WO2005066082A1 - Systeme technique, utilisation du systeme technique et procede de fabrication d'elements cylindriques creux en vitroceramique - Google Patents

Systeme technique, utilisation du systeme technique et procede de fabrication d'elements cylindriques creux en vitroceramique Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2005066082A1
WO2005066082A1 PCT/EP2005/000014 EP2005000014W WO2005066082A1 WO 2005066082 A1 WO2005066082 A1 WO 2005066082A1 EP 2005000014 W EP2005000014 W EP 2005000014W WO 2005066082 A1 WO2005066082 A1 WO 2005066082A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
technical system
glass
cross
hollow cylindrical
glass ceramic
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2005/000014
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Ulrich Peuchert
Jörg Fechner
Thilo Zachau
Uwe Kolberg
Paul Kissl
Rainer Liebald
Dirk Sprenger
Wolfram Beier
Original Assignee
Schott Ag
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE200410001176 external-priority patent/DE102004001176A1/de
Priority claimed from DE200410024017 external-priority patent/DE102004024017A1/de
Priority claimed from DE200410024022 external-priority patent/DE102004024022A1/de
Priority claimed from DE202004009227U external-priority patent/DE202004009227U1/de
Application filed by Schott Ag filed Critical Schott Ag
Priority to DE112005000116T priority Critical patent/DE112005000116A5/de
Publication of WO2005066082A1 publication Critical patent/WO2005066082A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B17/00—Forming molten glass by flowing-out, pushing-out, extruding or drawing downwardly or laterally from forming slits or by overflowing over lips
    • C03B17/04—Forming tubes or rods by drawing from stationary or rotating tools or from forming nozzles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B32/00—Thermal after-treatment of glass products not provided for in groups C03B19/00, C03B25/00 - C03B31/00 or C03B37/00, e.g. crystallisation, eliminating gas inclusions or other impurities; Hot-pressing vitrified, non-porous, shaped glass products
    • C03B32/02—Thermal crystallisation, e.g. for crystallising glass bodies into glass-ceramic articles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C10/00—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition
    • C03C10/0009—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition containing silica as main constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C10/00—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition
    • C03C10/0018—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition containing SiO2, Al2O3 and monovalent metal oxide as main constituents
    • C03C10/0027—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition containing SiO2, Al2O3 and monovalent metal oxide as main constituents containing SiO2, Al2O3, Li2O as main constituents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C10/00—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition
    • C03C10/0036—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition containing SiO2, Al2O3 and a divalent metal oxide as main constituents
    • C03C10/0045—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition containing SiO2, Al2O3 and a divalent metal oxide as main constituents containing SiO2, Al2O3 and MgO as main constituents
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B33/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps for charging or scavenging
    • F02B33/32—Engines with pumps other than of reciprocating-piston type
    • F02B33/42—Engines with pumps other than of reciprocating-piston type with driven apparatus for immediate conversion of combustion gas pressure into pressure of fresh charge, e.g. with cell-type pressure exchangers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M61/00—Fuel-injectors not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00
    • F02M61/16—Details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M61/02 - F02M61/14
    • F02M61/166—Selection of particular materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T13/00—Sparking plugs
    • H01T13/20—Sparking plugs characterised by features of the electrodes or insulation
    • H01T13/38—Selection of materials for insulation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F05C2203/00—Non-metallic inorganic materials
    • F05C2203/08—Ceramics; Oxides

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a technical system, in particular with the features from the preamble of claim 1; further uses of the technical system and a method for producing hollow cylindrical elements made of glass ceramic.
  • Technical systems in the form of sliding systems, friction systems, functional systems, in particular sealing systems and measuring systems, for stationary or mobile systems and vehicles as well as machine parts are known in a large number of designs.
  • Technical systems of this type comprise at least one assembly and / or a component composed of at least two individual parts and / or an individual part, which can be exposed to high mechanical stress and / or high temperatures in the range up to 1000 ° C. or more, for example up to 1100 ° C.
  • This presupposes that the assemblies and / or components and / or individual parts are designed to meet the demands and, furthermore, can be able to meet the above-mentioned stresses, in particular high pressures and temperatures, through the suitable choice of materials.
  • Measurement systems as part of control and / or
  • the control and monitoring of temperature belongs among the most important measuring tasks.
  • the right set temperature for example, is crucial for ensuring the quality and efficiency of the entire process.
  • a precise temperature determination in the rules for monitoring installations and as protection against dangerous states of enormous importance.
  • economical and comfortable operation would be impossible
  • Temperature measurement and control not conceivable. But even in vehicles, a variety of control and regulation tasks are only taking into account the current available temperature in the respective measuring range. In particular, the reliable and sensitive monitoring of temperatures of various functions of automotive engines is essential for ensuring the long-term availability and reliability of the entire vehicle. For example, facilities for
  • the devices for detecting such physical quantities in the form of temperature in the form of sensors can be constructed differently. Depending on the version, they work on the principle of changing electrical currents / resistances or charge states with the temperature in metals / alloys, often based on platinum, in particular for measuring high temperatures or semiconductors.
  • the measurement of temperatures of hot housing parts such as e.g. B. the cylinder head, the camshaft or the engine block itself.
  • the document DE 200 08 664 U1 describes a concrete device for detecting the temperature which is a temperature sensor with
  • connection element has connection element and a holding body which at least partially surrounds the temperature sensor and the connection elements.
  • the holding body is as ⁇
  • the connection elements of at least one temperature sensor, which is at least partially enclosed by the enclosing body, are connected by a carrier profile.
  • the molded body and the hollow housing body are preferably made of an insulating material, for example plastic. The use of plastic ensures the simple and sealing connection of the individual parts of the device.
  • bearing for example ceramic plain bearings and / or roller bearings -
  • metalworking industry for example as a guide system or line system for low-melting metals, such as. B. aluminum.
  • a disadvantage of the ceramic materials was that a ceramic powder generally has to be pressed first in order to produce molded ceramic parts. Due to the abrasive effect of the ceramic powder, the pressing process can only be carried out in complex and expensive manufacturing tools. Furthermore, the tolerances that can be achieved by pressing and green machining often do not meet the requirements for dimensional accuracy and surface quality.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of specifying technical devices which have good thermal shock resistance, high temperature resistance, low thermal shock resistance, practically no magnetizability, very good biocompatibility, very good corrosion resistance and high chemical resistance, a device for detecting physical quantities, in particular of temperatures and pressures that can be positioned exactly in a measuring range and that are as insensitive as possible with regard to the prevailing conditions.
  • the sensor device according to the invention withstands high temperatures and is dimensionally stable. Furthermore, it is characterized by a low level of constructional, production-related complexity and low costs, and the function of the sensor component is reliably guaranteed regardless of the prevailing temperature and the temperature fluctuations.
  • the inventors have found that technical means have these properties when a module and / or component are at least partially executed one item of technical means as a glass ceramic.
  • the glass ceramics can either be transparent or non-transparent. Are the glass ceramics not transparent, e.g. B. MAS glass ceramics, temperatures up to 1100 ° C or higher can be reached. Glass ceramics have the previously required properties, but are easier to manufacture than ceramic materials. Molds for manufacturing or pressed parts are generally not required. The parts may be first prepared as a green glass parts and the green glass parts and after they have been brought into shape after their preparation, are partially to completely ceramized glass ceramic, or to.
  • the technical systems according to the invention which comprise at least one assembly and / or a component made of at least two individual parts and / or individual parts, made of glass ceramic, can be exposed to high mechanical stress and / or high temperatures up to 1100 ° C. or more.
  • the individual item is made entirely of glass ceramic.
  • Individual part is understood to mean a closed unit with regard to the geometry and preferably also the material.
  • the components consist of at least two or more individual parts.
  • An assembly comprises at least one or more components and / or individual parts.
  • the use of glass ceramics offers the advantage of utilizing the spectrum of the properties inherent in this material, which result from targeted, controlled, temperature-controlled and partial crystallization.
  • Thermal shock cycle resistance is, which is higher than the example continuous multicomponent glasses.
  • guidance systems eg pipelines or a sensor sleeve for the aluminum industry...
  • combinations of properties can be used in the case of glass ceramics, since glass ceramics are partially crystallized glasses which use the advantageous properties of glass in combination with crystals.
  • the crystallites are so small, for example ⁇ 1 ⁇ m, preferably ⁇ 200 nm, particularly preferably ⁇ 100 nm, so that the material - if required for the application - remains transparent like glass, but causes a number of improved properties, such as high temperature resistance, height (
  • Non-transparent glass ceramics are also conceivable.
  • Li 2 O-SiO 2 -AI 2 O 3 glass ceramics can be produced in such a way that they have an expansion coefficient of 0 to 2 ppm / K or preferably ⁇ 1 ppm / K.
  • the temperature stability is higher than that of tempered glass.
  • Common glasses which are for example of the type aluminosilicate glass, have transformation temperatures (Tg) in the range of 700 ° C to 800 ° C. At such temperatures, the glass is still in a solid state. Since no transformation temperature (Tg) can be determined for glass ceramics, it makes sense to determine a still dependent state on the temperature on the basis of the viscosity of the glass ceramic as a function of the temperature.
  • Tg transformation temperature
  • a suitable glass ceramic should not be viscous even at higher temperatures flow and withstand operating temperatures of> 800 ° C, preferably of> 900 ° C, and more preferably of> 1000 ° C.
  • the viscose flow of a glass ceramic used at high temperatures only begins at significantly higher temperatures than with silica glass. It is particularly preferred if the glass ceramic is similarly stable or even more stable than translucent ceramics, e.g. B. is based on AI 2 O 3 .
  • alkali-free glass ceramics can also be used, also referred to as “AF-GC” with the following composition in percent by weight:
  • compositions of the alkali-free glass ceramics are characterized by the main crystal phases spinel, sapphirine, high quartz mixed crystal (HQMK), alpha-quartz, cordierite and corresponding mixed crystals (in particular Zn-spinels / sapphirine; Mg / Zn-HQMK).
  • compositions for example, as alkali-containing glass ceramics, referred to as “AH-GC”:
  • 0-4 common refining agents are e.g. B. SnO 2 , CeO 2 , SO 4 , Cl, As 2 O 3 , Sb 2 O 3
  • compositions of the alkaline glass ceramics are characterized by the main crystal phases HQMK (high quartz mixed crystal), keatite.
  • HQMK high quartz mixed crystal
  • keatite high quartz mixed crystal
  • this comprises at least two assemblies and / or components and / or individual parts which can be non-positively connected to one another at least directly or indirectly via further transmission means.
  • At least one partial area of at least one area of the subassemblies and / or components and / or individual parts and / or the transmission means to be connected that is involved in the frictional connection is made according to the invention from glass ceramic.
  • the assemblies and / or individual parts and / or components consisting of glass ceramics which can be non-positively connected to one another have tubular or tube-like shapes.
  • not only a partial area, but rather the entire area that is involved in the adhesion is made of glass ceramic, which may be a continuous area or an interrupted area.
  • the surface area made of glass ceramic intended for the frictional connection, in particular the frictional connection is characterized by a higher coefficient of friction compared to conventional materials and an increased material rigidity.
  • Another advantage of glass ceramics, especially compared to ceramics, is the very good thermal shock resistance, especially with low-stretch LAS
  • the friction system can be designed as a dry-running or wet-running friction system. In the latter case, especially when the friction system is designed on one Coupling device, the frictional connection takes place on surface areas wetted with a lubricant.
  • sliding systems are generally characterized by two surface areas forming sliding surfaces that are movable relative to one another.
  • the sliding surfaces are usually used for power transmission.
  • the surface areas forming the sliding surfaces are at least partially, preferably completely, made of glass ceramic.
  • the force transmission over the relatively mutually movable surface areas is realized by solid-state friction or liquid friction or mixed friction.
  • the main area of application of the slide systems are slide bearings or designs that enable a slide bearing function. These are in particular axial slide bearings, radial slide bearings or a combined axial-radial slide bearing design. For use in drive units, such sliding systems will be used primarily in cylinder piston configurations.
  • the technical system can be embodied as a sealing system, comprising at least one surface area forming a sealing pair on assemblies and / or components and / or individual parts to be sealed against one another or on a sealing element and an assembly and / or component and / or an individual part, wherein at least a partial area of a surface area of the sealing pair is made of glass ceramic.
  • the seals can thereby as a contactless seal, in particular in the form of gap or labyrinth seals to be carried out, the latter are characterized by an annular geometry. Such seals can be obtained by separating them from a glass ceramic tube become. It is also possible to design the individual seal as a contact seal. In this case, the geometric shape can vary depending on the application.
  • the seal can be designed as a sealing ring or flat seal or in another form.
  • sealing devices only one of the two surface areas involved in the pairing of seals consists of glass ceramic, while the other can be made of a different material.
  • the use in sealing devices offers the advantage that they can be used in areas with high temperature as well as strong temperature changes and high pressures.
  • Another possibility is the use in a technical system in the form of a conveyor system, at least one conveyor element, which comes into contact with a conveying medium, at least partially, in particular in the
  • the conveyor element can be designed as a rotating or oscillating or axially movable conveyor element.
  • the medium to be conveyed which can be solid, gaseous or liquid, this also results in the specific stress on the conveying element.
  • This can be designed as a rotating or oscillating or axially movable conveyor element.
  • gears or paddle wheels or worm helices are used. This can be, for example, turbine wheels, paddle wheels for turbochargers, paddle wheels for hydrodynamic components, in particular hydrodynamic clutches, speed / torque converters and / or hydrodynamic retarders.
  • the formation of the glass ceramic contact surface offers the advantage that it works with high availability regardless of the quality of the medium used.
  • Possible areas of use are also gasoline or diesel pumps in the conventional gearwheel design, the chemical influence of the medium to be conveyed on the conveying element being largely excluded by, for example, the formation of the contact areas or the surfaces made of glass ceramic.
  • biodiesel is characterized as a fuel by its high residual acid content, which attacks certain materials such as metals and especially plastics. When forming conveyor elements from these materials, the wear caused by the residual acid content must also be taken into account.
  • the surface area can either be due to the design of the solid element
  • Glass ceramic are formed or by appropriate coating and implementation of a preferably non-detachable connection with a base material.
  • ceramic is used in a technical system in the form of a device for detecting physical quantities, in particular status and movement sizes.
  • This comprises at least one measuring or detection element, which is the one measured or detected size can be exposed, connecting elements, in particular electrical connecting elements for coupling with the detected variables processing unit.
  • the electrical connecting elements are at least partially, preferably completely, guided in a holding and / or guide body consisting at least partially of glass ceramic.
  • the holding and / or guiding body is designed as a hollow cylindrical or tubular element.
  • Such devices are used primarily as temperature and / or pressure sensors, which can also be used in areas of high temperature and mechanical stress due to the inherent properties of the glass ceramic.
  • the surface areas formed from glass ceramic for the individual applications can, through the complete formation of the individual element made of glass ceramic, the partial configuration of the individual element made of glass ceramic
  • Glass ceramic elements or sheet-like structures can also be in different shapes, geometries and dimensions.
  • the partial and surface areas formed from glass ceramics are formed of the module or component, or of the item by a hollow body-like element.
  • the hollow-body-like element is designed as a hollow cylindrical or tubular or tube-like element comprising at least two end portions in the longitudinal direction.
  • tubular is understood to mean a hollow body with an outer wall and at least one opening, the cross section of which is circular, whereas “similar to a tube” corresponds to corresponding cross sections of other closed ones Geometry, e.g. B. elliptical, oval or rounded-angular.
  • the hollow cylindrical or tubular or tube-like element viewed in the longitudinal direction, is characterized a) by a constant cross section b) by a variable cross section.
  • the wall thickness changes can be sudden or continuous. For example, holding or stop surfaces for fixing projections on the outer circumference are conceivable.
  • the changes in wall thickness between individual partial areas take place as a function of the change in the outside diameter d a and / or inside diameter dj of the hollow cylindrical or tubular element.
  • the tubular elements with a special shape can be produced in different ways.
  • the method can be subdivided into the method steps of producing a ceramized semi-finished tube product and mechanical post-processing, in particular machining for producing the final geometry.
  • a semi-finished tube made of glass is formed from a glass melt and the semi-finished tube is ceramized in a second step. Only the ceramized semis for tubes subjected to further mechanical processing.
  • the first and second method steps can be carried out spatially and / or chronologically separately from one another or in immediate succession, which avoids unnecessary intermediate storage capacities.
  • the ceramized semi-finished tube then describes the ceramized hollow cylindrical element in the final state.
  • a semi-finished product made of glass is formed from a glass melt and in a second process step, the semi-finished product is ceramized.
  • the shape can be summarized with the ceramization.
  • the drawn material created from the glass melt becomes heated and reshaped by means of a shaping unit comprising at least one shaping tool.
  • the drawn material is heated over a predefinable length in the feed direction by means of infrared radiation with a wavelength in the range of including 760 nm to 1 mm.
  • the shaping unit acts on the drawn material during the heating process. Different geometries can be created. Versions with different geometries and the same geometries with the same or dimensions are distinguished.
  • a change in the area alone between the starting cross-section AA of the drawn material and the end cross-section AE is a function of at least one of the following variables
  • the change in the basic geometry between the starting cross section A A of the drawn material and the final cross section can be controlled as a function of the feed rate of the shaping tool and / or the shape of the shaping tool.
  • a preferred application of the present invention is the use of tubular or tube-like glass ceramics in systems with glass ceramic tubes as a guide body. On the one hand, lines can be routed in the glass ceramic tubes, and on the other hand liquid / solid or gaseous substances.
  • glass ceramic tubes can also be used in the aluminum manufacturing or aluminum processing industry.
  • a glass ceramic tube can also be used as a guide body in the lightweight aluminum industry.
  • the use of a thermal shock-resistant low to zero-stretching glass ceramic is preferred.
  • ceramic tubes in the aluminum manufacturing industry use can be avoided by ceramics.
  • the disadvantage of ceramics is that they can only be used once when the temperature changes quickly because ceramics are cracked. This disadvantage is avoided with glass ceramics due to the high thermal shock resistance.
  • a further preferred area of application is motor vehicles.
  • the use of glass ceramics in general and in the form of the individual technical systems described can take place in one of the following facilities:
  • Tubular or tube-like glass ceramics can not only be used as described above in a device for recording physical quantities, ie in so-called sensor systems, but also in the field of electrical engineering as an insulator or rinsing body; in the field of glass processing as a suction or burner nozzle; in the field of welding technology as a protective tube and in the field of bearing technology as a bearing shaft, pump piston, valve seat, valve cone or nozzle.
  • Figures 2a-2d illustrate based on axial sections possible
  • FIGS. 3a to 3c illustrate possible methods for producing tubular elements consisting at least partially of glass ceramic using block diagrams
  • FIGS. 4a to 4j illustrate possible areas of application of glass ceramics in technical systems
  • FIGS. 1a and 1b illustrate in a schematically simplified representation two particularly advantageous uses of glass ceramics in control technology using the example of devices for detecting physical variables, in particular state or movement variables 1, as a technical system 55.
  • Such systems become, in particular, temperature - and pressure detection used.
  • FIG. 1 a illustrates the basic structure of a device 1 designed according to the invention for detecting physical variables, in particular state variables or movement variables in the form of a sensor unit, in a schematically highly simplified representation.
  • This comprises at least one measuring or detection element, in particular a sensor, a sensor or a probe, as well as connecting means for forwarding the detected variables to a processing unit, preferably depending on the design of the sensor and the detected variable in the form of at least one electrical connecting element 3 , which is coupled to the measuring or detection element 2.
  • This can be in the form of lines, cables, etc.
  • the one or more connecting elements 3 are at least indirectly electrically or wirelessly connected to the size processing unit.
  • a holding and / or guide body 4 which carries the measuring or detection element 2 and at least partially surrounds the connecting element (s) 3.
  • the holding and / or guide body 4 is at least partly, but preferably completely, from d ceramized glass.
  • FIG. 1b illustrates, by way of example, a further device 1b for detecting physical quantities in the form of a non-contact high-temperature sensor.
  • This also comprises a measuring and detection element 2, preferably in the form of a probe, which is arranged at a distance a from a measuring area, in particular a high-temperature area.
  • the measuring and detection element 2 is coupled to the measuring area via a spacer 54.
  • IR radiation infrared radiation
  • the probe is coupled to a unit that processes the quantity measured with this. The coupling can be done electrically, other possibilities are conceivable.
  • the devices 1, 1b for detecting physical quantities below
  • guide elements for the electrical connecting elements made of glass ceramic can, according to a particularly advantageous embodiment, for detecting temperatures in possible high temperature ranges, for example temperatures up to 1100 ° C or above, depending on the choice of the type of glass ceramic or the stage of ceramization, ie the size, quantity and Type of crystals can be used.
  • Such temperature sensors are used primarily in measurement and automation technology for monitoring systems, system areas or individual elements and protection against dangerous conditions, heating and air-conditioning technology to ensure economical and comfortable operation, and in vehicles, especially in motor vehicles to ensure different functions - Control and regulation tasks, monitoring tasks use. in the These are used in motor vehicles, for example, to record the temperatures mentioned below:
  • the devices for detecting physical variables using holding and guiding elements for the electrical connecting elements made of glass ceramic can also be used for detecting other state variables, for example pressures or movement variables, which are in possible high temperature ranges, for example temperatures up to 1000 ° C. and / or high pressure ranges be tapped, used.
  • the insert can be ensured through the thermally highly stressed areas such as engine, especially the engine block, cylinder head.
  • the electrical connections are guided through the holding and / or guiding body 4. Further areas of application are cooling systems, cooling circuits, especially for
  • Power transmitting or energy converting systems in particular gearboxes, hydrodynamic or hydraulic components, braking devices, electrical systems.
  • spacers 54 there are no restrictions for spacers 54.
  • it is characterized by a hollow-cylindrical basic geometry and is in the form of an at least partially, but preferably entirely ceramized tubular element 5 before.
  • This is characterized by a wall thickness D which, depending on the design, can be kept constant or vary in the longitudinal direction over the length l of the tubular element 5.
  • a wall thickness D which, depending on the design, can be kept constant or vary in the longitudinal direction over the length l of the tubular element 5.
  • versions with constant wall thickness D versions with at least Partially constant wall thickness D over the extent I in the longitudinal direction and designs with continuous or abrupt change in wall thickness.
  • the first possibility is characterized by a constant cross-sectional geometry over the extent in the longitudinal direction I.
  • Designs with a constant wall thickness D are, however, also possible for tubular elements with cross-sectional changes over the extent in the longitudinal direction I. Designs with a change in wall thickness ⁇ D when viewed in the longitudinal direction I lead to changes in cross-section in the case of tubular elements.
  • the holding and / or guide body 4 or the spacer 54 in the form of the tubular element 5 has two end regions, viewed in the longitudinal direction, a first end region 6 and a second end region 7, the wall thickness change taking place between them.
  • the longitudinal direction I is understood to mean the direction of extension, in particular the direction of the central axis describing the course between the end regions 6, 7.
  • the tubular element 5 has a constant wall thickness D over its extension in the longitudinal direction I, but is characterized by a change in cross section between the first and the second end region.
  • first sub-area 8 Guide body 4 or the tubular element 5 on two sub-areas, a first sub-area 8 and a second sub-area 9, wherein the first sub-area 8 is characterized by a continuous change in cross-section, while the second sub-area 9 is characterized by a constant cross-section.
  • the first section 8 extends from the first in the case shown
  • the first section 8 is characterized in cross section by a continuous reduction in cross section in the direction of the second section 9.
  • the first partial area 8 has in the first end area 6 on the outer circumference 10 a diameter d a ⁇ which is larger than the diameter d ax at the end of the first section 8 on the length l ⁇ .
  • the diameter d ax corresponds to the diameter over the length section l 2 that characterizes the outer circumference 10 in the second partial area 9.
  • the tubular element 5 has a continuous reduction in the inner diameter dj.
  • FIG. 2b illustrates an embodiment with a constant wall thickness D and a continuous change in cross-section between the first end region 6 and the second end region 7, that is to say over the entire extent in the longitudinal direction I.
  • This is due to the continuous, ie constant change in diameter of the inside and outside diameter ⁇ d a , ⁇ dj between the two end regions 6, 7 characterized, the change in inner diameter dj and outer diameter dj a always taking place by the same amount in the longitudinal direction at each position l x .
  • FIGS. 2c and 2d illustrate examples of possible designs of tubular elements 5 with a change in wall thickness ⁇ D.
  • FIG. 2c illustrates an example of a partially continuous change in wall thickness ⁇ D over the extent I in the longitudinal direction.
  • the tubular element 5 is characterized by a constant inner diameter dj over the entire extent in the longitudinal direction I and a continuous change in wall thickness ⁇ D over at least a partial area l 2 of the length I in the longitudinal direction.
  • the tubular element is characterized by a constant inner diameter dj over the extent in the longitudinal direction I.
  • the change ⁇ D in the thickness of the wall 11 takes place by varying the outside diameter between the first end region 6 and the second end region 7, in particular by continuously reducing it between the end of the first partial region 8 and the second end portion 7.
  • the first portion 8 is by a constant outer diameter d a characterized, the second by a steady decrease in d a ⁇ .
  • additional continuous or abrupt changes in the wall thickness D of the wall 11 are conceivable, for example by varying the inner diameter dj over partial areas of the axial extent I of the tubular element 5.
  • FIG. 2d illustrates a particularly advantageous embodiment of a holding and guiding body 4 in the form of a tubular element 5.
  • This is characterized by a hollow cylindrical basic geometry and has on the outer circumference 10 protrusions 12 running in the circumferential direction, preferably extending completely in the circumferential direction.
  • the holding and guiding body 4, when viewed in the longitudinal direction I, is characterized on the outer circumference by three areas of different outer dimensions. A first area li, a second area l 2 and a third area l 3 .
  • the partial areas li to l 3 are characterized by constant diameters d a1 , d a2 and d a3 on the outer circumference 10, the areas in the illustrated case differing in terms of the outer diameter d a ⁇ and d a2 , 3 . Between the areas li and l 2 and l 2 and l 3 there is a strong change in the outer diameter d a , this starting from the respective area U or I 2 taking place continuously in the direction of the adjacent area of constant diameter.
  • the partial areas characterizing the individual length ranges are designated here with 13, 14, 15, the partial area 13 extending over the length range, the partial area 14 over the length range l 2 and the partial area 15 over the length range.
  • the projection 12 thus formed in the length range L 2 serves to adjust strong temperature gradients which can positively affect, for example, in the probe through region the temperature regime. Furthermore, these can also be used to hold or position the holding and guiding body in or on a connection element.
  • a change in the inner diameter dj is also provided as an example. Again, only in the end area, Such a change is provided in particular in the second end region 7. This is produced, for example, by subsequent milling and is characterized by an increase in the inner diameter d 1 in the end region 7, which extends over a length region l 4 in the longitudinal direction in the direction of the first end region 6. Following l 4 , the inner diameter dj is constant.
  • This version is exemplary.
  • FIGS. 1b to 1d All of the designs shown in FIGS. 1b to 1d can be combined with one another in one form or another. These represent examples, with further cross-sectional changes in relation to the outer circumference or inner circumference being conceivable. Diameter changes would also be conceivable here, which can be incorporated subsequently, for example, by a corresponding reworking, for example by machining, in particular milling. However, these diameter changes are preferably only found in the
  • first end region 6 and second end region 7, take place and each extend from these in the direction of the other end region.
  • a wall thickness variation in the second portion 9 is represented by way of example only, which is characterized in the outer diameter d a of the change.
  • Figure 2d illustrates an embodiment with both a change in the outer diameter and the inner diameter.
  • An inner diameter dj 4 was selected at the second end region 7, which preferably extends from the second end region 7 in the direction of the first end region 6 and is larger than the diameter dj extending over the remaining length region of the tubular element 5.
  • changes in the thickness D of the wall 11 can be implemented in different ways, ie in particular in the case of tubular elements both by sole or joint continuous or abrupt variation of the inside and outside diameter, these measures being combined with one another can.
  • combinations of properties can be used in the case of glass ceramics, since glass ceramics are partially crystallized glasses which use the advantageous properties of glass in combination with crystals.
  • the crystallites are so small, for example ⁇ 1 ⁇ m, preferably ⁇ 200 nm, particularly preferably ⁇ 100 nm, so that the material, like glass, remains transparent, but produces a multitude of improved properties, such as high temperature resistance, high thermal shock resistance, high mechanical strength, high chemical resistance and high UV blocking.
  • Expansion coefficients ⁇ 2 o / 3oo between 0 and 7 x 10 "6 / K, in particular 0 to ⁇ 6 ppm / K, preferably between 3 x 10 " 6 / K and 5.5 x 10 "6 / K can be achieved.
  • expansion coefficients between 3.8 x 10 _6 / K and 5.2 x 10 6 / K are particularly preferred.
  • Li 2 O-SiO 2 -AI 2 ⁇ 3 glass ceramics can be produced in such a way that they have an expansion coefficient of 0 to 2 ppm / K or preferably ⁇ 1 ppm / K.
  • This glass ceramic can then be easily adapted to common glass materials such as SiO 2 , ie fused or ridden with the latter. As far as temperature stability is concerned, this is higher than that of tempered glass.
  • Common glasses for example of the aluminosilicate glass type, have transformation temperatures (Tg) in the range from 700 to 800 ° C. At such temperatures, the glass is still in a solid state.
  • Tg transformation temperature
  • the viscose flow of a glass ceramic used at high temperatures only begins at significantly higher temperatures than with silica glass. It is particularly preferred if the glass ceramic is similarly stable or even more stable than translucent ceramics, e.g. B. is based on AI 2 O 3 .
  • the glass ceramic or the green glass should be readily fusible with, for example, electrical feedthroughs or lines which, depending on the application, are made of molybdenum, tungsten or alloys such as, for example, CRS Holding Incorporation, which is also known as KOVAR alloy.
  • such glass ceramics can enable a hermetically sealed closure of an electrically and thermally conductive metal bushing and the piston material, and problems that arise due to different properties with regard to the thermal expansion of the materials glass and metal can be avoided.
  • the ceramization takes place in a multi-stage process, which is characterized by heating ramps and holding times.
  • the maximum temperature is 1200 ° C
  • the holding times are adapted to the optimal crystallite growth - based on a given requirement profile of optical and thermal target values.
  • the crystallite size is preferably in the order of 10 to 200 nm
  • the crystal phase is preferably at least 50%, preferably more than 60%, more preferably more than 70%.
  • alkali-free glass ceramics can be used, also referred to as “AF-GC” with the following composition in percent by weight on an oxide basis:
  • 0-4 common refining agents are e.g. B. SnO 2 , CeO 2 , SO 4 , Cl, As 2 O 3,
  • compositions of the alkali-free glass ceramics are characterized by the main crystal phases spinel, sapphirine, high quartz mixed crystal (HQMK), alpha-quartz, cordierite and corresponding mixed crystals (in particular Zn-spinels / sapphirine; Mg / Zn-HQMK).
  • compositions (in% by weight) based on oxide are found as alkali-containing glass ceramics, referred to as “AH-GC”
  • 0-4 common refining agents are e.g. B. SnO, CeO 2, SO 4 , Cl, As 2 O 3 , Sb 2 O 3
  • the compositions of the alkaline glass ceramics are characterized by the main crystal phases HQMK (high quartz mixed crystal), keatite.
  • compositions are to be regarded as examples of the glass ceramics specified above.
  • Example 1 describes compositions of alkali-containing glass ceramics which have proven to be advantageous in tube drawing tests and which can be used in tube form for guiding electrical lines or other components which comprise an electrical line:
  • Ceramicization changes the thermal expansion from 3.9 ppm / K for the green glass to a value ⁇ 1 ppm / K for the ceramicized glass, ie the glass ceramic.
  • Example 2 exemplifies the compositions of alkali-free glass ceramic.
  • the ceramization changes the thermal expansion from 2.8 ppm / K for green glass to 3.8 ppm / K for glass ceramics.
  • compositions given above are compositions of the starting glass, but are retained even after the ceramization.
  • the starting glasses of the glass ceramics can be produced by melting at a temperature 1, refining at a temperature 2, the temperature 2 being higher than the temperature 1, and subsequent working out in a crucible in a one-step process. It is also possible to purify and quench after melting.
  • a two-stage process in a first step, the two-stage process is carried out at high temperatures, for example 1650 ° C., after which, in a second step, it is melted again, refined and worked out. Step 1 of the two-stage process should be carried out in a silica glass crucible, step 2 then being able to be carried out in the platinum crucible.
  • remelting can be carried out for two hours, followed by refining at 1450 ° C for twelve hours and then at 1500 ° C for four hours. Then the nozzle is "melted free" with a burner, with some of the glass ceramic starting glass being discarded. The hot molding is then carried out at, for example, 1475 ° C.-1485 ° C. The resulting glass ceramic tube is heated to 1080 ° C. by means of a subsequent muffle furnace
  • the needle located in the nozzle which can protrude up to 10 mm from the nozzle, is important for forming tubes, and a suitable inner diameter of the nozzle can be 35 mm.
  • Suitable tube dimensions for the glass ceramics obtained are, for example: total diameter of 8 mm with 1 mm wall thickness and 6 mm tube inner diameter, which can be obtained at take-off speeds of approximately 34 cm / min; Total diameter of 10.5 mm with 1, 2 mm wall thickness, obtainable at take-off speeds of about 16 cm / min; Overall diameter of 13.5 mm with 1, 2 - 1, 4 mm wall thickness, to be obtained at take-off speeds of about 10 cm / min.
  • the indication of the total diameter should in no way be understood as restricting the procedure.
  • the final geometry is at least two-stage
  • an at least partially ceramized semi-finished tube product is manufactured in the first method stage and the ceramized semi-finished tube product is subjected to mechanical post-processing in the second method stage, the end result of which is the tubular element 5.
  • the mechanical post-processing is preferably carried out by machining, ie the desired contour is achieved by ablation or cutting.
  • Mechanical post-processing is usually a cutting process, in particular machining with a geometrically defined cutting edge, such as. B. turning or milling. In detail, this means for the production of the geometry on the outer circumference 10 that it is produced, for example, by turning. This also applies to the contour on the inner circumference. It is also conceivable here to produce them by milling.
  • Such methods are preferably used for semi-finished tube products with a constant inside diameter.
  • the outer diameter over the extension in the longitudinal direction and the wall thickness can then be varied in a fixed ratio to one another.
  • the machining can also be used to implement re-entrant geometries.
  • the ceramized semi-finished tube product can also be produced in different ways. According to a first embodiment, this is also a multi-stage process, a distinction being made between the manufacture of a semi-finished tube product and the ceramization in two different stages according to FIG. 3a1. In this case, the melt in the subsequent forming process, usually drawing, becomes a semi-finished tube with a certain geometry, in particular one
  • outside diameter, inside diameter and a certain length I produced are referred to as the data for the semi-finished tube, ADRHZ for the outside diameter, IDRHZ for the inside diameter and IRHZ for the length.
  • a certain geometry can already be created during the forming process, but preferably a semi-finished tube product with a constant geometry, in particular constant inside and outside diameter for the entire length I, is produced for a method for producing the end geometry of the tubular element 5 by mechanical separation processes.
  • This semi-finished tube may then either subsequently or with a time delay, d. H. for example, after an intermediate storage, undergo the ceramization process.
  • the entire semi-finished tube product is heated to a temperature above the melting temperature.
  • the ceramization process would then be carried out preferably in a predetermined shape.
  • a further possibility according to FIG. 3a2 is to carry out the ceramization process after the forming process. in the 30
  • the tubular element is already available as a ceramized semi-finished tube product with the desired geometric dimensions.
  • a melt is produced analogously from the starting materials in the first process step, which in the second process step in the so-called forming process, coupled with the ceramization by appropriate ceramization temperature, leads to the desired final geometry of the tubular element.
  • the glass strand is formed in the drawing process, i. H. here the forming section is heated again and formed using a shaping unit comprising at least one shaping tool.
  • the drawn material is heated over a predefined length in the feed direction, for example by means of infrared radiation, with a wavelength in the range from 760 nm to 1 mm.
  • the shaping unit acts during the
  • the shaping unit then acts on the drawing material at the same time as the heating process begins or, in an alternative embodiment, on the drawing material which has already been preheated. The action of the
  • the basic geometry of the end cross section corresponds to the basic geometry of the initial cross section of the drawn material before the forming process, and there is only a change in the cross-sectional area generates what can be achieved on the one hand by at least one of the following sizes:
  • This change arises as a function of the mold thrust speed of the molding tool and / or the shape of the molding tool.
  • Continuous changes in the cross-sectional areas, contents and / or the basic geometry of the cross-sectional areas can be generated over a specific predefined length of the drawn material.
  • the drawing material itself can be moved at a uniform feed rate, while the shaping tool remains in the same position with respect to the drawing material. Otherwise, it is also possible to change the cross-sectional area and / or the basic geometry discontinuously over a certain predefined length of the drawn material.
  • a discontinuous change in the cross-sectional area and / or the basic geometry of the cross-sectional area can be generated by changing the position of an oscillating shaping tool.
  • Cross-sectional area additionally or alternatively generated by changing the feed rate of the oscillating shaping tool with respect to the drawn material.
  • the discontinuous change in the cross-sectional area and / or the basic geometry of the cross-sectional area can additionally or alternatively by changing the
  • Feed speed of the drawing good can be achieved for a predefined length of the drawing good.
  • Such special forms can thus, for example by compressing the tube in the soft wax stage, for example by using grippers instead of rollers to pull off the tubes. This makes it possible to interrupt the trigger briefly, and then you get a thickening at the nozzle by overflowing glass.
  • Another option is to adjust the roll diameter, for example by means of non-circular or elliptical geometry of the pull-off rollers or circular geometry with cut segments, to give the pulled-off glass tube different pull-off speeds and thus different dimensions on the outer diameter, inner diameter and thus also the wall thickness.
  • all of these dimensions change simultaneously in such processes.
  • the transitions between the different diameter ranges are then fluid. Similar effects can be achieved if, for example, the corresponding nozzle temperature is changed periodically or via a short-time switchable heating device.
  • Another possibility involves shaping using a gaseous medium, for example blown air.
  • a gaseous medium for example blown air.
  • the drawn material or the semi-finished tube product that has already arisen is reheated above the melting temperature by means of a suitable heating device. With the help of blowing air, this is then stretched.
  • the use of external boundary shapes can then be used to implement relatively narrowly defined and sharply formed geometries.
  • a distinction is made between a simultaneous or relative change in the outside diameter, inside diameter and wall thickness.
  • the diameter variations are deductible and / or temperature-controlled conducted.
  • the third variant involves the production of the final geometry of the tubular element 5 from at least two, preferably several, individual ones Semi-finished tube products, which are preferably already available as ceramicized semi-finished tube products.
  • Two semi-finished tube products preferably two ceramicized semi-finished tube products, are produced with the desired different geometries, such that the outer diameter of the first semi-finished tube product corresponds to the inner diameter of the second semi-finished tube product to be connected to it.
  • the individual semi-finished tubes are then fused together, possibly with the aid of a glass solder.
  • the outside diameter also varies, and the wall thickness can be varied freely. Particularly in the case of strong abrupt projections which run in the circumferential direction and extend over the entire circumference of the tubular element, it is possible to set a strong temperature gradient in a relatively short way.
  • Feed direction During the movement direction of the drawing material
  • Heating section corresponds geometrically at least to the dimensions of the heating unit in the feed direction between
  • Discharge line is in by the distance of the drawn material
  • the shaping section is formed by the action of the shaping tool on the drawing material
  • Direction of feed considered and corresponds geometrically to the dimensions of the forming unit in the feed direction combined heating and shaping line: is in the feed direction by the superposition of
  • the drawing material starts to heat up
  • Cross-sectional basic geometry remains the same or can also be changed if the shaping tool is designed accordingly.
  • the possibility of changing the basic geometry of the cross section during the drawing process represents a particularly advantageous application of the method according to the invention, it being possible for any initial cross sections to be transferred into any end cross sections.
  • Particularly common Cross-sectional geometry changes are changes from round cross-sections to square cross-sections.
  • the change in the cross-sectional dimensions, d. H. the cross-sectional area contents with the same cross-sectional geometry are preferably controllable.
  • the control is effected by variation of these sizes. In this regard, no special modifications are required, but the conventionally known possibilities can be used.
  • changes in the geometry of the cross-sectional areas of the drawn material can also be achieved when viewed over its length.
  • the geometry changes are due to the
  • Shaping unit in particular the shaping tool.
  • Continuous cross-sectional geometry changes ie a uniform setting of a different geometry over the entire length of the drawn product, or discontinuous changes in cross-sectional geometry changes over the length of the drawn product, are achieved over the length of the drawn product.
  • a continuous cross-sectional geometry over the entire length of the drawn material is at
  • a discontinuous change in the cross-sectional geometry over a certain length of the drawn material can be achieved by means of one of the measures mentioned below or else a combination of these:
  • the device according to the invention for reshaping fiber rods during the drawing process comprises a feed section, a discharge section, a heating unit and a shaping unit.
  • the heating unit can have at least one infrared heating device with at least one infrared heating element which is arranged around the Have circumference of the drawn goods is arranged when passing through the heating unit.
  • the effective range of the heating unit on the drawn material viewed in the feed direction defines a heating section. Because of the radiation, this is generally considered larger than the geometric dimension of the heating unit in the feed direction.
  • the shaping unit comprising at least one shaping tool, is at least partially arranged within the heating section.
  • the shaping tool is made of quartz glass, at least with the part acting on the drawn material, preferably completely.
  • the quartz glass is characterized by the following composition:
  • Quartz glass consists of at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, of SiO 2 .
  • Impurities can be of metallic or non-metallic origin. For example, these are predominantly Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Cr, Mn, Al, Ti, etc.
  • the press stamps can be any material.
  • a) be fixed in terms of their position in the combined heating and shaping unit or b) be changeable in terms of their position.
  • the possibility according to b) is achieved by mounting the press rams so as to be displaceable at an angle to the direction of advance of the drawing material.
  • the press punches are preferably guided and stored in the combined heating and shaping unit so as to be displaceable perpendicularly to the drawn material.
  • the geometry of the shaping tool is determined in the press ram by designing the mutually facing outer surfaces.
  • recesses with, for example, an angular or semicircular cross section, angular or circular cross sections can be achieved in the final state, regardless of the geometry of the drawn goods in the initial state.
  • profile rolls When profile rolls are used as the shaping tool, they are preferably mounted stationary in the combined heating and shaping unit.
  • the design of the outer surface in the circumferential direction determines the geometry of the drawn goods after the forming process.
  • the profile roller For continuous drawing processes with a continuous change in cross-section, the profile roller always has the same cross-section in the circumferential direction.
  • the roll in the circumferential direction is viewed characterized by a sequence of different cross-sections.
  • the combined forming and shaping process for semi-finished tube products is also suitable for discontinuous drawing processes in which the feed section corresponds to the discharge section.
  • the feed section corresponds to the discharge section.
  • only a preformed fiber rod element is fed to the combined heating and shaping unit, the front part in the feed direction is only subjected to shaping and, after the shaping process has ended, the drawn material is moved out of the combined heating and shaping unit against the direction of advance.
  • the discharge section corresponds to the combined heating and shaping section and the supply section.
  • the shaping tool when viewed in the direction of the drawn material, is preferably made in several parts.
  • D. h. There are several Pressstempel- or profile roller assemblies downstream of each other. This makes it possible to use smaller individual tools, which have a shorter one
  • Tubular glass ceramic parts as described above, can also be used as a nozzle guide for electrical lines, as insulators, coil formers, nozzles, in particular as suction or burner nozzles, protective tubes, bearing shafts, rump pistons, valve cones or valve seats.
  • the glass ceramic When using glass ceramics in devices for recording physical quantities, the glass ceramic offers the following useful properties and advantages: high temperature resistance and high temperature change / shock resistance as well as high mechanical strength, high chemical resistance and a broadly adjustable spectrum
  • Glass ceramic surface One advantage of using kIR radiation compared to using a normal gas flame is the very rapid and local heating of the glass items. For example, simple tube melting or tube melting can take place very quickly and locally, without annoying and uncontrolled crystal precipitations. With the help of kIR radiation, even during the manufacture of bandages, in particular glass-ceramic metal bandages, stress states can be largely avoided by fusing, since these only heat the glass-ceramic item, but the relevant metal element only insignificantly, but not at all for short exposure times.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates in a schematically simplified representation possible applications of the basic idea according to the invention of the use of subassemblies and / or components and / or individual parts made from glass ceramics in different technical systems which can be used in vehicles, plant construction, in particular in mobile and stationary plants.
  • FIG. 4a illustrates in a schematically simplified representation a first possible application for glass ceramics in technical systems in the form of sliding systems 16 for use, for example, in vehicle construction or in stationary or mobile systems.
  • the sliding system 16 is supported by a bearing 20, in particular a radial slide bearing 21 is formed.
  • 22 illustrates the shaft to be supported.
  • the bearing body is designated 23.
  • At least part of a surface area 56 on the bearing body 23 and 57 on the shaft 22 forming an individual sliding surface 18 on the bearing body 23, 19 on the shaft 22 is at least partially or completely made of glass ceramic.
  • the housing ie the connection element in which the storage takes place, is identified here by 24.
  • a pairing of different materials is also conceivable for the sliding surfaces 18, 19 which at least indirectly come into operative connection with one another.
  • the shaft 22 can be made of metal.
  • the bearing body 23 can be made in one or more parts in the form of bearing shells 23.1, as also shown in detail in FIG. 4a.
  • a multi-component composition being selected here, which includes the fusion of the glass ceramic with another material.
  • a radial sliding bearing preferably only the sliding surface 18 on the bearing body is made of glass ceramic.
  • FIG. 4a only represents an application in a radial sliding bearing
  • an application in an axial sliding bearing or a combined radial axial sliding bearing device is also conceivable.
  • FIG. 4b illustrates a possibility of using a housing disc 25 made of at least partially glass ceramic for mounting a shaft 22 in an axial sliding bearing 26.
  • the housing disc 25 is designed as a tubular element, although in the case shown this has a constant inner diameter and different dimensions Outside diameter ranges is executed.
  • the shaft washer 25 is supported in the housing 24.
  • a combination of axial and radial sliding bearings is also conceivable, but is not shown here.
  • FIG. 4c illustrates, in a schematically highly simplified representation, a further registration area for glass ceramics in a technical system 55 in the form of a sealing system 58, comprising at least one sealing device 27.
  • a sealing system 58 comprising at least one sealing device 27.
  • these can be designed as a contactless or touching seal. In the latter case, training as a gap or labyrinth seal is conceivable.
  • sealing ring 28a being able to be used in a gap seal, as shown or as a contact seal, while the design 28b functions as a labyrinth seal.
  • At least one sealing surface 29a or 29b of the elements forming the sealing pair is at least partially made of glass ceramic.
  • the sealing devices are preferably made entirely of glass ceramic.
  • FIG. 4d illustrates an embodiment of a technical system 55 in the form of a friction system 17 for realizing a frictional connection between two elements rotating at relative speed to one another or a rotating and a stationary element 30, 31 with at least some of them
  • Such frictional connections can be used, for example, in clutches or braking devices. It is preferably conceivable to use glass ceramic as a brake lining in disc or shoe brakes and as a friction lining in clutch discs.
  • the friction lining can be made in one piece or can be formed from a large number of individual elements, in particular pellets. The frictional engagement takes place between surfaces which can be moved relative to one another, with rotating, oscillating, axial movements or others being conceivable.
  • FIG. 4e illustrates, in a schematically simplified representation, the possible application in spark plugs 32 as an example.
  • This has the task that of the Ignition coil to conduct generated ignition voltage in a cylinder.
  • the ignition voltage generates the so-called spark between the electrodes of the spark plug.
  • Figure 4e schematically illustrates the structure of a spark plug. This shows a center electrode 35 which is mounted and guided in an insulator unit 36, and also an electrically conductive glass melt in the insulator unit for the connecting bolt 37, which has the task of connecting the central electrode to the connecting bolt in a gas-tight manner.
  • the candle insulator unit 36 is also mounted in a candle housing 34.
  • the ground electrode 33 is fastened to this.
  • a leakage current barrier 38 is provided which surrounds the candle insulator unit 36 and has the task of preventing the generation of leakage currents which reduce the ignition voltage and lead to misfires if contaminated or when the insulator is wet.
  • components of the candle insulator unit 36, the leakage current barrier 38, and the candle housing can be made of glass ceramic.
  • Components of the ignition system, in particular of the ignition distributor, can be regarded as further possible uses for the formation of partial areas or the complete formation of areas made of glass ceramic.
  • components of motors 39 can be made from glass ceramic. It can be z. B. are housing components, in particular the combustion chamber 41 delimiting surfaces, the combustion chamber in this case preferably also being hollow cylindrical.
  • FIG 4f is shown schematically, the outer construction of an example of a reciprocating motor shown in an exploded view, in which case a cylinder head cover 42,
  • FIG. 4e also shows the cylinder crankcase 46, which also contains the combustion chambers 41 and the oil pan seal 47 and the oil pan 48.
  • FIG. 4g illustrates a turbocharger wheel 49 of a conveyor system 61, which at least partially, but preferably at least the surface areas contacting the medium, are made of glass ceramic.
  • FIG. 4g illustrates a valve tappet 50 by way of example.
  • FIG. 4h illustrates an injection valve 51 by way of example, FIG.
  • FIG. 4i shows a lambda sensor 52 in a catalytic converter
  • FIG. 4j shows a paddle wheel 53
  • the use of glass ceramics according to the invention in high-temperature areas or areas of high stress not being limited to these.
  • components of drive machines regardless of the type, whether internal combustion engine and / or electrical machine and / or hydrostatic drives, can contain elements made of glass ceramic in the region of high temperature stress. This also applies to power transmission elements, especially for transmission designs, clutches, brakes, turbines or other paddle wheels.
  • glass ceramics as materials in technical systems, for example instead of aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, titanium diboride ceramics, are that they have the properties of these ceramics, such as good insulation behavior, very good wear resistance, high temperature resistance, very good thermal shock resistance , but are also much easier to manufacture, have low thermal conductivity and great homogeneity. Furthermore, both transparent and transucent glass ceramics can be obtained and, in contrast to ceramics, glass ceramics have practically no porosity. LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)
  • Surface Treatment Of Glass (AREA)
  • Re-Forming, After-Treatment, Cutting And Transporting Of Glass Products (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de fabrication de tubes en vitrocéramique, selon lequel un demi-produit tubulaire est étiré puis céramisé. La géométrie finale peut être obtenue par usinage mécanique ultérieur ou pendant l'étirage au moyen d'une unité de modelage. Cette invention concerne également les systèmes techniques, comprenant des tubes de ce type, et leur utilisation.
PCT/EP2005/000014 2004-01-05 2005-01-04 Systeme technique, utilisation du systeme technique et procede de fabrication d'elements cylindriques creux en vitroceramique WO2005066082A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE112005000116T DE112005000116A5 (de) 2004-01-05 2005-01-04 Technisches System, Verwendung des technischen Systems und Verfahren zur Herstellung von hohlzylindrischen Elementen aus Glaskeramik

Applications Claiming Priority (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE200410001176 DE102004001176A1 (de) 2004-01-05 2004-01-05 Verwendungen von Glaskeramiken
DE102004001176.9 2004-01-05
DE200410024017 DE102004024017A1 (de) 2004-05-13 2004-05-13 Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Leuchtvorrichtung umfassend eine Glaskeramik
DE102004024017.5 2004-05-13
DE102004024022.1 2004-05-13
DE200410024022 DE102004024022A1 (de) 2004-05-13 2004-05-13 Verwendung von Glaskeramikscheiben
DE202004009227U DE202004009227U1 (de) 2004-05-13 2004-06-14 Leuchtvorrichtung mit einer Glas-Metall-Durchführung sowie Glas-Metall-Durchführung
DE202004009227.1 2004-06-14

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2005066082A1 true WO2005066082A1 (fr) 2005-07-21

Family

ID=34753747

Family Applications (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2005/000014 WO2005066082A1 (fr) 2004-01-05 2005-01-04 Systeme technique, utilisation du systeme technique et procede de fabrication d'elements cylindriques creux en vitroceramique
PCT/EP2005/000012 WO2005066088A2 (fr) 2004-01-05 2005-01-04 Procede de production d'un dispositif d'eclairage comprenant une vitroceramique
PCT/EP2005/000013 WO2005067001A2 (fr) 2004-01-05 2005-01-04 Dispositif d'eclairage pourvu d'une traversee verre-metal et traversee verre-metal

Family Applications After (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2005/000012 WO2005066088A2 (fr) 2004-01-05 2005-01-04 Procede de production d'un dispositif d'eclairage comprenant une vitroceramique
PCT/EP2005/000013 WO2005067001A2 (fr) 2004-01-05 2005-01-04 Dispositif d'eclairage pourvu d'une traversee verre-metal et traversee verre-metal

Country Status (3)

Country Link
DE (2) DE112005000116A5 (fr)
TW (2) TW200529278A (fr)
WO (3) WO2005066082A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2010045917A1 (fr) * 2008-10-22 2010-04-29 Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh Machine à ondes de pression gazodynamique

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102005047006A1 (de) * 2005-09-30 2007-04-05 Schott Ag Verbundsystem, Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Verbundsystems und Leuchtkörper
EP3281920A1 (fr) * 2016-08-12 2018-02-14 D. Swarovski KG Procédé en continu pour la préparation de verres ou de vitrocéramiques silicatés
CN114890673B (zh) * 2022-05-27 2023-11-24 长春工业大学 一种用于连接透明yag陶瓷的玻璃焊料及连接方法
CN115321993A (zh) * 2022-10-17 2022-11-11 江苏富乐华功率半导体研究院有限公司 一种陶瓷坯体快速排pvb胶的方法

Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1766638A (en) * 1923-05-28 1930-06-24 Hartford Empire Co Drawing glass tubing
DE540414C (de) * 1930-10-03 1931-12-17 Patra Patent Treuhand Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von Glasrohren oder -staeben mit einem Querschnitt, der vom Kreisrunden abweicht
US3245773A (en) * 1960-10-27 1966-04-12 Corning Glass Works Glass tube forming
US3853522A (en) * 1972-06-15 1974-12-10 Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Gen Method and apparatus of calibrating drawn glass tubes
US3854919A (en) * 1971-07-23 1974-12-17 Owens Illinois Inc Method of forming transparent glass ceramic with compression layer
GB1377804A (en) * 1971-02-25 1974-12-18 Quartz & Silice Silica glass elements
US3871852A (en) * 1970-04-22 1975-03-18 Owens Illinois Inc Method of making glass-ceramic matrix using closed tubes
US3927697A (en) * 1968-02-22 1975-12-23 Heraeus Schott Quarzschmelze Quartz glass elements
DE2812859A1 (de) * 1978-03-23 1979-10-04 Technisches Glas Veb K Titandioxidhaltige glaskeramiken hoher mechanischer festigkeit
US4192665A (en) * 1977-09-07 1980-03-11 Corning Glass Works Rapidly crystallized beta-spodumene glass-ceramic materials
JPS61232228A (ja) * 1985-04-04 1986-10-16 Canon Inc ガラス物品の製造方法
JPH0426521A (ja) * 1990-05-22 1992-01-29 Ohara Inc 装飾用板状または棒状ガラスの成形方法

Family Cites Families (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1139622A (fr) * 1966-08-01 1957-07-03 Du Pont Réglage du ph dans les processus de dépôt électrolytique
US3960533A (en) * 1974-09-20 1976-06-01 Gte Sylvania Incorporated Lamp having crystallizable light diffusing envelope
US4045156A (en) * 1974-12-23 1977-08-30 Gte Sylvania Incorporated Photoflash lamp
JPS62103959A (ja) * 1985-10-29 1987-05-14 Toshiba Corp 小形高圧金属蒸気放電灯
JPS63162545A (ja) * 1986-12-26 1988-07-06 Central Glass Co Ltd 透光性結晶質ガラス
US5256940A (en) * 1989-11-08 1993-10-26 Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. High intensity discharge lamp device
DE19758481C1 (de) * 1997-10-27 1999-06-17 Schott Glas Thermisch hochbelastbares Glas für Lampenkolben und dessen Verwendung
JP3296779B2 (ja) * 1998-04-28 2002-07-02 三洋電機株式会社 平面型蛍光灯
KR100715059B1 (ko) * 2000-02-15 2007-05-07 코닌클리즈케 필립스 일렉트로닉스 엔.브이. 전기 램프 반사기 유닛
DE10017696B4 (de) * 2000-04-08 2006-05-11 Schott Ag Transparente Abdeckung der Strahlungsquelle von Leuchten
JP2002173338A (ja) * 2000-12-01 2002-06-21 Asahi Techno Glass Corp 照明用前面ガラス
DE10110225C2 (de) * 2001-03-02 2003-07-17 Schott Glas Glaskeramisches Trägermaterial, Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung und seine Verwendung

Patent Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1766638A (en) * 1923-05-28 1930-06-24 Hartford Empire Co Drawing glass tubing
DE540414C (de) * 1930-10-03 1931-12-17 Patra Patent Treuhand Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von Glasrohren oder -staeben mit einem Querschnitt, der vom Kreisrunden abweicht
US3245773A (en) * 1960-10-27 1966-04-12 Corning Glass Works Glass tube forming
US3927697A (en) * 1968-02-22 1975-12-23 Heraeus Schott Quarzschmelze Quartz glass elements
US3871852A (en) * 1970-04-22 1975-03-18 Owens Illinois Inc Method of making glass-ceramic matrix using closed tubes
GB1377804A (en) * 1971-02-25 1974-12-18 Quartz & Silice Silica glass elements
US3854919A (en) * 1971-07-23 1974-12-17 Owens Illinois Inc Method of forming transparent glass ceramic with compression layer
US3853522A (en) * 1972-06-15 1974-12-10 Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Gen Method and apparatus of calibrating drawn glass tubes
US4192665A (en) * 1977-09-07 1980-03-11 Corning Glass Works Rapidly crystallized beta-spodumene glass-ceramic materials
DE2812859A1 (de) * 1978-03-23 1979-10-04 Technisches Glas Veb K Titandioxidhaltige glaskeramiken hoher mechanischer festigkeit
JPS61232228A (ja) * 1985-04-04 1986-10-16 Canon Inc ガラス物品の製造方法
JPH0426521A (ja) * 1990-05-22 1992-01-29 Ohara Inc 装飾用板状または棒状ガラスの成形方法

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 011, no. 075 (C - 408) 6 March 1987 (1987-03-06) *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 016, no. 190 (C - 0937) 8 May 1992 (1992-05-08) *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2010045917A1 (fr) * 2008-10-22 2010-04-29 Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh Machine à ondes de pression gazodynamique

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2005066088A3 (fr) 2005-11-10
WO2005067001A2 (fr) 2005-07-21
WO2005067001A3 (fr) 2005-09-29
TW200529278A (en) 2005-09-01
WO2005066088A2 (fr) 2005-07-21
DE112005000116A5 (de) 2007-05-24
TW200528662A (en) 2005-09-01
DE112005000107D2 (de) 2006-10-05

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP2342470B1 (fr) Douille coulissante
EP2894363B1 (fr) Anneau de friction, anneau de synchronisation, appareil de synchronisation, ainsi que boîte manuelle à engrenages pour un véhicule
WO2005066082A1 (fr) Systeme technique, utilisation du systeme technique et procede de fabrication d'elements cylindriques creux en vitroceramique
EP1133452A1 (fr) Outil de formage a surface structuree pour produire des structures sur du verre, et utilisation dudit outil pour structurer des panneaux canneles
EP2093548B1 (fr) Capteur de haute température et son procédé de fabrication
EP1212163B1 (fr) Procede de production d'un corps a nid d'abeilles fritte
EP2201298B1 (fr) Bougie de préchauffage du type optimisé en réduction de cokéfaction
EP3132065B1 (fr) Matériau sans plomb à base de cufe2p pour paliers lisses comprenant un brise-copeaux
EP3777473B1 (fr) Résistance chauffante en céramique, élément de chauffage électrique ainsi qu'appareil pour chauffer un fluid
DE19548718C1 (de) Reibungsbelastetes Bauteil eines Verbrennungsmotors
EP2409018A1 (fr) Démarreur pour une machine
EP0250901B1 (fr) Dispositif pour désaccoupler les mouvements de torsion entre des éléments de tuyau
EP1452843A1 (fr) Dispositif d'étalonnage et four
DE60123681T2 (de) Zündkerze
EP2390238A2 (fr) Procédé et dispositif de fabrication de pièces en verre par moulage par injection
DE3110292A1 (de) "kolben fuer verbrennungsmotor"
DE102019215116B3 (de) Festkörperbremse
DE102018009442B3 (de) Zylinderanordnung und Verfahren zum Kühlen der Zylinderanordnung
DE202014102781U1 (de) Gleitlager für eine Brennkraftmaschine
DE102016222836A1 (de) Einrichtung zur Betätigung einer Kupplung eines Fahrzeugs
CN1223659C (zh) 一种高温合金管材热挤压专用玻璃润滑剂制备及应用
DE102014211471B4 (de) Kurbelwellenlager für eine Brennkraftmaschine
EP1664595A1 (fr) Engrenage differentiel pour vehicules
WO2006133471A2 (fr) Dispositif de synchronisation pour une boite de vitesses
EP3708276A1 (fr) Doublure de friction

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BW BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE EG ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NA NI NO NZ OM PG PH PL PT RO RU SC SD SE SG SK SL SY TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VC VN YU ZA ZM ZW

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): GM KE LS MW MZ NA SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LT LU MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG

DPEN Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed from 20040101)
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 1120050001164

Country of ref document: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase
REF Corresponds to

Ref document number: 112005000116

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 20070524

Kind code of ref document: P

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2007129832

Country of ref document: RU

REG Reference to national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: 8607

REG Reference to national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: 8607