WO2005046212A1 - 透かし情報埋め込み装置,透かし情報検出装置,透かし情報埋め込み方法,透かし情報検出方法,および印刷物 - Google Patents
透かし情報埋め込み装置,透かし情報検出装置,透かし情報埋め込み方法,透かし情報検出方法,および印刷物 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005046212A1 WO2005046212A1 PCT/JP2004/016300 JP2004016300W WO2005046212A1 WO 2005046212 A1 WO2005046212 A1 WO 2005046212A1 JP 2004016300 W JP2004016300 W JP 2004016300W WO 2005046212 A1 WO2005046212 A1 WO 2005046212A1
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- watermark information
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/387—Composing, repositioning or otherwise geometrically modifying originals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T1/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T1/0021—Image watermarking
- G06T1/005—Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T9/00—Image coding
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
- H04N1/32101—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
- H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
- H04N1/32149—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
- H04N1/32203—Spatial or amplitude domain methods
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
- H04N1/32101—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
- H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
- H04N1/32149—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
- H04N1/32203—Spatial or amplitude domain methods
- H04N1/32208—Spatial or amplitude domain methods involving changing the magnitude of selected pixels, e.g. overlay of information or super-imposition
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
- H04N1/32101—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
- H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
- H04N1/32149—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
- H04N1/32203—Spatial or amplitude domain methods
- H04N1/32261—Spatial or amplitude domain methods in binary data
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
- H04N1/32101—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
- H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
- H04N1/32149—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
- H04N1/32288—Multiple embedding, e.g. cocktail embedding, or redundant embedding, e.g. repeating the additional information at a plurality of locations in the image
- H04N1/32293—Repeating the additional information in a regular pattern
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N5/00—Details of television systems
- H04N5/76—Television signal recording
- H04N5/91—Television signal processing therefor
- H04N5/913—Television signal processing therefor for scrambling ; for copy protection
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2201/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T2201/005—Image watermarking
- G06T2201/0051—Embedding of the watermark in the spatial domain
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2201/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T2201/005—Image watermarking
- G06T2201/0065—Extraction of an embedded watermark; Reliable detection
Definitions
- Watermark information embedding device Watermark information detection device, watermark information embedding method, watermark information detection method, and printed matter
- the present invention relates to a watermark information embedding device Z method for embedding information in an image using a digital watermark technology, and a watermark information detecting device Z method for detecting embedded information embedded in an image using a digital watermark technology. .
- Digital watermarking in which information for preventing forgery or confidential information is embedded in a form that is invisible to human eyes, is stored on electronic media, and is copied to images and document data. Assuming that the information embedded in the watermark is not degraded or lost, the information can be detected reliably. Similarly, in order to prevent a document printed on a paper medium from being illegally tampered with and re-copied, the document cannot be tampered with in a visually non-obstructive format other than characters. There is a need for a way to embed confidential information into printed documents where possible.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-103-01762
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned problems of the conventional watermark information embedding Z detection technology, and a main object of the present invention is to represent information by expressing the information with simple lines and points.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved watermark information embedding device, a watermark information detecting device, a watermark information embedding method, a watermark information detecting method, and a printed material capable of dramatically improving the recording density.
- a watermark information embedding device that embeds information in an image by a digital watermark technique.
- a watermark information embedding device includes an encoding unit for encoding embedded information to be embedded in an image, a pattern allocating unit for assigning a pattern to each symbol of the encoded embedded information, And an arrangement unit for regularly arranging the patterns to be arranged on the image, wherein one or more patterns having a predetermined spatial period are assigned to each symbol.
- the pattern can be a pattern consisting of multiple pixels with a fixed frequency and direction.
- the pattern defines the corresponding symbol according to the direction of the strong frequency component. You can.
- the pattern has edge components having mutually orthogonal frequencies, and the corresponding symbol can be determined by the direction of the edge component having the strong frequency.
- the pattern has horizontal and vertical edge components at a specific frequency, and the corresponding symbol can be determined according to the direction of the strong edge component at that frequency.
- two or more patterns having close frequencies and directions may be assigned to each symbol.
- the arranging unit may compare pixels on the image with pixels of the pattern on a pixel-by-pixel basis and switch whether or not to arrange the pattern on a pixel-by-pixel basis.
- the comparison can be made with pixel values.
- the comparison can also be made by judging whether pixels on the image constitute the foreground or background, and whether the pixels of the pattern constitute the foreground or background. it can.
- the arranging unit may arrange the pattern only when the pixel on the image is a pixel constituting the background.
- a pattern can be a pattern in which a pattern is in contact with an adjacent pattern.
- An imaging unit that converts arbitrary data into an image may be provided.
- Arbitrary data is, for example, data such as documents, figures, tables, paintings, maps, and photographs.
- a printing unit for printing an image with embedded information on a printable medium may be provided.
- a watermark information detecting device for detecting embedded information embedded in an image by a digital watermark technique.
- the watermark information detection device of the present invention includes a detection unit that detects a pattern corresponding to embedded information, which is arranged in an image, and the pattern is added to the image by the watermark information embedding device according to the first aspect of the present invention.
- the feature is that the pattern is arranged.
- the pattern may be a pattern that is more deteriorated than at the time of embedding by, for example, an irreversible filter, scaling processing, printing, scanning, or the like.
- the detection unit can determine the symbol corresponding to the detected pattern from the detected pattern, and restore the embedded information by combining the symbols.
- the detection unit may perform the filtering process on the small area in the image while scanning the area larger than the small area in the image.
- the peak position of the filter output value may be searched in units of recording of the pattern from the scanned filter processing result, and the pattern position may be specified.
- the detection unit may specify the pattern based on the sign of the output value of the filter.
- the detection unit may use a filter that reduces a response to a pattern having an opposite phase.
- the detection unit may use a filter that can correctly detect a signal even when the frequency of the pattern decreases.
- the detection unit uses a filter that uses the maximum or minimum value of the density, luminance, saturation, or chromaticity of a certain range of pixels around a part of the sample value at the time of edge detection. You may make it.
- a watermark information embedding method for embedding information in an image by a digital watermark technique.
- a watermark information embedding method includes an encoding step of encoding embedded information to be embedded in an image, a pattern assigning step of assigning a pattern to each symbol of the encoded embedded information, and a pattern corresponding to the embedded information. And an arrangement step of regularly arranging on an image, wherein one or more patterns having a predetermined spatial period are assigned to each symbol.
- the pattern can be a pattern consisting of multiple pixels with a fixed frequency and direction.
- the pattern can determine the corresponding symbol depending on the direction of the strong frequency component.
- the pattern has edge components having mutually orthogonal frequencies, and the corresponding symbol can be determined by the direction of the edge component having the strong frequency.
- the pattern has horizontal and vertical edge components at a specific frequency, and the corresponding symbol can be determined according to the direction of the strong edge component at that frequency.
- two or more patterns having close frequencies and directions may be assigned to each symbol.
- the pixels on the image are compared with the pixels of the pattern on a pixel-by-pixel basis, and whether or not the pattern is arranged is switched on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Good.
- the comparison can be made with pixel values.
- the comparison can also be performed by determining whether the pixels on the image constitute the foreground or the background, and whether the pixels of the pattern constitute the foreground or the background. .
- the pattern may be arranged only when the pixel on the image is a pixel constituting the background.
- the pattern may be a pattern in which the pattern is in contact with an adjacent pattern.
- the method may further include the following steps.
- An imaging step of converting arbitrary data into an image may be included.
- Arbitrary data is, for example, data such as documents, figures, tables, paintings, maps, and photographs.
- a printing step of printing the image with the embedded information on a printable medium may be included.
- a watermark information detecting method for detecting embedded information embedded in an image by a digital watermark technique.
- the watermark information detection method according to the present invention uses the embedded information arranged in the image.
- the method includes a detection step of detecting a pattern corresponding to the information, wherein the pattern is a pattern arranged on an image by the watermark information embedding method according to the third aspect of the present invention.
- the pattern may be a pattern that has deteriorated compared to the time of embedding due to, for example, an irreversible filter, a scaling process, or printing or scanning.
- the filtering process may be performed on a small region in the image while scanning a region larger than the small region in the image.
- the peak value of the filter output value may be searched for in the unit in which the pattern is recorded, and the pattern position may be specified.
- the pattern may be specified by the sign of the output value of the filter.
- a filter for reducing a reaction to a pattern having a reversed phase may be used.
- a filter that can correctly detect a signal even when the frequency of the pattern is lowered may be used.
- a filter that uses the highest or lowest value of the density, luminance, saturation, or chromaticity of a certain range of surrounding pixels is used as a part of the sample value at the time of edge detection. You may do so.
- a printed matter output by embedding information in an image by a digital watermarking technique is one of one or two or more patterns having a predetermined spatial period assigned to each symbol, each symbol encoding embedded information to be embedded in an image. Is assigned, and the pattern corresponding to the embedded information is It is characterized by being regularly arranged in an image.
- the pattern can be a pattern consisting of multiple pixels with a fixed frequency and direction.
- the pattern can determine the corresponding symbol depending on the direction of the strong frequency component.
- the pattern has edge components having mutually orthogonal frequencies, and the corresponding symbol can be determined by the direction of the edge component having the strong frequency.
- the pattern has horizontal and vertical edge components at a specific frequency, and the corresponding symbol can be determined according to the direction of the strong edge component at that frequency.
- two or more patterns having close frequencies and directions may be assigned to each symbol.
- the pixels on the image may be compared with the pixels of the pattern on a pixel-by-pixel basis, and whether or not the pattern is arranged may be switched on a pixel-by-pixel basis.
- the comparison can be made with pixel values.
- the comparison is performed by judging whether the pixels on the image constitute the foreground or the background, and whether the pixels of the pattern constitute the foreground or the background. You can also.
- the pattern may be arranged only when the pixel on the image is a pixel constituting the background.
- the pattern can be a pattern in which the adjacent pattern is in contact with the pattern.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing the configurations of a watermark information embedding device and a watermark information detecting device according to a first embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing a processing flow of a watermark information embedding method.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory view showing an example of a signal unit. (1) shows a unit A, and (2) shows a unit B.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the change in the pixel value in FIG. 3 (1) as viewed from the direction of arctan (1Z3).
- FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a signal unit. (3) shows a unit C, (4) shows a unit D, and (5) shows a unit E.
- FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram of the background image.
- (1) defines unit E as the background unit.
- (3) shows an example of embedding unit A in the background image
- (3) shows an example of embedding unit B in the background image of (1).
- FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a method for embedding a symbol in a watermark image.
- FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing a method of embedding embedding information 16 in a watermark image.
- FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing a processing flow of a watermark detection unit 32.
- FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram showing a method of synthesizing a watermarked document image.
- FIG. 11 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a watermarked document image.
- FIG. 12 is an explanatory diagram showing a part of FIG. 10 in an enlarged manner.
- FIG. 13 is a flowchart showing a processing flow of a watermark detection unit 32.
- FIG. 14 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of (1) an input image and (2) an input image after a unit pattern break position is set.
- FIG. 15 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a region corresponding to unit A in an input image.
- FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 15 as seen from a direction parallel to the wave propagation direction.
- FIG. 17 is an explanatory diagram illustrating a method of determining whether a symbol unit embedded in unit pattern U (x, y) is unit A or unit B.
- FIG. 18 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of information restoration.
- FIG. 19 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a data code restoration method.
- FIG. 20 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a data code restoring method.
- FIG. 21 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a data code restoration method.
- FIG. 22 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a signal unit composed of 6 ⁇ 6 pixels.
- FIG. 23 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a signal unit composed of 18 ⁇ 18 pixels
- FIG. 24 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a signal unit represented by a broken line.
- FIG. 25 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a signal unit to which a noise component has been added.
- FIG. 26 is an explanatory diagram showing an example in which the patterns of FIGS. 24 and 25 are combined.
- FIG. 27 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a signal unit composed of 4 ⁇ 4 pixels.
- FIG. 28 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a signal unit composed of 4 ⁇ 4 pixels.
- FIG. 29 is an explanatory diagram showing a case where the pattern of FIG. 28 is printed and Z-scanned.
- FIG. 30 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a filter processing mask of 4 ⁇ 4 pixels.
- FIG. 31 is an explanatory diagram showing a case where scans are performed in raster scan order.
- FIG. 32 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a case where a document printed at 600 dpi is scanned at 400 dpi.
- FIG. 33 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a case where an image printed at 600 dpi is scanned at 500 dpi.
- FIG. 34 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a case where a document printed at 600 dpi is scanned at 600 dpi.
- FIG. 35 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a filter processing mask of 3 ⁇ 3 pixels.
- FIG. 36 is an explanatory diagram showing output characteristics of a filter.
- FIG. 37 is an explanatory diagram showing an application example of a filter processing mask.
- FIG. 38 is an explanatory diagram showing a processing result when the filter processing mask of FIG. 37 is used.
- FIG. 39 is an explanatory diagram showing an application example of the signal unit.
- FIG. 40 is an explanatory diagram showing one application example of the filter processing mask.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing the configuration of a watermark information embedding device and a watermark information detection device according to the present embodiment.
- the watermark information embedding device 10 is a device that synthesizes a watermarked image based on image data and information to be embedded in the image, and prints it on a paper medium. As shown in Fig. 1, the watermark information embedding device 10 is composed of an encoding unit 11, a pattern assigning unit 12, a watermarked document synthesizing unit 13, and an output device 14. I have. The watermark information embedding device 10 receives the image data 15 and the embedding information 16 to be embedded in the image.
- the image data 15 is an image input terminal (shown in the figure) of the watermark information embedding device 10. )).
- the image data 15 is an image of any data, such as documents, figures, tables, paintings, maps, and photographs, or any combination of these.
- a method of reading with a scanner or a document or the like output by a word processor that has been imaged, such as a print image can be used.
- the description is made on the assumption that printing is performed with black ink (single color) on white paper, but the present invention is not limited to this, and printing is performed with one color (multicolor). Even so, the present invention can be applied similarly.
- embedding information 16 is information (character strings, images, and audio data) to be embedded in paper media in a format other than characters.
- the encoding unit 11 performs an encoding process on the data of the embedded information 16.
- the pattern assignment unit 12 assigns a watermark signal (pattern) to each encoded symbol.
- the embedding information 16 is converted into a numerical value by digitizing it, and then N-element encoding (N is 2 or more), and each symbol is assigned to a watermark signal prepared in advance.
- the watermark signal of the present embodiment expresses a wave having an arbitrary direction and a wavelength by arranging dots in a rectangular area of an arbitrary size, and assigns a symbol to the direction and the wavelength of the wave. It is a thing.
- Such a watermark signal is hereinafter referred to as a “signal unit”. Details of the signal unit will be described later.
- the watermarked document synthesizing unit 13 directly draws a pattern representing the embedded information on the image input from the image input terminal.
- the watermarked document synthesizing unit 13 of the present embodiment creates a watermarked document image in this manner.
- the output device 14 is an output device such as a printer, and prints a watermarked document image on a paper medium. Therefore, the encoding unit 11, the pattern allocating unit 12, and the watermarked document synthesizing unit 13 may be realized as one function in the printer driver.
- the printed matter 20 is a paper or card printed by embedding the embedded information 16 in the original image data 15 and is physically stored and managed. (Watermark Information Detection Device 30)
- the watermark information detection device 30 is a device that captures a document printed on a paper medium as an image and restores the embedded information 16. As shown in Fig. 1, the watermark information detection device 30 is composed of an input device 31 and a watermark detection unit 32.
- the input device 31 is an input device such as a scanner, and takes the printed matter 20 into a computer as a multi-valued gray image.
- the input image may be the image output by the digital watermark embedding device 10, the image degraded by irreversible compression such as JPEG, the image reduced by a digital filter, or the like. Image may be used.
- the watermark detection unit 32 detects the signal unit drawn on the image by filtering the whole or a part of the image captured by the input device 31, and embeds the signal unit. Extract information 16
- the watermark information embedding device 10 and the watermark information detecting device 30 according to the present embodiment are configured as described above. Next, the operation of the watermark information embedding device 10 and the watermark information detecting device 30 will be described. First, the operation of the watermark information embedding device 10 will be described with reference to the flowchart in FIG.
- the image data 15 and the embedding information 16 are input to the watermark image embedding device 10 (step S101).
- the document data 15 is data including font information and layout information, and is created by word processing software or the like.
- the document data 15 is, for example, binary data of black and white, where white pixels (pixels with a value of 1) on the image are the background and black pixels (pixels with a value of 0) on the image are character areas (ink-coated). Area).
- confidential information 16 is various data such as characters, voices, and images.
- the embedding information 16 is converted into an N-element code (step S102).
- the embedded information 16 may be encoded as it is, or an encrypted version of the embedded information 16 may be encoded.
- the watermark signal of the present embodiment expresses a wave having an arbitrary wavelength and direction by an array of dots (black pixels).
- step S103 a signal unit to be assigned to each symbol will be described.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of the signal unit.
- a rectangle having a width and a height of Sw and Sh is referred to as a “signal unit” as a unit of one signal.
- the distance between the dots is dense in the direction of arctan (3) (arctan is an inverse function of tan) with respect to the horizontal axis, and the wave propagation direction is arctan (-1 Z3).
- this signal unit is referred to as unit A.
- the distance between the dots is dense in the direction of arctan (-3) with respect to the horizontal axis, and the wave propagation direction is arctan (1/3).
- this signal unit is referred to as unit B.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the change in the pixel value in FIG. 3 (1) as viewed from the direction of arctan (1).
- the area where dots are arranged is the minimum of the wave. It is the antinode of the value (the point where the amplitude is the maximum), and the part where no dots are arranged is the antinode of the maximum value of the wave.
- symbol 0 is assigned to the signal unit represented by unit A
- symbol 1 is assigned to the signal unit represented by unit B.
- symbol units are also called symbol units.
- this signal unit is referred to as unit C.
- Fig. 5 (4) the distance between the dots is dense in the direction of arctan (-1/3) with respect to the horizontal axis, and the propagation direction of the wave is arctan (3).
- this signal unit is referred to as unit D.
- Fig. 5 (5) the distance between the dots is dense in the direction of arctan (1) with respect to the horizontal axis, and the propagation direction of the wave is arctan (-1).
- Fig. 5 (5) it can be considered that the distance between the dots is dense in the direction of arctan (-1) with respect to the horizontal axis, and the wave propagation direction is arctan (1).
- this signal unit is referred to as unit E.
- step S103 shown in Fig. 2 when the embedded information 16 is encoded by a quaternary code, for example, symbol 0 is assigned to unit A, symbol 1 is assigned to unit B, and symbol 1 is assigned to unit B. It is also possible to assign symbol 2 to C and symbol 3 to unit D.
- unit E is defined as a background unit (a signal unit to which no symbol is assigned), and these are arranged without gaps as a background of the watermark image, and a symbol unit (unit When embedding A and unit B) in the watermark image, the background unit (unit E) and the symbol unit (unit A and unit B) at the position to be embedded are exchanged.
- FIG. 6 (1) is an explanatory diagram showing a case where the unit E is defined as a background unit, and these are arranged side by side without any gap to provide the background of the watermark image.
- Fig. 6 (2) shows an example of embedding unit A in the background image of Fig. 6 (1)
- Fig. 6 (3) shows an example of embedding unit B in the background image of Fig. 6 (1). Is shown.
- a method of using the background unit as the background of the watermark image will be described.
- the watermark image may be generated by arranging only the symbol unit.
- FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a method of embedding a signal unit into a watermark image.
- the case of embedding a bit string “0 1 0 1” will be described.
- the same symbol unit is repeatedly embedded. Include. This is to prevent the signal in the document from being undetected when the signal is detected if it is overlaid on the embedded symbol unit.
- the repetition number and arrangement pattern of the symbol unit (hereinafter referred to as a unit pattern). Is optional.
- the number of repetitions is set to 4 (four symbol units exist in one unit pattern) as shown in Fig. 7 (1), or as shown in Fig. 7 (2).
- the number of repetitions can be 2 (two symbol units exist in one unit pattern), or the number of repetitions is 1 (only one symbol unit exists in one unit pattern). Is also good.
- How many bits of information can be embedded in the watermark image for one page depends on the size of the signal unit, the size of the unit pattern, and the size of the document image.
- the number of signals embedded in the horizontal and vertical directions of the document image may be detected as known, or signal detection may be performed, or back-calculated from the size of the image input from the input device and the size of the signal unit. good.
- FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing a method of embedding the embedding information 16 in a watermark image.
- the embedding information 16 is converted into an N-element code (step S 201).
- Step 2 is the same as step S102.
- the coded data is called a data code
- the data code expressed by a combination of unit patterns is called a data code unit Du.
- step S202 From the code length of the data code (here, the number of bits) and the number of embedded bits, it is calculated how many times the data code unit can be embedded in one image (step S202).
- the code length data of the data code is inserted into the first row of the unit pattern matrix.
- the code length of the data code may be fixed and the code length data may not be embedded in the watermark image.
- the number Dn of embedding data code units is calculated by the following equation, where Cn is the data code length.
- the unit pattern matrix has Dn data code units and the first Rn bit of the data code. This will embed a unit pattern corresponding to the number of minutes. However, the Rn bit in the remainder does not necessarily have to be embedded.
- the size of the unit pattern matrix is 9 X 1 1 (11 rows and 9 columns), and the data code length is 12 (the code numbered 0 1 1 in the figure is the data code length). Represents each symbol of).
- code length data is embedded in the first row of the unit pattern matrix (step S203).
- the code length is represented by 9-bit data and embedded only once. However, if the width Pw of the unit pattern matrix is sufficiently large, the code length data is similar to the data code. Can be embedded repeatedly.
- data code units are repeatedly embedded in the second and subsequent rows of the unit pattern matrix (step S204).
- the data code is buried in the row direction in order from MSB, mo s t s ig n i f i c a n t b i t) or l_SB (lea s t s ig n i f ica n).
- the example in Fig. 9 shows an example in which the data code unit is embedded seven times and the first six bits of the data code are embedded.
- the data may be embedded so as to be continuous in the row direction as shown in Fig. 9 or may be embedded so as to be continuous in the column direction.
- step S103 The allocation of the watermark signal (step S103) in pattern allocation section 12 has been described above. Next, step S104 and subsequent steps will be described again with reference to FIG.
- the watermarked document image synthesizing section 13 superimposes the image data 15 and the watermark signal assigned by the pattern assigning section 12 (step S104). If the image data 15 is a binary image, the value of each pixel of the watermarked document image is calculated by the logical AND operation (AND) of the corresponding pixel values of the document image and the watermark image. That is, if either the document image or the watermark image is 0 (black), the pixel value of the watermarked document image is 0 (black); otherwise, the pixel value is 1 (white).
- the input image is composed of background colors that make up the background of documents, figures, etc. With a foreground color that makes up such as.
- the signal unit also has a foreground color that represents the signal and a background color that serves as the background.
- the background color of the signal unit is treated as a transparent color, and the background color part of the signal unit is the image itself. May be left on the output image. If the foreground color of the input image overlaps the foreground color of the signal unit, the foreground color of the input image may be given priority and left on the output image. If the background color on the input image and the foreground color of the signal unit overlap, the foreground color of the signal unit may be left on the output image. In addition, only the luminance component may be synthesized, or another color component may be superimposed.
- FIG. 11 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a watermarked document image.
- FIG. 12 is an explanatory diagram showing a part of FIG. 11 in an enlarged manner.
- the unit pattern uses the pattern shown in Fig. 7 (1).
- the watermarked document image generated as described above is output by the output device 14 (step S105).
- FIG. 13 is a flowchart showing the processing flow of the watermark detection unit 32.
- a printed matter 20 is input to a memory or the like of a computer by an input device 31 such as a scanner (step S301).
- the image read by the input device 31 is called an input image.
- the input image is a multi-valued image, and is described below as a gray image with 256 gradations.
- the resolution of the input image (the resolution at the time of reading by the input device 31) may be different from that of the watermark information embedding device 10; however, here, the same resolution will be described. It is also assumed that the input image has been corrected for rotation, expansion, contraction, and the like.
- the number of unit patterns embedded is calculated (step S302). For example, assuming that the size of the input image is W (width) XH (height), the size of the signal unit is S wx S h, and the unit pattern is composed of U wx U h units.
- a unit pattern break position is set for the input image (step S303).
- Fig. 14 shows an example of the input image (Fig. 14 (1)) and the input image after setting the unit pattern break positions (Fig. 14 (2)).
- step S304 a symbol unit is detected for each unit pattern break, and a unit pattern matrix is restored. The details of signal detection are described below.
- FIG. 15 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of an area corresponding to the unit A shown in FIG. 3A in the input image.
- the signal unit is a binary image, but here it is a multivalued image.
- Fig. 16 is a cross-sectional view of Fig. 15 as seen from the direction parallel to the wave propagation direction. While Fig. 4 shows a square wave, Fig. 16 shows a smooth wave.
- a two-dimensional wavelet filter that can simultaneously define the frequency and direction of a wave and the range of influence is used.
- a Gabor filter which is one of the two-dimensional wavelet filters, is used. If the filter has the same properties as the Gabor filter, it does not necessarily need to be a Gabor filter.
- a method of defining a template having a dot pattern and performing pattern matching may be used.
- g w and g h are the sizes of the filters, and here are the same size as the signal unit embedded by the watermark information embedding device 10 described above.
- A Horizontal range of influence
- B Vertical range of influence
- a Gabor filter having the same frequency, wave direction, and size as the symbol unit embedded in the watermark image is prepared in the same number as the type of the embedded signal unit.
- the Gabor filters corresponding to unit A and unit B in Fig. 3 are called filter A and filter B, respectively.
- the filter output value at an arbitrary position in the input image is calculated by the composition between the filter and the image.
- real filter and imaginary filter Numeric filters are filters whose phases are shifted by half a wavelength from real filters.
- the filter output value is used as the filter output value.
- the output value F (A) is calculated by the following formula.
- Fig. 17 describes a method of determining whether the symbol unit embedded in the unit pattern U (x, y) delimited by step S303 is unit A or unit B.
- the step width for moving the filter is arbitrary, and only the output value at a representative position on the unit pattern may be calculated.
- the absolute value of the difference between F u (A, x, y) and F u (B, x, y) is clear. If the difference is equal to or less than the predetermined threshold, the determination may not be made.
- step S305 the symbols of the unit pattern matrix are concatenated to reconstruct the data code, and the original information is restored.
- FIG. 18 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of information restoration. The steps for restoring information are as follows.
- FIG. 19 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a data code restoration method.
- the restoration method is basically the reverse of that in Fig. 8.
- the code length data portion is extracted from the first row of the unit pattern matrix, and the code length of the embedded data code is obtained (step S401).
- step S402 based on the size of the unit pattern matrix and the code length of the data code obtained in S401, the number of times Dn and the remainder Rn of embedding the data code unit are calculated (step S402).
- a data code unit is extracted from the second and subsequent rows of the unit pattern matrix by the method reverse to step S203 (step S403).
- step S 404 the embedded data code is reconstructed by performing a bit confidence operation on the data code unit extracted in step S 403 (step S 404).
- bit confidence calculation will be described.
- the first outer code unit extracted from the second row and first column of the unit pattern matrix is denoted by Du (1, 1) Du (1 2, 1), and is sequentially denoted by Du (1 , 2) Du (1 2, 2), ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , The remainder is Du (1,8) -Du (6,8).
- the bit confidence operation is to determine the value of each symbol of the data code, for example, by taking a majority decision for each element of each data code unit. As a result, even if a signal could not be detected correctly from an arbitrary unit in an arbitrary data code unit (bit inversion error, etc.) due to overlap with the character area or dirt on the paper surface, the final result is obtained. Data codes can be restored correctly.
- the first bit of the data code is such that the signal detection result of Du (1, 1), Du (1, 2), ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , Du (1, 8) is 1 If the number is large, it is judged as 1. If the number is 0, it is judged as 0.
- the second bit of the data code is determined by a majority decision based on the signal detection results of Du (2, 1), Du (2, 2), ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , Du (2, 8). Is Du (1 2, 1), Du (1 2, 2), ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , Du (1 2, 7) (Up to Du (1 2, 7) because Du (1 2, 8) does not exist) Judgment is made by majority decision based on the signal detection result of ().
- the bit certainty factor calculation can also be performed by adding the output values of the signal detection filter in Fig. 17. This means, for example, that a symbol of 0 is assigned to unit A in Fig. 3 (1) and a symbol of 1 is assigned to unit B in Fig. 3 (2), and Du (m, n)
- the maximum value of the output value of the filter A with respect to is given by the filter B with respect to D f (A, m, n) If the maximum value of the output value is D f (B, m, n), the M-th bit of the data code is [0126] [Equation 5]
- the printed document may be slightly stained. Even in this case, stable information detection can be performed.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-1 01762 adopts a configuration in which a document image and a watermark image are separately generated.
- a pattern can be directly rendered on an image. Therefore, there is no need to generate a document image and a watermark image separately.
- the signal unit in Fig. 22 is composed of 6 x 6 pixels, and represents horizontal and vertical component waves each having a frequency of about 1 pixel in width.
- FIG. 22A shows an example of a pattern for recording information “1”
- FIG. 22B shows an example of a pattern for recording information “0”.
- Fig. 23 (a) is an example of a pattern for recording information "1”
- Fig. 23 (b) is an example of a pattern for recording information "0”.
- a 72 x 54 pixel area is required.
- the area of the area to be embedded can be set to 1Z9. it can. Also, if information is embedded in a region of the same area, it is possible to embed nine times as much information.
- FIG. 24 shows an example of a pattern for recording information "1”
- FIG. 24B shows an example of a pattern for recording information "0”.
- the signal unit in Fig. 25 is a signal in which a noise component is added to the frequency component of the signal. Even if a noise component is added to the signal frequency component as shown in Fig. 25, the effect on information extraction is negligible because the horizontal and vertical frequency components are strong.
- Fig. 25 (a) shows an example of a pattern for recording information "1”
- Fig. 25 (b) shows an example of a pattern for recording information "0”.
- the signal unit in Fig. 27 is composed of 4 x 4 pixels, and represents a horizontal component wave and a vertical component wave each having a frequency of about 1 pixel in width.
- FIG. 27A shows an example of a pattern for recording information "1”
- FIG. 27B shows an example of a pattern for recording information "0”.
- the area of the area to be embedded should be less than 1 Z20 when embedding the same information. be able to. Also, if information is embedded in a region of the same area, more than 20 times as much information can be embedded.
- the signal unit in Fig. 28 is composed of 4 x 4 pixels, like the signal unit in Fig. 27, and comes into contact with one of the upper, lower, left, and right patterns.
- the pattern on the medium output from the printer may be printed more clearly, and the signal detection accuracy may be improved.
- FIG. 30 shows an example of a filter processing mask in the case of 4 ⁇ 4 pixels.
- Fig. 30 (a) has a positive filter output pattern
- Fig. 30 (c) has a negative filter output pattern.
- the filtering process may be performed on the entire image while scanning a filtering mask of MX N pixels (for example, 4 ⁇ 4 pixels) by n pixels in the XZY direction. Scanning is performed in raster scan order, as shown in Figure 31. Good. In addition, after filtering in the horizontal direction is performed on the entire image, filtering in the vertical direction may be performed on the entire image.
- the pattern in FIG. 22 is a pattern in which high frequency components are dull as shown in FIG. 32 due to the characteristics of the printer Z scanner.
- the result is as shown in Fig. 33
- the result is as shown in Fig. 34.
- FIGS. 32 and 34 (a) shows a pattern for recording information '1', and (b) shows a pattern for recording information '0'.
- a case of scanning at 400 dpi will be described as an example.
- the filter processing mask of 3 ⁇ 3 pixels shown in FIG. 35 is used to detect the pattern shown in FIG.
- Fig. 35 (a) for example, Fig. 35 (b) has a positive filter output pattern, and Fig. 35 (c) has a negative filter output pattern.
- this example can also be applied when scanning at the same resolution as when printing the 4X4 pattern shown in Fig. 27. Filter processing can be described using this mask, for example, as in the following equation (1).
- Filter processing is performed while moving the filter processing mask, and a set of outputs f of the filter processing, that is, a filter output result when the scan shown in Fig. 31 is performed in raster scan order is generated. .
- the output characteristics of the filter are as shown in Fig. 36, and 1 ZO of the information can be determined by the sign of the filter output value.
- the filter processing mask may be different from the signal unit.
- Filter output The output is the highest when the value matches the signal unit, and the output value decreases as it deviates from the signal unit. Therefore, the signal position can be synchronized by searching for the peak value. This processing is substantially the same as in the first embodiment.
- Equations (1) and (2) also react to patterns with the same frequency but opposite phase (black and white are reversed), which also reacts to pseudo white edges between black patterns, adversely affecting the signal detection rate.
- the inverse phase reaction suppression means g (X)
- the 4 ⁇ 4 filter processing mask shown in Fig. 30 is used.
- a filter processing mask as shown in Fig. 37 is used to detect edges by looking at the pixels surrounding the 4X4 pattern.
- Fig. 37 (a) for example, Fig. 37 (b) has a positive filter output pattern, and Fig. 37 (c) has a negative filter output pattern. Filter operation is performed as shown in the following equation (4).
- FIG. 39 shows a pattern for recording information '1'
- FIG. 39 shows a pattern for recording information '0'
- the filter processing mask shown in Fig. 40 is used.
- Fig. 40 (a) for example, Fig. 40 (b) has a positive filter output pattern
- Fig. 40 (c) has a negative filter output pattern.
- the filter equation of the second embodiment can be used as it is.
- an image forming unit (image forming means) for converting the image data 15 into an image may be provided, and the image formed may be input to the watermarked image combining unit 13.
- the present invention provides a watermark information embedding method for embedding information in an image by digital watermarking technology.
- This method can be used for the watermarking device Z method, the watermark information detecting device Z method for detecting embedded information embedded in an image by digital watermarking technology, and printed matter.
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Abstract
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US10/577,911 US20070079124A1 (en) | 2003-11-11 | 2004-11-04 | Stowable mezzanine bed |
EP04799484A EP1684496A4 (en) | 2003-11-11 | 2004-11-04 | DIGITAL FILIGRANE INFORMATION INTEGRATION DEVICE, DEVICE FOR DETECTING SAID INFORMATION, METHOD OF INTEGRATION OF SAID INFORMATION, METHOD FOR DETECTING SAID INFORMATION AND PRINTED ELEMENT |
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JP2003-381142 | 2003-11-11 | ||
JP2003381142A JP2005150815A (ja) | 2003-11-11 | 2003-11-11 | 透かし情報埋め込み装置,透かし情報検出装置,透かし情報埋め込み方法,透かし情報検出方法,および印刷物 |
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JP2008085695A (ja) * | 2006-09-28 | 2008-04-10 | Fujitsu Ltd | 電子透かし埋め込み装置および検出装置 |
JP5015540B2 (ja) | 2006-09-28 | 2012-08-29 | 富士通株式会社 | 電子透かし埋め込み装置および検出装置 |
JP5014832B2 (ja) * | 2007-02-27 | 2012-08-29 | 株式会社沖データ | 画像処理装置、画像処理方法およびコンピュータプログラム |
JP4875723B2 (ja) * | 2009-04-24 | 2012-02-15 | シャープ株式会社 | 画像形成装置 |
JP5269019B2 (ja) * | 2010-09-21 | 2013-08-21 | 京セラドキュメントソリューションズ株式会社 | 画像読取装置および画像形成装置 |
IL218701A0 (en) * | 2012-03-18 | 2012-07-31 | Itzik Mantin | Encryption-resistant watermarking |
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CN105898324A (zh) * | 2015-12-07 | 2016-08-24 | 乐视云计算有限公司 | 视频水印隐藏插入方法及装置 |
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JP6686694B2 (ja) | 2016-05-19 | 2020-04-22 | 株式会社リコー | 情報処理装置、データ配置方法、プログラム |
US11330030B2 (en) * | 2019-07-25 | 2022-05-10 | Dreamworks Animation Llc | Network resource oriented data communication |
CN115334317B (zh) * | 2022-10-11 | 2023-01-10 | 山西名码云联科技有限公司 | 一种信息处理方法、装置及设备 |
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JP2005150815A (ja) | 2005-06-09 |
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EP1684496A4 (en) | 2010-02-17 |
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US20070079124A1 (en) | 2007-04-05 |
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