) is a top view
- (b) is an x—x ′ sectional view of (a)
- (c) is a voltage applied to the gate electrode.
- 55 is a quantum dot of a single-electron transistor
- 56 is a source electrode of a single-electron transistor that also serves as a patch for a microstrip antenna
- 57 is a drain electrode of a single-electron transistor
- 58 is a region 53 with quantum dots 24a and escape electrodes 24c. This is an electrically isolated gate electrode.
- the single-electron transistor can be manufactured by lift-off using an aluminum thin film, for example, in the same manner as the manufacturing process of the patch part 56 and the gate electrode 58 that are made of an aluminum single-electron transistor. Note that since a method for manufacturing a single-electron transistor is well known, description thereof is omitted. In addition, a tunnel barrier layer made of aluminum oxide exists between the quantum dot 55 of the single electron transistor and the source electrode 56 (patch 56) and between the quantum dot 55 and the drain electrode 57 of the single electron transistor. Omitted for clarity.
- the microstrip antenna is composed of a patch portion 56 and a two-dimensional electronic layer 26.
- one infrared light photon having an oscillating electric field parallel to the surface of the notch portion 56 is incident on the microstrip antenna and resonates, and the oscillating electric field becomes an oscillating electric field in the z direction. is converted, electrons in the quantum dots 24a is excited by the first excitation state subbands absorb vibration field in the z-direction, messy potential or the influence of lattice vibration, the X y plane that excitation energy It is converted into energy in the inward direction, which energy is the gate electrode
- the escape electrode 24c If it is higher than the potential barrier U formed in 58, it escapes to the escape electrode 24c and 24a is ionized.
- the ionization charge of the quantum dot 24a changes the conductivity of the quantum dot 55 of the single-electron transistor and changes the current of the single-electron transistor. Since the ionization state continues for a long time, the integrated value of the current change becomes a detectable level, and sensitivity that can detect one infrared photon can be achieved.
- the substrate 51 shown in FIG. 15 is used as the substrate.
- FIG. 18 shows the configuration of the infrared photodetector 70 of the third embodiment, where (a) is a top view, and (b) and (c) are XX ′ cross-sectional views of FIG. 18 (a), respectively. , Y—Y ′ sectional view. Since the configuration of the infrared light detector 70 has many parts in common with the configuration of the infrared light detector 50 shown in FIG. 17, the difference from the configuration of the infrared light detector 50 will be mainly described. In the infrared photodetector 50 shown in FIG. 16, first, mesa etching is performed until the intermediate layer 25 is reached, thereby forming a square quantum dot and a region 53 where the escape electrode is formed.
- the infrared photodetector 50 uses a lift-off method using a metal thin film
- the infrared detector 70 that forms a patch portion, a gate electrode, and a single electron transistor uses a lift-off method using a metal thin film.
- the gate portion 74, the first gate electrode 75, and the region 73 are electrically divided to form the second gate electrode 78 that forms the source electrode 24d and the drain electrode 24e of the point contact transistor 72. .
- the microstrip antenna has a common feature that it is composed of the patch portion 74 and the two-dimensional electronic layer 26.
- a potential barrier U separating the quantum dot 24a and the escape electrode 24c is obtained.
- the shape of the quantum dot 24a is square
- the second gate electrode 78 is biased to a negative voltage, and the two-dimensional electron layer 24 immediately below the second gate electrode 78 is depleted.
- the source electrode 24d and the drain electrode 24e of the point contact 'transistor 72 are electrically separated and formed, and as shown in FIG. 18 (b), the source electrode 24d and the drain electrode 24e are formed. It differs from the infrared light detector 50 in that the point contact 24f is formed by constricting the connection portion with the electrode 24e.
- the escape electrode of the infrared light detector 70 is a constricted portion 24g, 24i of the source electrode 24d and the drain electrode 24e connected to the point contact 24e.
- one infrared light photon having an oscillating electric field parallel to the surface of the notch portion 74 enters the microstrip antenna and resonates, and the oscillating electric field is converted into an oscillating electric field in the z direction.
- Electrons in quantum dot 24a absorb the z-direction oscillating electric field and are excited in the first excited state subband, but the excitation energy is in the xy in-plane direction due to random potential or lattice vibration. If the energy is higher than the potential barrier U formed by the first gate electrode 75, it escapes to the constricted parts 24g and 24i.
- the quantum dot 24a is ionized by being absorbed by the drain electrode 24e.
- the conductivity of the point contact 24f changes due to the ionization of the quantum dot 24a, and the current flowing from the source electrode 24d to the drain electrode 24e changes. Since the ionization state continues for a long time, the integrated value of the current change becomes a detectable magnitude, and sensitivity that can detect one infrared phototon can be achieved.
- the infrared detector of the fourth embodiment has the same force point contact as that the electrons escape laterally (in the xy plane). The difference is that the transistor is located below the quantum dot.
- the substrate As the substrate, the substrate 49 having the structure shown in FIG. 14 is used.
- FIG. 19 shows a manufacturing process of the infrared light detector 80 of the fourth embodiment, (a) is a top view, and (b) is a Y′-Y sectional view of (a).
- the hatched portion 81 of the substrate is mesa-etched until it reaches the intermediate layer 25 to form a region 82 for forming quantum dots and escape electrodes from the two-dimensional electron layer 24.
- FIG. 20 shows a process performed subsequent to the process shown in FIG. 19, where (a) is a top view, (b) and (c) are cross-sectional views taken along line XX ′ in FIG. -Y is a sectional view.
- the shaded area shown in FIG. 20 (a) is a mesa etching region 83.
- the mesa etching region 83 is formed by mesa etching from the surface of the intermediate layer 25 to the lower insulating layer 34, and is a two-dimensional electron. From the layer 26, a pair of side gate electrodes 26c, a source electrode 26a, a drain electrode 26b, and a connection portion 26d between the source electrode 26a and the drain electrode 26b are formed.
- FIG. 21 shows steps performed subsequent to FIG. 20, and also shows a configuration of the infrared light detector 20. is doing.
- (A) is a top view
- (b) and (c) are XX ′ and ⁇ ′-Y sectional views, respectively, of (a).
- a notch portion 88 and a gate electrode 89 are formed by a lift-off method using a metal thin film.
- the infrared light detector 80 is completed.
- the shape and arrangement position of the patch unit 88 are the same as those of the infrared light detector 20 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 21 (c) by applying a negative bias to the gate electrode 89, the quantum dots 24a are formed in a square shape, and the potential barrier U is formed with the escape electrode 24c.
- FIG. 21 (b) shows a state where the side contact electrode 26c is negatively biased and the connecting portion 26d is narrowed to form a point contact 26e
- FIG. 21 (c) shows the state of the point contact.
- a state is shown in which the source electrode 26a and the drain electrode 26b are connected via 26e.
- the point contact transistor of the infrared light detector 80 is different from the configuration of the infrared light detector 70 of the third embodiment in the lower portion of the quantum dot 24a.
- the microstrip antenna is composed of a patch portion 88 and a conductive layer 48.
- one infrared light photon having an oscillating electric field parallel to the surface of the notch portion 88 enters the microstrip antenna and resonates, and the oscillating electric field is converted into an oscillating electric field in the z direction.
- the electrons in the quantum dot 24a absorb the oscillating electric field in the z direction and are excited to the first excited state subband, but the excitation energy is in the xy in-plane direction due to the influence of random potential or lattice vibration. If it is converted into energy and the energy is higher than the potential barrier U formed by the gate electrode 89, it escapes to the escape electrode 24c, and the quantum dot
- the ionization of the quantum dot 24a changes the conductivity of the point contact 26e, and the current flowing from the source electrode 26a to the drain electrode 26b changes. Since the ionized state lasts for a long time, the integrated value of the current change becomes a detectable magnitude, and sensitivity capable of detecting one infrared light photon can be achieved.
- the substrate 51 shown in FIG. 15 is used as the substrate.
- FIG. 22 shows the configuration of the infrared light detector 90 arrayed using the infrared light detector 70, where (a) is a top view and (b) is a cross-sectional view taken along line XX in (a).
- 91 is a patch portion of the microstrip antenna, and 92 is the same as shown in FIG. 18 when the source electrode and the drain electrode are separated.
- 93 is a gate electrode that forms a quantum dot and forms an escape potential barrier similar to that shown in FIG. 18, and 24d and 24e are shown in FIG. It is the same source electrode and drain electrode.
- 24f is a point contact similar to that shown in FIG. 18, and 24a is a quantum dot similar to that shown in FIG.
- the microstrip antenna is composed of a notch portion 91 and a two-dimensional electron layer 26.
- the manufacturing method is the same as the manufacturing method of the infrared light detector 80, and can be easily arrayed.
- FIG. 23 shows a semiconductor multilayer heteroepitaxial growth substrate 100 used in the infrared photodetector of the fifth embodiment.
- the two-dimensional electron layer 24 is used to form a quantum plate.
- the 2D electronic layer 26 is used as the 2D electronic layer of the point contact 'network' transistor.
- the intermediate layer 25 between the two-dimensional electron layers 24 and 26 is composed of the composition ratio of the Al Ga As layer x
- the lower insulating layer 34 located under the two-dimensional electron layer 26 includes a buffer layer made of GaAs (buffer layer). Below the lower insulating layer 34 is an n-GaAs layer 101 which is a conductive GaAs layer. have. The n—GaAs layer 101 is used as a back gate electrode for controlling the two-dimensional electron concentration of the two-dimensional electron layer of the point contact “network” transistor.
- FIG. 24 shows the configuration of the infrared light detector 110 according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention, in which (a) is a top view and (b) is a YY ′ cross-sectional view of (a).
- Infrared photodetector 110 consists of a metal grating 111 with metal patches lined up individually as microstrip antennas, an upper insulating phase 33, a quantum plate 24h, an intermediate layer 25, and a point contact 'network' transistor. It has a mesa structure consisting of a two-dimensional electron layer 26f.
- the quantum plate 24h has a square shape larger than 1Z2 of the wavelength of infrared light to be detected, and the outer shape of the metal grating 111 is the same as the outer shape of the quantum plate 24h, and the length of one side of each patch.
- a source electrode 114 and a drain electrode 115 are connected to two opposite sides of the two-dimensional electron layer 26f via ohmic contacts 112 and 113, respectively.
- Ohmic contacts 112, 113, source electrode 114 and drain electrode 115 are gold such as A1.
- a metal thin film may be used.
- a back gate electrode 101 made of an n-GaAs layer 101 is connected to the lower part of the two-dimensional electron layer 26f through a lower insulating layer 34.
- the two-dimensional electron layer 26f, the source electrode 114, the drain electrode 115, and the back gate electrode 101 form a point contact network transistor.
- the infrared light detector 110 can be formed by mesa etching, metal thin film deposition, and metal thin film patterning by lift-off.
- the metal grid 111 and the two-dimensional electron layer 26f constitute an array of microstrip antennas, and an oscillating electric field component perpendicular to the plane of the quantum plate 24h for incident infrared light is formed. Electrons in the quantum plate 24h are subband excited by the oscillating electric field component. The subband excited electrons are injected into the two-dimensional electron layer 26f of the point contact “network” transistor and absorbed by the drain electrode 115. The two-dimensional electron layer 26f is maintained in the state immediately before the two-dimensional electrons are depleted by the voltage applied to the back gate electrode 101. This state is the existence region of the two-dimensional electrons in the two-dimensional electron layer 26f.
- Two-dimensional electrons are generated in the two-dimensional electron layer 26f by the electric field of the ionic charge on the quantum plate 24h, and these two-dimensional electrons increase the electron concentration in each point contact region, and the conductivity of the two-dimensional electron layer 26f increases. Increases rapidly. Since the ionization of the quantum plate 24h continues for a long time, the integrated value of the current change based on the change in conductance within this time becomes a detectable magnitude, and even with a single photon level intensity, it is highly sensitive to red. External light can be detected.
- the point detector network transistor of this infrared photodetector is easier to manufacture than the point contact transistor.
- Example 1 is a specific example according to the fifth embodiment.
- FIG. 25 shows the configuration of the infrared light detector 120 used in Example 1, (a) is a top view, and (b) is a cross-sectional view taken along line XX ′ of (a).
- the infrared light detector 120 is different from the infrared light detector 110 in FIG. 24 in that an upper surface gate electrode 121 is used.
- the quantum pre- The meso-etching is used for the formation of the first 24h, but the mecha-etching is used to separate them.
- the infrared detector 120 forms a depletion layer 121a by applying a negative voltage to the upper gate electrode 121.
- the difference is that the quantum plate 24h is electrically isolated from the two-dimensional electron layer 24.
- the quantum plate 24h has a thickness of 10 nm, a length and a width of 10 O ⁇ m and 40 m, respectively.
- the distance between the quantum plate 24h and the two-dimensional electron layer 26f is lOOnm.
- FIG. 26 is a graph showing the dependence of the capacitance between the upper surface gate electrode 121 of the infrared light detector 120 and the ohmic contact 112 on the applied voltage (Vgate) of the upper surface gate electrode 121. is there.
- the vertical axis shows the capacity
- the horizontal axis shows the Vgate voltage. From Fig. 26, it can be seen that when the Vgate voltage is about 0.6 volt or higher, the largest constant capacitance is shown, as shown in A of the figure. This indicates that the quantum plate 24h is not isolated from the two-dimensional electron layer 24 because the depletion layer 121a is not formed.
- Vgate voltage is about 0.6volt to about
- Irradiate infrared light with wavelength 14.5 m to infrared light detector 120 and measure the resistance between ohmic contacts 112 and 113 while changing the applied voltage (Vgate) of top gate electrode 121. 7
- Fig. 27 is a graph showing the infrared light response of the infrared light detector 120.
- the vertical axis represents the change in resistance value between the ohmic contacts 112 and 113 with reference to the case where no infrared light is incident.
- AR represents the horizontal axis, and the horizontal axis represents the applied voltage Vgate of the top gate electrode 121. From the figure, Vgate is about It can be seen that AR is zero ⁇ above -0.6 volt, and that AR varies from about -0.6 volt to about -0.15 ⁇ in the range of about -0.6 volt to -0.8 volt.
- the result of Fig. 27 shows that if a negative voltage in the range shown in Fig.
- the quantum plate and point contact 'network' transistor that are electrically isolated from the surroundings are formed, and infrared light is used.
- the electrons in the quantum plate 24h are sub-band excited, and the electrons are absorbed by the drain electrode 115 through the two-dimensional electron layer 26f, and the quantum plate 24h is ionized.
- the conductivity of the two-dimensional electron layer 26f is increased by this ionization charge. Indicates that it has risen. That is, the infrared light detector of the fifth embodiment is formed, and as a result, infrared light is detected. Note that the AR fluctuation in the range of approximately -0.6 volt force-0.8 volt is based on the black body radiation of the infrared light source vessel force as described below.
- FIG. 28 is a graph of the infrared light wavelength selection characteristics of the infrared light detector 120, where the vertical axis represents AR and the horizontal axis represents the infrared light wavelength. ⁇ R was measured by changing the wavelength of incident infrared light from 8 ⁇ m to 18 ⁇ m. From FIG. 28, it can be seen that the infrared light detector 120 selectively detects infrared light of about 14.5 m. The energy of infrared light with a wavelength of 14.6 ⁇ m corresponds to the intersubband excitation energy of a 10 nm thick GaAs layer, and the quantum plate 24h of this infrared photodetector is a 10 nm thick GaAs layer. It corresponds to that.
- the infrared light from the infrared light source held at room temperature (300K) was guided to the infrared light detector 120 cooled to a low temperature (4.2K). Therefore, the black body radiation from the infrared light source container held at room temperature is incident on the infrared light detector 120, and the intensity of this black body radiation is about 16 times the intensity of the infrared light source. large. Therefore, in the measurement of the above example, a large amount of photons due to black body radiation are incident, and a large amount of free electrons based on the absorption of black body radiation are present in the two-dimensional electron layer 26f. This is a measurement in the state where the photon detection sensitivity is near saturation.
- the current I and resistance R of the two-dimensional electron layer 26f are the free electron concentration n, electron charge e, electron mobility,
- the channel width W, channel length L, and source-drain applied voltage V are expressed as follows:
- FIG. 29 is a diagram showing the relationship between the free electron concentration ⁇ and the resistance R of the two-dimensional electron layer 26f.
- Figure A the change of R with respect to the number of escaped electrons ⁇ is small in the region where n is large, while the region where the free electron concentration ⁇ is small ( ⁇ At 15 Zm 2 ), the electron mobility is also a function of n, so the change in resistance R with respect to ⁇ increases rapidly.
- the above measurement without applying the back gate voltage corresponds to the measurement in (1) in the figure. Therefore, if the size of the quantum plate is reduced to about 10 m X m, the back gate voltage is applied, and measurement is performed in the state B in the figure, the detection limit number ⁇ ⁇ can be set to 1. it can.
- the detection limit number ⁇ N 1 can be realized.
- FIG. 30 is a diagram showing the dependence of the conductivity (conductance) of the infrared photodetector on the back gate voltage Vbg.
- the infrared light source container was cooled to 4.2K and measured.
- the free electron concentrations of A and B in the figure correspond to the free electron concentrations of A and B in Figure 29, and C corresponds to the electron concentration just before depletion (n ⁇ O. 5 X 10 14 Zm 2 ). Therefore, it is obvious that the electron concentration just before depletion can be realized by applying a back gate voltage of about 0.7 volts.
- FIG. 31 is a diagram schematically showing the current transport phenomenon of the two-dimensional electron layer at the electron concentration immediately before depletion.
- the random potential of the doped impurities left a small amount of electrons, as shown in (a).
- Regions of small diameter, such as shallow puddles, are present one after another, and current is formed by electrons moving through these regions by tunnel transitions.
- the quantum plate on the two-dimensional electron layer is ionized by irradiation with infrared light, the size of each region changes based on this ionic charge, so the tunnel probability between individual regions changes significantly. (This effect is called a point contact 'network' transistor).
- the infrared photodetector of the present invention compared to the conventional infrared photodetector. Even a single infrared phototon with high sensitivity can be detected.
- the configuration and manufacturing method are simple, a detector suitable for arraying can be realized. Therefore, it is extremely useful when used in measurement technology fields that require highly sensitive detection of infrared light or industrial fields that require video signals using infrared light.
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Abstract
Description
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JP2006528936A JP4281094B2 (ja) | 2004-07-09 | 2005-07-06 | 赤外光検出器 |
EP05757808.0A EP1788637A4 (en) | 2004-07-09 | 2005-07-06 | INFRARED DETECTOR |
US11/631,290 US7705306B2 (en) | 2004-07-09 | 2005-07-06 | Infrared photodetector |
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JP2004-203879 | 2004-07-09 | ||
JP2004203879 | 2004-07-09 | ||
JP2004-368579 | 2004-12-20 | ||
JP2004368579 | 2004-12-20 |
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PCT/JP2005/012486 WO2006006469A1 (ja) | 2004-07-09 | 2005-07-06 | 赤外光検出器 |
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US (1) | US7705306B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1788637A4 (ja) |
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WO (1) | WO2006006469A1 (ja) |
Cited By (6)
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GB2440569A (en) * | 2006-07-31 | 2008-02-06 | Toshiba Res Europ Ltd | A photon detector and a method of fabricating the detector |
WO2008102630A1 (ja) * | 2007-02-19 | 2008-08-28 | Japan Science And Technology Agency | 赤外光検出器 |
WO2010137423A1 (ja) * | 2009-05-25 | 2010-12-02 | 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 | 赤外光検出器 |
WO2010137422A1 (ja) * | 2009-05-25 | 2010-12-02 | 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 | 赤外光検出器 |
JP2015162589A (ja) * | 2014-02-27 | 2015-09-07 | 国立研究開発法人科学技術振興機構 | 赤外光検出器、赤外顕微鏡、および、赤外分光器 |
US11069738B2 (en) * | 2017-08-28 | 2021-07-20 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Infrared detector and infrared sensor including the same |
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Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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GB2440569A (en) * | 2006-07-31 | 2008-02-06 | Toshiba Res Europ Ltd | A photon detector and a method of fabricating the detector |
GB2440569B (en) * | 2006-07-31 | 2008-07-23 | Toshiba Res Europ Ltd | A photon detector and a method of fabricating a photon detector |
WO2008102630A1 (ja) * | 2007-02-19 | 2008-08-28 | Japan Science And Technology Agency | 赤外光検出器 |
US8304731B2 (en) | 2007-02-19 | 2012-11-06 | Japan Science And Technology Agency | Infrared light detector |
WO2010137423A1 (ja) * | 2009-05-25 | 2010-12-02 | 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 | 赤外光検出器 |
WO2010137422A1 (ja) * | 2009-05-25 | 2010-12-02 | 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 | 赤外光検出器 |
JP2010272794A (ja) * | 2009-05-25 | 2010-12-02 | Japan Science & Technology Agency | 赤外光検出器 |
US8395142B2 (en) | 2009-05-25 | 2013-03-12 | Japan Science And Technology Agency | Infrared light detector |
JP2015162589A (ja) * | 2014-02-27 | 2015-09-07 | 国立研究開発法人科学技術振興機構 | 赤外光検出器、赤外顕微鏡、および、赤外分光器 |
US11069738B2 (en) * | 2017-08-28 | 2021-07-20 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Infrared detector and infrared sensor including the same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP1788637A4 (en) | 2014-03-12 |
EP1788637A1 (en) | 2007-05-23 |
JP4281094B2 (ja) | 2009-06-17 |
JPWO2006006469A1 (ja) | 2008-04-24 |
US7705306B2 (en) | 2010-04-27 |
US20070215860A1 (en) | 2007-09-20 |
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