Classifications

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  • C07D213/72—Nitrogen atoms
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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

• This invention is in the field of medicinal chemistry and relates to compounds, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, that inhibit caspases that mediate cell apoptosis and inflammation.
• the invention also 'relates to processes for preparing these compounds.
• the invention further relates .to methods of using the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of this invention to treat diseases where caspase activity is implicated.
• Apoptosis or programmed cell death, is a principal mechanism by which organisms eliminate unwanted cells.
• Caspases are a family of cysteine protease enzymes that are key mediators in the signaling pathways for apoptosis and cell disassembly (Thornberry, Chem. Biol .
• Caspases are involved in both the effector phase of the signaling pathway and further upstream at its initiation. The upstream caspases involved in initiation events become activated and in turn activate other caspases that are involved in the later phases of apoptosis.
• Caspase-1 the first identified caspase, is also known as interleukin converting enzyme or "ICE.”
• Caspase-1 converts precursor interleukin-l ⁇ ("pIL-l ⁇ ”) to the pro-inflammatory active form by specific cleavage of pIL-l ⁇ between Asp-116 and Ala-117.
• caspase-1 there are also eleven other known human caspases, all of which cleave specifically at aspartyl residues. They are also observed to have stringent requirements for at least four amino acid residues on the N-terminal side of the cleavage site.
• the caspases have been classified into three groups depending on the amino acid sequence that is preferred or primarily recognized.
• caspases which includes caspases 1, 4, 5 and 13, have been shown to prefer hydrophobic aromatic amino acids at position 4 on the N-terminal side of the cleavage site.
• Another group which includes caspases 2, 3 and 7, recognize aspartyl residues at both positions 1 and 4 on the N-terminal side of the cleavage site, and preferably a sequence of Asp-Glu-X-Asp.
• a third group which includes caspases 6, 8, 9 and 10, tolerate many amino acids in the primary recognition sequence, but seem to prefer residues with branched, aliphatic side chains such as valine and leucine at position 4.
• the caspases have also been grouped according to their perceived function.
• the first subfamily consists of caspases-1 (ICE), 4, 5 and 13. These caspases have been shown to be involved in pro- inflammatory cytokine processing and therefore play an important role in inflammation.
• Caspase-1 the most studied enzyme of this class, activates the IL-l ⁇ precursor by proteolytic cleavage. This enzyme therefore plays a key role in the inflammatory response.
• Caspase-1 is also involved in the processing of interferon- ⁇ inducing factor (IGIF, also known as IL-18) which stimulates the production of interferon gamma, a key immunoregulator that modulates antigen presentation, T- cell activation and cell adhesion. [0007] The remaining caspases make up the second and third subfamilies.
• IGIF interferon- ⁇ inducing factor
• One subfamily consists of the enzymes involved in initiating events in the apo otic pathway, including transduction of signals from the plasma membrane. Members of this subfamily include caspases-2, 8, 9 and 10. The other subfamily, consisting of the effector capsases 3, 6 and 7, are involved in the final downstream cleavage events that result in the systematic breakdown and death of the cell by apoptosis. Caspases involved in the upstream signal transduction activate the downstream caspases, which then disable DNA repair mechanisms, fragment DNA, dismantle the cell cytoskeleton and finally fragment the cell .
• R is an acyloxymethylketone -COCH 2 OCOR' .
• R' is exemplified by an optionally substituted phenyl such as 2, 6-dichlorobenzoyloxy and where R is C0CH 2 X where X is a leaving group such as F or Cl .
• caspase inhibitors to treat a variety of mammalian disease states associated with an increase in cellular apoptosis has been demonstrated using peptidic caspase inhibitors.
• caspase inhibitors have been shown to reduce infarct size and inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis after myocardial infarction, to reduce lesion volume and neurological deficit resulting from stroke, to reduce post-traumatic apoptosis and neurological deficit in traumatic brain injury, to be effective in treating fulminant liver destruction, and to improved survival after endotoxic shock.
• peptidic inhibitors described above are very potent against some of the caspase enzymes. However, this potency has not always been reflected in cellular models of apoptosis .
• peptide inhibitors are typically characterized by undesirable pharmacological properties such as poor oral absorption, poor stability and rapid metabolism. Plattner and Norbeck, in Drug Discovery Technologies, Clark and Moos, Eds. (Ellis Horwood, Chichester, England, 1990) .
• the present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of formula I and methods using such compounds and compositions for treating caspase-mediated diseases.
• the present invention also provides processes for preparing the compounds of formula I .
• R 1 is R 5 C(0)-, HC(O)-, R 6 S0 2 -, R 6 OC(0)-, (R 6 ) 2 NC(0)-,
• R 2 is hydrogen, -CF 3 , halo, -OR 7 , -N0 2 , -OCF 3 , -CN, or R 8 ;
• R 3 is hydrogen or (C1-C4) -aliphatic-;
• R 4 is -COOH or -C00R 8 ;
• R 5 is -CH 2 F or -CH 2 0-2 , 3 , 5 , 6-tetraf luorophenyl ;
• R 5 is (C1-C12) -aliphatic- (C3-C10) -cycloaliphatic-, (C6- C10)-aryl-, (C3-C10) -heterocyclyl-, (C5-C10)- heteroaryl-, (C3-C10) -cycloaliphatic- (C1-C12) - aliphatic-, (C6-C10) -aryl- (C1-C12) -aliphatic-, (C3- CIO) -heterocyclyl- (C1-C12) -aliphatic-, (C5-C10)- heteroaryl (C1-C12) -aliphatic-, or two R 6 groups bound to the same atom form together with that atom a 3- to lO-membered aromatic or nonaromatic ring
• heterocyclyl wherein up to 3 aliphatic carbon atoms may be replaced by a group selected from 0, N, N(R) , S, SO, and S0 2 ; and wherein R 5 is substituted with up to 6 substituents independently selected from R;
• the present invention also provides a compound of formula I:
• R 1 is R 6 C(0) R 6 S0 2 -, R 6 0C(0) (R 6 ) 2 NC(0)-, R 6 C(0)C(0)-,
• R is hydrogen, -CF 3 , halo, -OR , -N0 2 , -OCF 3 , -CN, or R 8 ;
• R 3 is hydrogen or (C1-C4) -aliphatic-;
• R 4 is -COOH or -COOR 8 ;
• R 5 is -CH 2 F or -CH 2 0-2 , 3 , 5 , 6-tetrafluorophenyl;
• R 6 is (C1-C12) -aliphatic- (C3-C10) -cycloaliphatic-, (C6- Cl0)-aryl-, (C3-C10) -heterocyclyl-, (C5-C10)- heteroaryl-, (C3-C10) -cycloaliphatic- (C1-C12) - aliphatic-, (C6-C10) -aryl- (C1-C12) -aliphatic-, (C3- C10) -heterocyclyl- (C1-C12) -aliphatic-, (C5-C10) - heteroaryl (C1-C12) -aliphatic-, or two R 6 groups bound to the same atom form together with that atom a 3- to 10-membered aromatic or nonaromatic ring; wherein the ring is optionally fused to a (C6-C10) aryl, (C5- C10) heteroaryl, (C3-C10) cycl
• R is halogen, -OR 7 , -OC (0)N(R 7 ) 2 , -N0 2 , -CN, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -R 7 , oxo, thioxo, 1, 2-methylenedioxy, 1,2- ethylenedioxy, -N(R 7 ) 2 , -SR 7 , -SOR 7 , -S0 2 R 7 , -S0 2 N(R 7 ) 2 , -SO 3 R 7 , -C(0)R 7 , -C(0)C(0)R 7 , -C(0)CH 2 C(0)R 7 , -C(S)R 7 , -C(0)OR 7 , -OC(0)R 7 , -C(0)N(R 7 ) 2 , -OC (O)N(R 7 ) 2 , -C(S)N(R 7 ) 2 , -(CH 2 ) 0 - 2 NHC(O)R
• J 2 is halogen, -OR 7 , -OC (O)N(R 7 ) 2 , -N0 2 , -CN, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -R 7 , oxo, thioxo, 1, 2-methylenedioxy, 1,2- ethy1enedioxy, -N(R 7 ) 2 , -SR 7 , -SOR 7 , -S0 2 R 7 , -S0 2 N(R 7 ) 2 , -S0 3 R 7 , -C(0)R 7 , -C(0)C(0)R 7 , -C(0)CH 2 C(0)R 7 , -C(S)R 7 , -C(0)OR 7 , -OC(0)R 7 , -C(0)N(R 7 ) 2 , -OC (O)N(R 7 ) 2 , -C(S)N(R 7 ) 2 , -(CH 2 ) 0 - 2
• R 8 is (C1-C12) -aliphatic- (C3-C10) -cycloaliphatic-, (C6- C10)-aryl-, (C3-C10) -heterocyclyl-, (C5-C10)- heteroaryl-, (C3-C10) -cycloaliphatic- (C1-C12) - aliphatic-, (C6-C10) -aryl- (C1-C12) -aliphatic-, (C3- CIO) -heterocyclyl- (C1-C12) -aliphatic-, or (C5-C10)- heteroaryl (C1-C12) -aliphatic-, wherein up to 3 aliphatic carbon atoms may be replaced with a group selected from 0, N(H) , N(R) , S, SO, and S0 2 .
• R 1 is R 6 C(0)-, R 6 S0 2 -, or R 6 -.
• R ⁇ is R 6 C(0)-.
• R 1 is R 6 S0 2 -.
• R 1 is R 6 -.
• R 1 is (R 6 ) 2 NC(0)- or (R 6 )0C(0)-.
• R 1 is (R 6 ) 2 NC(0)-.
• R 1 is (R 6 ) (H)NC (0) - .
• R 1 is (R 5 )0C(0)-.
• each R 6 is independently (C1-C4) -aliphatic-, (C3-C10)- cycloaliphatic, (C3-CIO) -heterocyclyl, (C5-C10)- heteroaryl, (C6-C10) -aryl-, or (C6-C10) -aryl- (C1-C12) - (it being understood that optionally up to 3 aliphatic carbon atoms may be replaced by a group selected from 0, N, N(R) , S, SO, and S0 2 ; and wherein R 6 is optionally substituted with up to 6 substituents independently selected from R or R 6 is substituted as disclosed in any of the embodiments herein) .
• each R 6 is independently H, (C1-C4) -aliphatic- or (C6-C10) -aryl- or each R 6 together with the N-atom is a (C3-C7) -cycloaliphatic.
• each R 6 is independently (C1-C4) -aliphatic-, (C5-C10) -heteroaryl-, or (C6-C10)- aryl-, wherein the heteroaryl or aryl is optionally substituted or wherein each R 6 together with the N-atom is a (C3-C7) -cycloaliphatic group.
• each R 6 is independently (C1-C4) -aliphatic- or (C6-C10) -aryl-, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted or wherein each R s together with the N-atom is a (C3-C7) -cycloaliphatic.
• each R 6 is independently (C1-C4) -aliphatic-, (C3-C7) -cycloaliphatic, (C6-C10) -aryl-, (C5-C10) -heteroaryl, wherein the heteroaryl and aryl are independently and optionally substituted, or each R 6 together with the N-atom is a (C3-C7) -cycloaliphatic.
• R 2 is hydrogen, C1-, C2-, C3-, or C4-alkyl-,
• R 2 is hydrogen, Cl-alkyl-, C2-alkyl-, or CF 3 . More preferably, R 2 is hydrogen or CF3. [0025] According to another preferred embodiment, R 3 is •ethyl .
• R 5 is -CH 2 0-2 ,3,5, 6-tetrafluorophenyl .
• R 5 is -CH 2 F.
• R 8 is (C1-C12) -alkyl. More preferably, R 8 is (C1-C4) -alkyl .
• each R and J 2 are independently halogen, -OR 7 , -OC (O) (R 7 ) 2 , -N0 2 , -CN, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -R 7 , ox ⁇ , 1,2-methylenedioxy, 1,2- ethylenedioxy, -N(R 7 ) 2 , -C(0)R 7 , -C(0)C(0)R 7 , -C(0)OR 7 , -OC(0)R 7 , -C(0)N(R 7 ) 2 , or -OC (O)N(R 7 ) 2 .
• the carbon atom designations may have the indicated integer and any intervening integer.
• the number of carbon atoms in a (C1-C4) -alkyl group is 1, 2, 3, or 4. It should be understood that these designation refer to the total number of atoms in the appropriate group.
• the total number of carbon atoms and heteroatoms is 3 (as in aziridine) , 4, 5, 6 (as in morpholine) , 7, 8, 9, or 10.
• an aliphatic group includes straight-chained and branched groups having the specified number of atoms. If the number of atoms is unspecified, the aliphatic group has from 1 to 12 carbon atoms . As would be understood, alkenyl and/or alkynyl aliphatic groups have a minimum of 2 carbon atoms . Preferred aliphatic groups are alkyl groups (preferably having from 1 to 6 atoms) .
• preferred aliphatic groups of this invention are alkyl groups and have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms . More preferred alkyl groups have 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms.
• Preferred alkenyl and alkynyl groups of this invention have 2, 3, 4, 5, or, 6 carbon atoms * and more preferably, from 2 , 3 , or 4 carbon atoms .
• Cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl groups have between 3 and 10 carbon atoms and are monocyclic or bicyclic, including linearly fused, bridged, or spirocyclic.
• a cycloaliphatic group is, preferably, a cycloalkyl or a cylcoalkenyl . More preferred cycloaliphatic groups are 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered rings that are, more preferably, cycloalkyl rings.
• aromatic group refers to a 6-10-membered ring system that contains at least one aromatic ring.
• aromatic rings include phenyl and naphthyl .
• heteroaryl refers to ring system having 5-10 members and 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, N(R) , 0, S, SO, and S0 2 ., wherein at least one ring is heteroaromatic (e.g., pyridyl, thiophene, or thiazole) .
• heteroaryl rings examples include 2-furanyl, 3-furanyl, N-imidazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, 5- imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, N- pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl (e.g., 3-pyridazinyl) , 2-thiazolyl, 4- thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, tetrazolyl (e.g., 5-tetrazolyl) , triazolyl (e.g., 2-triazolyl and 5-triazolyl)
• heterocycle refers to ring system having 3-10 members and 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, N(R) , 0, S, SO, and S0 2 , wherein no ring is aromatic (e.g., piperidine and morpholine) .
• Preferred heterocyclyl groups are 5- or 6- membered rings having 1 or 2 heteroatoms .
• heterocyclic rings examples include 3-1H- benzimidazol-2-one, 3- (1-alkyl) -benzimidazol-2-one, 2- tetrahydrofuranyl, 3-tetrahydrofuranyl, 2- tetrahydrothiophenyl , 3-tetrahydrothiophenyl, 2- morpholino, 3-morpholino, 4-morpholino, 2 ⁇ thiomorpholino, 3-thiomorpholino, 4-thiomorpholino, 1-pyrrolidinyl, 2- pyrrolidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, 1-tetrahydropiperazinyl, 2- tetrahydropiperazinyl, 3-tetrahydropiperazinyl, 1- piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, 1-pyrazolinyl, 3-pyrazolinyl, 4-pyrazolinyl, 5-pyrazolinyl, 1- piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-pipe
• any of these cycloaliphatic, heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl groups are optionally fused with a 5- or 6- membered aryl or heteroaryl ring.
• each of any aliphatic, aryl, cycloaliphatic, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl may contain appropriate substituents (preferably up to 5, more preferable up to 3, and even more preferably, 0 or 1) independently selected from, for example, carbonyl and R. Preferred substituents
• R and J 2 are halogen, -OR 7 , -N0 2 , -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -R 7 , oxo, -OR 7 , -O-benzyl, -O-phenyl, 1, 2-methylenedioxy, 1,2-ethylenedioxy, -N(R 7 ) 2 , -C(0)R 7 , -COOR 7 or -CON(R 7 ) 2 , wherein R 7 is defined herein (and is preferably H, (Cl- C6)-alkyl, or (C2-C6) -alkenyl and alkynyl), with (C1-C6)- alkyl being most preferred) .
• R is a substituent on a nitrogen atom
• preferred R groups are selected from the group consisting of -R 7 , -SOR 7 , -S0 2 R 7 , -S0 2 N(R 7 ) 2 , -S0 3 R 7 , -C(0)R 7 , -C(0)C(0)R 7 , -C (0) C (0) OR 7 , -C(0)C(0)N(R 7 ) 2 , -C(0)CH 2 C(0)R 7 , -C(S)R 7 , -C(S)OR 7 , -C(0)0R 7 , -C(0)N(R 7 ) 2 , -C(S)N(R 7 ) 2 , - (CH 2 ) 0 _ 2 NHC (0) R 7 , -N(R 7 )N(R 7 )COR 7 ,
• the compounds of the present invention are broad caspase inhibitors and have an improved ability over reported compounds to inhibit apoptosis (see Examples 42 and 43) .
• this invention provides a compound of formula la or lb
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are as defined in any of the embodiments herein.
• the compound of formula I of present invention provides a compound of formula II, selected from Table 1 below:
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising: 5 a) a compound of formula I, as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle.
• the compounds of this invention may be prepared in general by methods known to those skilled in the art for analogous compounds and by the preparative examples that follow. For the purposes of illustration, the following Schemes I-III for the synthesis of the compounds of the present invention are provided. It should be understood that any protective group depicted in the schemes may be varied as appropriate in view of compatibility with other substituents .
• Various protecting groups may be used in the methods of this invention (see, e.g., T.W. Greene & P.G.M Wutz, "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis", 3 rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1999) and the earlier editions of this book) .
• Typical functional groups that must be protected are amines. Any amines and other functional groups may be protected according to methods known in the art. Compounds, including amines, may be used with or without isolation from the reaction mixtures .
• EDC is 1- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) -3- ethylcarbodiimide
• HOBt is 1-hydroxybenzotriazole
• THF is tetrahydrofuran
• TFA is trifluoroacetic acid
• DCM is dichloromethane
• DMAP is 4-dimethylaminopyridine.
• Acid 1 is coupled to amino alcohol 2.
• the coupling is depicted using EDC/DMAP/HOBt/THF, however, other suitable conditions may also be used.
• an amino ketone may be used, in place of the amino alcohol, thus avoiding the subsequent oxidation step.
• fluoromethyl ketones where R 5 is
• the amino alcohol 2 may be obtained according to the method of Revesz et al., Tetrahedron Lett . 1994, 35, 9693.
• R 5 is -CH 2 0-2, 3, 5, 6-tetrafluorophenyl
• amino alcohol 2 may be obtained by methods analogous to those of Semple et al . , Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 1997, 7, 1337 (Scheme II) .
• R 4 in 3 is preferably an ester that is hydrolyzed in the final step of the scheme. If that ester is a t-butyl ester (i.e., if R 4 is C ⁇ 2tBu) , treatment -with trifluoroacetic acid will give the acid.
• the ester is preferably a t-butyl ester when the other substituents in I are compatible with acidic conditions .
• R 4 in product I is an ester
• the desired ester may be prepared by esterifying the corresponding acid or by having the desired ester group already present in compound 2.
• KF potassium fluoride
• DMF N,N- dimethylformamide
• ArOH 2, 3 , 5, 6-tetrafluorophenol
• THF tetahydrofuran
• MeOH methanol.
• Lutidine/DCM (d) NaH/THF; (e) Rl-Cl/Et 3 N/DMAP/DCM; (f)
• Another embodiment of this invention provides a process for preparing a compound of formula I:
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined in any of the embodiments herein, comprising:
• R 9 is -N0 2 , -C(0)0R 10 , R 6 C(0)N(H)-, R 6 S0 2 N(H)-,
• R 5 0C(0)N(H)-, (R 6 ) 2 NC(0)N(H)-, R 6 C (0) C (0) N (H) - , R 6 N(H)-, (R 6 ) 2 NC(0)C(0)N(H)-, or R 6 OC (0) C (O)N(H) - ;
• R 10 is independently hydrogen, (C1-C12) -aliphatic- (C3- C10) -cycloaliphatic-, (C6-C10) -aryl-, (C3-C10)- heterocyclyl-, (C5-C10) -heteroaryl-, (C3-C10)- cycloaliphatic- (C1-C12) -aliphatic-, (C6-C10) -aryl- (Cl- C12) -aliphatic-, (C3-C10) -heterocyclyl- (C1-C12) - aliphatic-, (C5-C10) -heter
• R 4 and R 5 are as defined in any of the embodiments of formula (I) herein; in the presence of peptide coupling conditions and a solvent; provided that if Y is an OH group, then the process further comprises (b) oxidizing the OH group to provide the compound of formula (I) ; and provided that if R 9 is -N0 2 , -C(0)0R 10 , or -CN, the process comprises the further step of converting the -N0 2 , -C(0)0R 10 , or -CN into R 6 C(0)N(H)-, R 6 S0 2 N(H)-, R 6 OC(0)N(H)-, (R 5 ) 2 NC(0)N(H)-, R 6 C (0) C (O)N(H) -, R 6 N(H)- (R 6 ) 2 NC(0)C(0)N(H)-, or R 6 OC (0) C (O)N(H) - .
• the coupling conditions may be any known to skilled practitioners for forming peptidyl bonds. Preferred coupling conditions are EDC/DMAP/HOBt . A preferred solvent in the above embodiment is THF. [0057] In a preferred embodiment, the compound of formula (III) :
• R 10 a protecting group
• preferred deprotecting conditions include acid hydrolysis.
• a preferred acid is TFA.
• a ' preferred solvent is DCM. More preferably the solvent and the hydrolyzing conditions comprise TFA and DCM.
• R 10 is methyl or ethyl, then preferred deprotecting conditions would be basic (e.g., aqueous NaOH). If R 10 is benzyl , then the benzyl group could be removed by hydrogenolysis .
• X is a suitable leaving group; and R 3 and R 10 are as defined herein; in the presence of a solvent and a base.
• X is -I, -Br, -Cl, -OH, an alkylsulfonate, or an aryl sulfonate.
• an appropriate leaving group may be generated in situ (e.g., as in the Mitsunobu reaction) .
• Preferred sulfonates include -O-trifluoromethanesulfonate, -0- methanesulfonate, -O-benzenesulfonate, -O-p- toluenesulfonate, -O-m-nitrobenzenesulfonate, and -0-p- nitrobenzenesulfonate.
• Suitable leaving groups useful in the methods of this invention are well known in the art. See, e.g., "March's Advanced Organic Chemistry", 5 th Ed., Ed.: Smith, M.B. and March, J. , John Wiley & Sons, New York (2001) .
• Suitable bases include any that may remove a proton from the hydroxy group in (V) .
• bases include BuLi, LDA, LHMDS, and NaH.
• the base is NaH.
• Another embodiment of this invention provides a process for preparing a compound of formula (VIII) :
• R 2 is -CF 3 , -CI, -OR 7 , -N0 2 , -OCF 3 , -CN, or R 8 ;
• R 3 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 are as defined herein; comprising the step of (e) reacting a compound of formula (IX) :
• X is a suitable leaving group; in the presence of a solvent and a base.
• X is -I, -Br, -Cl, -OH, an alkylsulfonate, or an aryl sulfonate.
• an appropriate leaving group may be generated in situ (e.g., as in the Mitsunobu reaction) .
• Preferred sulfonates include -0-trifluoromethanesulfonate, -0- methanesulfonate, -O-benzenesulfonate, -O-p- toluenesulfonate, -O-m-nitrobenzenesulfonate, and -O-p- nitrobenzenesulfonate .
• Any solvent is compatible with the generation of anions may be used.
• Such solvents include DMF, toluene, and THF.
• the solvent is THF.
• Suitable bases include any that may remove a proton from the hydroxy group in (V) .
• Such bases include BuLi, LDA, LHMDS, and NaH.
• the base is NaH.
• Another embodiment of this invention provides a process for preparing a compound of formula (I) :
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are as defined in any of the embodiments herein, comprising: (a) reacting a compound of formula (VI or IX) :
• R 9 is -N0 2 , -C(0)0R 10 -CN, R 6 C(0)N(H)-, R 6 S0 2 N(H)
• R 2 , R 3 and R 6 are as defined herein; with a compound of formula (X) :
• the compounds of this invention can be assayed for their, ability to inhibit the release of IL-l ⁇ , caspase activity, or apoptosis directly. Assays for each of the activities are known in the art. Selected assays are described below. [0069] If pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention are utilized in these compositions, those salts are preferably derived from inorganic or organic acids and bases.
• acid salts include the following: acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzene sulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphor sulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenyl- propionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, thi
• N-methyl-D-glucamine and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and so forth.
• the basic nitrogen-containing groups can be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates, such as dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides, such as benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others . Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products are thereby obtained.
• lower alkyl halides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides
• dialkyl sulfates such as dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates
• long chain halides
• compositions and methods of this invention may also be modified by appending appropriate functionalities to enhance selective biological properties.
• modifications are known in the art and include those which increase biological penetration into a given biological system (e.g., blood, lymphatic system, central nervous system), increase oral availability, increase solubility to allow administration by injection, alter metabolism and alter rate of excretion.
• compositions include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, ' alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers , polyethylene glycol and wool fat.
• ion exchangers such as human serum albumin
• buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salt
• compositions of this invention are formulated for pharmaceutical administration to a mammal, preferably a human being .
• Such pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir.
• parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.
• the compositions are administered orally or intravenously.
• Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this invention may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents .
• the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol .
• the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides.
• Fatty acids such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
• These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions.
• a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions.
• Other commonly used surfactants such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.
• compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions.
• carriers which are commonly used include lactose and corn starch.
• Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
• useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch.
• aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.
• compositions of this invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs .
• Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers .
• Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water.
• the pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with our without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.
• compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons , and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents .
• compositions are particularly useful in therapeutic applications relating to an IL-1 mediated disease, an apoptosis mediated disease, an inflammatory disease, an autoimmune disease, a destructive bone disorder, a proliferative disorder, an infectious disease, a degenerative disease, a disease associated with cell death, or various forms of liver disease.
• Such diseases include those related to rheumatology and autoimmunity, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, chronic thyroiditis, Grave's disease, myasthenia gravis, autoimmune neutropenia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, gout, Behcet's syndrome, Still's syndrome, macrophage activation syndrome, and sarcoidosis; auto-inflammatory syndromes, such as cryopyrin-associated Periodic Syndromes, (including Muckle-Wells syndrome, familial cold urticaria, chronic infantile neurological cutaneous and articular syndrome (a.k.a.
• pulmonary fibrosis atopic dermatitis, scarring, alopecia, acne vulgaris, and pemphigus
• dermatology such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, scarring, alopecia, acne vulgaris, and pemphigus
• respiratory such as asthma, adult respiratory distress syndrome, cystic fibrosis, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
• internal medicine such as inflammatory peritonitis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, autoimmune gastritis, H.pylori-associated gastric and duodenal ulcer disease, diabetes, pancreatitis, glomerulonephritis, chronic active hepatitis, excess dietary alcohol intake disease, renal disease, polycystic kidney disease, burn
• GVHD host disease
• organ transplant rejection organ transplant rejection
• oncology such as leukemias and related disorders, myelodysplastic syndrome, multiple myeloma-related bone disorder, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, metastatic melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, and multiple myeloma
• cardiovascular such as chronic heart disease, acute heart disease, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) , and acute coronary syndrome
• CABG coronary artery bypass graft
• the central and peripheral nervous systems such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Kennedy's disease, prion disease, cerebral ischemia, epilepsy, spinal muscular atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, HIV- related encephalitis, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, neurological damage due to stroke,
• the compounds and compositions are also useful in treating complications associated with coronary artery bypass grafts .
• the amount of compound present in the above-described compositions should be sufficient to cause a detectable decrease in the severity of the disease or in caspase activity and/or cell apoptosis, as measured by any of the assays known in the art.
• compositions of this invention may further comprise another therapeutic agent.
• agents include, but are not limited to, thrombolytic agents such as tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase.
• the second agent may be administered either as a separate dosage form or as part of a single dosage form with the compounds or compositions of this invention. Accordingly, a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate, or sequential use is provided by this invention.
• Dosage levels of between about 0.01 and about 100 mg/kg body weight per day, preferably between about 0.5 and about 75 mg/kg body weight per day of the protease inhibitor compounds described herein are useful in a monotherapy for the prevention and treatment of a disease involving caspase activity and/or apoptosis.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention will be administered from about 1 to about 5 times per day or alternatively, as a continuous infusion. Such administration can be used as a chronic or acute therapy.
• the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. A typical preparation will contain from about 5% to about 95% active compound (w/w) .
• compositions of this invention comprise a combination of a compound of formula I and one or more additional therapeutic or prophylactic agents
• both the compound and the additional agent should be present at dosage levels of between about 10 to 100%, and more preferably between about 10 to 80% of the dosage normally administered in a monotherapy regimen.
• a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated.
• the invention provides a method of treating a mammal, having one of the aforementioned diseases, comprising the step of administering to said mammal a pharmaceutically acceptable composition described above.
• the patient is also administered another therapeutic agent or caspase inhibitor, it may be delivered together with the compound of this invention in a single dosage form, or, as a separate dosage form.
• the other caspase inhibitor or agent may be administered prior to, at the same time as, or following administration of a pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising a compound of this invention.
• reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 90 minutes and quenched with aqueous ammonium chloride (10 mL) . Most of the solvent was evaporated and the residue was partitioned between EtOAc and saturated aqueous NHC1. The organic layer was washed with brine (30 mL) , dried (MgS0) , filtered and evaporated.
• the resulting mixture was kept at 0°C for 2hr, diluted with ethyl acetate, then poured into a 1:1 mixture of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate and saturated aqueous sodium thiosulfate. The organic layer was removed and the aqueous layer re-extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were dried (Magnesium sulfate) and concentrated.
• the assays for caspase inhibition are based on the cleavage of a fluorogenic substrate by recombinant, purified human Caspases -1, -3, or -8.
• the assays are run in essentially the same way as those reported by Garcia-Calvo et al. (J " . Biol . Chem. 273 (1998), 32608- 32613), using a substrate specific for each enzyme.
• the substrate for Caspase-1 is Acetyl-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-amino- 4-methylcoumarin.
• the substrate for Caspases -3 and -8 is Acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-amino-4-methylcoumarin.
• Human blood is freshly drawn from healthy donors and diluted 1:2 in PBS.
• 50ml of prediluted test compound in RPMI medium and 10 ml LPS (5ng/ml final concentration on the plate) are added (LPS, Serotype 0111:B4, Sigma L3012). After stimulation for 18 hours supernatants are collected and assayed for IL-l ⁇ levels using the appropriate ELISA kit
• Table 2 shows inhibition of IL-l ⁇ secretion from human whole blood for selected compounds of this invention as determined individually by the above methods .
• Table 2 Inhibition of IL-l ⁇ secretion
• Cortical neurons are dissociated from Wistar rat embryos (E17) by a modification of the procedure of Rogers et al. 1997, Brain Res . Bulletin, 44:131. Briefly, cerebral cortices are isolated aseptically from 15-20 Wistar rat embryos. A cell suspension is prepared by mincing the cerebral cortices and digesting them with papain. Cells are washed with ovomucoid enzyme inhibitor and DNasel and plated onto Poly-D lysine coated plates in high glucose DMEM containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum, L-glutamine, penicillin and streptomycin.
• the yield of neurons is 10x7 per embryo and they are 80-
• the neurons are cultured in complete medium at
• Cellular apoptosis may be induced by the binding of Fas ligand (FasL) to its receptor, CD95 (Fas) .
• CD95 is one of a family of related receptors, known as death receptors, which can trigger apoptosis in cells via activation of the caspase enzyme cascade. The process is initiated by the binding of the adapter molecule FADD/MORT-1 to the cytoplasmic domain of the CD-95 receptor-ligand complex. Caspase-8 then binds FADD and becomes activated, initiating a cascade of events that involve the activation of downstream caspases and subsequent cellular apoptosis.
• Apoptosis can also be induced in cells expressing CD95 e.g., the Jurkat E6.1 T cell lymphoma cell line, using an antibody, rather than FasL, to crosslink the cell surface CD95.
• Anti-Fas- induced apoptosis is also triggered via the activation of caspase-8. This provides the basis of a cell based assay to screen compounds for inhibition of the caspase-8- mediated apoptotic pathway.
• Jurkat E6.1 cells are cultured in complete medium consisting of RPMI-1640 (Sigma No) + 10% foetal calf serum (Gibco BRL No.10099-141) + 2mM L-glutamine (Sigma No. G-7513). The cells are harvested in log phase of growth. 100 ml of cells at 5-8x105 cells/ml are transferred to sterile 50ml Falcon centrifuge tubes and centrifuged for 5 minutes at lOOxg at room temperature. The supernatant is removed and the combined cell pellets resuspended in 25ml of complete medium. The cells are counted and the density adjusted to 2xl06cells/ml with complete medium.
• test compound is dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma No. D-2650) to give a lOOmM stock solution. This is diluted to 400 ⁇ M in complete medium, then serially diluted in a 96-well plate prior to addition to the cell assay plate.
• DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
• lOO ⁇ l of the cell suspension (2x106 cells) is added to each well of a sterile 96-well round-bottomed cluster plate (Costar No. 3790) .
• 50 ⁇ l of compound solution at the appropriate dilution and 50 ⁇ l of anti-Fas antibody, clone CH-11 (Upstate, Cat No.l 544 675) at a final concentration of lOng/ml, are added to the wells.
• Control wells are set up minus antibody and minus compound but with a serial dilution of DMSO as vehicle control.
• the plates are incubated for 16-18hrs at 37°C in 5% C02 and 95% humidity.
• Apoptosis of the cells is measured by the quantitation of DNA fragmentation using a 'Cell Death Detection Assay' from Roche diagnostics, No. 1544 675. After incubation for 16-18hrs the assay plates are centrifuged at lOOxg at room temperature for 5 minutes. 150 ⁇ l of the supernatant are removed and replaced by 150 ⁇ l of fresh complete medium. The cells are then harvested and 200 ⁇ l of the lysis buffer supplied in the assay kit are added to each well. The cells are triturated to ensure complete lysis and incubated for 30 minutes at 4°C. The plates are then centrifuged at 1900xg for 10 minutes and the supernatants diluted 1:20 in the incubation buffer provided.
• OD405nm is measured 20 minutes after addition of the final substrate in a SPECTRAmax Plus plate reader (Molecular Devices) .
• OD405nm is plotted versus compound concentration and the IC50 values for the compounds are calculated using the curve-fitting program SOFTmax Pro (Molecular Devices) using the four parameter fit option.

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