WO2005078760A1 - 光電子増倍管及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
光電子増倍管及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005078760A1 WO2005078760A1 PCT/JP2005/002298 JP2005002298W WO2005078760A1 WO 2005078760 A1 WO2005078760 A1 WO 2005078760A1 JP 2005002298 W JP2005002298 W JP 2005002298W WO 2005078760 A1 WO2005078760 A1 WO 2005078760A1
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- Prior art keywords
- side wall
- envelope
- frame
- anode
- electron multiplier
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
- H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
- H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements
- H01J43/08—Cathode arrangements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
- H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
- H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
- H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements
- H01J43/18—Electrode arrangements using essentially more than one dynode
- H01J43/24—Dynodes having potential gradient along their surfaces
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J9/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture, installation, removal, maintenance of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof; Recovery of material from discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J9/24—Manufacture or joining of vessels, leading-in conductors or bases
- H01J9/26—Sealing together parts of vessels
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a photomultiplier tube having an electron multiplier for cascading photoelectrons generated by a photocathode, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- a photomultiplier tube has been known as an optical sensor.
- a photomultiplier tube is provided with a photocathode that converts light into electrons, a focusing electrode, an electron multiplier, and an anode, and is housed in a vacuum vessel.
- photoelectrons are emitted into the vacuum container.
- the photoelectrons are guided to the electron multiplier by the focusing electrode, and are cascaded by the electron multiplier.
- the anode outputs the reached electrons among the multiplied electrons as a signal (for example, see Patent Documents 1 and 2 below).
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent No. 3078905
- Patent Document 2 JP-A-4-359855
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and has a structure that allows easy downsizing while maintaining high detection accuracy.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a photomultiplier tube having a structure that is easy to perform and a method of manufacturing the same.
- a photomultiplier according to the present invention is an optical sensor having an electron multiplier that cascade multiplies photoelectrons generated by a photocathode.
- the photomultiplier tube includes an envelope in which the inside of the photomultiplier tube is maintained in a vacuum state, a photocathode accommodated in the envelope, and a photocathode housed in the envelope. And an anode at least a part of which is housed in the envelope.
- the envelope is at least partially formed of a glass substrate having a flat portion.
- the photocathode emits photoelectrons to the inside of the envelope according to the light taken in through the envelope.
- the electron multiplying unit is arranged on a predetermined area of the flat portion of the glass substrate, and cascade multiplies the emitted photoelectrons with a photoelectric force.
- the anode is disposed on an area of the flat portion of the glass substrate other than the area where the electron multiplier is disposed, and takes out, as a signal, an electron that has reached among the electrons that have been force-scaled by the electron multiplier. Functions as an electrode.
- the electron multiplier and the anode are two-dimensionally arranged on the flat portion of the glass substrate, so that the size of the entire device can be reduced.
- the envelope is provided with a lower frame that is a glass substrate, an upper frame facing the lower frame, and between the upper frame and the lower frame, the electron multiplying unit. And a side wall frame having a shape surrounding the anode.
- the side wall frame is formed integrally with the electron multiplier and the anode by etching one silicon substrate. With such a structure, fine processing can be easily realized, and a smaller photomultiplier tube can be obtained.
- the electron multiplier and the anode formed integrally with the side wall frame have the same silicon material strength.
- the fixing of the electron multiplier and the anode to the glass substrate is preferably performed by a method other than welding.
- a glass substrate is provided with an electron multiplier and silicon
- the poles are preferably fixed by either anodic bonding or diffusion bonding.
- the bonding between the side wall frame and the glass substrate (lower frame) is also performed by either anodic bonding or diffusion bonding.
- Such fixing by anodic bonding or diffusion bonding can minimize the generation of foreign substances generated during welding and the like and the occurrence of a foreign matter.
- the electron multiplier has a plurality of grooves extending so as to allow electrons to travel in a direction intersecting the direction in which the photocathode emits photoelectrons.
- the groove of the electron multiplier extends so that electrons travel along the direction in which the photocathode crosses the direction in which the photocathode emits photons. Therefore, the electron multiplying section extends along the direction in which the photocathode emits photoelectrons. The size can be reduced as compared with the structure in which the portion is formed.
- the electron multiplier performs cascade multiplication by colliding electrons with each of a pair of side walls defining each groove. Efficient cascade multiplication is performed by colliding electrons with each of a pair of side walls defining each groove.
- a convex portion is provided on a side wall defining each groove. By providing the side wall with the convex portion, electrons collide with the side wall at a predetermined distance, so that more efficient cascade multiplication becomes possible.
- the electron multiplier and the anode are respectively placed on the flat part of the glass substrate with a predetermined distance between the side wall frame force forming a part of the envelope. Preferably, they are arranged. In this case, each of the electron multiplier and the anode can minimize the influence of external noise through the side wall frame as much as possible, and high detection accuracy can be obtained.
- the upper frame is preferably made of a shear force of a glass material and a silicon material.
- the upper frame is also formed by anodic bonding or diffusion bonding so as to sandwich the side frame together with the lower frame.
- the envelope is vacuum-sealed by either the anodic bonding or the diffusion bonding (the bonding between the lower frame and the side wall frame and the bonding between the side wall frame and the upper frame). The vessel can be easily processed.
- the upper frame which is also made of glass material, can itself function as a transmission window.
- the upper frame may also have a silicon material strength.
- a transmission window is formed in the upper frame to allow light of a predetermined wavelength to pass toward the photocathode housed in the envelope. This transmission window may be provided in the side wall frame.
- the glass material constituting a part of the envelope also has a power.
- Each of the upper frames that constitute a part of is prepared
- the side wall frame, together with the electron multiplier and the anode, is integrally fixed to the lower frame by either anodic bonding or diffusion bonding.
- the side wall frame is a silicon frame formed integrally with the electron multiplier and the anode.
- the manufacturing method includes: an envelope configured by a lower frame, a side wall frame, and an upper frame and having an inside maintained in a vacuum state; a photoelectric surface housed in the envelope;
- the present invention is applicable to the manufacture of a photomultiplier tube including an electron multiplier section housed in an envelope and at least a part of the anode housed in the envelope.
- the lower frame which also has a glass material strength, which forms a part of the envelope
- the side wall frame which also has a silicon material strength, which forms a part of the envelope, and a part of the envelope.
- the side wall frame is fixed to the lower frame by any one of anodic bonding and diffusion bonding.
- the upper frame is made of glass material
- the upper frame is joined to the side wall frame by either anodic bonding or diffusion bonding so as to sandwich the side frame together with the lower frame.
- a transmission window is formed in the upper frame.
- the location where the transmission window is formed is not limited to the upper frame.
- the transmission window may be formed in the side wall frame.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a configuration of a first embodiment (transmission type) of a photomultiplier according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is an assembly process diagram of the photomultiplier tube according to the first embodiment shown in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of the photomultiplier tube according to the first embodiment along the line II in FIG.
- [4] is a perspective view showing a structure of an electron multiplier in the photomultiplier according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a drawing for explaining the method of manufacturing the photomultiplier tube according to the first example (part 1).
- FIG. 6 is a drawing for explaining the method of manufacturing the photomultiplier tube according to the first example (part 2).
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a structure of a second embodiment (reflection type) of a photomultiplier tube according to the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a sectional view showing the structure of a third embodiment (reflection type) of a photomultiplier according to the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a structure of a fourth embodiment of the photomultiplier according to the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a view for explaining a method of forming a transmission window (part 1).
- FIG. 11 is a view for explaining a method of forming a transmission window (part 2).
- FIG. 12 is a view for explaining a method of forming a transmission window (part 3).
- FIG. 13 is a view showing the structure of a fifth embodiment of the photomultiplier according to the present invention.
- FIG. 14 is a view for explaining each of anodic bonding and diffusion bonding.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing another structure of a photomultiplier tube that can be manufactured by the method of manufacturing a photomultiplier tube according to the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram showing a configuration of a detection module to which the photomultiplier according to the present invention is applied.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a structure of a first embodiment of a photomultiplier according to the present invention.
- the photomultiplier tube la according to the first embodiment is a transmission electron multiplier tube, and includes an upper frame 2 (glass substrate), a side wall frame 3 (silicon substrate), and a lower frame 4 (Glass substrate).
- the direction of incidence of light on the photocathode and the direction of travel of electrons in the electron multiplier cross each other, that is, when light enters from the direction indicated by arrow A in FIG.
- Photoelectron force This is a photomultiplier tube in which emitted photoelectrons are incident on the electron multiplier and the photoelectrons travel in the direction indicated by arrow B to cascade multiply secondary electrons. Subsequently, each component will be described.
- FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view showing the photomultiplier tube la shown in FIG. 1 into an upper frame 2, a side wall frame 3, and a lower frame 4.
- the upper frame 2 is configured using a rectangular flat glass substrate 20 as a base material.
- a rectangular recess 201 is formed in the main surface 20a of the glass substrate 20, and the outer periphery of the recess 201 is formed along the outer periphery of the glass substrate 20!
- the photoelectric surface 22 is formed at the bottom of the concave portion 201.
- the photoelectric surface 22 is formed near one end in the longitudinal direction of the concave portion 201.
- a hole 202 is provided on a surface 20b of the glass substrate 20 opposite to the main surface 20a, and the hole 202 reaches the photoelectric surface 22.
- a photocathode terminal 21 is arranged in the hole 202, and the photocathode terminal 21 is in contact with the photocathode 22.
- the upper frame 2 itself made of glass material functions as a transmission
- the side wall frame 3 is configured using a rectangular flat silicon substrate 30 as a base material.
- a concave portion 301 and a penetrating portion 302 are formed from a main surface 30a of the silicon substrate 30 to a surface 30b opposed thereto.
- the concave portion 301 and the through portion 302 both have a rectangular opening, and the concave portion 301 and the through portion 302 are connected to each other.
- the outer periphery is formed along the outer periphery of the silicon substrate 30.
- the electron multiplier 31 is formed in the recess 301.
- the electron multiplier 31 has a plurality of walls 311 erected from the bottom 301a of the recess 301 so as to extend along each other. Thus, a groove is formed between the walls 311.
- a secondary electron emission surface which is a secondary electron emission material, is formed on the side wall (side wall defining each groove) of the wall portion 311 and the bottom portion 301a.
- the wall portion 311 is provided along the longitudinal direction of the concave portion 301, and one end thereof is disposed at a predetermined distance from one end of the concave portion 301, and the other end is disposed at a position facing the through portion 302.
- the anode 32 is disposed in the through portion 302.
- the anode 32 is disposed with a gap between the anode 32 and the inner wall of the through portion 302, and is fixed to the lower frame 4 by anodic bonding or diffusion bonding.
- the lower frame 4 is configured using a rectangular flat glass substrate 40 as a base material.
- a mosquito 401, a mosquito 402, and a mosquito 403 are provided to face the main surface 40a of the glass substrate 40 and the surface 40b opposite thereto.
- the photoelectric surface side terminal 41 is inserted and fixed in the hole 401
- the anode terminal 42 is inserted in the hole 402
- the anode terminal 43 is inserted and fixed in the hole 403. Further, the anode terminal 42 is in contact with the anode 32 of the side wall frame 3.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the structure of the photomultiplier tube la according to the first embodiment, taken along line II in FIG.
- the photocathode 22 is formed at the bottom of one end of the concave portion 201 of the upper frame 2.
- the photocathode 22 is in contact with the photocathode 22, and a predetermined voltage is applied to the photocathode 22 via the photocathode 21.
- Main surface of upper frame 2 The upper frame 2 is fixed to the side wall frame 3 by joining the main surface 20a (see FIG. 2) and the main surface 30a (see FIG. 2) of the side wall frame 3 by anodic bonding or diffusion bonding.
- a concave portion 301 and a through portion 302 of the side wall frame 3 are arranged.
- the electron multiplier 31 is disposed in the recess 301 of the side wall frame 3, and a gap 301 b is formed between the wall of one end of the recess 301 and the electron multiplier 31.
- the electron multiplier 31 of the side wall frame 3 is located immediately below the photoelectric surface 22 of the upper frame 2.
- the anode 32 is disposed in the through portion 302 of the side wall frame 3.
- anode 32 Since the anode 32 is arranged so as not to be in contact with the inner wall of the through portion 302, a gap 302a is formed between the anode 32 and the through portion 302.
- the anode 32 is fixed to the main surface 40a of the lower frame 4 (see FIG. 2) by anodic bonding or diffusion bonding.
- the lower frame 4 is joined to the side wall frame 3 by positive or diffusion bonding between the surface 30b of the side wall frame 3 (see Fig. 2) and the main surface 40a of the lower frame 4 (see Fig. 2). Be fixed.
- the electron multiplier 31 of the side wall frame 3 is also fixed to the lower frame 4 by anodic bonding or diffusion bonding.
- the outer frame of the electron multiplier tube la is obtained by joining the upper frame 2 and the lower frame 4 made of glass material, respectively, to the side wall frames with the side frame 3 sandwiched therebetween. .
- a space is formed inside the envelope, and when the envelope composed of the upper frame 2, the side wall frame 3, and the lower frame 4 is assembled, a vacuum-tight process is performed and the outer frame is formed.
- the inside of the vessel is maintained in a vacuum state (details will be described later).
- the photocathode-side terminal 401 and the anode-side terminal 403 of the lower frame 4 come into contact with the silicon substrate 30 of the side wall frame 3, respectively, the photocathode-side terminal 401 and the anode-side terminal 403 By applying a voltage, a potential difference can be generated in the longitudinal direction of the silicon substrate 30 (the direction crossing the direction in which photoelectrons are emitted from the photocathode 22 and the direction in which secondary electrons travel in the electron multiplier 31). it can.
- the anode terminal 402 of the lower frame 4 is in contact with the anode 32 of the side wall frame 3, electrons reaching the anode 32 can be extracted as a signal.
- FIG. 4 shows a structure near the wall 311 of the side wall frame 3.
- the convex portion 31 la is formed in the concave portion 301 of the silicon substrate 30 on the side wall of the wall portion 311.
- the convex portions 31 la are alternately arranged on the opposing wall portions 311 so as to be different from each other.
- the convex portion 31 la is formed uniformly from the upper end to the lower end of the wall portion 311.
- the photomultiplier tube la operates as follows. That is, ⁇ 2000 V force is applied to the photoelectric side terminal 401 of the lower frame 4, and 0 V is applied to the anode side terminal 403.
- the resistance of the silicon substrate 30 is about 10 ⁇ .
- the resistance value of the silicon substrate 30 can be adjusted by changing the volume, for example, the thickness of the silicon substrate 30. For example, the resistance value can be increased by reducing the thickness of the silicon substrate.
- photoelectrons are emitted from the photocathode 22 toward the side wall frame 3. The emitted photoelectrons reach the electron multiplier 31 located immediately below the photocathode 22.
- the electron multiplier 31 has a groove defined by the plurality of walls 311. Therefore, the photoelectrons reaching the electron multiplier 31 from the photocathode 22 collide with the side wall of the wall 311 and the bottom 301a between the side walls 311 facing each other, and emit a plurality of secondary electrons.
- cascade multiplication of secondary electrons is performed one after another, and 10 5 to 10 7 secondary electrons are generated for each electron reaching the electron multiplier from the photocathode.
- the generated secondary electrons reach the anode 32 and are extracted from the anode terminal 402 as a signal.
- a method of manufacturing the photomultiplier according to the first embodiment will be described.
- a silicon substrate with a diameter of 4 inches (the constituent material of the side wall frame 3 in FIG. 2) and two glass substrates of the same shape (the upper frame 2 and the lower side in FIG. 2) are prepared. Each of them is subjected to the processing described below for every minute area (for example, several mm square).
- the photomultiplier is completed by dividing it into regions. Subsequently, the processing method will be described with reference to FIGS.
- a silicon substrate 50 (corresponding to the side wall frame 3) having a thickness of 0.3 mm and a specific resistance of 30 k ⁇ ′cm is prepared.
- a silicon thermal oxidation film 60 and a silicon thermal oxidation film 61 are formed on both surfaces of the silicon substrate 50, respectively.
- the silicon thermal oxidation film 60 and the silicon thermal oxide film 61 are used as a mask during DEEP-RIE (Reactive Ion Etching) processing. Function.
- a resist film 70 is formed on the back surface side of the silicon substrate 50.
- a removed portion 701 corresponding to a gap between the penetrating portion 302 and the anode 32 in FIG. 2 is formed.
- a removed portion 611 corresponding to a gap between the through portion 302 and the anode 32 in FIG. 2 is formed.
- DEEP-RIE processing is also performed after the resist film 70 is removed from the state force shown in the area (b) in Fig. 5.
- a void 501 corresponding to a void between the through-hole 302 and the anode 32 in FIG.
- a resist film 71 is formed on the surface side of the silicon substrate 50.
- the resist film 71 includes a removed portion 711 corresponding to a gap between the wall 311 and the concave portion 301 in FIG. 2, and a removed portion 712 corresponding to a gap between the through portion 302 and the anode 32 in FIG.
- the glass substrate 80 (corresponding to the lower frame 4) is anodically bonded to the back surface of the silicon substrate 50. (See the area (e) in Fig. 5).
- a hole 801 corresponding to the hole 401 in FIG. 2 a hole 802 corresponding to the hole 402 in FIG. 2, and a hole 803 corresponding to the hole 403 in FIG.
- DEEP-RIE processing is performed on the front surface side of the silicon substrate 50.
- the resist film 71 functions as a mask material at the time of DEEP-RIE processing, and enables a high aspect ratio and high power.
- the resist film 71 and the silicon oxide film 61 are removed. As shown in the area (a) in FIG. 6, the through-hole reaching the glass substrate 80 is formed in the portion where the back surface force gap 501 has been processed in advance, so that the anode 32 in FIG. Thus, an island 52 corresponding to is formed.
- the island 52 corresponding to the anode 32 is fixed to the glass substrate 80 by anodic bonding.
- a groove 51 corresponding to the groove between the walls 311 in FIG. 2 and a concave 5 corresponding to the gap between the wall 311 and the concave 301 in FIG. 03 is also formed.
- a secondary electron emission surface is formed on the side wall and the bottom 301a of the groove 51.
- a glass substrate 90 corresponding to the upper frame 2 is prepared.
- a concave portion 901 (corresponding to the concave portion 201 in FIG. 2) is formed in the glass substrate 90 by spot facing, and a hole 902 (corresponding to the hole 202 in FIG. 2) extends from the surface of the glass substrate 90 to the concave portion 901. Is provided.
- a photocathode terminal 92 corresponding to the photocathode terminal 21 in FIG. 2 is inserted and fixed in the hole 902, and a photocathode 91 is formed in the concave portion 901. You.
- the photocathode-side terminal 81 corresponding to the photocathode-side terminal 41 in FIG. 2 corresponds to the hole 801
- the anode terminal 82 corresponding to the anode terminal 42 in FIG. 2 corresponds to the hole 802
- the anode terminal 43 corresponds to the anode terminal 43 in FIG. 2.
- the anode-side terminals 83 are inserted and fixed in the holes 803, respectively, to obtain the state shown in the area (e) in FIG.
- the photomultiplier tube having the structure as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is obtained by cutting out the chip.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a structure of a second embodiment of the photomultiplier according to the present invention.
- the photomultiplier according to the second embodiment has a structure similar to that of the photomultiplier according to the first embodiment except that the position of the photocathode is different. It is a tube. Note that, in a region (a) in FIG. 7, a silicon substrate 30 corresponding to the side wall frame shown in FIG. 2 showing the assembling process of the first embodiment is shown.
- the silicon substrate 30 is located on the end of the electron multiplier 31 opposite to the anode 32.
- a photocathode 22 is formed at the end.
- the side of the wall 311 defining the groove is formed at the end of the electron multiplier 31 opposite to the end opposite to the anode 32.
- a photocathode 22 is formed at the bottom of the groove between the walls.
- the upper frame 2 is formed.
- the light is emitted from the photocathode 22 receiving the light passing through the glass substrate 20 as a transmission window toward the photoelectron force anode 32 side.
- Photoelectrons from the photocathode 22 are transmitted toward the anode 32 and propagate through the groove.They collide with the side surfaces of the wall 311 and the bottom 301a between the opposing walls 311 to emit secondary electrons. .
- the electrons sequentially multiplied in cascade reach the anode 32 (see the area (c) in FIG. 7).
- a sectional view corresponding to FIG. 3 showing a sectional structure of the first embodiment is shown in a region (c) in FIG.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the structure of a third embodiment of the photomultiplier according to the present invention.
- the third embodiment is also a photomultiplier tube having a reflection type photocathode and having the same structure as the photomultiplier tube according to the first embodiment except that the arrangement structure of the photocathode 22 is different.
- the photocathode 22 is formed on the side wall frame 3 opposite to the anode 32 across the electron multiplier 31. It is provided on the inner side. This inner side surface is inclined with respect to each of the upper frame 2 functioning as a transmission window and the electron multiplier 31, and a photocathode 22 is formed on the inner side surface so that the reflection type photoelectric conversion surface is formed. A photomultiplier tube having a surface is obtained.
- the photomultiplier unit 31 is connected to the photomultiplier unit 31 from the photocathode 22 that receives light that has passed through the glass substrate 20 constituting the upper frame 2 as a transmission window. It is released with the force.
- the photoelectrons from the photocathode 22 propagate through the groove of the electron multiplier 31 toward the anode 32, and collide on the side of the wall 311 and the bottom 301a between the walls 311 facing each other on the way. Secondary electrons are emitted.
- the electrons sequentially cascaded in this way reach the anode 32.
- FIG. 8 shows a cross-sectional view corresponding to FIG. 3 showing the cross-sectional structure of the first embodiment.
- the electron multiplier 31 disposed in the envelope includes the silicon substrate 30 forming the side wall frame 3. It is integrally formed in contact with. While the side wall frame 3 is in contact with the electron multiplier 31 in this manner, the electron multiplier 31 is affected by external noise through the side wall frame 3 and detection accuracy is reduced. there's a possibility that. Therefore, in the photomultiplier according to the fourth embodiment, the electron multiplier 31 and the anode 32 formed integrally with the side wall frame 3 are separated from the side wall frame 3 by a predetermined distance.
- the glass substrate 40 (the lower frame 4) is disposed on a flat portion. Note that a region (a) in FIG.
- FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the side wall frame according to the fourth embodiment, and a region (b) in FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a cross-sectional structure of the first embodiment. A cross-sectional view corresponding to 3 is shown.
- the photomultiplier according to the fourth embodiment is a glass substrate 40 which is a lower frame 4 in which an electron multiplier 31 and an anode 32 are respectively separated from a side wall frame 2 by a predetermined distance.
- This is a photomultiplier tube having a transmission type photocathode and having the same structure as that of the photomultiplier tube according to the first embodiment except that the photomultiplier tube is fixed to.
- the upper frame 2 is formed of a glass substrate 20, and the glass substrate 20 itself functions as a transmission window. are doing. While pressing, the upper frame 2 may be composed of a silicon substrate. In this case, a transmission window is formed in either the upper frame 2 or the side wall frame 3.
- 10 and 11 are diagrams for explaining a method of forming a transmission window provided in the upper frame 2 or the side wall frame 3 made of a silicon material.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a transmission window generation step when an SOI (Silicon On Insulator) substrate is applied as the upper frame 2.
- this SOI substrate is formed by forming a sputtered glass substrate 210 on a base silicon substrate 200, and further forming an upper silicon substrate 200 on the sputtered glass substrate 210. By anodic bonding.
- the surface of the SOI substrate (the silicon substrate 200 located on both sides of the sputter glass substrate 210) is etched toward the sputter glass substrate 210 from the both sides to form a square 200a, 200b power S formed.
- the photocathode 22 is formed on the surface of the sputtered glass substrate 210 inside the envelope.
- a concave portion having an appropriate depth is formed.
- the groove may be formed in a columnar shape when viewed from the surface of the silicon substrate 200, or may be formed in a mesh shape.
- a region of the one surface of the silicon substrate 200 where the groove is formed is thermally oxidized so that a part of the silicon substrate 200 is made of glass.
- the other surface of the silicon substrate 200 is etched to a vitrified region to form a concave portion 200c, thereby obtaining a transmission window.
- the photocathode 22 is formed on the vitrified region (transmission window) exposed through the concave portion 200c.
- the area for forming the transmission window of the silicon substrate 200 may be etched to have a thickness of about several meters, and the area for forming the transmission window may be thermally oxidized for vitrification.
- both sides of the silicon substrate 200 may be etched, or only one side of the silicon substrate 200 may be etched.
- a silicon substrate 200 to be the upper frame is prepared (see the area (a) in FIG. 12), and the two-sided force of the silicon substrate 200 is also etched to form the depressions 200d and 200e (see FIG. 12).
- the thickness of the transmission window forming region is about several meters, and by thermally oxidizing the etched region, a part of the silicon substrate 200 is vitrified to obtain the transmission window 240. .
- the photocathode 22 is formed on the vitrified area 240 (transmission window) exposed through the recess 200e (see area (c) in FIG. 12). ).
- FIG. 13 is a view showing the structure of a fifth embodiment of the photomultiplier according to the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view corresponding to FIG. 3, illustrating a cross-sectional structure of the photomultiplier according to the first embodiment.
- the photomultiplier according to the fifth embodiment is different from the photomultiplier according to the first to fourth embodiments in that the upper frame 2 is formed of the silicon substrate 200. Further, in the fifth embodiment, the transmission window is provided in the side wall frame 3, and the transmission window is a transmission type photomultiplier in which the photoelectric surface 22 is formed inside the transmission window.
- the same structure as the photomultiplier tube according to the example is provided.
- the bonding between the silicon substrate and the glass substrate is performed by anodic bonding or diffusion bonding. According to such anodic bonding and diffusion bonding, it is possible to minimize the occurrence of foreign matter generated during welding and the like and / or the occurrence of a foreign matter.
- the anodic bonding is performed by an apparatus as shown in a region (a) of FIG. That is, a silicon substrate 200 and a glass substrate 20 are sequentially placed on a metal pedestal 510, and a metal weight 520 is placed thereon. By applying a predetermined voltage between the metal pedestal 510 and the metal weighing stone 520 in this manner, the silicon substrate 200 and the glass substrate 20 are closely bonded.
- a region (b) in FIG. 14 is a diagram for explaining diffusion bonding. As shown in the area (b) in FIG. 14, an Au film, an In film, and an Au film are sequentially formed between the silicon substrate 200 and the glass substrate 20 each having a Cu film formed at the bonding portion.
- the silicon substrate 200 and the glass substrate 20 are closely bonded by disposing the laminated metal layers and thermocompression-bonding the silicon substrate 200 and the glass substrate 20 at a relatively low temperature.
- diffusion bonding means that a plurality of metal layers are placed between members to be bonded, which are not mixed at room temperature, and specific metal layers are intermingled with each other (diffusion) by applying heat energy to the metal layers.
- the method of manufacturing a photomultiplier according to the present invention can manufacture a photomultiplier having various structures in addition to the photomultiplier having the above-described structure.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing another structure of a photomultiplier tube that can be manufactured by the manufacturing method according to the present invention.
- FIG. 15 shows a cross-sectional structure of the photomultiplier tube 10 that can be manufactured by the manufacturing method according to the present invention.
- the photomultiplier tube 10 includes an upper frame 11, a side wall frame 12 (silicon substrate), a first lower frame 13 (glass member), and a second
- the lower frame (substrate) is formed by anodic bonding.
- the upper frame 11 is also made of glass material, and has a concave portion 1 lb formed on a surface thereof facing the side wall frame 12.
- a photocathode 112 is formed over almost the entire bottom of the concave portion of 1 lb.
- a photocathode electrode 113 for applying a potential to the photocathode 112 and a surface electrode terminal 111 in contact with a surface electrode described later are respectively disposed at one end and the other end of the recess 1 lb. Has been.
- a large number of holes 121 are provided in the silicon substrate 12a in parallel with the tube axis direction.
- the inner surface of the hole 121 is formed with a secondary electron emission surface.
- a front surface electrode 122 and a back surface electrode 123 are disposed near the openings at both ends of each of the holes 121.
- a positional relationship between the hole 121 and the surface electrode 122 is shown.
- surface electrode 122 is arranged so as to face hole 121.
- the front electrode 122 is in contact with the front electrode terminal 111, and the back electrode 123 is in contact with the back electrode terminal 143. Therefore, a potential is generated in the side wall frame 12 in the axial direction of the hole 121, and the photoelectrons emitted from the photocathode 112 travel inside the hole 121 downward in the drawing.
- the first lower frame 13 is a member for connecting the side wall frame 12 and the second lower frame 14, and is anodically bonded to both the side wall frame 12 and the second lower frame 14. (May be diffusion bonded).
- the second lower frame 14 is formed of a silicon substrate 14a provided with a large number of holes 141. An anode 142 is inserted and fixed in each of the holes 141!
- the photomultiplier tube 10 shown in FIG. 15 light that also has an upward force in the figure is transmitted through the glass substrate of the upper frame 11 and is incident on the photoelectric surface 112.
- the photoelectrons are emitted toward the side wall frame 12 in response to the incident light.
- the emitted photoelectrons enter the holes 121 of the first lower frame 13.
- the photoelectrons that have entered the hole 121 generate secondary electrons while colliding with the inner wall of the hole 121, and the generated secondary electrons are emitted toward the second lower frame 14.
- the anode 142 takes out the emitted secondary electrons as a signal.
- Region (a) in FIG. 16 is a diagram showing a structure of an analysis module to which the photomultiplier la according to the first embodiment is applied.
- the analysis module 85 includes a glass plate 850, a gas guide tube 851, a gas tube 852, a solvent introduction tube 853, a reagent mixing reaction path 854, a detection section 855, a waste liquid reservoir 856, and a reagent path 8 57.
- Gas inlet pipe 851 and gas exhaust pipe 852 are used to analyze the gas to be analyzed.
- the gas introduced from the gas introduction pipe 851 passes through the extraction path 853a formed on the glass plate 850, and is discharged outside the gas exhaust pipe 852. Therefore, by passing the solvent introduced from the solvent introduction pipe 853 through the extraction path 853a, if there is a specific substance of interest (for example, environmental formone fine particles) in the introduced gas, it is added to the solvent. Can be extracted.
- a specific substance of interest for example, environmental formone fine particles
- the solvent that has passed through the extraction path 853a is introduced into the reagent mixing reaction path 854 containing the extracted substance of interest.
- the solvent in which the reagents are mixed proceeds along the reagent mixing reaction path 854 toward the detection unit 855 while performing the reaction.
- the solvent for which the detection of the substance of interest has been completed in the detection unit 855 is discarded in the waste liquid reservoir 856.
- the configuration of the detecting unit 855 will be described with reference to the area (b) in FIG.
- the detection unit 855 includes a light emitting diode array 855a, a photomultiplier tube la, a power supply 855c, and an output circuit 855b.
- the light emitting diode array 855a is provided with a plurality of light emitting diodes corresponding to each of the reagent mixing reaction paths 854 of the glass plate 850.
- the excitation light (solid arrow in the figure) emitted from the light emitting diode array 855a is guided to the reagent mixing reaction path 854.
- the solvent that can contain the substance of interest flows in the reagent mixing reaction path 854, and after the substance of interest reacts with the reagent in the reagent mixing reaction path 854, it is excited in the reagent mixing reaction path 854 corresponding to the detection unit 855.
- Light is irradiated, and fluorescence or transmitted light (dashed arrow in the figure) reaches the photomultiplier tube la.
- the fluorescence or transmitted light is applied to the photocathode 22 of the photomultiplier tube la.
- the photomultiplier tube la is provided with an electron multiplier having a plurality of grooves (for example, corresponding to 20 channels). It is possible to detect whether the fluorescence or transmitted light has changed. This detection result is output from the output circuit 855b.
- the power supply 855c is a power supply for driving the photomultiplier tube la.
- a thin glass plate (not shown) is placed on the glass plate 850, and the gas inlet pipe 851, the gas exhaust pipe 852, the contact point between the solvent inlet pipe 853 and the glass plate 850, the waste liquid reservoir 856 and the reagent Cover the extraction path 853a, the reagent mixing reaction path 854, the reagent path 857 (excluding the sample injection section), etc., except for the sample injection part of the path 857.
- the electron multiplying unit 31 forms a groove on the silicon substrate 30a.
- the silicon substrate 30a is anodic-bonded or diffusion-bonded to the glass substrate 40a, there is no vibrating portion. Therefore, the photomultiplier according to each embodiment is excellent in earthquake resistance and impact resistance.
- the anode 32 is anodically bonded or diffusion bonded to the glass substrate 40a, so that there is no metal splash during welding. For this reason, the photomultiplier tube according to each embodiment has improved electrical stability, earthquake resistance, and shock resistance.
- the anode 32 is bonded or diffused to the glass substrate 40a on the entire lower surface, so that the anode 32 does not vibrate due to impact or vibration. Therefore, the photomultiplier tube has improved seismic resistance and impact resistance.
- the working time is short because the handling is simple without the necessity of assembling the internal structure. Since the envelope (vacuum vessel) constituted by the upper frame 2, the side wall frame 3, and the lower frame 4 and the internal structure are integrally formed, the size can be easily reduced. Since there are no individual components inside, no electrical or mechanical bonding is required.
- the envelope is formed like the photomultiplier tube according to the present invention. Sealing in full size is possible. Since a plurality of photomultiplier tubes are obtained by dicing after sealing, the operation is easy and can be manufactured at low cost.
- the photomultiplier tube has improved electrical stability, earthquake resistance, and impact resistance.
- the photomultiplier according to the present invention can be applied to various detection fields that require detection of weak light.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Electron Tubes For Measurement (AREA)
- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
- Photometry And Measurement Of Optical Pulse Characteristics (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/589,602 US7977878B2 (en) | 2004-02-17 | 2005-02-16 | Photomultiplier and its manufacturing method |
EP05710248.5A EP1717843B1 (en) | 2004-02-17 | 2005-02-16 | Photomultiplier and its manufacturing method |
JP2005518022A JP5000137B2 (ja) | 2004-02-17 | 2005-02-16 | 光電子増倍管及びその製造方法 |
US13/113,604 US8242694B2 (en) | 2004-02-17 | 2011-05-23 | Photomultiplier and its manufacturing method |
US13/548,772 US8643258B2 (en) | 2004-02-17 | 2012-07-13 | Photomultiplier and its manufacturing method |
US14/136,236 US9147559B2 (en) | 2004-02-17 | 2013-12-20 | Photomultiplier and its manufacturing method |
US14/841,886 US9460899B2 (en) | 2004-02-17 | 2015-09-01 | Photomultiplier and its manufacturing method |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2004040405 | 2004-02-17 | ||
JP2004-040405 | 2004-02-17 |
Related Child Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US10/589,602 A-371-Of-International US7977878B2 (en) | 2004-02-17 | 2005-02-16 | Photomultiplier and its manufacturing method |
US13/113,604 Continuation US8242694B2 (en) | 2004-02-17 | 2011-05-23 | Photomultiplier and its manufacturing method |
Publications (1)
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WO2005078760A1 true WO2005078760A1 (ja) | 2005-08-25 |
Family
ID=34857885
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PCT/JP2005/002302 WO2005078759A1 (ja) | 2004-02-17 | 2005-02-16 | 光電子増倍管 |
PCT/JP2005/002298 WO2005078760A1 (ja) | 2004-02-17 | 2005-02-16 | 光電子増倍管及びその製造方法 |
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PCT/JP2005/002302 WO2005078759A1 (ja) | 2004-02-17 | 2005-02-16 | 光電子増倍管 |
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US (6) | US7977878B2 (ja) |
EP (3) | EP1717842A4 (ja) |
JP (3) | JP5000137B2 (ja) |
CN (2) | CN100555553C (ja) |
WO (2) | WO2005078759A1 (ja) |
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JP2007048712A (ja) * | 2005-08-12 | 2007-02-22 | Hamamatsu Photonics Kk | 光電子増倍管 |
WO2007111072A1 (ja) | 2006-03-29 | 2007-10-04 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | 光電変換デバイスの製造方法 |
JP2010198910A (ja) * | 2009-02-25 | 2010-09-09 | Hamamatsu Photonics Kk | 光電子増倍管 |
JP2010198911A (ja) * | 2009-02-25 | 2010-09-09 | Hamamatsu Photonics Kk | 光電子増倍管 |
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Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2007048712A (ja) * | 2005-08-12 | 2007-02-22 | Hamamatsu Photonics Kk | 光電子増倍管 |
US7919921B2 (en) | 2005-08-12 | 2011-04-05 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Photomultiplier |
WO2007111072A1 (ja) | 2006-03-29 | 2007-10-04 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | 光電変換デバイスの製造方法 |
EP2001037A2 (en) * | 2006-03-29 | 2008-12-10 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Method for manufacturing photoelectric converting device |
US7867807B2 (en) | 2006-03-29 | 2011-01-11 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Method for manufacturing photoelectric converting device |
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JP2010198911A (ja) * | 2009-02-25 | 2010-09-09 | Hamamatsu Photonics Kk | 光電子増倍管 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP5000137B2 (ja) | 2012-08-15 |
EP1717843A1 (en) | 2006-11-02 |
US20070194713A1 (en) | 2007-08-23 |
US9147559B2 (en) | 2015-09-29 |
JP4762719B2 (ja) | 2011-08-31 |
US20080018246A1 (en) | 2008-01-24 |
EP2993685A1 (en) | 2016-03-09 |
US8242694B2 (en) | 2012-08-14 |
US20140111085A1 (en) | 2014-04-24 |
US7977878B2 (en) | 2011-07-12 |
JPWO2005078760A1 (ja) | 2007-10-18 |
US8643258B2 (en) | 2014-02-04 |
CN1918686A (zh) | 2007-02-21 |
EP1717843B1 (en) | 2015-12-23 |
CN1922710B (zh) | 2010-10-13 |
US9460899B2 (en) | 2016-10-04 |
CN100555553C (zh) | 2009-10-28 |
WO2005078759A1 (ja) | 2005-08-25 |
US20150371835A1 (en) | 2015-12-24 |
EP1717843A4 (en) | 2008-12-17 |
EP1717842A4 (en) | 2008-06-18 |
JP2011187454A (ja) | 2011-09-22 |
JP5254400B2 (ja) | 2013-08-07 |
JPWO2005078759A1 (ja) | 2007-10-18 |
EP1717842A1 (en) | 2006-11-02 |
US7602122B2 (en) | 2009-10-13 |
US20120274204A1 (en) | 2012-11-01 |
US20110221336A1 (en) | 2011-09-15 |
CN1922710A (zh) | 2007-02-28 |
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