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  • C07D295/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms acylated on ring nitrogen atoms
  • C07D295/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms acylated on ring nitrogen atoms by radicals derived from carboxylic acids, or sulfur or nitrogen analogues thereof
  • C07D295/182—Radicals derived from carboxylic acids
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  • C07C2602/00—Systems containing two condensed rings
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  • C07C2602/14—All rings being cycloaliphatic
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  • C07C2603/58—Ring systems containing bridged rings containing three rings
  • C07C2603/70—Ring systems containing bridged rings containing three rings containing only six-membered rings
  • C07C2603/74—Adamantanes

Definitions

• the present invention relates to adamantylglycine-based inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4), to methods for employing such compounds alone or in combination with another type of therapeutic agent.
• DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase IV
• DPP-4 Depeptidyl peptidase IV
• GLP-1 (7-36), glucagon certain endogenous peptides
• GHRH, NPY, GLP-2, VIP proteolytic activity against a variety of other peptides
• GLP-1 (7-36) is a 29 amino-acid peptide derived by post-translational processing of proglucagon in the small intestine.
• GLP-1 (7-36) has multiple actions in vivo including the stimulation of insulin secretion, inhibition of glucagon secretion, the promotion of satiety, and the slowing of gastric emptying. Based on its physiological profile, the actions of GLP-1 (7-36) are expected to be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of type II diabetes and potentially obesity.
• exogenous administration of GLP-1 (7-36) continuously infusion in diabetic patients has demonstrated efficacy in this patient population.
• GLP-1(7-36) is degraded rapidly in vivo and has been shown to have a short half-life in vivo (t1/2»1.5 min). Based on a study of genetically bred DPP-4 KO mice and on in vivo/in vitro studies with selective DPP-4 inhibitors, DPP-4 has been shown to be the primary degrading enzyme of GLP-1(7-36) in vivo. GLP-1 (7-36) is degraded by DPP-4 efficiently to GLP-1 (9-36), which has been speculated to act as a physiological antagonist to GLP-1(7-36). Thus, inhibition of DPP-4 in vivo should potentiate endogenous levels of GLP-1(7-36) and attenuate formation of its antagonist GLP-1 (9-36), thereby serving to ameliorate the diabetic condition.
• formula I above includes all pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, and prodrug esters of formula I.
• the compounds of formula I possess activity as inhibitors of DPP-4 in vivo and are useful in the treatment of diabetes and the micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and wound healing. Such diseases and maladies are also sometimes referred to as "diabetic complications".
• the present invention provides for compounds of formula I, pharmaceutical compositions employing such compounds and for methods of using such compounds.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• a method for treating or delaying the progression or onset of diabetes especially type II diabetes, including complications of diabetes, including retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy and delayed wound healing, and related diseases such as insulin resistance (impaired glucose homeostasis), hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood levels of fatty acids or glycerol, obesity, hyperlipidemia including hypertriglyceridemia, Syndrome X, atherosclerosis and hypertension, and for increasing high density lipoprotein levels, wherein a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I is administered to a mammalian, e.g., human, patient in need of treatment.
• a mammalian e.g., human
• the compounds of the invention can be used alone, in combination with other compounds of the present invention, or in combination with one or more other agent(s) active in the therapeutic areas described herein.
• a method is provided for treating diabetes and related diseases as defined above and hereinafter, wherein a therapeutically effective amount of a combination of a compound of formula I and at least one other type of therapeutic agent, such as an antidiabetic agent and/or a hypolipidemic agent, is administered to a human patient in need of treatment.
• Further embodiments of the present invention include compounds of formula (I) selected from
• the compound of formula (I) will be employed in a weight ratio to the antidiabetic agent or other type therapeutic agent (depending upon its mode of operation) within the range from about 0.01 :1 to about 500:1 , preferably from about 0.1 :1 to about 100:1 , more preferably from about 0.2:1 to about 10:1.
• the compounds of the present invention provide very potent DPP-IV inhibitory activity in vitro against the human enzyme, where Ki's were measured using natural and psuedosubstrates. Further, in rodent models of impaired glucose homeostasis, the claimed compounds provided more effective reduction in peak and 4 hour area under the curve (AUC) plasma glucose after an oral glucose challenge.
• Inhibitors of serine proteases such as DPP-IV can often be characterized by their resemblance to the native substrates or portions thereof, cleaved by the specific enzyme.
• a standard nomenclature established by Schecter and Berger I. Schecter, A. Berger, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
• the enzyme DPP-IV cleaves the amino terminal (N-terminal) dipeptide from substrates with the appropriate recognition sequence, the N-terminus of DPP-IV substrates is generally synonymous with the P2 moiety.
• the present series of inhibitors of DPP-IV consists of compounds which bind to the same pockets occupied by the P2 and P1 residues of the native substrates, referred to as the S2 and S1 pockets in the enzyme.
• the adamantylglycine pyrrolidide compound illustrated below contains a P2 unit and a P1 unit.
• the compounds of the present invention all contain an adamantyl moiety or substituted adamantyl moiety in the P2 position, with varied P1 units.
• Our extensive investigations of various inhibitors of DPP-IV has revealed that in fixing the P2 unit as an adamantyl- or substituted adamantyl- containing glycine moiety, that a marked, measurable beneficial effect on in vitro DPP-IV inhibitory potency and/or enhanced activity in animal models of impaired glucose homeostasis has resulted.
• the compounds of formula I of the invention can be prepared as shown in the following reaction schemes and description thereof, as well as relevant published literature procedures that may be used by one skilled in the art. Exemplary reagents and procedures for these reactions appear hereinafter in the working Examples.
• compound 1 where PG is a common amine protecting group such as Boc, Cbz, or FMOC as set out below, may be generated by methods as described herein or in the literature (for example, see Robl et. al., US Patent No. 6,395,767).
• CONH 2 may be obtained from commercial sources, or alternatively generated by methods as described herein or in the literature (for example, see Sagnard et. al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, pp. 3148-3152; Tverezovsky et. al., Tetrahedron, 1997, 53, pp. 14773-14792; Hanessian et. al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett, 1998, 8, p. 2123-2128; Robl et. al., US Patent No. 6,395,767; Villhauer et. al., US Patent No. 6,110,949; Jenkins et. al., US Patent No. 5,939,560; Evans et.
• Amine 2 may be coupled to various protected substituted adamantylglycine amino acids (1) (where PG can be any of the PG protecting groups) using standard peptide coupling conditions (e.g. EDAC/HOAT, /-BuCOCOC1/TEA, PyBop/NMM) to afford the corresponding protected dipeptide 3.
• PG can be any of the PG protecting groups
• standard peptide coupling conditions e.g. EDAC/HOAT, /-BuCOCOC1/TEA, PyBop/NMM
• X H
• X CONH 2
• dehydration to a cyano (CN) group may be accomplished by, use of appropriate dehydrating conditions, such as for example TFAA / pyridine or POCI 3 / pyridine / imidazole. Subsequent removal of the protecting group as previously described provides a compound of formula la.
• Reagents and conditions a. LAH, or esterification then LAH b. Swern Oxidation, or TEMPO, NaOCI c.R-(-)-2-Phenylglycinol, NaHSO3, KCN d.12M HCl, HOAc, 80 C, 16h, 78 % d. 12M HCl, HOAc, 80 C, 16h, 78 % e. 20% Pd(OH)2, 50 psi H2, MeOH:HOAc, 5:1 f. (Boc)2O, K2CO3, DMF, 92%, 2 steps, g. KMnO4, Heat, KOH 30-90%.
• Scheme 2 provides a general route to protected, substituted adamantylglycine amino acids (1) by an asymmetric Strecker Reaction.
• Carboxylic acids 4 can be esterified using for example either MeOH with HCl at reflux or using trimethylsilyldiazomethane in Et 2 O/methanol to give methyl esters.
• Reduction of the ester group with LAH to the alcohol and subsequent oxidation (for example Swern oxidation) gives aldehydes 5.
• Aldehyde 5 can be transformed to 6 under asymmetric Strecker conditions with KCN, NaHSO 3 and R-(-)-2-phenylglycinol.
• the nitrile group of 6 can then be hydrolyzed under strongly acidic conditions, using, for example, 12M HCl in HOAc to give the carboxylic acids 7.
• the chiral auxiliary can then be removed by catalytic reduction using, for example, Pearlman's catalyst in acidic methanol under 50 psi hydrogen to give, after protection of the resulting amino group, as for example the f-butylcarbamate, protected adamantylglycine amino acids 1.
• adamantylglycine amino acids 1 can be carried out prior to coupling with amines 2, such as oxidation to hydroxyadamantyl compounds 1a or 1b, with a suitable oxidizing agent, such as for example, KMnO 4 .
• Reagents and conditions (a) iodobenzene diacetate, l 2 , CH 2 CI 2 , rt; (b) MeOH, rt; (c) TMSOTf, ⁇ /, ⁇ /-diisopropylethylamine, CH 2 CI 2 , 0 °C; (d) diethylzinc, CICH 2 I, Et 2 O, 0 °C to rt; (e) H 2 , 10% Pd/C, HCl, EtOH.
• Reagents and conditions (a) benzyl bromide, ⁇ /, ⁇ /-diisopropylethylamine, CH 2 Cl 2 , rt; (b) trifluoroacetic acid anhydride, TEA, CH 2 CI 2 , 0 °C; (c) NaBH 4 , EtOH/H 2 O, rt; (d) 1-chloroethyl chloroformate, CH 2 CI 2 , reflux.
• Removal of the benzyl protecting group can be accomplished by treatment with ⁇ -chloroethyl acetyl chloride (ACE-CI) in refluxing dichloromethane to give the desired (2S,3R)-2,3-methanopyrrolidine 17 in optically pure form as the hydrochloride salt.
• ACE-CI ⁇ -chloroethyl acetyl chloride
• adamantyl as employed herein alone or as part of another group refers to: jxr
• said adamantyl group may be substituted with one or more substitutants as those defined for alkyl and as defined in the claims and detailed description herein.
• the term "lower alkyl", “alkyl” or “alk” as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes both straight and branched chain hydrocarbons, containing 1 to 20 carbons, preferably 1 to 10 carbons, more preferably 1 to 8 carbons, in the normal chain, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, f-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethyl-pentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, the various branched chain isomers thereof.
• said alkyl groups may be substituted with one or more substitutants, such as halo, for example F, Br, CI or I or CF3, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, aryl(aryl) or diaryl, arylalkyl, arylalkyloxy, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyloxy, amino, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkoxy, aryloxyalkyl, alkylthio, arylalkylthio, aryloxyaryl, alkylamido, alkanoylamino, arylcarbonylamino, nitro, cyano, thiol, haloalkyl, trihaloalkyl and/or alkylthio.
• substitutants such as halo, for example F, Br
• cycloalkyl as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes saturated or partially unsaturated (containing 1 or 2 double bonds) cyclic hydrocarbon groups containing 1 to 3 rings, including monocyclic alkyl, bicyclic alkyl (or bicycloalkyl) and tricyclic alkyl, containing a total of 3 to 20 carbons forming the ring, preferably 3 to 10 carbons, forming the ring and which may be fused to 1 or 2 aromatic rings as described for aryl, which includes cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl and cyclododecyl, cyclohexenyl,
• any of which groups may be optionally substituted with 1 or more substituents such as halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkylamido, alkanoylamino, oxo, acyl, arylcarbonylamino, amino, nitro, cyano, thiol and/or alkylthio and/or any of the substituents for alkyl.
• substituents such as halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkylamido, alkanoylamino, oxo, acyl, arylcarbonylamino, amino, nitro, cyano, thiol and/or alkylthio and/or any of the substituents for alkyl.
• cycloalkenyl as employed herein alone or as part of
• cycloalkenyl groups include cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclohexadienyl, and cycloheptadienyl, which may be optionally substituted as defined for cycloalkyl.
• cycloalkylene refers to a "cycloalkyl” group which includes free bonds and thus is a linking group such as and the like, and may optionally be substituted as defined above for "cycloalkyl”.
• alkanoyl as used herein alone or as part of another group refers to alkyl linked to a carbonyl group.
• lower alkenyl or “alkenyl” as used herein by itself or as part of another group refers to straight or branched chain radicals of 2 to 20 carbons, preferably 2 to 12 carbons, and more preferably 1 to 8 carbons in the normal chain, which include one to six double bonds in the normal chain, such as vinyl, 2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 4- pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 2-heptenyl, 3-heptenyl, 4- heptenyl, 3-octenyl, 3-nonenyl, 4-decenyl, 3-undecenyl, 4-dodecenyl, 4,8,12- tetradecatrienyl, and the like, and which may be optionally substituted with I to 4 substituents, namely, halogen, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, al
• lower alkynyl or “alkynyl” as used herein by itself or as part of another group refers to straight or branched chain radicals of 2 to 20 carbons, preferably 2 to 12 carbons and more preferably 2 to 8 carbons in the normal chain, which include one triple bond in the normal chain, such as 2-propynyl, 3-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 4-pentynyl, 3- pentynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 2-heptynyl, 3-heptynyl, 4-heptynyl, 3-octynyl, 3-nonynyl, 4-decynyl,3-undecynyl, 4-dodecynyl and the like, and which may be optionally substituted with I to 4 substituents, namely, halogen, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl,
• arylalkenyl and “arylalkynyl” as used alone or as part of another group refer to alkenyl and alkynyl groups as described above having an aryl substituent.
• alkyl groups as defined above have single bonds for attachment to other groups at two different carbon atoms, they are termed “alkylene” groups and may optionally be substituted as defined above for "alkyl”.
• alkenyl groups as defined above and alkynyl groups as defined above, respectively have single bonds for attachment at two different carbon atoms, they are termed “alkenylene groups” and “alkynylene groups", respectively, and may optionally be substituted as defined above for "alkenyl” and "alkynyl”.
• halogen or "halo” as used herein alone or as part of another group refers to chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine as well as CF3, with chlorine or fluorine being preferred.
• metal ion refers to alkali metal ions such as sodium, potassium or lithium and alkaline earth metal ions such as magnesium and calcium, as well as zinc and aluminum.
• aryl refers to monocyclic and bicyclic aromatic groups containing 6 to 10 carbons in the ring portion (such as phenyl or naphthyl including l-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl) and may optionally include one to three additional rings fused to a carbocyclic ring or a heterocyclic ring (such as aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or cycloheteroalkyl rings for example
• lower alkoxy as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes any of the above alkyl, aralkyl or aryl groups linked to an oxygen atom.
• substituted amino refers to amino substituted with one or two substituents, which may be the same or different, such as alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or thioalkyl. These substituents may be further substituted with a carboxylic acid and/or any of the R 1 groups or substituents for R 1 as set out above.
• amino substituents may be taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form 1-pyrrolidinyl, 1-piperidinyl, 1-azepinyl, 4-morpholinyl, 4-thiamorpholinyl, 1-piperazinyl, 4-alkyl-1-piperazinyl, 4-arylalkyl-1 -piperazinyl, 4-diarylalkyl-1 -piperazinyl, 1 -pyrrolidinyl, 1-piperidinyi, or 1-azepinyl, optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, halo, trifluoromethyl or hydroxy.
• lower alkylthio alkylthio
• arylthio aralkylthio
• aralkylthio any of the above alkyl, aralkyl or aryl groups linked to a sulfur atom.
• lower alkylamino alkylamino
• alkylamino alkylamino
• arylamino or arylalkylamino
• acyl as employed herein by itself or part of another group, as defined herein, refers to an organic radical
• acyl groups include any of the
• R 1 groups attached to a carbonyl such as alkanoyl, alkenoyl, aroyl, aralkanoyl, heteroaroyl, cycloalkanoyl, cycloheteroalkanoyl and the like.
• cycloheteroalkyl refers to a 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring which includes 1 to 2 hetero atoms such as nitrogen, oxygen and/or sulfur, linked through a carbon atom or a heteroatom, where possible, optionally via the linker (CH 2 ) r (where r is 1 , 2 or
• any of the cycloheteroalkyl rings can be fused to a cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or cycloheteroalkyl ring.
• heteroaryl refers to a 5- or 6- membered aromatic ring which includes 1 , 2, 3 or 4 hetero atoms such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, and such rings fused to an aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or cycloheteroalkyl ring (e.g. benzothiophenyl, indolyl), and includes possible N-oxides.
• the heteroaryl group may optionally include one or more substituents such as any of the substituents set out above for alkyl. Examples of heteroaryl groups include the following:
• cycloheteroalkylalkyl refers to cycloheteroalkyl groups as defined above linked through a C atom or heteroatom to a (CH2)r chain.
• heteroarylalkyl or “heteroarylalkenyl” as used herein alone or as part of another group refers to a heteroaryl group as defined above linked through a C atom or heteroatom to a -(CH2)r- chain, alkylene or alkenylene as defined above.
• polyhaloalkyl refers to an "alkyl” group as defined above which includes from 2 to 9, preferably from 2 to 5, halo substituents, such as F or CI, preferably F, such as CF3CH2, CF3 or CF3CF2CH2.
• halo substituents such as F or CI
• CF3CH2, CF3 or CF3CF2CH2 preferably F
• polyhaloalkoxy refers to an "alkoxy” or “alkyloxy” group as defined above which includes from 2 to 9, preferably from 2 to 5, halo substituents, such as F or CI, preferably F, such as CF3CH2O, CF3O or CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 O.
• thiol refers to (-S)or (-S-).
• alkylthio refers to an alkyl group linked to the parent molecular moiety through a thiol group.
• alkylthioalkyl refers to an alkylthio group linked to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.
• arylalkylthioalkyl refers to Ar-alkyl-S-alkyk
• alkoxycarbonyl refers to an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein.
• cyano refers to a -CN group.
• carboxyl denotes ⁇ C(O)O- ⁇ .
• nitro refers to a -NO group.
• sulfonyl refers to an SO 2 group
• sulfinyl refers to an SO group
• hydroxyalkyl refers to an "alkyl” or
• cycloalkyl as defined above which preferably includes from 1 to 3 hydroxy substituents
• aminocarbonyl refer to an amino group, herein a NR 5 R 5 ' group, linked through a carbonyl group, as defined herein, to the parent molecular moiety.
• prodrug esters as employed herein includes esters and carbonates formed by reacting one or more hydroxyls of compounds of formula I with alkyl, alkoxy, or aryl substituted acylating agents employing procedures known to those skilled in the art to generate acetates, pivalates, methylcarbonates, benzoates and the like.
• diabetic complications include retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy, erectile dysfunction, and other known complications of diabetes.
• Any compound that can be converted in vivo to provide the bioactive agent i.e., the compound of formula I
• prodrug within the scope and spirit of the invention.
• Various forms of prodrugs are well known in the art. A comprehensive description of prodrugs and prodrug derivatives are described in: a.) The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry, Camille G. Wermuth et al., Ch 31 , (Academic Press, 1996); b.) Design of Prodrugs, edited by H.
• Bundgaard (Elsevier, 1985); and c.) A Textbook of Drug Design and Development, P. Krogsgaard- Larson and H. Bundgaard, eds. Ch 5, pgs 113 - 191 (Harwood Academic Publishers, 1991).
• An administration of a therapeutic agent of the invention includes administration of a therapeutically effective amount of the agent of the invention.
• therapeutically effective amount refers to an amount of a therapeutic agent to treat or prevent a condition treatable by administration of a composition of the invention. That amount is the amount sufficient to exhibit a detectable therapeutic or preventative or ameliorative effect. The effect may include, for example, treatment or prevention of the conditions listed herein.
• the precise effective amount for a subject will depend upon the subject's size and health, the nature and extent of the condition being treated, recommendations of the treating physician, and the therapeutics or combination of therapeutics selected for administration. Thus, it is not useful to specify an exact effective amount in advance.
• other type of therapeutic agents as employed herein includes, but is not limited to one or more antidiabetic agents (other than
• DPP-IV inhibitors of formula I one or more anti-obesity agents, one or more anti-hypertensive agents, one or more anti-platelet agents, one or more anti- atherosclerotic agents and/or one or more lipid-lowering agents (including anti-atherosclerosis agents).
• the compounds of the present invention possess activity as inhibitors of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV which is found in a variety of tissues, such as the intestine, liver, lung and kidney of mammals. Via the inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in vivo, the compounds of the present invention possess the ability to potentiate endogenous levels of GLP-1(7-36) and attenuate formation of its antagonist GLP-1(9-36). In particular, the compounds of the present invention provide very potent DPP-IV inhibitory activity in vitro against the human enzyme, where Ki's were measured using natural and psuedosubstrates.
• the claimed compounds provided more effective reduction in peak and 4 hour area under the curve (AUC) plasma glucose after an oral glucose challenge.
• the compounds of the present invention can be administered to mammals, preferably humans, for the treatment of a variety of conditions and disorders, including, but not limited to, treating or delaying the progression or onset of diabetes(preferably Type II, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and diabetic complications, such as nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy and cataracts), hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypercholesterolemia, elevated blood levels of free fatty acids or glycerol, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, wound healing, tissue ischemia, atherosclerosis and hypertension.
• diabetes preferably Type II, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and diabetic complications, such as nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy and cataracts
• hyperglycemia hyperinsulinemia
• hypercholesterolemia elevated blood levels of free fatty acids or glycerol
• hyperlipidemia hypertriglyce
• the compounds of the present invention may also be utilized to increase the blood levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL).
• HDL high density lipoprotein
• the conditions, diseases, and maladies collectively referenced to as "Syndrome X” or Metabolic Syndrome as detailed in Johannsson J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 82, 727-34 (1997), may be treated employing the compounds of the invention.
• the present invention includes within its scope pharmaceutical compositions comprising, as an active ingredient, a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of formula I, alone or in combination with a pharmaceutical carrier or diluent.
• compounds of the present invention can be used alone, in combination with other compounds of the invention, or in combination with one or more other therapeutic agent(s), e.g., an antidiabetic agent or other pharmaceutically active material.
• the compounds of the present invention may employed in combination with other inhibitors of DPP-4 activity or other suitable therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders including: antidiabetic agents; anti-hyperglycemic agents; hypolipidemic/lipid lowering agents; anti-obesity agents; anti-hypertensive agents and appetite supressants.
• Suitable anti-diabetic agents for use in combination with the compounds of the present invention include biguanides (e.g., metformin or phenformin), glucosidase inhibitors (e.g,. acarbose or miglitol), insulins (including insulin secretagogues or insulin sensitizers), meglitinides (e.g., repaglinide), sulfonylureas (e.g., glimepiride, glyburide, gliclazide, chlorpropamide and glipizide), biguanide/glyburide combinations (e.g., Glucovance®), thiazolidinediones (e.g., troglitazone, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone), PPAR-alpha agonists, PPAR-gamma agonists, PPAR alpha/gamma dual agonists, glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors, inhibitors of fatty acid
• Glaxo-Welcome's GL-262570 englitazone (CP-68722, Pfizer) or darglitazone (CP-86325, Pfizer, isaglitazone (MIT/J&J), JTT-501 (JPNT/P&U), L-895645 (Merck), R-119702 (Sankyo/WL), NN-2344 (Dr. Reddy/NN), or YM-440 (Yamanouchi).
• Suitable PPAR alpha/gamma dual agonists include AR-HO39242 (Astra/Zeneca), GW-409544 (Glaxo-Wellcome), KRP297 (Kyorin Merck) as well as those disclosed by Murakami et al, "A Novel Insulin Sensitizer Acts As a Coligand for Peroxisome Proliferation - Activated Receptor Alpha (PPAR alpha) and PPAR gamma. Effect on PPAR alpha Activation on Abnormal Lipid Metabolism in Liver of Zucker Fatty Rats", Diabetes 47, 1841-1847 (1998), and in U.S.
• Patent 6,414,002 the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, employing dosages as set out therein, which compounds designated as preferred are preferred for use herein.
• Suitable aP2 inhibitors include those disclosed in U.S. application Serial No. 09/391 ,053, filed September 7, 1999, and in U.S. application Serial No. 09/519,079, filed March 6, 2000, employing dosages as set out herein.
• DPP4 inhibitors that may be used in combination with the compounds of the invention include those disclosed in WO99/38501 , WO99/46272, WO99/67279 (PROBIODRUG), WO99/67278 (PROBIODRUG), WO99/61431 (PROBIODRUG), US Patent 6,935,767, MRK-0431 , Nevaglitizar (Lilly & Ligand), LAF-237 (Novartis) as disclosed in E.B Villhauer et. al., J. Med Chem. 2003, 46, 2774-2789, and B. Ahren et. al., J. Clin. Endocrin. & Metab. 2004, 89 (5), 2078-2084.
• TSL-225 (tryptophyl- 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (disclosed by Yamada et al, Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Lett. 8 (1998) 1537-1540, 2-cyanopyrrolidides and 4- cyanopyrrolidides, as disclosed by Ashworth et al, Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Lett., Vol. 6, No. 22, pp 1163-1166 and 2745-2748 (1996) employing dosages as set out in the above references.
• Suitable meglitinides include nateglinide (Novartis) or KAD1229 (PF/Kissei).
• glucagon-like peptide-l such as GLP-10-36) amide, GLP-l(7-36) amide, GLP-l(7-37) (as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,614,492 to Habener), as well as Exendin-4 (AC2993 - Amylin) and LY-315902 (Lilly).
• suitable hypolipidemic/lipid lowering agents for use in combination with the compounds of the present invention include one or more MTP inhibitors, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, squalene synthetase inhibitors, fibric acid derivatives, ACAT inhibitors, lipoxygenase inhibitors, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, ileal Na + /bile acid cotransporter inhibitors, upregulators of LDL receptor activity, bile acid sequestrants, cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors (e.g., CP-529414 (Pfizer)) and/or nicotinic acid and derivatives thereof.
• MTP inhibitors which may be employed as described above include those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,595,872, U.S.
• HMG CoA reductase inhibitors which may be employed in combination with one or more compounds of formula I include mevastatin and related compounds, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,983,140, lovastatin (mevinolin) and related compounds, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,231 ,938, pravastatin and related compounds, such as disclosed in U.S. Patent No.
• HMG CoA reductase inhibitors which may be employed herein include, but are not limited to, fluvastatin, disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,354,772, cerivastatin, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,006,530 and 5,177,080, ato ⁇ /astatin, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,681 ,893, 5,273,995, 5,385,929 and 5,686,104, atavastatin (Nissan/Sankyo's nisvastatin (NK-104)), as disclosed in U.S. Patent No.
• keto analogs of mevinolin as disclosed in European Patent Application No.0142146 A2
• quinoline and pyridine derivatives as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,506,219 and 5,691,322.
• Preferred hypolipidemic agents are pravastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, cerivastatin, atavastatin and ZD-4522.
• phosphinic acid compounds useful in inhibiting HMG CoA reductase such as those disclosed in GB 2205837, are suitable for use in combination with the compounds of the present invention.
• the squalene synthetase inhibitors suitable for use herein include, but are not limited to, ⁇ -phosphono-sulfonates disclosed in U.S. Patent No.
• fibric acid derivatives which may be employed in combination with one or more compounds of formula I include fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, clofibrate, bezafibrate, ciprofibrate, clinofibrate and the like, probucol, and related compounds, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No.
• bile acid sequestrants such as cholestyramine, colestipol and DEAE-Sephadex (Secholex®, policexide®), as well as lipostabil (Rhone-Poulenc), Eisai E-5050 (an N-substituted ethanolamine derivative), imanixil (HOE-402), tetrahydrolipstatin (THL), istigmastanylphos- phorylcholine (SPC, Roche), aminocyclodextrin (Tanabe Seiyoku), Ajinomoto AJ-814 (azulene derivative), melinamide (Sumitomo), Sandoz 58-035, American Cyanamid CL-277,082 and CL-283,546 (disubstituted urea derivatives), nicotinic acid, acipimox, acifran, neomycin, p-aminosalicylic acid, as
• the ACAT inhibitor which may be employed in combination with one or more compounds of formula I include those disclosed in Drugs of the Future 24, 9-15 (1999), (Avasimibe); "The ACAT inhibitor, CM 011 is effective in the prevention and regression of aortic fatty streak area in hamsters", Nicolosi et al, Atherosclerosis (Shannon, Irel).
• ACAT inhibitors physiologic mechanisms for hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic activities in experimental animals, Krause et al, Editor(s): Ruffolo, Robert R., Jr.; Hollinger, Mannfred A., Inflammation: Mediators Pathways (1995), 173-98, Publisher: CRC, Boca Raton, Fla.; "ACAT inhibitors: potential anti-atherosclerotic agents”, Sliskovic et al, Curr. Med. Chem. (1994), 1(3), 204-25; "Inhibitors of acyl- CoA:cholesterol O-acyl transferase (ACAT) as hypocholesterolemic agents. 6.
• the first water-soluble ACAT inhibitor with lipid-regulating activity Inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT). 7. Development of a series of substituted N-phenyl-N'-[(1-phenylcycIopentyl)methyl]ureas with enhanced hypocholesterolemic activity", Stout et al, Chemtracts: Org. Chem. (1995), 8(6), 359-62, or TS-962 (Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd).
• the hypolipidemic agent may be an upregulator of LD2 receptor activity, such as MD-700 (Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd) and LY295427 (Eli Lilly).
• Suitable cholesterol absorption inhibitor for use in combination with the compounds of the invention include SCH48461 (Schering-Plough), as well as those disclosed in Atherosclerosis 115, 45-63 (1995) and J. Med. Chem. 41 , 973 (1998).
• suitable ileal Na + /bile acid cotransporter inhibitors for use in combination with the compounds of the invention include compounds as disclosed in Drugs of the Future, 24, 425-430 (1999).
• the lipoxygenase inhibitors which may be employed in combination with one or more compounds of formula I include 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) inhibitors, such as benzimidazole derivatives, as disclosed in WO 97/12615, 15-LO inhibitors, as disclosed in WO 97/12613, isothiazolones, as disclosed in WO 96/38144, and 15-LO inhibitors, as disclosed by Sendobry et al "Attenuation of diet-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits with a highly selective 15-lipoxygenase inhibitor lacking significant antioxidant properties", Brit. J.
• Suitable anti-hypertensive agents for use in combination with the compounds of the present invention include beta adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers (L-type and T-type; e.g.
• diltiazem verapamil, nifedipine, amlodipine and mybefradil
• diuretics e.g., chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, flumethiazide, hydroflumethiazide, bendroflumethiazide, methylchlorothiazide, trichloromethiazide, polythiazide, benzthiazide, ethacrynic acid tricrynafen, chlorthalidone, furosemide, musolimine, bumetanide, triamtrenene, amiloride, spironolactone), renin inhibitors, ACE inhibitors (e.g., captopril, zofenopril, fosinopril, enalapril, ceranopril, cilazopril, delapril, pentopril, quinapril, ramipril, lisino
• Dual ET/AII antagonist e.g., compounds disclosed in WO 00/01389
• neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors
• vasopepsidase inhibitors dual NEP-ACE inhibitors
• suitable anti-obesity agents include a beta 3 adrenergic agonist, a lipase inhibitor, a serotonin (and dopamine) reuptake inhibitor, a thyroid receptor beta drug and/or an anorectic agent.
• the beta 3 adrenergic agonists which may be optionally employed in combination with compounds of the present invention include AJ9677 (Takeda/Dainippon), L750355 (Merck), or CP331648 (Pfizer,) or other known beta 3 agonists, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,541,204, 5,770,615, 5,491 ,134, 5,776,983 and 5,488,064, with AJ9677, L750,355 and CP331648 being preferred.
• lipase inhibitors which may be optionally employed in combination with compounds of the present invention include orlistat or ATL- 962 (Alizyme), with orlistat being preferred.
• the serotonin (and dopoamine) reuptake inhibitor which may be optionally employed in combination with a compound of formula I may be sibutramine, topiramate (Johnson & Johnson) or axokine (Regeneron), with sibutramine and topiramate being preferred.
• thyroid receptor beta compounds which may be optionally employed in combination with compounds of the present invention include thyroid receptor ligands, such as those disclosed in WO97/21993 (U. Cal SF), WO99/00353 (KaroBio) and GB98/284425 (KaroBio), with compounds of the KaroBio applications being preferred.
• the anorectic agent which may be optionally employed in combination with compounds of the present invention include dexamphetamine, phentermine, phenylpropanolamine or mazindol, with dexamphetamine being preferred.
• dexamphetamine is preferred.
• the aforementioned patents and patent applications are incorporated herein by reference.
• the above other therapeutic agents when employed in combination with the compounds of the present invention may be used, for example, in those amounts indicated in the Physician's Desk Reference, as in the patents set out above or as otherwise determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
• the compounds of the invention are utilized in combination with one or more other therapeutic agent(s), either concurrently or sequentially, the following combination ratios and dosage ranges are preferred.
• the compounds of formula I will be employed in a weight ratio to biguanide within the range from about 0.01 :1 to about I00:l, preferably from about 0.1 :1 to about 5:1.
• the compounds of formula I will be employed in a weight ratio to the glucosidase inhibitor within the range from about 0.01 :1 to about 100:1 , preferably from about 0.5:1 to about 50:1.
• the compounds of formula I will be employed in a weight ratio to the sulfonyl urea in the range from about 0.0l:l to about I00:l, preferably from about 0.2:1 to about 10:1.
• the compounds of formula I will be employed in a weight ratio to the thiazolidinedione in an amount within the range from about 0.01 :1 to about 100:1 , preferably from about 0.2:1 to about 10:1.
• the thiazolidinedione anti-diabetic agent may be employed in amounts within the range from about 0.01 to about 2000 mg/day which may be administered in single or divided doses one to four times per day.
• the sulfonyl urea and thiazolidinedione may be incorporated in a single tablet with the compounds of formula I in amounts of less than about 150 mg.
• metformin or salt thereof may be employed in amounts within the range from about 500 to about 2000 mg per day which may be administered in single or divided doses one to four times daily.
• GLP-I peptides may be administered in oral buccal formulations, by nasal administration or parenterally as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,346,701 (TheraTech), 5,614,492 and 5,631 ,224 which are incorporated herein by reference.
• the DPP-IV inhibitor of formula I will be employed in a weight ratio to the meglitinide, PPAR-gamma agonist, PPAR-alpha/gamma dual agonist, aP2 inhibitor or SGLT2 inhibitor within the range from about 0.01 :1 to about 100:1 , preferably from about 0.2:1 to about 10:1.
• the compounds of formula I of the invention will be generally be employed in a weight ratio to the hypolipidemic agent (were present), within the range from about 500:1 to about 1 :500, preferably from about 100:1 to about 1 :100.
• MTP inhibitor for oral administration, a satisfactory result may be obtained employing the MTP inhibitor in an amount within the range of from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 500 mg and preferably from about 0.1 mg to about 100 mg, one to four times daily.
• a preferred oral dosage form, such as tablets or capsules will contain the MTP inhibitor in an amount of from about 1 to about 500 mg, preferably from about 2 to about 400 mg, and more preferably from about 5 to about 250 mg, one to four times daily.
• an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor for oral administration, a satisfactory result may be obtained employing an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor in an amount within the range of from about 1 to 2000 mg, and preferably from about 4 to about 200 mg.
• a preferred oral dosage form such as tablets or capsules, will contain the HMG CoA reductase inhibitor in an amount from about 0.1 to about 100 mg, preferably from about 5 to about 80 mg, and more preferably from about 10 to about 40 mg.
• the squalene synthetase inhibitor may be employed in dosages in an amount within the range of from about 10 mg to about 2000 mg and preferably from about 25 mg to about 200 mg.
• a preferred oral dosage form, such as tablets or capsules will contain the squalene synthetase inhibitor in an amount of from about 10 to about 500 mg, preferably from about 25 to about 200 mg.
• the compounds of the formula I can be administered for any of the uses described herein by any suitable means, for example, orally, such as in the form of tablets, capsules, granules or powders; sublingually; bucally; parenterally, such as by subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intrasternal injection or infusion techniques (e.g., as sterile injectable aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions); nasally, including administration to the nasal membranes, such as by inhalation spray; topically, such as in the form of a cream or ointment; or rectally such as in the form of suppositories; in dosage unit formulations containing non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles or diluents.
• suitable means for example, orally, such as in the form of tablets, capsules, granules or powders; sublingually; bucally; parenterally, such as by subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intrasternal injection or infusion techniques (e.
• a pharmaceutical composition will be employed containing one or more of the compounds of formula I, with or without other antidiabetic agent(s) and/or antihyperlipidemic agent(s) and/or other type therapeutic agents in association with a pharmaceutical vehicle or diluent.
• the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated employing conventional solid or liquid vehicles or diluents and pharmaceutical additives of a type appropriate to the mode of desired administration, such as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, binders and the like.
• the compounds can be administered to mammalian species including humans, monkeys, dogs, etc.
• Typical solid formulations will contain from about 10 to about 500 mg of a compound of formula I.
• the dose for adults is preferably between 10 and 2,000 mg per day, which can be administered in a single dose or in the form of individual doses from 1-4 times per day.
• a typical injectable preparation may be produced by aseptically placing 250 mg of compounds of formula I into a vial, aseptically freeze-drying and sealing.
• the contents of the vial are mixed with 2 mL of physiological saline, to produce an injectable preparation.
• a typical capsule for oral administration contains compounds of structure I (250 mg), lactose (75 mg) and magnesium stearate (15 mg). The mixture is passed through a 60 mesh sieve and packed into a No. 1 gelatin capsule. It will be understood that the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular subject can be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the species, age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the subject, the mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and severity of the particular condition.
• DPP-4 inhibitor activity of the compounds of the invention may be determined by use of an in vitro assay system which measures the potentiation of inhibition of DPP-4.
• Inhibition constants (Ki values) for the DPP-4 inhibitors of the invention may be determined by the method described the experimental section.
• Porcine Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Porcine enzyme was purified as previously described in reference (2) below, with several modifications. Kidneys from 15-20 animals were obtained, and the cortex was dissected away and frozen at -80 °C. Frozen tissue (2000 -2500 g) was homogenized in 12 L of 0.25 M sucrose in a Waring blender. The homogenate then was left at 37°C for 18 hours to facilitate cleavage of DPP-4 from cell membranes. After the cleavage step, the homogenate was clarified by centrifugation at 7000 X g for 20 min at 4 °C, and the supernatant was collected.
• Active fractions were pooled, concentrated, and dialyzed against 5 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.0. Dialyzed material then was flowed through a 100 mL Pharmacia Resource S column equilibrated in the same buffer. The flow through material was collected and contained most of the enzyme activity. Active material again was concentrated and dialyzed into 20 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , pH 7.4. Lastly, the concentrated enzyme was chromatographed on a Pharmacia S-200 gel filtration column to removed low molecular weight contaminants. Purity of column fractions was analyzed by reducing SDS-PAGE, and the purest fractions were pooled and concentrated. Purified enzyme was stored in 20% glycerol at -80 °C.
• Substrate saturation curves were obtained at gly-pro-p- nitroanilide concentrations from 60 ⁇ M to 3600 ⁇ M. Additional saturation curves also were obtained in the presence of inhibitor. Complete inhibition experiments contained 11 substrate and 7 inhibitor concentrations, with triplicate determinations across plates. For tight binding inhibitors with KjS less than 20 nM, the enzyme concentration was reduced to 0.5 nM and reaction times were increased to 120 min. Pooled datasets from the three plates were fitted to the appropriate equation for either competitive, noncompetitive or uncompetitive inhibition.
• TFA trifluoroacetic acid
• TLC thin layer chromatography
• Cbz carbobenzyloxy or carbobenzoxy or benzyloxycarbonyl
• LC/MS high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
• EDAC 3-ethyl-3'-(dimethylamino)propyl-carbodiimide hydrochloride (or 1-
• HOAT 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole
• PyBOP reagent benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tripyrrolidino phosphonium hexafluorophosphate
• Step 1 compound (10.7 g, 0.055 mmol, 1 equiv) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (150 mL) under argon and was treated with a solution of LiAIH 4 (1 M in THF, 69 mL, 69 mmol, 1.25 equiv). After stirring at rt for 1.5 h, the reaction was cooled to 0°C and quenched sequentially with H 2 O (5.1 mL), 15% aq NaOH (5.1 mL), and H 2 O (10.2 mL). After stirring at rt for 15 min, the slurry was vacuum filtered, and the solids washed with EtOAc (2x100 mL).
• Step 3 compound (9.40 g, 57 mmol, 1 equiv) was suspended in H 2 O (145 mL) and cooled to 0°C. The mixture was treated with NaHSO 3 (5.95 g, 57 mmol, 1 equiv), KCN (4.0 g, 59 mmol, 1.04 equiv), and a solution of (R)-(- )-phenylglycinol (8.01 g, 57 mmol, 1 equiv) in MeOH (55 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h, then refluxed for 16 h. The mixture was cooled to rt, and 200 mL of EtOAc added.
• Step 4 nitrile (5.65 g, 18 mmol) was heated in cone. HCl (120 mL) and HOAc (30 mL) at 80°C for 18 h, at which time the reaction was cooled in an ice bath. Vacuum filtration of the resulting precipitate afforded the desired product as a white solid (5.21 g, 14 mmol, 78%). MS m/e 330 (m+H) + .
• Step 6 The Step 6 compound (5.21 g, 14 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (50 mL) and HOAc (10 mL), and hydrogenated with H 2 (50 psi) and Pearlman's catalyst (20% Pd(OH) 2 , 1.04 g, 20% w/w) for 18 h.
• the reaction was filtered through a PTFE membrane filter and the catalyst washed with MeOH (3x25 mL).
• the filtrate was concentrated by rotary evaporation to afford a white solid.
• the product was used in Step 7 without further purification.
• Step 6 compound (@ 14 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (50 mL) under argon and treated with K 2 CO 3 (5.90 g, 42 mmol, 3 equiv) and di-fet ⁇ -butyldicarbonate (3.14 g, 14 mmol, 1 equiv) under argon at rt. After 19 h, the DMF was removed by rotary evaporation (pump) and the residue dried further under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with H 2 O (100 mL) and Et 2 O (100 mL), the layers separated, and the alkaline aqueous with E. 2 O (2x100 mL) to remove the by-product from the hydrogenolysis step.
• K 2 CO 3 5.90 g, 42 mmol, 3 equiv
• di-fet ⁇ -butyldicarbonate 3.14 g, 14 mmol, 1 equiv
• the aqueous was cooled to 0°C, diluted with EtOAc (200 mL), and stirred vigorously while carefully acidifying the aqueous to pH 3 with 1 N aq HCl.
• the layers separated and the aqueous extracted with EtOAc (100 mL).
• the combined EtOAc extracts were washed with brine (50 mL), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and the filtrate concentrated by rotary evaporation.
• the residue was purified by SiO 2 flash column (5x12 cm) with 5% MeOH/CH 2 CI 2 + 0.5% HOAc.
• the product was chased with hexanes to afford the product as a white foam (4.07 g, 13 mmol, 92%): MS m/e 310 (m+H) + .
• Step 9 The Step 9 compound (48.2 mg, 0.13 mmol) was dissolved in TFA CH 2 CI 2 (1 :1 , v/v, 0.44 mL) and stirred at rt. After 1.0 h, the solvents were removed by rotary evaporation, the remainder chased with toluene (2 x 4 mL) and Et 2 O (2 x 20 mL). Trituration of the product with Et 2 O followed by preparative HPLC afforded the title compound as a white solid (34.9 mg, 68.4%): MS m/e 279 (m + H) + .
• Example 1 A solution of Example 1 ; step 8 compound, (S)-N-fetf-butoxycarbonyl- 2-hydroxyadamantyl glycine (70 mg, 0.215 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in dry DMF (2.1 mL) was cooled to 0 °C then treated sequentially with thiazolidine (20 ⁇ L, 0.237 mmol, 1.1 equiv), EDAC (88.2 mg, 0.46 mmol, 2.1 equiv), HOBT «H 2 O (90.4 mg, 0.67 mmol, 3.1 equiv) and TEA (63 ⁇ L, 0.45 mmol, 2.1 equiv).
• Example 3 Step 1. iV-Cbz-2-methoxypyrrolidine.
• (S)-(-)- ⁇ /-benzyloxycarbonylproline 10 g, 40 mmol
• CH 2 CI 2 500 mL
• iodobenzene diacetate 26 g, 80 mmol, 2.0 equiv
• iodine 5.2 g, 20 mmol, 0.50 equiv
• PPTS pyridinium p-toluene sulfonate
• Example 3 W-Cbz-2-pyrrolidine.
• a solution of methoxy Step 1 compound (2.48 g, 10.5 mmol) in CH 2 CI2 (30 mL) was cooled to 0 °C and treated with ⁇ /, ⁇ /-diisopropylethylamine (2.50 mL, 14.3 mmol, 1.36 equiv) followed by TMSOTf (2.50 mL, 13.8 mmol, 1.31 equiv).
• the reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 30 min, then diluted with pentane (60 mL), stirred for 5 min and filtered. The filter cake was washed with pentane (2 x 60 mL) and Et.
• Example 3 N-Cbz-2,3-methanopyrrolidine.
• Step 2 olefin (4.99 g, 24.5 mmol) in Et 2 O (164 mL) at 0 °C was slowly added diethylzinc (116 mL of a 1.0 M solution in hexane, 116 mmol, 4.75 equiv), followed by ICH CI (17.1 mL, 235 mmol, 9.58 equiv).
• ICH CI (17.1 mL, 235 mmol, 9.58 equiv.
• the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 6 h, kept at -40 °C overnight and then stirred at rt for 4 h.
• Example 3 Step 4. 2,3-Methanopyrrolidine HCl salt.
• a mixture of the Step 3 compound (160 mg, 0.74 mmol), 1 N HCl (0.8 mL, 0.8 mmol, 1.08 equiv) and 10% Pd/C (32 mmol, 43 equiv) in 95% EtOH (13 mL) was stirred at rt under hydrogen atmosphere for 19 h.
• Another 20 mg of 10% Pd/C was added and the mixture was stirred under hydrogen atmosphere for additional 6 h.
• the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOH (10 mL) and filtered on a celite pad.
• the 2S,3R-stereoisomer of 2,3-methanopyrrolidine can be obtained in optically pure form by a formal deamidation of the corresponding amide intermediate, as follows:
• Step 1a /V-Benzyl-(L)-c/s-4,5-methanoprolineamide.
• (L)-c/s-4,5-methanoprolinamide 17.8 g, 0.11 mol
• N,N- diisopropylethylamine 57.4 mL, 0.33 mol, 3.00 equiv
• CH 2 CI2 250 mL
• benzyl bromide 14.4 mL, 0.12 mol, 1.10 equiv
• Step 2a ⁇ /-Benzyl-(L)-c/s-4,5-methanoprolinenitrile.
• NEt 3 22 mL, 160 mmol, 2.0 equiv
• TFAA 22 mL, 160 mmol, 2.0 equiv
• Another 15 mL of NEt 3 was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 2 h.
• the reaction was then quenched by the addition of 10% Na 2 CO 3 (70 mL) and water (150 mL).
• Step 3a N-Benzyl-(2S,3R)-2,3-methanopyrrolidine.
• Step 2a N-Benzyl-(2S,3R)-2,3-methanopyrrolidine.
• NaBH 4 42.8 g, 113 mmol, 2.00 equiv
• the solid was then removed by filtration and the filtrate was extracted with CH 2 CI 2 (1000 mL).
• the organic extract was dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a yellow oil.
• Step 4a (2S,3/?)-Methanopyrrolidine.
• methanopyrrolidine (10.6 g, 61.2 mmol) in CH 2 CI 2 (100 mL) was slowly added 1-chloroethyl chloroformate (8.6 mL, 80 mmol, 1.3 equiv) at rt under nitrogen, and the reaction was stirred at rt for 10 min and then heated at reflux for 17 h. The mixture was then cooled to rt and MeOH (100 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was heated at reflux for 2 h.
• Step 4a A mixture of the acid of Example 1 , Step 8 (96 mg, 0.30 mmol), amine of Step 4a (35 mg, 0.29 mmol, 0.97 equiv), PyBOP (236.1 mg, 0.45 mmol, 1.5 equiv) and N- methylmorpholine (0.09 mL, 0.84 mmol, 2.8 equiv) in CH 2 CI 2 (2.5 mL) was stirred at rt for 20 h. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 5% KHSO 4 (3 mL) and extracted with CH 2 CI 2 (2 x 80 mL).
• Example 3 (2S,3 )-1-[(2S)-2-(3-hydroxyadamant-1-yl)glycinyl]- 2,3-methanopyrrolidine.
• a solution of the amide of Step 5 (7.20 g, 18.5 mmol) in CH 2 CI 2 (50 mL) was added a solution of 4 N HCl in dioxane (35 mL, 140 mmol, 7.5 equiv) and the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 75 min.
• the reaction mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was sequentially triturated with 1 :5 CH 2 CI 2 /E- 2 O (120 mL) and Et 2 O ether (100 mL).
• Example 4 Step 1. (S)-/V-Boc-3,5-Dihydroxyadamantylglycine. Refer to the procedure of Example 1 , Step 8 that generates hydroxyadamantyl- ⁇ /-tett- butyloxycarbonyl- -glycine. During the reaction, the diol is formed as a lower Rf minor product. Slightly longer reaction times (up to 90 min) gave up to 17% of the diol in addition to the Example 1 , Step 8 compound. With the procedure identical in every other respect, the diol is obtained as a white solid, after chasing with hexanes, by flushing the column with 15% MeOH-CH 2 CI 2 -0.5% HOAc.
• Example 4 (2S,3f?)-1-[(2S)-V-Boc-2-(3,5-dihydroxyadamant-1- yl)glycinyl]-2,3-methanopyrrolidine.
• Method A To a mixture of the acid of Step 1 (163.5 mg, 0.48 mmol), amine of Example 3, Step 4 (67.0 mg, 0.56 mmol, 1.16 equiv) and PyBOP (456 mg, 0.88 mmol, 1.83 equiv) in anhydrous CH2CI2 (4.5 mL) was added /V-methylmorpholine (0.16 mL, 1.5 mmol, 3.1 equiv), and the mixture was stirred at rt for 24 h.
• isomer B HPLC (Zorbax SB C18 4.6x75 mm, linear gradient over 8 min) retention time 5.96 min (99%); LC/MS m/z 407 [M+H] + ; Chiral analytical HPLC (Daicel chiralcel OD 4.6x250 mm, 3% IPA/hexane isocratic) retention time 38.8 min (100% ee).
• Step 4a A mixture of acid of Step 1 (86 mg, 0.25 mmol), amine of Example 3, Step 4a (30 mg, 0.25 mmol, LOequiv), PyBOP (202.3 mg, 0.38 mmol, 1.5 equiv) and /V-methylmorpholine (0.08 mL, 0.73 mmol, 2.9 equiv) in CH 2 CI 2 (2.0 mL) was stirred at rt for 20 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with the addition of 5% KHSO 4 (2.5 mL) and extracted with CH 2 CI 2 (2x25 mL).
• Example 5 To a solution of Example 5; Step 5 compound, ⁇ /-BOC-(3-hydroxy-5,7- dimethyladamant-1-yl)-glycine (40 mg, 0.113 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) at rt was added EDAC (40 mg) and HOBT (40 mg). The reaction was stirred at rt for 10 min and then piperidine (50 ⁇ L) was added. After stirring overnight at rt the reaction was diluted with EtOAc, washed twice with 1 N HCl and once with sat'd NaHCO 3 . The organics were dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated.
• Example 8 Step 1.(S)-3,5-Dihydroxyadamantylglycine-L-c/s-4,5- methanoprolinenitrile TFA salt.
• a coupling reaction between Example 4 Step 1 compound (300 mg, 0.88 mmol, 1 equiv) and L-c/s-4,5- methanoprolinamide (253 mg, 1.05 mmol, 1.2 equiv) was carried out using HOBT (356 mg, 2.64 mmol, 3.0 equiv), EDAC (340 mg, 1.76 mmol, 2.0 equiv), and TEA (0.37 mL, 2.64 mmol, 3.0 equiv).
• Example 8 Step 2.
• the nitrile of Step 1 (64 mg, 0.15 mmol) was deprotected using TFA according to the procedure described in Example 1 , Step 10.
• the solvents were removed after 2.5 h and the resulting oil was chased with C ⁇ C ⁇ /toluene (2x) to obtain an off-white solid.
• Purification by preparative HPLC [YMC S5ODS 30 mm x 100 mm, 15 min gradient of 0 to 100 % B, 25 mL/min.
• Step 1 compound was prepared by the method described in Example 1 ;
• Step 1 compound 50 mg, 0.15 mmol
• pyridine 0.5 mL
• dichloromethane sealed under nitrogen atmosphere and cooled to 0 °C.
• Slow addition of TFAA 95 mg, 0.45 mmol
• the mixture was stirred at 0°C for 3 h and the reaction quenched with a mixture of methanol and aqueous K 2 CO 3 .
• the pH 9.5 and the mixture was stirred overnight.
• the volatiles were evaporated, and the remainder was partitioned between a small volume of water and dichloromethane.
• the organic layer was dried (MgSO 4 ), concentrated, and purified by flash column chromatography with 95:5 to 85:15 dichloromethane/methanol to yielded 40 mg (85%) of the title compound.
• step 3 compound was prepared using the Step 2 compound following the procedure of Example 1 ; step 10 to give the title compound. MS m/e (M+H) + 303.3
• step 1 compound was prepared using am L-(-)-prolinamide and N- e/;-butoxycarbonyI-(L)-/so-leucine following the procedure of Example 11 ; step 1 to give the title compound.
• Reference Standard Example 1 Step 2.
• step 2 compound was prepared using the step 1 compound following the procedure of Example 11 ; step 2 to give the title compound.
• step 3 compound was prepared using the step 2 compound following the procedure of Example 11 ; step 3 to give the title compound.
• Reference Standard Example 2 (Pauly, Robert P.; Demuth, Hans-
• step 1 compound was prepared using thiazolidine and N-fet - butoxycarbonyl-(L)-/so-leucine following the procedure of Example 11 ; step 1 to give the title compound.
• step 2 compound was prepared using the step 1 compound following the procedure of Example 11 ; step 3 to give the title compound.
• Conformations were generated for the proline forms of the N-terminal dipeptide compounds.
• the calculated ground state structure for the dipeptide has a conformation, characterized by a small C(1)-N-C(6)-O torsional angle at or near 0°.
• there is a calculated local low energy minimum where the reactive amine and nitrile are in close proximity to each other; in this configuration the C(1)-N-C(6)-O torsional angle is near 180°.
• the angle between the amine N and the C ⁇ N group is 109° ⁇ 1° while the distance between the these reactive partners is 2.95 A. It is therefore reasonable to expect that intramolecular cyclization is initiated from such a conformation.
• the energies in the first column of Table 2 correspond to the difference in conformational energy between the ground state and the geometry in which the reactive amine and nitrile are in close proximity, where internal cyclization could occur, for compounds lacking the c/s-methano group.
• the ab initio (G98) results are expected to be considerably more accurate than the force field values.
• the results indicate that the energy required to assume the anti conformation grows larger as the side chain bulk increases (e.g. 0.3, 1.9, 2.9 kcal/mol for no side chain, the alanine and the fetf-leucine side chains, respectively).
• the force field energy results agree qualitatively with the ab initio values, and suggest that the primary contribution is due to van der Waals interactions.
• Gaussian 98 Revision A.6, M. J. Frisch, G. W. Trucks, H. B. Schlegel, G. E. Scuseria, Robb, M. A. ; Cheeseman, J. R. ; Zakrzewski, V. G.; Montgomery, Jr. J. A.; Millam, J. M.; Replogle, E. S.; Pople, J. A. et. al. Gaussian, Inc.: Pittsburgh PA, 1998.
• DPP-IV inhibitors In vivo evaluation of DPP-IV inhibitors has supported the connection between DPP-IV inhibition, increases in plasma insulin levels, and an improvement in glucose tolerance. 1
• Several compounds in the present series are potent inhibitors of DPP-IV in vitro. As such, these inhibitors were selected to determine the effects of DPP-IV inhibition ex vivo and on glucose tolerance in Zucker fa/fa rat.
• the Zucker fa fa rat is a frequently used model in type II diabetes and obesity research.
• Zucker fa fa rats are severely hyperphagic, extremely obese, markedly insulin resistant and mildly hyperglucemic due to a mutation and lost of function of the leptin receptor gene.
• 2,3 Fasted male Zucker fa/fa rats were dosed orally with water, or with inhibitors at (3 ⁇ mol/Kg) and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted 4 h after the dosing. Plasma glucose levels were then monitored over a 2 h period. Columns 3 and 4 show the ex vivo plasma DPP-IV inhibition activity. Column 4 contians % lowering for AUC's in response to an oral glucose challenge (2 g/kg). Animals in the control group reached peak plasma glucose levels 60 min after glucose administration, at which point the drug treated animals exhibited a marked decrease in glucose levels compared to controls.
• OGTT oral glucose tolerance test
• the adamantyl compounds demonstrated not only a significant improvement in inhibiting DPP-IV activity compared to the reference standards, but also demonstrated a increased control in the glucose tolerance assay.
• Reference Standard 1 is has almost no inhibition in the ex vivo assay at 4 h, and gives only a slight change in glucose control when dosed at very high levels.
• the adamantyl inhibitors show good inhibitory activity in the ex vivo assay, even at extended time points.
• compounds 11 and 9 show good glucose control and are more efficacious in glucose lowering than Reference Standard 1.

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