Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
  • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
  • H01Q3/02—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system using mechanical movement of antenna or antenna system as a whole
  • H01Q3/04—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system using mechanical movement of antenna or antenna system as a whole for varying one co-ordinate of the orientation
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
  • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
  • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
  • G01S13/887—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for detection of concealed objects, e.g. contraband or weapons
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
  • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
  • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
  • G01S13/89—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
  • G01V8/00—Prospecting or detecting by optical means
  • G01V8/005—Prospecting or detecting by optical means operating with millimetre waves, e.g. measuring the black losey radiation

Definitions

• BACKGROUND Millimeter wave signals are used for radar and telecommunications. They are
• imaging systems When imaging systems are used for surveillance of persons, it may be used for surveillance of persons.
• the antenna apparatus transmits and receives radiation from positions spaced from the subject position and distributed along a locus of
• a controller can include a transceiver
• an antenna apparatus Various configurations of an antenna apparatus are possible. A particular configuration can be selected as appropriate for a particular application. For
• the antenna apparatus may include one or a plurality of antenna units,
• antenna unit such as a linear or two-dimensional array of antenna units.
• units may move along a curved path or be in an array that is curved or straight, and
• arrays of antenna units may be fixed in position and pivot to scan a subject from one
• An assembly in which an antenna
• array is adapted to move along a defined path, may move in various ways.
• the assembly may move along a path extending at least partially around
• Such antenna units may also be oriented at different angular orientation
• Antenna arrays may also be formed of a plurality of array
• FIG. 1 is a general diagram showing an active imaging system.
• FIG. 2 is a diagram depicting general examples of interrogation stations that
• FIGS. 3-9 are simplified top views of different interrogation stations.
• FIGS. 10A-10C are top views of another interrogation station illustrating a
• FIGS. 11A-10D are top views of yet another interrogation station illustrating a
• FIG. 12 is a side view of an interrogation station illustrating an exemplary
• FIG. 13 is a front view of an optional embodiment of the antenna array of
• FIG. 12 is a top view of an interrogation station illustrating another exemplary
• antenna array configuration that can be the same interrogation station shown in FIG.
• FIG. 15 is a top view of an interrogation station having laterally offset
• FIG. 16 is a general diagram depicting an imaging system having an
• FIG. 17 is a general diagram depicting one example of an antenna apparatus
• FIG. 18 is a plan view of a plurality of antenna array segments that may be
• FIG. 19 is an isometric view of one example of an antenna apparatus
• FIG. 20 is a top view of an interrogation station having a plurality of antenna
• System 20 Shown generally at 20 in FIG. 1 is an active imaging system.
• System 20 Shown generally at 20 in FIG. 1 is an active imaging system.
• the system includes an antenna apparatus 22 and a controller 24.
• the system is active in the
• the subject in response, the subject emits or reflects electromagnetic radiation
• a subject includes all that is
• the subject includes the person as well as any objects supported
• a subject may
• Electromagnetic radiation may be selected from an appropriate frequency
• imaging may be realized using electromagnetic radiation in the reduced frequency
• GHz gigahertz
• GHz to about 110 GHz may also be used for producing acceptable images.
• radiation may be either at a fixed frequency or over a range or set of frequencies
• modulation types e.g. chirp, pseudorandom frequency hop, pulsed, frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW), or continuous wave (CW).
• FMCW frequency modulated continuous wave
• CW continuous wave
• apparatus may include one or more antenna units, and each antenna unit may
• An antenna unit may include one or more transmitting antennae and one or more receiving antennae.
• An antenna unit may include a plurality of antennae that may receive radiation in
• the antennae may be any combination of any combination of any combination of the following elements:
• the antennae units may both transmit and receive.
• the antennae units may have one or more
• waveforms such as plane, elliptical, or circular polarization, and may have narrow or
• single antenna may scan a subject by mechanically moving about the subject in a
• a one- or two-dimensional path A one- or two-dimensional path.
• a one- or two-dimensional array of antenna units A one- or two-dimensional array of antenna units
• An imaging system may include
• one or a plurality of antenna apparatus such as a second antenna apparatus 22'.
• the antennae apparatus may be protected from the environment by suitable radome
• An imaging system may include an antenna-apparatus moving mechanism 32,
• Moving mechanism 32 may be mounted relative to a frame 34 for moving the
• a movement control mechanism such as a guide
• the moving mechanism may be any appropriate mechanism that moves the antenna apparatus, and may include a stepper motor, servo motor, or other suitable device.
• Controller 24 may control operation of motor 32, and coordinate the operation
• processing can be any type of logic operations.
• processing can be any type of logic operations.
• processing can be any combination of logic operations.
• controller 24 may include a transceiver 38, a
• processor 40 and a memory 42 coupled to the processor for storing data and
• Such instructions may be embodied as hardware, firmware,
• the transceiver includes all structure and functions
• transceiver then in this comprehensive sense, may include multiplexed switching
• the transceiver may be wholly or partly included with a central controller or
• transceiver In certain cases, more than one transceiver is desirable, such as for
• transceiver thus sends to and receives from the antenna apparatus scanning signals
• the processor may be any analog or digital computational device, or
• Image data may include any data, whether processed, partially processed
• objects that may represent a desired class of objects, such as man-made
• the image is derived from received signals.
• output device 52 such as a storage device
• Memory 42 may be a single device or a
• FIG. 2 illustrates another form of interrogation station 60 for use in some embodiments
• Interrogation station 60 is configured to capture images, such as system 20 discussed above.
• the antenna apparatus assembly may include an antenna apparatus 66, a
• Components 66, 68 and 70 may be mounted relative to
• intermediate frame 72 for moving the antenna apparatus along an antenna path.
• Path-moving assembly 64 correspondingly may include a motor 74, a guide 76 and a
• Motor 74 can act on antenna apparatus assembly 62 to move the
• this movement of the antenna apparatus assembly may be used to control access by a person (subject) to
• FIG. 80 illustrates a top view of an interrogation station 80 having an antenna apparatus 82
• arc 90 has a center of curvature
• the shape of the locus of points may vary along its length in one or more directions
• the locus of points may thus appear to be concave or convex to a
• curvature a configuration with one or more rectilinear segments, or any combination
• locus of points containing three adjacent points is a point equally distant from the
• the antenna apparatus may include at least one antenna unit 94 that moves
• subject position is scanned by mechanically moving the antenna unit along an aperture of interest, such as along arc 90.
• Antenna unit 94 also may be part of a vertical antenna array 98 that extends vertically along the height or a portion of the height of a subject 100, such as a
• positions of antenna unit 94 along the path correspond to positions of antenna array
• antenna unit 94 may be part of a horizontal array 102, with the
• antenna units 104 also having additional antenna units, such as antenna units 104,
• Horizontal array 102 extends along arc 90.
• subject position may be scanned both electronically along the array and
• a two-dimensional array 112 may be used.
• antenna units 94, 104, 106 thus extends vertically and horizontally, and includes antenna units 94, 104, 106,
• subject position may then be electronically scanned from the locus of points covering
• Extended imaging may be provided by one or more of extending arc 90,
• center 86 as indicated by circle 116, such as on a platform, and moving arc 90
• Arc 90 may be any length considered appropriate for a
• the distance Dl from the center of the subject position to arc 90 may vary
• An imaging system based on a cylindrical aperture for imaging as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,859,609, can be modified in computing image data
• Such a difference can be computed during data processing, or
• difference values can be stored in memory, such as in a look-up table. It will be appreciated that by positioning the center of curvature 92 of arc 90
• curve of the arc is more elongate along the length of the arc relative to the subject
• interrogation station is used as a portal for an imaging system at an entrance to a
• the sides of the path reduces the width of the imaging system, allowing it to be used
• the shape of arc 90 may generally conform to a side 118 of a subject 100
• an arc 90 may be selected that provides a distance
• FIG. 4 illustrates a top view of a further variation of an interrogation station 130 usable in an imaging system, such as imaging system 20.
• Interrogation station 130 usable in an imaging system, such as imaging system 20.
• Antenna apparatus 132 may provide for transmitting and
• arc 140 has a center of curvature 142 that is on the same
• interrogation station 130 is similar to interrogation station 80 described above.
• the antenna apparatus may include at least one antenna unit 144 that moves
• antenna unit 144 Various positions of antenna unit 144
• the subject position is scanned by mechanically moving the antenna unit along an
• Antenna unit 144 also may be part of a vertical antenna array 148 that
• antenna unit 144 may be part of a horizontal array 152, with the
• antenna units 154 also having additional antenna units, such as antenna units 154 and
• a subject in the subject position may be scanned both
• a two-dimensional array 158 may be used.
• Array 158 thus may extend vertically as well as horizontally along arc 140, and may include
• the subject position may then be electronically scanned from
• Extended imaging may be provided by one or more of the following:
• Arc 140 may be any length and shape
• the distance D3 from the center of the subject position to arc 140 may vary
• curve of the arc is tighter along the length of the arc relative to the subject position.
• interrogation station is used as a portal for an imaging system at an entrance to a
• arc 140 may generally conform to
• an arc 140 may
• FIG. 5 illustrates a top view of an interrogation station 170 having a different
• an antenna apparatus 174 moves along an arc 176 having a center of curvature 178
• Antenna unit 172 may be part of an antenna array 184 that
• the antenna unit may extend along arc 176 and/or vertically.
• the antenna unit may have a beam 186 that may be narrow or broad,
• the antenna unit moves along arc 176.
• the beam may scan across subject position 182, as
• antenna units such as antenna units 192 and 194, may be distributed along a
• Arc 196 may be an arc similar to arcs 90 and 140
• antenna unit 172 may also move along arc 196.
• an array 184 may include additional antenna
• FIG. 6 illustrates a top view of an interrogation station 210 that is similar to
• interrogation station 170 differs in that a pivot axis 212 for pivoting an antenna
• Pivot axis 212 may thus be coincident with a
• antenna unit 214 may scan a beam 226 across the
• Pivoting of the antenna unit may be provided in various ways by a moving
• One way is to support the antenna unit on an arm 232 that is
• Arm 232 may pivot by reciprocatingly
• Drive element 236 may be driven
• the drive mechanism may be controlled by a controller via a control line
• a similar moving mechanism also may be used for pivoting antenna units of
• a plurality of antenna units may be positioned along arc 224, such
• antenna units 242 and 244 of an antenna array 246. Additionally, the antenna
• pivoting antenna units may be distributed
• FIG. 7 illustrates a top view of an interrogation station 260 that may be a
• Interrogation station 260 is further variation of interrogation stations 170 and 210.
• Interrogation station 260 is further variation of interrogation stations 170 and 210.
• the antenna apparatus 262 may include an antenna apparatus 262 that is fixed in position on a frame 264 that may include an enclosure or housing for the antenna apparatus.
• the antenna apparatus 262 may include an antenna apparatus 262 that is fixed in position on a frame 264 that may include an enclosure or housing for the antenna apparatus.
• apparatus includes an antenna unit 266 that may be part of an antenna array 268.
• Each antenna unit may have a beam, represented by line 270.
• the pivot axis may also be spaced from the antenna units. During pivoting,
• beam 270 may scan across a subject position 274 having a subject center 276.
• the antenna apparatus includes an array of antenna units, the antenna units
• FIG. 8 illustrates an interrogation station 280 formed of a plurality of antenna
• antenna apparatus such as antenna apparatus 282, 284, 286 and 288.
• apparatus may each be configured like the antenna apparatus 262 of interrogation
• Antenna apparatus 282, 284, 286 and 288 have
• antenna units 294, 296, 298 and 300 respectively antenna units, represented by antenna units 294, 296, 298 and 300.
• respective antenna units may pivot about respective pivot axes 302, 304, 306 and
• the various antenna apparatus may be fixedly mounted to a frame 318.
• the pivot axis may also be spaced from the antenna
• the antenna apparatus are
• the antenna apparatus are positioned
• FIG. 9 illustrates an interrogation station 330 having first and second antenna
• each antenna apparatus has an
• antenna unit 340 that may be part of an antenna array 342 that transmits and
• Antenna apparatus 332 and 334 may be formed as combinations of antenna
• Each arc 344 may have an intermediate
• Each arc 344 also may have end
• portions 344b and 344c that have respective centers of curvature 350 and 352
• terminal ends 344d and 344e may be formed in a straight line so that an
• antenna unit on that portion of the arc more directly faces a subject in the subject
• Antenna units may be distributed along the respective arcs, may move along
• the arcs of the antenna apparatus such as arcs 353
• arc portions and 354 may include other arc portions. These arcs thus may include intermediate portions having respective centers 350 and 352, and end portions having respective
• first antenna apparatus 332 is fixed in position relative to first antenna apparatus 332
• second antenna apparatus 334 is adapted to move
• Second antenna apparatus 334 may be mounted relative to an apparatus frame 355 with a moving mechanism that is adapted to
• the second antenna apparatus may thus be shifted between a first position 358, close to or proximal the
• the antenna apparatus thus, moves in a direction 362
• Interrogation station 330 may be useful for providing a close-fitting enclosure
• width passageways 364 and 366 A subject may then move into and out of the
• both of the antenna arrays can be any antenna arrays.
• first antenna apparatus 332 may be mounted relative to first antenna apparatus 332 from each other.
• first antenna apparatus 332 may be mounted relative to first antenna apparatus 332
• FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate top views interrogation stations that include barriers
• arcs may be concentric or eccentric relative to the
• FIGS. 10A-10C depict an interrogation station 370 having first and second
• antenna apparatus assemblies 372 and 374 each having a respective antenna
• Each antenna apparatus correspondingly includes one or more antenna units 380 and, if appropriate, an antenna array 382, such as has been
• 372 and 374 include respective barriers 384 and 386 associated respectively with
• antenna apparatus 372 and 374 may cover or enclose associated
• the barriers may conform to the arcs, as shown, although
• Apparatus assemblies 372 and 374 may be moved
• a subject 390 may enter interrogation station 370
• barriers 384 and 386 are Initially, barriers 384 and 386
• the antenna apparatus 376 and 378 may perform imaging along arcs
• apparatus are able to scan half of a cylindrical aperture surrounding the subject
• the antenna apparatus assemblies After scanning the first side of the subject, the antenna apparatus assemblies
• the antenna apparatus assemblies are
• An interrogation station 400 illustrated in FIGS. 11A-11D, provides for
• Antenna apparatus assembly 402 includes an antenna unit 408, which may be
• a barrier 412 may extend along the arc.
• antenna apparatus assembly jnay be adapted to move along a path defined by a
• Track 414 extends at least partially around a
• a subject 418 may enter the interrogation station through an
• apparatus 404 then performs imaging from positions along arc 406 with the barrier
• the barrier may block an exit
• the antenna apparatus assembly moves along track 414 to a second position, which may be complementary to the
• Assembly 402 then may move to a third position at which the final 120
• the antenna apparatus
• assembly 402 may then move along track 414 to the initial position, blocking path
• FIG. 12 illustrates a feature of an interrogation station 430 that may be used
• FIG. 4 illustrates simplistically an antenna apparatus 432 including a vertical array 434 of
• antenna units including antenna units 436, 437, 438 and 439, represented by cone
• Array 434 is mounted along a vertical frame 442. The array is
• the antenna units including antenna
• antenna units are mounted at an acute angle to the line of the array. For instance,
• antenna unit 436 is shown to be mounted at an angle Al of about 30 degrees from
• upper array portion 434b generally extends above the level of the
• the subject position can correspond to the expected general position of a subject located in the subject position. Accordingly, all of the antenna
• the antenna units in upper array are directed toward the subject position.
• the antenna units in upper array are directed toward the subject position.
• portion 434b then are able to provide an imaging perspective from above the subject
• FIG. 13 illustrates a simplified front view of a variation of antenna apparatus
• antenna unit 439 is directed forward.
• Antenna units 447 and 448, respectively above and below antenna unit 439, may be
• This pattern may be
• the antenna units are arranged in upper array portion 434b.
• the antenna units may be directed downwardly at an acute angle, as was described
• antenna unit 436 may point downwardly
• antenna unit may point downwardly and to the right (from the
• antenna unit 438 may point downwardly
• the amount that the antenna units are directed is the amount that the antenna units are directed
• FIG. 14 illustrates a simplified top
• FIG. 452 view of another interrogation station 450 having an antenna apparatus 452 positioned adjacent to a subject position 454.
• the antenna
• apparatus extends along a line in the form of an arc 456.
• An antenna array 458 is
• antenna unit 460 includes a plurality of antenna units, including antenna units 460, 461, 462, 463 and
• Arc 456 has a center of curvature 466 spaced
• the array could extend along a rectilinear line
• Array 458 may include an intermediate portion 458a along which the antenna
• antenna units such as antenna unit 462, extend normal to the line of the array, which in this case
• example is arc 456.
• the array also includes end portions 458b and 458c.
• antenna units such as antenna units 460, 461, 463 and 464, in these end portions
• antenna unit 461 is
• portions may be oriented more directly toward subject position 454 than would be
• Antenna array 458 may extend only horizontally along arc 456, in which case
• the side of a subject in a subject position facing the array may be fully scanned by
• an array 458 may be part of a
• FIG. 14 the view of the array in FIG. 14 may be
• an image of the side of a subject facing the array by electronically scanning the subject.
• the array may correspond to only a portion of the
• FIG. 15 A top view of yet another form of interrogation station is illustrated in FIG. 15.
• An interrogation station 480 includes first and second antenna apparatus 482 and
• Antenna apparatus 482 may include an antenna unit or array of antenna units
• antenna apparatus 484 extends in
• a semi-circular arc 492 having first and second ends 492a and 492b, about a center
• arcs may correspond to movement or location of one or more
• center of curvature 490 is
• center of curvature 494 is at the end 488a of
• curvature and the subject position are aligned along a common straight line 496.
• first ends 488a and 492a of the arcs are positioned
• the two arcs may be considered
• path 498 having an entrance 500 and an exit 502. The subject position is located
• the subject is in the subject position, the arcs surround the subject, allowing for imaging of all sides of the subject without moving an antenna apparatus or moving
• the arcs define the boundaries of the path between the
• Imaging systems may be used in a wide variety of applications. They may be
• Imaging systems are also useful for the temporary interrogation of subjects in
• example is a military operation in which troops are moving across a large territory
• check-points are set up at points of access for non-military personnel.
• FIGS. 15-19 illustrate various aspects of imaging systems that can facilitate
• FIG. 16 is
• FIG. 510 a block diagram of an imaging system 510 having an antenna apparatus 512 and a
• controller 514 The function and structure of imaging system 510 corresponds to
• Antenna apparatus 512 can include a plurality of segments or modules, such
• array modules 516, 517 and 518 These modules in combination can form the antenna apparatus.
• a frame or mounting assembly 520 can join the various modules
• modules together in a given configuration, such as in an arc 522 of an array 524.
• the modules 516, 517 and 518 can form one of a plurality of
• interrogation segments such as interrogation segment 526. Additional interrogation
• interrogation segment 528 may be formed of associated
• modules such as array modules 530, 531 and 532.
• Modules 530, 531 and 532 may
• interrogation segments may be joined by a frame or mounting assembly 534.
• interrogation segments may be joined by a frame or mounting assembly 534.
• a communication link such as link 540, connects each module to a module
• FIG. 17 is a general schematic of one configuration of a first array module
• module 516 connected to a second array module, such as module 517 of an
• Module 516 may include a
• 544 and 546 can be attached together in various configurations, such as by connection to a common frame or mounting assembly, or by joining them as
• Each array module can have a plurality of antenna units, such as antenna
• the respective antenna units may form collectively an antenna array 562.
• antenna unit is in communication with a transceiver 564, which transceiver may be
• the transceiver may be resident as part of the array module; mounted on a common base mounting assembly; or at a location remote from the antenna apparatus.
• the transceiver may
• processors or other signal controller device such as
• FIG. 18 depicts a plurality of array modules, such as modules 516, 517 and
• each array module has a plurality of
• antenna units 572 disposed along a rectilinear line, such as lines 574 and 576
• the array modules may be mounted at
• radius of curvature may be considered to be at an infinite distance.
• FIG. 19 The array
• modules form an array 582 extending horizontally around a subject position 584.
• the array may be moved up and down to scan mechanically a subject in the subject
• a frame 588 forms a barrier that also
• a transceiver 590 may control operation of the
• interrogation station 580 may be configured as an interrogation
• interrogation station 594 may include a plurality of interrogation
• the interrogation segments may be
• a segment frame 598 mounted collectively on a segment frame 598 to form a combined antenna array 600 formed by the arrays of each of the interrogation segments and extending along a
• the transceivers 590 of the interrogation segments may be in
• transceiver may share a single transceiver mounted separately, or a transceiver included in
• controller 604 as was described with reference to controller 24 of imaging system
• the antenna may be used in various combinations.
• the antenna may be used in various combinations.
• the antenna may be used in various combinations.
• the antenna may be used in various combinations.
• the antenna may be used in various combinations.
• interrogation segments facilitate maintenance, since faulty parts can be readily
• an interrogation station may have antenna units mounted at
• receiving arrays, or individual antenna units within an array arc may be formed of
• antenna units formed in groups or segments extending along a line that varies from
• Array segments may be oriented along the line
• interrogation stations may use a transmitting signal that incorporates frequencies in the range of 24 to 30 GHz, FMCW modulation, and having signal content that meets
• Pulse lengths may range from 2 - 10 microseconds.
• Antennae beam widths may range from 20 - 120 degrees for broad beam
• polarizations may be used. Examples include same polarization, cross polarization,
• cardinal indicators such as first,
• second or third, for identified elements are used to distinguish between the elements, and do not indicate a required or limited number of such elements, nor

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• Remote Sensing (AREA)
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• Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Electromagnetism (AREA)
• Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Geophysics (AREA)
• Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
• Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
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