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Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel phosphate isosteres.
• the invention relates to compounds having a sulfhydantoin or a reverse sulfhydantoin moiety, uses thereof, and related methods.
• phosphate group transfer Many biologically important functions are regulated by the transfer of a phosphate group. Often, the active or inactive form of a compound is determined by the presence or absence of a phosphate group bound to that compound. Accordingly, many biological enzymes are involved in regulating this phosphate group transfer. For example, kinase enzymes catalyze transfer of a phosphate group from a nucleoside triphosphate to a protein receptor.. In contrast, phosphatase enzymes remove a phosphate group from a substrate by hydrolysis.
• SHP-2 src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase
• SHPTP2 68 kDa phosphatase protein and is also known as SHPTP2 , Syp, PTP1D and PTP2C. Lu et al., Molecular Cell (2001) 8, 759. The enzyme is expressed in the cytoplasm of every tissue. SHP-2 is an important signaling enzyme, and the biological functions of SHP-2 have been extensively reviewed. Feng, Exp . Cell Res . (1999) 253, 45; Neel and Tonks, Curr. Opin . Cell Biol . (1997) 9, 193; Tonks, Adv. Pharmacol . (1996) 36, 91.
• the enzyme is activated through interactions with a variety of ligands including growth factors, cytokine receptor tyrosine kinases, and adhesion molecules and is most notably recognized as a positive regulator of cell proliferation.
• SHP-2 also plays an important function in immune signaling. Huyer and Alexander, Curr. Biol .
• SHP-2 The SHP-2 enzyme is required for activation of the Ras-MAP kinase cascade, although its precise role in the pathway is unclear. Van Vactor et al . , Curr. Opin . Genet . Dev. (1998) 8, 112. SHP-2 has recently been identified as an intracellular target of Helicobacter pylori . Higashi et al . , Science (2002) 295, 683. Due to the critical role SHP-2 plays in various biological pathways, development of inhibitors against the enzyme would provide useful treatments for cancer and other autoimmune diseases.
• phosphatase inhibitors [0005] The majority of compounds investigated to date as potential phosphatase inhibitors can be divided into two general classes. The most common phosphatase inhibitors incorporate one or two carboxylate groups to mimic the two formal negative charges present on phosphate at physiological pH. Another common class of phosphatase inhibitors incorporates the mono- or diflouro phosphinate moiety as a non-hydrolyzable phosphate group mimic . [0006] More recent work has focused on the development of new heterocyclic groups that can mimic a phosphate moiety, i.e. the development of phosphate isosteres. A successful phosphate isostere will ideally be both nonhydrolyzable and bioavailable .
• Successful phosphate mimicry will also depend on the shape and ionization state of the mimic.
• Examples of new heterocyclic groups designed to mimic a phosphate moiety include tetronic acid derivatives investigated against Cdc25b, Sodeoka et al., J " . Med. Chem . (2001) 44(20), 3216, and the azoledinedione class of inhibitors that have been investigated against protein tyrosine phosphatase IB (PTB1B) .
• PTB1B protein tyrosine phosphatase IB
• the present invention is directed to the discovery that the sulfhydantoin moiety is useful as an isosteric replacement for a phosphate group.
• the present invention describes the novel use of compounds containing a sulfhydantoin (1, 1-dioxo [1, 2 , 5] thiadiazolidin-3-one) or a reverse sulfhydantoin (1, 1-dioxo [1, 2 , 4] thiadiazolidin- 3-one) ring system as phosphate isosteres.
• the present invention also describes the use of these compounds as phosphatase enzyme modulators.
• compounds of this invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof are effective as inhibitors of SHP-2 phosphatase enzyme.
• the present invention is directed to the discovery that the sulfhydantoin moiety is useful as an isosteric replacement for a phosphate group.
• the present invention provides compounds of formulae (I) and (II) :
• Q is an optionally substituted group selected from C ⁇ - 8 aliphatic; C ⁇ -io aryl, heteroaryl having 5-10 ring atoms, and heterocyclyl having 3-10 ring atoms;
• T is selected from a C ⁇ _ 6 alkylidene chain wherein one or two non-adjacent methylene units of T are optionally and independently replaced by -0-, -NR-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0)NR-, - RC(O)-, -NRC(0)NR-, -SO-, -S0 2 -, -NRS0 2 -, -S0 2 NR-, or -NRS0 2 NR- ; m is selected from zero or one; X is selected from -CH 2 -, -C(0)-, or -CF 2 -; and each R is independently selected from hydrogen or an optionally substituted C ⁇ _s aliphatic group, or two R groups bound to the same nitrogen are taken together with the nitrogen to form a 3-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 0-2 heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen, wherein said heteroatoms are independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
• aliphatic or "aliphatic group” as used herein means a straight-chain or branched C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 hydrocarbon chain that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, or a monocyclic C 3 -Cs hydrocarbon, or bicyclic Cs-Ci 2 hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic (also referred to herein as a "carbocycle” or “cycloalkyl”), that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule, wherein any individual ring in said bicyclic ring system has 3-7 members.
• suitable aliphatic groups include, but are not limited to, linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups and hybrids thereof such as (cycloalkyl) alkyl,
• alkylidene chain means a saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C ⁇ _ 6 carbon chain that is optionally substituted and wherein up to two non- adjacent saturated carbons of the chain are each optionally and independently replaced by -0-, -NR-, -S-, -C(0)-, -C(0)NR-, -NRC(O)-, -NRC(0)NR-, -SO-, -S0 2 -, -NRSO2-, -SO 2 NR-, or -NRSO 2 NR-, wherein R is as described above.
• Optional substituents on the alkylidene chain are as described below for an aliphatic group.
• alkyl used alone or as part of a larger moiety include both straight and branched chains containing one to twelve carbon atoms .
• alkenyl and “alkynyl” used alone or as part of a larger moiety include both straight and branched chains containing two to twelve carbon atoms .
• haloalkyl means alkyl, alkenyl, and alkoxy, respectively, substituted with one or more halogen atoms.
• halogen means F, Cl, Br, or I .
• heteroatom means nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen and sulfur, and the quaternized form of any basic nitrogen.
• nitrogen also includes a substitutable nitrogen of a heterocyclic ring. As an example, in a saturated or partially unsaturated ring having 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen, the nitrogen may be N (as in 3 , 4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl) , NH (as in pyrrolidinyl) , or NR + (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl) .
• aryl used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “aralkyl”, “aralkoxy”, or “aryloxyalkyl” , refers to monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic carbocyclic ring systems having a total of five to fourteen ring members, wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic, and wherein each ring in the system contains 3 to 8 ring members.
• aryl may be used interchangeably with the term “aryl ring” .
• heterocycle means non-aromatic, monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic ring systems having five to fourteen ring members in which one or more ring members is a heteroatom, wherein each ring in the system contains 3 to 7 ring members .
• heteroaryl used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “heteroaralkyl” or “heteroarylalkoxy” , refers to monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic ring systems having a total of five to fourteen ring members, and wherein: 1) at least one ring in the system is aromatic; 2) at least one ring in the system contains one or more heteroatoms ; and 3 ) each ring in the system contains 3 to 7 ring members .
• heteroaryl may be used interchangeably with the term “heteroaryl ring” or the term “heteroaromatic” .
• An aryl (including aralkyl, aralkoxy, aryloxyalkyl, and the like) or heteroaryl (including heteroaralkyl, heteroarylalkoxy, and the like) group may contain one or more substituents .
• Suitable substituents on the unsaturated carbon atom of an aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl group are selected from halogen; haloalkyl; -CF 3 ; -R°; -OR°; -SR°; 1, 2-methylene- dioxy; 1, 2-ethylenedioxy; protected OH (such as acyloxy) ; phenyl (Ph) ; Ph substituted with R°; -O(Ph); -O(Ph) substituted with R°; -CH 2 (Ph); -CH 2 (Ph) substituted with R°; -CH 2 CH 2 (Ph); -CH 2 CH 2 (Ph) substituted with R°; -N0 2 ; -CN; -N(R°) 2 ; -NR°C(0)R°; -NR°C (0) N (R°) ; -NR°C0 2 R°; -NR°NR°C (0) R° ; -NR
• each R° is independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic, an unsubstituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring, phenyl (Ph) , -0(Ph), or -CH 2 (Ph)-CH 2 (Ph) ; and wherein y is 0-6.
• R° is C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic
• it may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from -NH 2 , -NH(C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic), -N(C ⁇ _4 aliphatic) 2 , -S(0)(C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic), -S ⁇ 2 (C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic), halogen, -C 1 -. 4 aliphatic, -OH,
• An aliphatic group or a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring may contain one or more substituents.
• R * is C ⁇ _e aliphatic
• it may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from -NH 2 , -NH(C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic), -N(C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic) 2 , halogen, -OH, -0(C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic), -N0 2 , -CN, -C0 2 H, -C0 2 (C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic), -0 (halo C 1 -. 4 aliphatic), or -halo C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic, wherein each C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic is unsubstituted.
• R + is a C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic group or a phenyl ring, it may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from -NH , -NH(C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic), -N(C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic) 2/ halogen, -C1-4 aliphatic, -OH, -0(C ⁇ _4 aliphatic), -N0 2 , -CN, -C0 2 H, -C0 2 (C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic), -0(halo C 1 - 4 aliphatic), or -halo(C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic), wherein each C 1 -. 4 aliphatic is unsubstituted.
• the compounds of this invention are limited to those that are chemically feasible and stable. Therefore, a combination of substituents or variables in the compounds described above is permissible only if such a combination results in a stable or chemically feasible compound.
• a stable compound or chemically feasible compound is one in which the chemical structure is not substantially altered when kept at a temperature of 40°C or less, in the absence of moisture or other chemically reactive conditions, for at least a week.
• structures depicted herein are also meant to include all stereochemical forms of the structure; i.e., the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center.
• ligand as used herein means any molecule that interacts with a protein. Accordingly, the term ligand will be understood to include, without limitation, a substrate of a protein, an agonist of a protein, an antagonist of a protein, and a second protein.
• protein: ligand complex refers to a ligand bound to a protein.
• substrate refers to a molecule on which a protein, particularly an enzyme, acts .
• mechanistically significant phosphate group as used herein means a phosphate group in a ligand that is involved in an interaction between the ligand and a protein.
• this interaction is an attractive interaction. More preferably, this interaction is a chemical interaction.
• the mechanistically significant phosphate group may participate in covalent and/or non-covalent interactions with the protein such as hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, lipophilic interactions, and steric interactions.
• phosphate isostere or phosphate mimic as used herein means a moiety that mimics the role of a mechanistically significant phosphate group in a native ligand of a protein.
• sulfhydantoin moiety or "sulfhydantoin fragment” as used herein means a functional group comprising the formula:
• isostere or "classical isostere” as used herein means a group or molecule whose chemical and physical properties are similar to those of another group or molecule.
• isostere is generally understood to refer to a portion of a molecule, rather than to the entire molecule. Thornber, Chem. Soc . Rev. (1979) 8, 563.
• bioisostere means a group or molecule whose chemical and physical similarities to another group or molecule produce similar biological properties.
• bioisostere is generally understood to refer to a portion of a molecule, rather than to the entire molecule.
• a bioisostere of a compound may produce a similarity in a biologically important parameter.
• a bioisostere of a compound may be useful to attenuate toxicity, modify activity, and/or alter the metabolism of the compound.
• binding pocket refers to a region of a molecule or molecular complex, that, as a result of its shape, favorably associates with another chemical entity or compound.
• binding pocket refers to a region of a molecule or molecular complex, that, as a result of its shape, favorably associates with another chemical entity or compound.
• this information is valuable in designing potential ligands or modulators of receptors or enzymes, such as inhibitors of phosphatases, including the serine/threonine phosphatases, the dual-specificity phosphatases, and the phosphotyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) , and particularly SHP-2.
• inhibitors of phosphatases including the serine/threonine phosphatases, the dual-specificity phosphatases, and the phosphotyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) , and particularly SHP-2.
• the term "associate" is used herein to describe the proximity between chemical entities or compounds, or portions thereof. The association may be non-covalent -- wherein the juxtaposition is energetically favored by electrostatic or van der Waals interactions — or it may be covalent .
• the present invention is directed to the discovery that the sulfhydantoin moiety or the reverse sulfhydantoin moiety is useful as an isosteric replacement for a phosphate group. Accordingly, one embodiment of this invention relates to a phosphate isostere having the formula:
• the phosphate isostere is a phosphate bioisostere.
• One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method of using a compound comprising a sulfhydantoin moiety or a reverse sulfhydantoin moiety as a phosphate isostere comprising the step of contacting said compound with a protein, wherein a natural ligand of the protein comprises at least one mechanistically significant phosphate group.
• the protein is an enzyme.
• the enzyme is a binding domain for the natural ligand. More preferably, the binding domain is a receptor for the natural ligand.
• the protein is selected from the group consisting of phosphatase; kinase; nucleotidase; SH2 domains; dehydrogenases, oxidase, reductases, and other NAD-dependent proteins or flavin-dependent proteins; RNA and DNA helicases; RNA and DNA polymerases; sodium/potassium ATPase (proton pump); P-type cation transport ATPases; carboxykinase; ATP synthase; ATP-dependent proteases; phosphotransferases; phosphoribosyltransferase; myosins, kinesins, and other motor proteins; dynamins and dynamin-like proteins; ADP- ribosylation factors; DNA repair proteins; RNA splicing proteins; DNA ligases; coenzyme A-dependent enzymes; acyl carrier protein phosphopantetheine domains; citrate lyases; thiamine
• the protein is a phosphatase. More preferably, the phosphatase is SHP-2.
• the natural ligand is a substrate of the protein. In another preferred embodiment, the natural ligand is a second protein. In still another preferred embodiment, the natural ligand is an agonist of the protein. In another embodiment, the natural ligand is an antagonist of the protein.
• One embodiment of this invention relates to a method for identifying a compound capable of associating with a protein, wherein said protein has a natural ligand comprising at least one mechanistically significant phosphate group, said method comprising the steps of: a.) selecting a first compound comprising a sulfhydantoin moiety or a reverse sulfhydantoin moiety; and b.) optionally modifying said first compound to optimize at least one additional structural feature for association with said protein.
• said optimization comprises optimizing structure-activity relationships.
• said optimization comprises molecular modeling.
• the protein is an enzyme.
• the enzyme is a binding domain for the natural ligand. More preferably, the binding domain is a receptor for the natural ligand.
• the natural ligand is a substrate of the protein. In another embodiment, the natural ligand is a second protein. In a preferred embodiment, the natural ligand is an agonist of the protein. In another embodiment, the natural ligand is an antagonist of the protein.
• said compound is an inhibitor of the protein.
• the protein is a phosphatase. More preferably, the compound is a phosphatase inhibitor.
• the phosphatase is SHP-2. More preferably, the compound is an SHP-2 inhibitor.
• One embodiment of this invention relates to a method for producing a compound capable of associating with a protein, wherein said protein has a natural ligand comprising at least one mechanistically significant phosphate group, said method comprising the step of replacing said phosphate group in said natural ligand with a sulfhydantoin moiety or a reverse sulfhydantoin moiety to produce said compound.
• the protein is an enzyme.
• the enzyme is a binding domain for the natural ligand. More preferably, the binding domain is a receptor for the natural ligand.
• the natural ligand is a substrate of the protein. In another embodiment, the natural ligand is a second protein. In a preferred embodiment, the natural ligand is an agonist of the protein. In another embodiment, the natural ligand is an antagonist of the protein.
• said compound is an inhibitor of the protein.
• the protein is a phosphatase. More preferably, the compound is a phosphatase inhibitor.
• the phosphatase is SHP-2. More preferably, the compound is an SHP-2 inhibitor.
• One embodiment of this invention relates to a protein: ligand complex wherein the ligand is a compound according to formula I .
• the protein is an enzyme.
• the enzyme is a binding domain for the natural ligand. More preferably, the binding domain is a receptor for the natural ligand.
• the protein is a phosphatase. More preferably, the phosphatase is SHP- 2.
• the compound is a substrate of the protein. In another embodiment, the compound is an inhibitor of the protein. In a preferred embodiment, the compound is an agonist of the protein. In another embodiment, the compound is an antagonist of the protein. [0061] Without wishing to be bound by theory, applicants believe that the sulfhydantoin and reverse sulfhydantoin moieties described herein have the same shape as a phosphate group, as could be demonstrated, for example, by the overlap of the molecular model of a sulfhydantoin moiety with the molecular model of a phosphate group.
• the sulfhydantoin and reverse sulfhydantoin moieties of the present invention are expected to bind in a fashion similar to that of the phosphate group.
• the sulfhydantoin and reverse sulfhydantoin moieties described herein may be useful as covalent, irreversible inhibitors of enzymes such as phosphatase enzymes, and could serve, for example, as probes in obtaining crystallographic data .
• One embodiment of this invention relates to the use of a sulfhydantoin moiety or a reverse sulfhydantoin moiety as a phosphate isostere.
• phosphate isosteres of the present invention there are a number of means to design the phosphate isosteres of the present invention. These same means may be used to select a compound for screening as a ligand of a protein that has a natural ligand comprising at least one mechanistically significant phosphate group. This design or selection may begin with selection of the various moieties that fill the phosphate group binding pocket.
• moieties to fill individual phosphate group binding pockets include visual inspection of a physical model or computer model of the phosphate group binding pocket and manual docking of models of selected moieties into various phosphate group binding pockets . Modeling software that is well known and available in the art may be used. This includes QUANTA (Molecular Simulations, Inc., Burlington, MA, 1992), SYBYL (Molecular Modeling
• the phosphate isosteres of this invention may be constructed "de novo" using either an empty active site or binding pocket of a protein, or optionally including some portions of a known inhibitor of a protein.
• Such methods are well known in the art. They include, for example:
• LUDI Bohm, The Computer Program LUDI : A New Method for the De Novo Design of Enzyme Inhibitors, J. Comp . Aid. Molec . Design . (1992) 6, 61-78) .
• LUDI is available from Biosym Technologies, San Diego, CA.
• LEGEND (Nishibata et al . , Tetrahedron (1991) 47, 8985) . LEGEND is availabe from Molecular Simulations, Burlington, MA. 3. LeapFrog (available from Tripos associates, St. Louis, MO) .
• LeapFrog available from Tripos associates, St. Louis, MO.
• a number of techniques commonly used for modeling drugs may be employed. For a review, see Cohen et al . , Molecular Modeling Software and Methods for Medicinal Chemistry, J. Med. Chem. (1990) 33, 883-894. There are likewise a number of examples in the chemical literature of techniques that can be applied to specific drug design projects. For a review, see Navia et al . , The Use of Structural Information in Drug Design, Current Opinions in Structural Biology (1992) 2, 202-210.
• a variety of conventional techniques may be used to carry out each of the above evaluations as well as the evaluations necessary in screening a compound for phosphatase inhibitory activity. Generally, these techniques involve determining the location and binding proximity of a given moiety, the occupied space of a bound ligand, the deformation energy of binding of a given compound and electrostatic interaction energies . Examples of conventional techniques useful in the above evaluations include: quantum mechanics, molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo sampling, systematic searches, and distance geometry methods (Marshall, Ann . Ref . Pharmacol . Toxicol . (1987) 27, 193). Specific computer software has been developed for use in carrying out these methods . Examples of programs designed for such uses include: Gaussian 92, revision E.2 (Frisch, Gaussian, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA (c) 1993); AMBER, version 4.0 (P.A. Kollman, University of
• One embodiment of the present invention relates to compounds of formulae (I) and (II) wherein the radical Q is attached to the sulfhydantoin or reverse sulfhydantoin core directly (I-A and II-A) ; via -CH 2 - (I-B and II-B) ; or via -C (O)NH- (C ⁇ _ 6 alkylidene)- (I-C and II-C) ; as shown below: wherein X and Q are as described above.
• Preferred Q groups of formulae I or II, or of any of subformulae I-A, II-A, I-B, II-B, I-C, or II-C are optionally substituted groups selected from: C ⁇ -io aryl and 5-6 membered heterocyclyl .
• X is -CH 2 - .
• Preferred compounds of formula I are set forth in Table 1 below.
• Scheme 3 shows a general method for the preparation of compounds of formula I, wherein m is zero and Q is a substituted phenyl ring.
• Anilines 1 may be alkylated to form amines 2.
• Amines 2 may then be coupled with a sulfamyl chloride (formed by the addition of formic acid to chlorosulfonyl isocyanate) to provide sulfonamides 3 (Albericio et al . , J. Combi . Chem. (2001) 3, 290) . Cyclization may then be effected to form sulfhydantoins 4, which may be further derivatized as required through methods known in the art. It will be obvious to one of skill in the art that other aniline derivatives may be used to provide other compounds according to the present invention.
• Scheme 4 shows a general method for the preparation of compounds of formula I, wherein m is zero and Q is a substituted phenyl ring.
• Anilines 1 may
• Scheme 4 shows another general method for the preparation of compounds of formula I, wherein T m is -CH 2 - and Q is a substituted phenyl ring.
• the -CH 2 - linker is provided by reductive amination of aldehydes 7 to form amines 8 (Grundke, Synthesis (1987) 1115), which may then be further derivatized as set forth in Scheme 3 above.
• the activity of a compound utilized in this invention as an inhibitor of SHP-2 phosphatase may be assayed in vi tro, in vivo or in a cell line according to methods known in the art. In vi tro assays include assays that determine inhibition of phosphorylation by SHP-2.
• the invention provides a composition comprising a compound of this invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle.
• the amount of compound in the compositions of this invention is such that is effective to detectably modulate a phosphatase enzyme, particularly SHP-2, in a biological sample or in a patient.
• a phosphatase enzyme particularly SHP-2
• the composition of this invention is formulated for administration to a patient in need of such composition.
• the composition of this invention is formulated for oral administration to a patient .
• the term "patient”, as used herein, means an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle refers to a non-toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that does not destroy the pharmacological activity of the compound with which it is formulated.
• compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers , polyethylene glycol, and wool fat.
• ion exchangers alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin
• serum proteins such as human serum albumin
• buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorb
• detectably modulate means a measurable change in phosphatase activity between a sample comprising said composition and phosphatase enzyme and an equivalent sample comprising phosphatase enzyme in the absence of said composition.
• a "pharmaceutically acceptable derivative” means any non-toxic salt, ester, salt of an ester, or other derivative of a compound of this invention that, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing, either directly or indirectly, a compound of this invention or an inhibitorily active metabolite or residue thereof .
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic and organic acids and bases .
• suitable acid salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2- naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oxalate, palm
• Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal (e.g., sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium), ammonium, and N + (C ⁇ _ 4 alkyl) 4 salts.
• alkali metal e.g., sodium and potassium
• alkaline earth metal e.g., magnesium
• ammonium e.g., sodium and potassium
• N + (C ⁇ _ 4 alkyl) 4 salts e.g., sodium and potassium
• alkaline earth metal e.g., magnesium
• compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously.
• Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this invention may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
• the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol .
• the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
• any bland fixed oil may be employed, including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides .
• Fatty acids such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
• These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents that are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions .
• compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions.
• carriers commonly used include lactose and corn starch.
• Lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
• useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch.
• compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. These can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non- irritating excipient that is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax, and polyethylene glycols.
• compositions of this invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.
• Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers.
• Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax, and water.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol, and water.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH-adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH-adjusted sterile saline, either with or without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.
• compositions of this invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.
• Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention are formulated for oral administration.
• compositions should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01 - 100 mg/kg body weight/day of the inhibitor can be administered to a patient receiving these compositions.
• a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration; the rate of excretion; the drug combination; the judgment of the treating physician; and the severity of the particular disease being treated.
• a compound of the present invention in the composition will also depend upon the particular compound in the composition.
• additional therapeutic agents which are normally administered to treat or prevent that condition in a monotherapy, may also be present in the compositions of this invention.
• chemotherapeutic agents or other anti-proliferative agents may be combined with the compounds of this invention to treat cancer and proliferative diseases.
• chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, GleevecTM, adriamycin, dexamethasone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil, topotecan, taxol, interferons, and platinum derivatives.
• agents with which the compounds of this invention may be combined include, without limitation, anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids, TNF blockers, IL-1 RA, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and sulfasalazine; immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporin, tacrolimus, rapamycin, mycophenolate mofetil, interferons, corticosteroids, cyclophophamide, azathioprine, and sulfasalazine; neurotrophic factors such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, MAO inhibitors, interferons, anti-convulsants, ion channel blockers, riluzole, and anti-Parkinsonian agents; agents for treating cardiovascular disease such as beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, nitrates, calcium channel blockers, and statins; agents for treating liver disease such as corticosteroids, chol
• the amount of additional therapeutic agent present in the compositions of this invention will be no more than the amount that would normally be administered in a composition comprising that therapeutic agent as the only active agent.
• the amount of additional therapeutic agent in the presently disclosed compositions will range from about 50% to 100% of the amount normally present in a composition comprising that agent as the only therapeutically active agent.
• the invention relates to a method of inhibiting phosphatase activity in a biological sample comprising the step of contacting said biological sample with a compound of this invention, or a composition comprising said compound.
• the invention relates to a method of inhibiting SHP-2 activity in a biological sample comprising the step of contacting said biological sample with a compound of this invention, or a composition comprising said compound.
• biological sample includes, without limitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof; biopsied material obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof; and blood, saliva, urine, feces, semen, tears, or other body fluids or extracts thereof.
• Inhibition of SHP-2 activity in a biological sample is useful for a variety of purposes that are known to one of skill in the art. Examples of such purposes include, but are not limited to, blood transfusion, organ-transplantation, biological specimen storage, and biological assays.
• the invention provides a method for treating or lessening the severity of a disease selected from autoimmune diseases, proliferative diseases, angiogenic disorders, and cancers .
• the invention provides a method for treating or lessening the severity of a SHP-2-mediated disease or condition in a patient comprising the step of administering to said patient a composition according to the present invention.
• SHP-2-mediated disease means any disease or other deleterious condition in which SHP-2 is known to play a role. Such conditions include, without limitation, autoimmune diseases, proliferative diseases, angiogenic disorders, and cancers .
• Autoimmune diseases which may be treated or prevented by the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, chronic thyroiditis, Graves' disease, autoimmune gastritis, diabetes, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, atopic dermatitis, chronic active hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, or graft vs. host disease.
• Proliferative diseases which may be treated or prevented by the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, metastatic melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, multiple myeloma, and HTLV-1-mediated tumorigenesis .
• Angiogenic disorders that may be treated or prevented by the compounds of this invention include solid tumors, ocular neovasculization, and infantile haemangiomas .
• Cancers that may be treated or prevented by the compounds of this invention include, without limitation, colon, breast, stomach, and ovarian cancers.
• the methods of this invention that utilize compositions that do not contain an additional therapeutic agent comprise the additional step of separately administering to said patient an additional therapeutic agent.
• additional therapeutic agents When these additional therapeutic agents are administered separately, they may be administered to the patient prior to, sequentially with, or following administration of the compositions of this invention.
• the compounds of this invention or pharmaceutical compositions thereof may also be incorporated into compositions for coating an implantable medical device, such as prostheses, artificial valves, vascular grafts, stents, and catheters.
• vascular stents for example, have been used to overcome restenosis (re- narrowing of the vessel wall after injury) .
• patients using stents or other implantable devices risk clot formation or platelet activation.
• the coatings are typically biocompatible polymeric materials such as a hydrogel polymer, polymethyldisiloxane, polycaprolactone, polyethylene glycol, polylactic acid, ethylene vinyl acetate, and mixtures thereof.
• the coatings may be further covered by a suitable topcoat of fluorosilicone, polysaccarides, polyethylene glycol, phospholipids, or combinations thereof to impart controlled-release characteristics in the composition.
• Implantable devices coated with a compound of this invention are another embodiment of the present invention.
• reaction mixture was cooled, diluted with ethyl acetate, extracted with 10% HCl, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, adsorbed onto silica, and purified by flash column using 10-30% ethyl acetate/hexanes to obtain 101 as a white solid.
• Example 2
• the reaction was poured into ethyl acetate, washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to a thick yellow oil.
• the oil was purified by column chromatography using 10-30% ethyl acetate/hexanes to obtain two viscous yellow oils. The less polar oil appeared to contain mostly the corresponding imine. The more polar oil was the desired product 104.
• N-terminal 6 His-tagged, catalytic domain of SHP-2 (250-527) was expressed in E. coli , and the protein was purified by conventional methods.
• SHP-2 activity was assessed by measuring the fluorescent signal generated by the dephosphorylation of fluorescein diphosphate (FDP) by SHP-2.
• the assay was carried out in 96-well polypropylene block plates. The final assay volume was lOO ⁇ L and comprised 25 mM NaOAc, pH 6, 0.02% Triton X- 100, 10 mM DTT, and 2 nM SHP-2.
• Inhibitors were suspended in DMSO, and all reactions including controls were performed at a final concentration of 3% DMSO. Reactions were initiated by the addition of 3 ⁇ M FDP and incubated at ambient temperature for 45 minutes. Plates were read using a Molecular Devices Gemini plate reader, Ex 485, Em 538, Cutoff 530.

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