WO2005048579A2 - Chiffrement base sur une session en mode differe d'un contenu de video a la demande - Google Patents

Chiffrement base sur une session en mode differe d'un contenu de video a la demande Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005048579A2
WO2005048579A2 PCT/US2004/032227 US2004032227W WO2005048579A2 WO 2005048579 A2 WO2005048579 A2 WO 2005048579A2 US 2004032227 W US2004032227 W US 2004032227W WO 2005048579 A2 WO2005048579 A2 WO 2005048579A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
portions
content
encryption
vod
encrypted
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2004/032227
Other languages
English (en)
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WO2005048579A3 (fr
Inventor
Leo M. Pedlow, Jr.
Davender Agnihotri
Original Assignee
Sony Electronics Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US10/764,202 external-priority patent/US20050097596A1/en
Priority claimed from US10/764,011 external-priority patent/US7853980B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/802,084 external-priority patent/US20050097597A1/en
Priority claimed from US10/802,007 external-priority patent/US7346163B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/802,008 external-priority patent/US7620180B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/823,431 external-priority patent/US7343013B2/en
Application filed by Sony Electronics Inc. filed Critical Sony Electronics Inc.
Priority to JP2006538006A priority Critical patent/JP4782015B2/ja
Priority to KR1020067007182A priority patent/KR101085542B1/ko
Priority to EP04818591.2A priority patent/EP1678939B1/fr
Publication of WO2005048579A2 publication Critical patent/WO2005048579A2/fr
Publication of WO2005048579A3 publication Critical patent/WO2005048579A3/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
    • H04N21/234—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams, manipulating MPEG-4 scene graphs
    • H04N21/2347—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams, manipulating MPEG-4 scene graphs involving video stream encryption
    • H04N21/23476—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams, manipulating MPEG-4 scene graphs involving video stream encryption by partially encrypting, e.g. encrypting the ending portion of a movie
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
    • H04N21/234—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams, manipulating MPEG-4 scene graphs
    • H04N21/2343—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams, manipulating MPEG-4 scene graphs involving reformatting operations of video signals for distribution or compliance with end-user requests or end-user device requirements
    • H04N21/234381—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams, manipulating MPEG-4 scene graphs involving reformatting operations of video signals for distribution or compliance with end-user requests or end-user device requirements by altering the temporal resolution, e.g. decreasing the frame rate by frame skipping
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
    • H04N21/234—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams, manipulating MPEG-4 scene graphs
    • H04N21/2347—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams, manipulating MPEG-4 scene graphs involving video stream encryption
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
    • H04N21/236—Assembling of a multiplex stream, e.g. transport stream, by combining a video stream with other content or additional data, e.g. inserting a URL [Uniform Resource Locator] into a video stream, multiplexing software data into a video stream; Remultiplexing of multiplex streams; Insertion of stuffing bits into the multiplex stream, e.g. to obtain a constant bit-rate; Assembling of a packetised elementary stream
    • H04N21/2365—Multiplexing of several video streams
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
    • H04N21/238—Interfacing the downstream path of the transmission network, e.g. adapting the transmission rate of a video stream to network bandwidth; Processing of multiplex streams
    • H04N21/2387—Stream processing in response to a playback request from an end-user, e.g. for trick-play
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/80—Generation or processing of content or additional data by content creator independently of the distribution process; Content per se
    • H04N21/83—Generation or processing of protective or descriptive data associated with content; Content structuring
    • H04N21/84—Generation or processing of descriptive data, e.g. content descriptors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/80—Generation or processing of content or additional data by content creator independently of the distribution process; Content per se
    • H04N21/83—Generation or processing of protective or descriptive data associated with content; Content structuring
    • H04N21/845—Structuring of content, e.g. decomposing content into time segments
    • H04N21/8453—Structuring of content, e.g. decomposing content into time segments by locking or enabling a set of features, e.g. optional functionalities in an executable program

Definitions

  • the clear content is identified using a primary Packet Identifier (PID).
  • PID Packet Identifier
  • a secondary PID or shadow PID is also assigned to the program content. Selected portions of the content are encrypted under two (or more) encryption systems and the encrypted content transmitted using both the primary and secondary PIDs (one PID or set of PIDs for each encryption system).
  • the so-called legacy STBs operate in a normal manner decrypting encrypted packets arriving under the primary PID and ignoring secondary PIDs.
  • the newer (non-legacy) STBs operate by associating both the primary and secondary PIDs with a single program. Packets with a primary PID are decoded normally and packets with a secondary PID are first decrypted then decoded. The packets associated with both PIDs are then assembled together to make up a single program stream.
  • FIGURE 1 is a block diagram of a clear video VOD system.
  • FIGURE 2 is a diagram illustrating storage of I-frame data to support trick mode operation in a VOD system.
  • FIGURE 3 is a block diagram of a pre-encrypted VOD system using a single
  • FIGURE 4 is a block diagram depicting a hybrid composite VOD system architecture consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGURE 5 is a block diagram of a re-encrypted VOD architecture consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGURE 6 illustrates a dynamic composition pre-encrypted VOD architecture consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGURE 7 illustrates a dynamic composition pre-encrypted VOD architecture using dual trick play indices consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGURE 8 is a block diagram of a segregated session based encrypted VOD architecture consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGURE 9 is a block diagram of a composite session based encrypted VOD architecture consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGURE 10 illustrates composite session based encryption content flow consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGURE 11 illustrates batch based encrypted VOD server content flow consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGURE 12 illustrates an optimized batch based encrypted VOD server content flow consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGURE 13 is a flow chart depicting batch based encrypted VOD.
  • MPEG GOP - Group of Pictures
  • Critical Packet - A packet or group of packets that, when encrypted, renders a portion of a video image difficult or impossible to view if not properly decrypted, or which renders a portion of audio difficult or impossible to hear if not properly decrypted.
  • critical should not be interpreted as an absolute term, in that it may be possible to hack an elementary stream to overcome encryption of a "critical packet", but when subjected to normal decoding, the inability to fully or properly decode such a "critical packet” would inhibit normal viewing or listening of the program content.
  • Trick mode an operational mode of playback of digital content to simulate fast forward, rewind, pause, suspend (stop), slow motion, etc. operations as in a video tape system.
  • the terms “a” or “an”, as used herein, are defined as one, or more than one.
  • the term “plurality”, as used herein, is defined as two or more than two.
  • the term “another”, as used herein, is defined as at least a second or more.
  • the terms “including” and/or “having”, as used herein, are defined as comprising (i.e., open language).
  • the term “coupled”, as used herein, is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly, and not necessarily mechanically.
  • program is defined as a sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system.
  • a "program”, or “computer program” may include a subroutine, a function, a procedure, an object method, an object implementation, in an executable application, an applet, a servlet, a source code, an object code, a shared library / dynamic load library and/or other sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system.
  • the terms “scramble” and “encrypt” and variations thereof may be used synonymously herein.
  • the term “television program” and similar terms can be interpreted in the normal conversational sense, as well as a meaning wherein the term means any segment of A/V content that can be displayed on a television set or similar monitor device.
  • VOD Video
  • STB television Set-Top Box
  • CA Conditional Access
  • VOD ARCHITECTURES The decision on a particular VOD architecture is the result of the interaction between a complex set of both independent and dependent variables, providing a solution to an equation of state. Some of the variables are fixed directly as a result of choices by the MSO. Others are constrained by factors such as the existing incumbent system, location, size, available capital and return on investment requirements.
  • a generalized VOD system 10 contains some or all of the following elements / resources: Content Aggregation and Asset management 14, Content distribution (SAN) 18, Video server module(s) 22, Session Management 26, Transaction management 30, Billing system 34, EPG server or VOD catalog server 38, Transport router/switch fabric (routing matrix) 42, Stream encryption device(s) (not shown in this Figure), and QAM modulators/upconverters and other edge resources 46.
  • This VOD system 10 provides programming to the subscriber terminals such as 50 for ultimate viewing and listening on a TV set or other monitor device 54. In operation, content is received from various sources including, but not limited to, satellite broadcasts received via one or more satellite dishes 58.
  • Content is aggregated at 14 and cataloged at EPG server or VOD catalog server 38. Content is then distributed at 18 to one or more video servers 22.
  • a subscriber orders a VOD selection, a message is sent from the subscriber terminal (e.g., STB) 50 to the session manager 26.
  • the session manager 26 notifies the transaction manager 30 to assure that the billing system 34 is properly brought into play.
  • the session manager 26 selects a VOD server from a cluster of VOD servers having the requested content on it and having a signal path that reaches the node serving the subscriber.
  • the session manager also enables the routing matrix 42 to properly route the selected video content through the correct edge resources 46 for delivery to the subscriber terminal 50.
  • TRICK MODES One aspect of VOD that has become a "signature" feature is the support of "trick modes". These are operational modes invoked by the session client that mimic a traditional VCR or DVD player and includes fast forward, rewind, pause, suspend (stop), slow motion, etc. Trick modes have been heretofore implemented through the creation of multiple files containing a subset of the original content (subfiles) as illustrated in FIGURE 2.
  • the content is generally stored in a set of RAID drives 70.
  • a particular selection of content is stored in its entirety in a file 74 within the RAID drives 70.
  • a set of subfiles for rewind and fast forward trick modes (files 78 and 80 respectively) contain I-frames ordered in a manner that will permit playback sequentially to achieve the rewind and fast forward effect.
  • these subfiles contain only I-frames, since I-frames contain stand-alone whole pictures (see ISO/IEC 13818-2, section 6.1.1.7).
  • I-frames are somewhat larger than B or P frames, and they generally represent approximately 21% of the data in a given video selection.
  • a file containing only I-frames extracted from the original content affords the ability to have accelerated playback, since typical GOP (group of pictures) structures have only one frame in about 10 to 20 as an I-frame.
  • the I-frame files are played at normal rates (1 frame per 33 mS) the pictures will appear to the viewer to sequence at about a lOx to 20x rate, though the actual data rate is the same as the original content. If the I-frame sequence is reversed in the file, the motion will appear to run backwards. This is the method used to implement fast forward and rewind. By attaching an index count to match the I-frames in the original content file to the duplicated I-frames stored in the associated subfiles 78 and 80, a method is provided to allow immediate transition from normal speed forward play to fast forward or rewind.
  • the video server plays the selected content file and upon subscriber selection of a trick mode (or vice versa) the server notes the index value of the closest I-frame and then opens the appropriate associated subfile 78 or 80 and moves to the I-frame in the subfile with the same conesponding index.
  • the video server treats all stream content (main file or subfiles) the same and always spools the MPEG packets to the outgoing transport stream at the same constant bit rate through multiplexers and buffers 84 as shown. It is through this method that trick modes are typically implemented on a slotted, session based system without the encumbrance of additional, dynamic bit rate issues. Unfortunately, the use of such multiple subfiles results in storage space inefficiencies. As will be seen, these inefficiencies can become compounded in systems utilizing multiple encryption.
  • VOD PROGRAM SPECIFIC INFORMATION A function of the VOD video server(s) 22, in addition to origination of session A V content, is the creation of the associated, session specific PSI (program specific information). This information is a departure from the broadcast model in that the PSI is extremely dynamic. The content of the PAT and subordinate PMTs change whenever a new session is started or ended. In the broadcast world, the PSI changes very seldom because the PSI tables reflect only the structure of the transport multiplex, not the actual A/V content canied within.
  • the VOD video server 22 dynamically assigns a new session to an existing, available "slot" in an outgoing transport multiplexed stream. The slot is denoted by the
  • TSID program number
  • Edge resources 46 generally are not configured dynamically.
  • the routing of content appearing on a particular input port to a specific QAM carrier at the output is determined through a preconfigured, static assignment of TSID/input port and program number mapping to specific QAM resources in the device. This same mapping information is also loaded in the VOD system so that once a session is requested by and authorized for a specific subscriber terminal 50, a solution to a routing matrix 42 can be determined to find the appropriate VOD server 22 and QAM transport 46 serving the requestor.
  • This solution also considers dynamic issues such as which servers 22 the requested asset is loaded upon, and server loading/available slots in addition to the simpler, static solution to finding the first possible path to the requesting subscriber terminal 50.
  • elements of the same information are also communicated to the session client at subscriber terminal 50 at the subscriber's premises so that the requested stream can be properly received and presented to the subscriber.
  • VOD DISTRIBUTION Perhaps the simplest VOD implementation is a clear VOD distribution system, i.e. one that contains no encryption as depicted in FIGURE 1. While not providing any safekeeping of what might be considered the entertainment medium's most valuable properties, namely current feature films, etc., clear VOD avoids many of the issues that the incumbent cable system providers to date have not adequately addressed and that introduction of a second, alternative CA system complicates even further still. Various anangements for providing selective or full encryption in a VOD environment are discussed below. Throughout this discussion, it is instructive to carry an example VOD movie through the various embodiments to illustrate the relative storage efficiencies obtained with the various systems disclosed.
  • VOD movie A real world example of a VOD movie which will be used throughout this document has the following attributes: Compressed video data rate: 3Mbit/S Movie length: 120 minutes (2 Hrs) I-frame overhead: 17% Total storage used for the video portion of a single, clear (unencrypted) copy of a film: 3.618GBytes.
  • Pre-encrypted VOD systems such as system 100 shown in FIGURE 3 can be architecturally similar to clear VOD distribution systems.
  • One difference between the two is that on pre-encrypted systems there is pre-processing of the content prior to storage in the VOD system to provide safekeeping of content during the storage and distribution phases. This pre-processing is carried out in pre-encryptor 104. Data security is implemented through storage of previously encrypted content within the video server(s) 22. While the clear VOD system contains directly viewable MPEG or other compressed A/V content on the server(s) 22, the pre-encrypted model stores this same content in a form that is only decipherable using a properly entitled subscriber terminal 50.
  • the pre-encryption process can be performed by the MSO at the time of deployment on the VOD system 100, prior to loading into the storage area network (SAN) used to propagate content to all of the video servers in the MSO's system.
  • the encryption may be performed prior to receipt of the content by the MSO at an external service bureau, content aggregator or by the distributor or studio. In this case, the content is theoretically secured throughout the distribution phase, storage phase and transmission to subscriber for display on an authorized device.
  • the use of pre- encryption prior to distribution of content to the MSO potentially adds to the complexity of entitlement distribution, separate from the content distribution, for installation on the VOD transaction manager 30 to allow bone fide subscribers to decrypt the purchased content.
  • VOD architectures share one or more of the following common drawbacks: • Additional handling of new content may be needed to perform the pre-encryption prior to loading into the server, either by the MSO or service bureau. • Coordination and/or distribution is required for entitlements matching the access criteria used to encrypt the content stored in the server. • Limited “shelf life" of the encryption keys used to secure the stored content, rendering decryption impossible at a later date. • Incapability of present VOD video servers to load pre-encrypted streams. • Incompatibility of pre-encrypted streams with present methods supporting trick mode play (fast-forward & rewind) on screen.
  • VOD servers 22 cunently expect clear content and then subsequently identify the I- frames and store or otherwise segregate them for access in fast-forward or fast rewind playback modes, as described in conjunction with FIGURE 2. If the stream is pre- encrypted prior to storage upon the server, it may be difficult or impossible for the server 22 to examine packet payloads to identify I-frames during the process of importation into the server 22 to create trick mode files 78 and 80 or associated indices. Many cunent systems will not accept streams for importation that are pre-encrypted.
  • a segregated storage mechanism can be physically similar to the architecture of the clear VOD distribution system.
  • the content is encrypted in its entirety (100%) and a separate copy of the complete feature is stored for each different conditional access format supported by the MSO.
  • the organization and configuration of the system is such that when a subscriber initiates a session on the server, the stream files for the selected content containing the CA format appropriate to the specific equipment deployed at the subscriber's premises requesting the session are spooled and delivered.
  • This method offers a low system complexity encrypted VOD system but may suffer from the same issues common to other pre-encryption topologies, mentioned previously. In addition, a very significant storage penalty (one or more encrypted duplicate copies of the same movie) is incurred.
  • VOD system session manager is made aware of which conditional access method is appropriate for a session requested by a specific subscriber. This information is in turn transfened to the video server that has been selected as the source for the session so that the appropriate PSI can be created for the session, including conditional access specific data.
  • the video server is cognizant of the conditional access resources (ECMs) for each program stored on the server and these resources can be dynamically allocated on unique PIDs along with PIDs for the corresponding audio and video data.
  • ECMs conditional access resources
  • the PSI generated for each specific session in addition to indicating the assigned PIDs for A/V, indicate the appropriate CASID, which is unique to each conditional access system provider and the PID assigned for the ECMs associated with the session.
  • COMPOSITE STORAGE PRE-ENCRYPTION Composite storage is essentially the storage on the video server of a selectively encrypted stream such as a PassageTM processed stream that contains previously encrypted "critical packets" for a plurality (two or more) of independent conditional access systems (i.e., dual selective encrypted).
  • the stream may be prepared identically to the processing of a selectively encrypted broadcast stream as described in the above- referenced pending patent applications, except that the resultant transport stream is recorded to a hard disk or other suitable computer readable storage medium, instead of being sent directly to a QAM modulator for HFC distribution to the requesting subscriber.
  • the content can be encrypted by either the MSO at time of deployment on the VOD system, a third party service bureau, by the studios themselves (the latter two cases being prior to receipt of the content by the MSO), or by or under control of other entities.
  • the small additional overhead in content storage (usually about 2% - 10% representing "critical packets" that are multiple encrypted) is traded for the support of multiple independent C A formats without replication of entire streams.
  • a negative aspect in addition to those mentioned previously and common to other pre- encryption topologies, is the vulnerability of the prepared selectively encrypted stream to corruption by downstream equipment containing transport re-multiplexing functionality that is not specifically designed to maintain the integrity of the selective encryption process applied to the stream.
  • VOD system session manager can be made to be aware of which conditional access method is appropriate for a session requested by a specific subscriber. This information is in turn transfened to the video server that has been selected as the source for the session so that the appropriate PSI can be created for the session, including conditional access specific data.
  • the video server is cognizant of the conditional access resources (ECMs) for each program stored on the server and these can be dynamically allocated on unique PIDs along with PIDs for the corresponding audio and video data.
  • ECMs conditional access resources
  • the PSI generated for each specific session in addition to indicating the assigned PIDs for A V, can indicate the appropriate CASID, which is unique to each conditional access system provider and the PID assigned for the ECMs associated with the session.
  • the video server dynamically allocates another set of PIDs for the shadow packets associated with the respective audio and video component streams for each session in the manner described in the above-referenced patent applications. This information can be included in the PSI sent in sessions requested by non-legacy clients.
  • PAT one table common to all sessions, but modified for each
  • PMT Primary Video
  • Primary Audio Primary Audio
  • Shadow Video Shadow Audio
  • Legacy ECM Legacy ECM
  • Alternative ECM Alternative ECM
  • the content format specified for VOD servers often uses a single program transport multiplex containing a single PAT entry, single PMT entry and service components, for one audio and one video stream.
  • the shadow packets added in a composite selectively encrypted transport stream may prove problematic for a legacy VOD pre-encryption device, in certain instances. It is more probable that a device or process (since there are no real time requirements, an off-line process running on a PC or UNIX server may suffice) to process a candidate stream before passing through the legacy pre-encryptor and then post-encryption reconcile to extract only the encrypted "critical" packets for insertion into the VOD video server 22.
  • the same or similar algorithms and techniques for performing this manipulation for selective encryption processing as described in the above-referenced patent applications can be adapted to VOD applications for off-line work.
  • the VOD server 22 may also be modified to allow introduction of streams having multiple service elements (primary video, primary audio, shadow video, shadow audio) uniquely associated with a PassageTM transport.
  • the present video servers generally only allow one each, primary video and audio, respectively.
  • the quartet of data representing PassageTM processed A/V content should preferably be managed as a indivisible set on the VOD video server 22.
  • the edge resources if selective encryption aware, could reinsert the shadow packets embedded in the stored stream in place of the legacy encrypted packets on the original program PID.
  • Hybrid composite storage is a variant of the composite storage concept, but incorporates elements of session-based encryption for implementing the alternative conditional access encryption.
  • the legacy "critical" packets comprising approximately 2-10% of the total content, are pre-encrypted by the legacy conditional access system 104 using selective encryption technology for managing the process.
  • the selective encryption is managed in selective encryption processor 134.
  • the duplicate copy of "critical" packets, which are located on previously unused PIDs, is left unencrypted. This latter aspect is the departure from the composite storage scenario described above.
  • the composite stream of unencrypted non-critical packets, legacy encrypted "critical" packets on the original service PIDs and an unencrypted, duplicate copy of the "critical" packets on alternate service PIDs is stored on the video server 22 as a single stream.
  • a legacy STB represented by subscriber terminal 50
  • the stream is routed at routing matrix 138 operating under control of session manager 26, through a session encryption device 142 capable of performing encryption using the alternative conditional access system 144, but the session manager 26 does not provision the device to perform encryption on elements of the stream and it is sent directly to the requesting subscriber without further modification.
  • the stream is processed through an add-drop remultiplexer 148 and the clear "critical" content on alternate service PIDs are removed from the outgoing transport.
  • the output stream is then routed at routing matrix 152 to appropriate edge resources 46 for delivery to the subscriber terminal 50.
  • the session encryption device 142 that performs encryption using the alternative conditional access system also contains the add-drop multiplexer capability. Other variations will also occur to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the present teaching.
  • the stream is routed through session encryption device 142 capable of performing encryption using the alternative conditional access system and only the "critical" packets on alternate service PIDs (previously in the clear) are encrypted using the alternative conditional access system 144, as provisioned by the session manager.
  • session encryption device 142 capable of performing encryption using the alternative conditional access system and only the "critical" packets on alternate service PIDs (previously in the clear) are encrypted using the alternative conditional access system 144, as provisioned by the session manager.
  • a preprocessor can be used to perform selective encryption of content to be loaded onto the video server.
  • a modified file protocol can be used to allow the video server to import and associate these files.
  • Either the preprocessor or the video server can be designed to perform the indexing.
  • An alternate instantiation could be use to perform all selective encryption pre-processing (e.g., PID mapping and packet duplication) within the VOD video server 22 itself. This could be accomplished by modifying the VOD video server 22 application to add a pre-processor task as a separate executable, called by the VOD video server 22 during the process to prepare content for pre-encryption. Changes can be implemented to the method employed by the VOD system for creating dynamic PSI data to implement this architecture.
  • the VOD system session manager 26 is made aware of which conditional access method is appropriate for a session requested by a specific subscriber. This information can in turn be transferred to the VOD video server 22 that has been selected as the source for the session so that the appropriate PSI can be created for the session, including conditional access specific data.
  • the VOD video server 22 is cognizant of the conditional access resources (ECMs) for each program stored on the server and these can be dynamically allocated on unique PIDs along with PIDs for the corresponding audio and video data.
  • ECMs conditional access resources
  • the PSI generated for each specific session in addition to indicating the assigned PIDs for A/V, can indicate the appropriate CASID, which is unique to each conditional access system provider and the PID assigned for the ECMs associated with the session.
  • the VOD video server 22 dynamically allocates PIDs for the shadow packets associated with the respective audio and video component streams for each session. This information is included in the PSI sent in sessions requested by non-legacy clients. Just like in the more general composite storage architecture discussed in the previous section, the video server manages multiple resources and PIDs. The hybrid topology reduces the unique entities by one from eight to seven: there is no need for alternative ECM PID or data resource in the stored composite stream. This information will be added later in a downstream device providing the alternative conditional access encryption for those sessions destined for decoding upon a non-legacy client.
  • a legacy decryption device 182 operating to decrypt using the legacy CA system 184, is added to the transport stream path exiting the VOD video server 22 (via routing matrix 186).
  • the transport stream passes through a contemporary session based encryption device 188.
  • the VOD session manager 26 on a session-by-session basis, determines which sessions will pass through the decryption device 182 intact and be modulated and transmitted to the subscriber unaltered.
  • a path 190 between the routing matrices preserves the pre-encrypted content and delivers it to subscribers having legacy equipment. In either case, the output stream passes through routing matrix 152 to the appropriate edge resources for delivery to the subscriber terminal 50.
  • the VOD system session manager 26 through interaction with both legacy CA system 184 and alternate CA system 194, can both actuate the decryption device 182 and activate session based encryption device 188 for a particular session, thereby supporting subscribers with non-legacy equipment at their premises.
  • this system 180 can support either legacy or non-legacy (alternate CA) encryption.
  • Certain embodiments of this architecture support pre-encryption on legacy systems not presently supporting session-based encryption, while providing the ability to deliver session based encryption for the alternative CA system 194 integrated into the existing legacy network.
  • Certain embodiments of this architecture may face the same issues as mentioned previously and common to other pre-encryption topologies.
  • VOD system session manager 26 can be made aware of which conditional access method is appropriate for a session requested by a specific subscriber. This information is in turn transfened to the video server that has been selected as the source for the session so that the appropriate PSI can be created for the session, including conditional access specific data.
  • the video server can be made to be cognizant of the conditional access resources (ECMs) for each program stored on the server and these can be dynamically allocated on unique PIDs along with PIDs for the corresponding audio and video data.
  • ECMs conditional access resources
  • the PSI generated for each specific session in addition to indicating the assigned PIDs for A V, indicate the appropriate CASID, which is unique to each conditional access system provider and the PID assigned for the ECMs associated with the session.
  • the same movie using 3.618GB of storage in the clear VOD state would require 3.618GBytes to store using re-encryption supporting two different CA systems.
  • VOD architecture Another pre-encrypted VOD architecture is dynamic composition pre-encryption.
  • each program or movie is stored in three or more elements on the VOD video server 22.
  • clear content is stored at 200.
  • Critical packets are selected according to a suitable selection criterion associated with the selective encryption process.
  • the content that is stored has either "critical" packets or non- critical packets.
  • the "critical" packets generally constitute approximately 2% to 10% of the program (depending upon program content and the selection criteria used to select packets for encryption) and are encrypted.
  • a separate copy of the critical content is maintained for each conditional access system supported by the MSO.
  • the critical packets associated with a first CA system (CA1) is stored at 202 while encrypted content associated with CA 2 is stored at 206.
  • the fast forward I-Frames can be made to incorporate the encrypted content and stored together as encrypted I-frames 210 (and 206).
  • the packets in both the "critical" packet fast forward file 210 as well as the clear (unencrypted), non-critical packet file 200 are indexed to maintain temporal conelation between the two files. These indices either may be monotonic packet counts from start of stream or calculated packet offsets from the last PCR.
  • the file containing the "critical" and fast forward packets 210, pre-encrypted in the CA format appropriate for the CPE of the subscriber requesting the session, is also queued for playout.
  • the video server reconstructs a single program multiplex in its stream buffer feeding the outgoing transport the correct sequence of packets based upon the indices in the two component files.
  • the stream files containing "critical" packets may be the same one as the extracted subfile containing all I-frames for "trick" modes, as was described previously in the general discussion of VOD system architecture. If this opportunity is taken, then a storage economy can be realized over all pre-encrypted schemes including traditional (unencrypted) VOD, as deployed today.
  • the traditional VOD video server has three files for each feature or movie: two containing just I-frames (one in reverse order) and one containing the complete original copy.
  • the "trick" mode subfile and the "critical" data encrypted content file can be the same, the content is selectively encrypted at approximately a nominal 17% level, much higher than the commonly proposed PassageTM encryption level of approximately 2%, but canying no inherent storage or system capacity costs, as do other schemes.
  • a preprocessor can be used to perform selective encryption of content to be loaded onto the VOD video server 22.
  • a modified file protocol can be used to allow the VOD video server 22 to import and associate these files.
  • Either the preprocessor or the VOD video server 22 can be used to perform the indexing.
  • An alternate instantiation can be used to perform all selective encryption pre-processing within the video server itself. This can be accomplished by modifying the video server application to add a preprocessor task as a separate executable, called by the server during the process to prepare content for pre-encryption. Additionally, in certain embodiments, this method overcomes the classic pre- encryption issue of supporting trick modes, but retains the other common problems of encryption "shelf life" and the additional handling required to prepare the stream for use on the VOD system. Changes to the method employed by the VOD system for creating dynamic PSI data can be used to implement this architecture.
  • the VOD system session manager 26 is made to be aware of which conditional access method is appropriate for a session requested by a specific subscriber in order to select the appropriate "critical" data file for the session. This information is in turn transfened to the VOD video server 22 that has been selected as the source for the session so that the appropriate PSI can be created for the session, including conditional access specific data.
  • the VOD video server 22 is cognizant of the conditional access resources (ECMs) for each program stored on the server and these must be dynamically allocated on unique PIDs along with PIDs for the conesponding audio and video data.
  • the PSI generated for each specific session in addition to indicating the assigned PIDs for A/V, indicates the appropriate CASID, which is unique to each conditional access system provider and the PID assigned for the ECMs associated with the session. If one refers to the example movie scenario described above, the same movie using 3.618GB of storage in the clear VOD state would require 3.159GBytes to store using dynamic composition pre-encryption supporting two different CA systems - a savings of almost 0.5 GB.
  • a basic premise is that a classic (clear) VOD server 22 such as shown in FIGURE 1, is modified to add an encryption device in series with the transport stream between the video server 22 and the QAM modulator of 46.
  • the encryption device may be integrated with the QAM modulator 46 and/or other components.
  • the commercially available Scientific-Atlanta MQAM and Harmonic NSG products are commercial examples of such devices.
  • the outgoing transport stream, containing multiple, independent VOD sessions and serving multiple subscribers, is encrypted at the point of distribution to the plant and in turn to the subscribers.
  • the control of the encryption and entitlements is based upon interaction between the session manager 26, which controls the session, video server 22 and the conditional access system through defined interfaces.
  • Many session based VOD architectures share the following common drawbacks: • Coordination and/or distribution of entitlements and synchronization between session manager, conditional access system and stream encryption device. • Security of the clear content from theft or piracy before loading on the video server and while stored in the system. • Additional costs for adding both legacy and alternate stream encryption devices. • Availability of legacy stream encryption devices with reasonable densities (session capacity). • According to MSOs familiar with the subject, session based VOD streams are unsupported by certain existing conditional access technologies.
  • Segregated session encryption is the extension of session-based encryption to multiple conditional access systems operating in conjunction with a single VOD system.
  • An exemplary architecture of a segregated session based encryption system 240 is depicted in FIGURE 8.
  • System 240 includes provisions for providing the appropriately encrypted stream for a specific subscriber session by routing the outgoing stream from the VOD video server 22 to the subscriber terminal 50 on a transport stream and resultant RF earner, carrying only a single common conditional access format. Sessions using other conditional access formats are similarly constrained (segregated) to other homogeneously encrypted transports/carriers. There is no sharing of resources between the CA systems and they operate independently.
  • the VOD session manager 26 determines which conditional access format is used by the requesting subscriber terminal 50 based upon information received either directly from the subscriber terminal 50 or from another source, such as the billing system or other database. The VOD session manager 26 then determines the path to the appropriate encryption resource(s) 184, 188 and 194 having access to an RF node serving the subscriber's service area. This is done in a similar manner to the method used in large centralized clear VOD systems to find the appropriate video server(s) that can deliver a stream to the requesting subscriber. Once an appropriate route is determined, routing matrix and re-multiplexer 242 and routing matrix 244 respectively provide the appropriate routing.
  • the session manager 26 coordinates the configuration of the routing elements and directs the CA system to apply encryption to the session through references to the assigned transport resources (PIDs).
  • PIDs transport resources
  • This system presents a complex, real-time management requirement for determining usable resources available to apply to a new session and available spectrum transport slots. It uses equipment to perform stream routing (switch fabric) between the VOD video server(s) 22 and the encryption devices 188, though these capabilities might be available integrated into other elements of the system. Additional spectrum is used to maintain segregation of the sessions on homogeneously encrypted transport streams and earners.
  • a segregated session based encryption scheme such as 240 uses, to some varying degree, duplication of encryption resources such as encryption devices 188, since support of simultaneous sessions in differing conditional access formats is required. Careful traffic modeling can optimize the tradeoff between system capacity/resource availability and capital expenditure. If one again refers to the example movie scenario described above, the same movie using 3.618GB of storage in the clear VOD state would require 3.618GBytes to store using segregated session based encryption supporting two different CA systems. The system can be optimized in a manner similar to that described in the section describing dynamic composition based pre-encryption. One I-frame file can be removed for rewind and a dual set of indices created for the remaining I-frame file to support both forward and reversed video sequences. In doing so, the total storage required for the example movie could be reduced to 3.159GBytes.
  • the composite session based encryption approach (another session based approach) is similar to the segregated approach except that the transport streams/carriers provided to subscribers are heterogeneously encrypted and is depicted embodied in system 260 of FIGURE 9.
  • a single transport may contain any combination of two or more conditional access formats operating independently on an MPEG program basis, representing individual subscriber sessions. This scheme eliminates some of the complex real-time resource management processes used to determine available encryption resources, but instead trades it for the requirement that encryption resources appear in matched sets.
  • the VOD session manager 26 determines which CA format is appropriate for a given subscriber session and determines a VOD server 22 that has access to the node representing the subscriber's service area. It then activates the appropriate CA resource in the encryption "set" attached to the node. It is noted that a process such as the
  • FIGURE 10 depicts the encrypted content flow from stream files to composite stream in a composite session based encryption system.
  • Stream files 264 are processed by legacy encryption device 266, while stream files 270 are processed by the alternate CA encryption device 274.
  • the output streams from encryption devices 266 and 274 are multiplexed at stream re-multiplexer 280 to produce the composite stream as an output to the subscribers. If one again refers to the example movie scenario described above, the same movie using 3.618GB of storage in the clear VOD state would require 3.618GB ytes to store using composite session based encryption supporting two different CA systems.
  • the system could be optimized in a manner similar to that described in the section describing dynamic composition based pre-encryption.
  • One I-frame file would be removed for rewind and a dual set of indices created for the remaining I-frame file to support both forward and reversed video sequences.
  • the same opportunities for storage efficiency are available if the "critical" packet files are also used as the "trick" mode I-frame files 314 and 316 as shown.
  • the "critical" packets are stored in RAID files 70 unencrypted. Additionally, this scheme departs from the dynamic composition architecture because there is no requirement to maintain an independent copy of the "critical" packet file for each conditional access system supported, providing further, substantial storage savings over the other architectures, typically on the order of approximately 12% to 21% per conditional access system supported if the critical packets are the same as the I Frames. Otherwise, the critical content may be approximately 2 - 10 percent.
  • the Fast Forward I frames are generally not encrypted. So, critical content is identified and stored in a separate file.
  • a Video On Demand (VOD) method consistent with certain embodiments involves processing content to be delivered in a VOD method by selecting first portions of the content for encryption under a selective encryption system and selecting second portions of the content to remain unencrypted. The first and second portions are stored until receiving a request for delivery of the content, the request being from a terminal having decryption capabilities associated with a first decryption method.
  • FIGURE 12 shows a system similar to that of FIGURE 11 except that this system utilizes the dual indexing to provide trick play as described in conjunction with FIGURE 7.
  • a second file containing the clear stream of "critical" packets is accessed; its contents are immediately streamed through a dedicated port on the VOD video server 22 at the maximum sustainable transport medium data rate (lGbit S for Gig-E, 200+Mbit S for ASI, 38.8Mbit S for DHEI) directly to the encryption resource identified by the session manager, i.e., either legacy encryption device 302 or alternate CA encryption device 306.
  • This burst transferred file of I-frames constituting only about 12% to 21% of the video frames (assuming the critical content equates to the I Frames) in the program is bulk encrypted at the highest rate that the encryption device 302 or 306 and transport media can sustain.
  • the encrypted I-frame content that emerges from the encryption device is captured to either a RAM or disk buffer 310 resources within the VOD video server 22.
  • a multiplexer reconstructs in the stream buffer feeding the outgoing transport the correct sequence of packets based upon the indices in the clear, non-critical content component file and the smaller, batch-encrypted content that was captured back to the VOD video server, as described above.
  • the batch encryption of "critical" packet files can allow for a significant reduction in the number of encryption devices required to provide encrypted delivery of VOD content. If one assumes support of two independent conditional access systems using this architecture, the 1-frame and critical data residing in the same file and using a typical I-frame overhead (-17%), then a single pair of encryption devices (incumbent & alternative) can support the same number of sessions as 60 pairs of encryption devices in a session based architecture (60:1). Another advantage over the pre-encryption scheme, shared with session-based encryption, is the additional security afforded by the application of unique encryption keys used for every session of the same program. An alternate embodiment pre-encrypts sessions of I-frames and stores them in the buffer for later consumption.
  • the buffer of pre-encrypted I-frames could be replenished in the background to maintain a constant "inventory" of available sessions for delivery.
  • the method employed by the VOD system for creating dynamic PSI data can be modified to implement this architecture.
  • the VOD system session manager 26 can be made aware of which conditional access method is appropriate for a session requested by a specific subscriber. This information is in turn transfened to the VOD video server 22 that has been selected as the source for the session so that the appropriate PSI can be created for the session, including conditional access specific data.
  • the VOD video server 22 can be cognizant of the conditional access resources (ECMs) for each program stored on the server and these are dynamically allocated on unique PIDs along with PIDs for the conesponding audio and video data.
  • ECMs conditional access resources
  • the PSI generated for each specific session in addition to indicating the assigned PIDs for A V, must indicate the appropriate CASID, which is unique to each conditional access system provider and the PID assigned for the ECMs associated with the session. If one again refers to the example movie scenario described above, the same movie using 3.618GB of storage in the clear VOD state would require 2.700GBytes to store using batch-based encryption supporting two different CA systems.
  • a Video On Demand server arrangement receives content from a selective encryption processor that processes content to be delivered in a VOD method by selecting first portions of the content for encryption under a selective encryption system and selecting second portions of the content to remain unencrypted.
  • At least one computer readable storage device is provided.
  • the processor stores the first and second portions in the at least one computer readable storage device.
  • the processor receives a request for delivery of the content, the request being from a terminal having decryption capabilities associated with a first decryption method, it is programmed to send the first portions to an encrypter that encrypts the first portions using a bulk encryption process to produce encrypted first portions.
  • FIGURE 13 a flow chart depicts a process 400 for batch based encryption of VOD content consistent with certain embodiments starting at 404.
  • the content (movie, etc.) is stored in the VOD server 22 on two separate files at 408- one for content designated as clear, and one designated for encryption.
  • a selective encryption process certain selected portion of the content is encrypted while the remaining content remains unencrypted.
  • the first file contains all content that is designated in a selective encryption selection process to remain unencrypted.
  • the second file contains all content that is designated in the selective encryption selection process to be encrypted.
  • the content designated to remain clear is spooled up from the first file to a queue at 416 for delivery to the subscriber.
  • CA1 and CA2 which, for example, can represent legacy encryption and an alternative encryption process.
  • the subscriber's STB is likely only capable of decryption under CA1 or CA2, so a determination is made at 420 as to which conditional access system is associated with the STB making the request for content.
  • a database e.g., a database stored at the billing system 34 or elsewhere.
  • the encrypted content from 424 or 432 is passed to 436 where the encrypted content is buffered up for playout to the requesting STB at 436.
  • the content is played out by streaming the content to the requesting STB. This is accomplished by reconstructing a complete content stream from the clear content queued up from the first file and the encrypted content from the second file. The content can then be streamed to the recipient STB at 440 and the process ends at 448.
  • a Video On Demand (VOD) method involves processing content to be delivered in a VOD method by selecting first portions of the content for encryption under a selective encryption system and selecting second portions of the content to remain unencrypted; storing the first portions; storing second portions file; receiving a request for delivery of the content, the request being from a terminal having decryption capabilities associated with a first decryption method; encrypting the first portions using a bulk encryption process to produce encrypted first portions; storing the encrypted first portions in a buffer; queuing the second portions for delivery to the terminal; and assembling a stream of selectively encrypted content from the encrypted first portions and the second portions.
  • VOD Video On Demand
  • a Video On Demand (VOD) method involves processing content to be delivered in a VOD method by selecting first oortions of the content for encryption under a selective encryption system and selecting second portions of the content to remain unencrypted; receiving a request for delivery of the content, the request being from a terminal having decryption capabilities associated with a specified decryption method; encrypting the first portions under a specified encryption method using a bulk encryption process to produce encrypted first portions, the specified encryption method being selected from one of a plurality of encryption methods; storing the encrypted first portions in a first file; storing second portions in a second file; storing the encrypted first portions in a buffer; queuing the second portions for delivery to the terminal; and assembling a stream of selectively encrypted content from the encrypted first portions and the second portions.
  • VOD Video On Demand
  • the first and second portions may be stored in a VOD server in first and second files in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • a programmed processor serving, for example, as video server or servers 22 or session manager 26.
  • the invention is not limited to such exemplary embodiments, since other embodiments could be implemented using hardware component equivalents such as special purpose hardware and/or dedicated processors.
  • general purpose computers, microprocessor based computers, micro-controllers, optical computers, analog computers, dedicated processors, application specific circuits and/or dedicated hard wired logic may be used to construct alternative equivalent embodiments.
  • General purpose computers microprocessor based computers, micro-controllers, optical computers, analog computers, dedicated processors, application specific circuits and/or dedicated hard wired logic and analog circuitry may be used to construct alternative equivalent embodiments.
  • Other embodiments could be implemented using hardware component equivalents such as special purpose hardware and/or dedicated processors.
  • Software and/or firmware embodiments may be implemented using a programmed processor executing programming instructions that in certain instances are broadly described above in flow chart form that can be stored on any suitable electronic or computer readable storage medium (such as, for example, disc storage, Read Only Memory (ROM) devices, Random Access Memory (RAM) devices, network memory devices, optical storage elements, magnetic storage elements, magneto-optical storage elements, flash memory, core memory and/or other equivalent volatile and non-volatile storage technologies) and / or can be transmitted over any suitable electronic communication medium.
  • ROM Read Only Memory
  • RAM Random Access Memory
  • network memory devices such as, for example, optical storage elements, magnetic storage elements, magneto-optical storage elements, flash memory, core memory and/or other equivalent volatile and non-volatile storage technologies

Abstract

Procédé de vidéo à la demande (VOD) qui, dans certains modes de réalisation, consiste à prêter un contenu à transmettre par sélection de premières parties de ce contenu afin de les chiffrer au moyen d'un système de chiffrement sélectif et sélection de deuxièmes parties de ce contenu afin qu'elle reste non chiffrée. Ces première et deuxième parties sont mémorisées jusqu'à réception d'une demande de transmission du contenu, cette demande émanant d'un terminal possédant des capacités de déchiffrement associées à un premier procédé de déchiffrement. Ces premières parties sont ensuite chiffrées en masse afin de produire des premières parties chiffrées. Ces dernières sont mémorisées dans une mémoire tampon. Les deuxièmes parties sont mises en fil d'attente afin d'être transmises aux terminal. Une chaîne de contenu chiffrée de manière sélective est assemblée à partir des premières et deuxièmes parties chiffrées. Cet abrégé n'est pas limitatif, étant donné que d'autres modes de réalisation de l'invention sont à considérer.
PCT/US2004/032227 2003-10-31 2004-09-30 Chiffrement base sur une session en mode differe d'un contenu de video a la demande WO2005048579A2 (fr)

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JP2006538006A JP4782015B2 (ja) 2003-10-31 2004-09-30 ビデオオンデマンドコンテンツのバッチモードセッションベースの暗号化
KR1020067007182A KR101085542B1 (ko) 2003-10-31 2004-09-30 Ｖｏｄ 컨텐츠의 일괄 모드 세션-기반 암호화
EP04818591.2A EP1678939B1 (fr) 2003-10-31 2004-09-30 Chiffrement base sur une session en mode differe d'un contenu de video a la demande

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US51613103P 2003-10-31 2003-10-31
US60/516,131 2003-10-31
US10/764,202 2004-01-23
US10/764,011 2004-01-23
US10/764,202 US20050097596A1 (en) 2003-10-31 2004-01-23 Re-encrypted delivery of video-on-demand content
US10/764,011 US7853980B2 (en) 2003-10-31 2004-01-23 Bi-directional indices for trick mode video-on-demand
US10/802,084 US20050097597A1 (en) 2003-10-31 2004-03-16 Hybrid storage of video on demand content
US10/802,007 US7346163B2 (en) 2003-10-31 2004-03-16 Dynamic composition of pre-encrypted video on demand content
US10/802,008 2004-03-16
US10/802,007 2004-03-16
US10/802,008 US7620180B2 (en) 2003-11-03 2004-03-16 Preparation of content for multiple conditional access methods in video on demand
US10/802,084 2004-03-16
US10/823,431 2004-04-13
US10/823,431 US7343013B2 (en) 2003-12-16 2004-04-13 Composite session-based encryption of video on demand content
US10/828,737 2004-04-21
US10/828,737 US7263187B2 (en) 2003-10-31 2004-04-21 Batch mode session-based encryption of video on demand content

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JP2007510359A (ja) 2007-04-19
US7263187B2 (en) 2007-08-28
US20050097598A1 (en) 2005-05-05
KR101085542B1 (ko) 2011-11-24
JP4782015B2 (ja) 2011-09-28
KR20060090993A (ko) 2006-08-17
EP1678939A2 (fr) 2006-07-12
WO2005048579A3 (fr) 2006-11-30
EP1678939A4 (fr) 2010-10-13
EP1678939B1 (fr) 2013-07-31

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