Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/55—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/24—Antidepressants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
  • C07D471/14—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• the invention relates to pharmaceutical formulations comprising a pure enantiomer of mirtazapine.
• Mirtazapine is a widely used drug with several therapeutic uses.
• the form of the drug which is available in pharmaceutical compositions for prescribing to patients is the base of the compound as racemic mixture.
• Pharmaceutical compositions for oral use of enantiomers were implied to be available according to the publication of Fink and Irwin (Psychopharmacology, Vol 78, pp. 44-48, 1982) who describe the administration of the S-enantiomer and the R-enantiomer of mirtazapine to human volunteers for research purposes.
• the compounds were given in the form of the free base of an S- or R- enantiomer of mirtazapine.
• the invention also provides for a method for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a pure enantiomer of mirtazapine in a solid form, whereby the solid form is a pharmaceutically suitable non-sublimating salt of S- or R-mirtazapine.
• Non-sublimating and solid salts of S-mirtazapine as well as R-mirtazapine are found to be a.o. the maleic acid, the hydrochloric acid, the hydrobromic acid, the fumaric acid and the methanesulfonic acid salts of mirtazapine.
• the maleic acid salt is particularly advantageous, because it has a high melting point, readily forms crystals, for which there form no other polymorphs and it is not hygroscopic.
• methanesulfonic acid salt is a very useful salt for an enantiomer of mirtazapine, in view of non-sublimation and non-hygroscopicity.
• a trifluoroacetic acid salt of S- or R-mirtazapine is an example of a salt which showed sublimation. Moreover, the latter salt is not a pharmaceutically suitable salt.
• sublimation can be measured in an apparatus with a chamber in which the test compound is placed in its solid state and maintained in that state by controlled temperature.
• the gas phase in the chamber optionally under low pressure, can be analyzed for content of test compound. It is also possible to continuously clear the test compound in the gas phase from the chamber either by a continuous renewal stream of a gas or by creating a sink for the test compound out of the gas phase, for example by a cold surface.
• the amount of material collected from sublimation or escaped from the sample by sublimation can be analyzed.
• the degree of sublimation is expressed as the fraction (as percentage) of the initial sample size.
• non-sublimating salt' is defined to be a salt of S- or R-mirtazapine, from which less than 1 % of the mirtazapine is sublimating from the sample, calculated on the basis of the amount of the base, when a sample of approximately 10 mg (for example an amount between 8-12 mg) is placed for the duration of 72 hours under standard conditions of 150 mBar pressure and 60 °C temperature.
• acids approved for use to provide for the anion in a salt of a medicinally active compound are hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, methylsulfonic acid, acetic acid, and other acids mentioned in the article of Philip L. Gould (International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Vol. 33, (1986), pp. 201- 207.
• This publication provides for the limiting and defined list of acids, which can be tested according to prescribed procedures in this description to obtain a salt according to the invention.
• mirtazapine refers to the compound 1 ,2, 3,4, 10,14b-hexahydro-2-methyl- pyrazino[2,1-a]pyrido[2,3-c][2]benzazepine as active ingredient for a pharmaceutical formulation.
• the term is used here to refer to the free base as separate compound or to the base component in a mirtazapine salt.
• Reference to a formulation comprising an enantiomer of mirtazapine refers to a formulation in which an enantiomerically purified form of mirtazapine was used in the preparation, contrary to a formulation for which the racemic form of mirtazapine was used.
• Mirtazapine 1 ,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydro-2-methyl-pyrazino[2,1-a]pyrido[2,3- c][2]benzazepine, can be prepared by known methods. Synthesis of racemic mirtazapine is described, for example, in US4062848 wherein a four stage synthetic scheme is disclosed starting from a 2-substituted nicotinitrile. Further modifications to various stages of this route have subsequently been described in WO 00/62782, WO 01/23345 and US 6,376,668.
• compositions are made with an active ingredient, which is a salt of S- or R-mirtazapine in this context, to which carriers and other excipients are added.
• active ingredient which is a salt of S- or R-mirtazapine in this context, to which carriers and other excipients are added.
• the characteristics of the salts according to the invention make them most suitable for manufacture and use in various pharmaceutical formulations for dosaged administration to a subject.
• Such forms are adapted to use for particular routes of administration, such as oral, rectal or transdermal.
• dosage forms such as pills, tablets, suppositories, (micro-)capsules, powders, emulsions, creams, ointments, implants, a patch, a gel, or any other preparation for sustained release, sprays, injection preparations in the form of a suspension
• suitable auxiliaries such as fillers, binders, lubricants, dispersants, emulsifiers, stabilisers, surfactants, penetration enhancers, anti-oxidants, colorants, preservatives and the like can be used e.g.
• any pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary which does not interfere with the function of the active compound is suitable and can be used.
• the amount of S- or R-mirtazapine salt in the dosage form can be adapted to the particular circumstances. Generally, a dosage unit will contain between 0.05 and 90 mg of S- or R-mirtazapine salt, expressed on the basis of the amount of base.
• Suitable fillers or carriers with which the compositions can be administered include agar, alcohol, fats, lactose, starch, cellulose derivatives, polysaccharides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, silica, sterile saline and the like, or mixtures thereof, used in suitable amounts.
• Binders are agents used to impart cohesive properties to a pharmaceutical composition resulting in minimal loss from the pharmaceutical composition during production and handling. Binders are for example cellulose, starches, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and the like.
• a suitable lubricant with which the active agent of the invention can be administered is, for example, magnesium stearate.
• Surfactants are agents facilitating the contact and migration of compounds in different physical environments such as hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments. Many surfactants are known in the art of making pharmaceutical compositions as for example described in chapter 21 of Gennaro et al, Remington; The Science and Practice of Pharmacy; 20th ed., Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Baltimore; USA). Surfactants that can be used during the process of preparing the pharmaceutical formulation are, for example, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and the like.
• PEG polyethylene glycol
• the salts according to the invention can be made with methods well-known in the art.
• the base is dissolved in a suitable solvent, such as methanol, ethanol, ethylacetate or acetone and acid is added either purely or dissolved in, for example ethanol, ethylacetate or acetone.
• a suitable solvent such as methanol, ethanol, ethylacetate or acetone
• acid is added either purely or dissolved in, for example ethanol, ethylacetate or acetone.
• the salt can be collected from the solvens by precipitation or crystallisation, which is, if needed, provoked by cooling the solution or evaporating the solventia.
• FIG. 1 Schematic presentation of the sublimation test equipment.
• a sample is placed on the bottom of a vessel, which is closed at the top by a vessel-shaped stopper into which cooling liquid (CL) is circulating and which vessel has an outlet connected to a vacuum pump (Vac).
• CL cooling liquid
• Vac vacuum pump
• the vessel is placed in a closed chamber under constant temperature control (TC).
• TC constant temperature control
• a sublimate (Subl) can accumulate against the surface of the stopper within the vessel.
• Example 8 This is to demonstrate the first step in a manner of preparation of enantiomerically pure mirtazapine.
• the salt of this example is not approved for pharmaceutical use.
• Crystallization of S-mirtazapine (+,-0,0-Dibenzoyl-D-Tartaric acid salt 23.33 g mirtazapine (Org 3770) was dissolved in 94 ml of ethanol at a temperature of 52 °C.
• a filtered solution of 33.06 g (+)-0,0-dibenzoyl-D-Tartaric acid hydrate in 132 ml of ethanol (100%) was added to the warm solution. Then the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature.
• a seed crystal was added to the reaction mixture to initiate crystallization.
• the mobile phase should be adjusted by adding some solution A or tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate solution 0.1 M.
• the detection limit of S-mirtazapine as free base or as active entity in its corresponding salt is below 0.02 mg.
• Degr prod A 2,3,4,4a-Tetrahydro-3-methylpyrazino[2,1-a]pyrido[2,3-c][2]benzazepine- 9(1 H)-one
• Degr prod B 1,2,3,4,10,14b-Hexahydro-2-methylpyrazino[2,1-a]pyrido[2,3- c][2]benzazepine-2-oxide dihydrate
• Degr prod C 3,4, 10,14b-Tetrahydro-2-methylpyrazino[2,1-a]pyrido[2,3-c][2]benzazepin- 1(2H)-one
• Degr prod D N-[2-(5,10-dihydro-10-oxo-11H-pyrido[2,3-c][2]benzazepin-11-yl)ethyl]-N- methyl-formamide
• a sample (approximately 10 mg) was placed in a sample chamber of sublimation test equipment as illustrated in Figure 1.
• the temperature in the sample chamber is controllable.
• the sample holder has a reduced pressure, which was 150 mBar by default.
• the sample chamber also consists of a section with reduced temperature (the "cold finger"), where the temperature is approximately 5°C.
• the majority of material that sublimates in the test sample with high temperature will precipitate on the cold finger.
• the amount of material on the cold finger after a test period of 72 hrs has been quantified using HPLC analysis.
• the degree of sublimation is expressed as the fraction material on the cold finger (as percentage) of the initial sample size. Additionally, the sublimation of active compound from tablets "drug product" has been tested.
• Table 1 lists the sublimation results of the S-mirtazapine, S-mirtazapine.HBr, S- mirtazapine.maleic acid, S-mirtazapine.fumaric acid and tablets containing some of these compounds under several test conditions. Table 1: Sublimation results Sublimate 3
• Drug product 1 S-mirtazapine tablets 2 7.21 % S-mirtazapine.HBr tablets ⁇ DL S-mirtazapine. maleic acid ⁇ DL tablets 1
• A ambient humidity
• RH relative humidity
• the first row shows the results from the 1 mg/65 mg tablets (formulation F; see table 3).
• the second row shows the results from the 10 mg/160 mg tablets (formulation G; see table 3). Notes to Table 3 1 Due to losses or other problems during the manufacturing process, the content may be lower or higher.

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