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Definitions

• the present invention relates to chiral arylketones, a process for their preparation, and pharmaceutical compositions containing them, which are useful in the prevention and treatment of tissue damage due to the exacerbated recruitment of polymorphonucleate neutrophils in the inflammatory sites. More specifically, the present invention relates to chiral arylketones of general formula I:
• Ra and Rb are independently chosen in the group of hydrogen, linear or branched C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, phenyl, ⁇ -or ⁇ -naphthyl, 2, 3, 4-pyridyl, C ⁇ -C 4 -alkylphenyl, C ⁇ -C 4 -alkyl( ⁇ -or ⁇ - naphthyl), C ⁇ -C 4 -alkyl(2, 3, 4-pyridyl), cyano (-CN), carboxyamide, carboxyl or carboxyesters of formula CO 2 R" wherein R" is the residue of a linear or branched C ⁇ -C 6 aliphatic alcohol, a phosphonate PO(OR") 2 wherein R" is as defined above, a group of formula di-X-(CH 2 ) n -Z, wherein X is a CO, SO, SO 2 group; Z is H, tert-butyl, isopropyl, CO 2 R", CN, phenyl, ⁇ -or
• R' is methyl or ethyl, or the two groups R' form a cyclohexane or cyclopentane ring.
• aryl group is meant preferably phenyl, optionally substituted by one to three substituents, which are the same or different from one another, selected from atoms of halogen, C ⁇ -C 4 -alkyl, - -alkoxy, hydroxy, C*-C 4 -acyloxy, phenoxy, cyano, nitro, amino, C ⁇ -C -acylamino, halogen-C ⁇ -C 3 -alkyl, halogen Ci-C ⁇ -alkoxy, benzoyl, or the aryl portion of known anti-inflammatory 2-aryl-propionic acids, such as ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, surprofen, carprofen, pirprofen, and fenoprofen.
• Preferred residues of 2-aryl-propionic acid are: 4-iso-butyl-phenyl, 3-benzoylphenyl, 5- benzoyl-2-acetoxy-phenyl, 3-phenoxy-phenyl, 5-benzoyl-2-thiophenyl, 4-thienoyl-phenyl, 1 -oxo-2-isoindolinyl-phenyl, 3-chloro-4-(2, 5-dihydro-l H-pyrrol-l-yl)phenyl, 6-methoxy- ⁇ -naphthyl, 1-hydroxy-phenyl-l-methyl, or a residue of formula III:
• A is benzyl, phenoxy, benzoyl, benzoyloxime, 1-hydroxy-phenyl-l-methyl
• R is preferably an aryl residue of a known anti-infammatory 2-aryl-propionic acid, as defined above; more preferably, R represents: 4-(2-methyl-propyl)-phenyl, 3-phenoxy- phenyl, 3-benzoylphenyl, 2-[4-(l-oxo-2-isoindolinyl)phenyl], 5-benzoyl-thien-2-yl, 4- thienoyl-phenyl.
• Preferred linear or branched C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl and of a residue of C ⁇ -C 6 aliphatic alcohol are methyl and ethyl; -C 4 alkyl is preferably isobutyl; C ⁇ -C -acyloxy is preferably acetyloxy.
• Particularly preferred compounds of formula I of the invention are those compounds wherein the steric configuration of the carbon atom to which the residue R is bound corresponds to the configuration (R).
• the following compounds (R, S) ( ⁇ )-2-butanone, 3-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl] (CAS n°-64758-90-3); (R, S) (+)-2-butanone, 3-(3-phenoxyphenyl) (CAS n° 108671-27-8); (R, S) ( ⁇ )-2-butanone, 3-(3-benzoylphenyl) (CAS n° 79868-87-4); ethyl (R, S) ( ⁇ )-4-(3-benzoyl-phenyl)-3-oxo-pentanoate (CAS n° 145927-45-3); (R, S) ( ⁇ )-l, 3-dioxan-4, 6-dione-, 5-[2-(3-benzoylphenyl-l-oxopropy
• the compounds of formula (I) are obtained by reacting an activated 2-arylpropionic acid of formula IN:
• Ar is as above defined aryl and Y is a residue activating the carbonyl, preferably a halogen, such as chlorine, 1-imidazolyl, pivaloyl, C ⁇ -C 3 -alkoxycarbonyl, succinyloxy, benzo- triazol-1-yloxy with a carbanion of formula N:
• a halogen such as chlorine, 1-imidazolyl, pivaloyl, C ⁇ -C 3 -alkoxycarbonyl, succinyloxy, benzo- triazol-1-yloxy with a carbanion of formula N:
• R'a is the residue of a complex between a carboxyl and magnesium ethoxide
• R'b is CO 2 R", CO ⁇ H 2 , CN, PO(OR") 2 or -X-(CH 2 ) contend-Z'.
• Re is H or -(CH 2 ) n -Z', where Z' is H, tert-butyl, isopropyl, CO 2 R", CN, phenyl, ⁇ - or ⁇ -naphthyl, 2, 3, 4-pyridyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, NH-BOC; when R'a is hydrogen and Re is hydrogen or a -(CH 2 ) n -Z' radical, as defined above, R'b is phosphonate PO(OR") 2 , CO 2 R", or R'a and R'b with the carbon atom to which they are bound, form the carbanion at the carbon atom C 5 of a radical 2, 4-dioxo-l, 3- dioxanyl of formula Va:
• R'a, R'b and Re have the meanings described above, provided that Re is hydrogen when R'a and R'b with the carbon atom to which they are bound form 4, 6-dioxo-l, 3- dioxanyl of formula (II), also known as Meldrum adduct of formula lb:
• a ⁇ -ketoester of formula la and Ic may optionally be dealkoxydecarboxylated to the corresponding arylketone of formula I by simply heating in an aprotic solvent (preferably dimethylsulfoxide) in the presence of small amounts of water and, optionally, of small amounts of electrolytes, such as NaCl, NaCN, LiCl, Lil (according to J.P. Krapcho, Synthesis 805 and 893, 1982, and references cited herein).
• an aprotic solvent preferably dimethylsulfoxide
• electrolytes such as NaCl, NaCN, LiCl, Lil (according to J.P. Krapcho, Synthesis 805 and 893, 1982, and references cited herein).
• a compound of formula la can be converted into another compound of formula I by removal of any protective groups that may be present, or by saponification of carboxyl groups, or by conversion of nitriles into carboxyamides.
• the compounds of formula IN are obtained in a conventional way, conserving their enantiomeric integrity, starting from the individual enantiomers of the 2-aryl-propionic acids of formula INa:
• the preparation of the carbanions of formula N consists in a process of C-acylation in virtually neutral conditions, fully described in the literature (see, for example, D. W. Brooks et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 18, 72, 1979), as well as monoesters of malonic acids and of monosubstituted malonic acids, also on sulfinylacetic acids, sulfonylacetic acids and phosphonoacetic acids.
• sulfinylacetic and sulfonylacetic acids may be obtained by oxidation of ethers of thioglycolic acid.
• lithium enolates of formula N obtained by reaction of lithium alkyls with known alkyl esters of alkylphosphonates (see, for example, ⁇ . Mongelli et al, Synthesis, 310, 1988) or with esters of acetic acid (according to D.H. Harris et al, Tetrah. Lett., 28, 2837, 1987).
• the compounds of formula I are powerful inhibitors of the chemiotaxis of the neutrophils induced by IL-8 and inhibit the amplification of the production of TNF- ⁇ stimulated by lipopolysaccharides and by hydrogen peroxide.
• An exacerbated production of hydrogen peroxide is notoriously the final consequence of the neutrophilic activation consequent upon a chemiotactic stimulus.
• Examples of ⁇ -ketoesters of formula I are methyl R(-)-4-[(4'-isobutyl)phenyl]-3- oxopentanoate and methyl R(-)-4-[(3'-benzoyl)phenyl]-3-oxopentanoate, which, at the concentration of 10 M, inhibit the chemiotaxis of human neutrophils to an extent higher than 50% as compared to control values.
• 2-aryl-alkan-3-one is R(-)-3-[(4'-isobutyl)phenyl]butan-2-one for which an IC 50 of 5.10 -10 M has been calculated in the same in vitro inhibition assay.
• polymorphonucleated blood cells were used obtained from heparinized blood of healthy adult volunteers by means of sedimentation on dextran. The mononucleated cells were removed by means of
• human recombinant IL-8 (Pepro Tech.) was used as stimulant: the liophilized protein was dissolved in HBSS (Hank's balanced salts solution) at a concentration of 100 ng/mL and was used after dilution in HBSS down to concentrations of 10 ng/mL in the chemiotaxis experiments and at the concentration of 25-50 ng/mL in the evaluation of the modifications of [Ca 2+ ]
• PNP filters were used having a porosity of 5 ⁇ m and a Plexiglas microchamber suitable for making 48 replications.
• the microchamber consists of a block of Plexiglas containing 48 wells, each having a capacity of 25 ⁇ L and is provided with a lid, which in turn contains 48 pores arranged in such a way that, once the lid has been set in place and screwed to the underlying part, it comes to form the top compartments of the microchamber, each having a capacity of 50 ⁇ L.
• the compounds under study were added at one and the same concentration in the wells of higher level, which contain the suspension of PM ⁇ s and in the wells of lower level, which contain the vehicle to which IL-8 (or a different stimulant) has been added or not.
• IL-8 or a different stimulant
• For determination ofthe cytosol variations ofthe [Ca 2+ ] involve the experimental model described by C. Bizzarri et al, (Blood, 86, 2388, 1995) was adopted, using slides containing adhered PM ⁇ s, which were fed with 1 ⁇ M of Fura-2AM in order to evaluate said variations of [Ca 2+ ], in real time.
• cytocentrifugates of PM ⁇ s were resuspended in RPMI medium 1640 with 5% of FCS (foetal cow serum) at a concentration of 3xl0 6 /mL and then plated on round glass slides of a diameter of 25 mm, which were placed in an incubator for 30 min at 37°C. After three consecutive washings with balanced salts solution (BSS) to remove the non-adherent cells, a further incubation was performed for the set of adherent cells for a maximum of 4 hours before feeding with Fura-2AM.
• BSS balanced salts solution
• the compounds of the invention prevent the increase in the intracellular concentration of Ca 2+ induced by IL-8.
• the compounds of the invention are characterized by their capacity for inhibiting in vitro the chemiotaxis of the human PMN leucocytes (PMNs) stimulated by interleukin 8, also known as "monocyte-derived neutrophil-activating protein" (NAP/IL-8 or more simply IL- 8). Said inhibition is dose-dependent, with values of IC 5 o (dose inhibiting 50% of the effect) in the 10 ⁇ 7 to 10 _9 -M range; the inhibiting effect is selective and specific in regard to the chemiotactic stimulus induced by IL-8.
• Concentrations higher by one or two orders of magnitude are needed to inhibit the chemiotaxis stimulated in vitro by other chemiotactic factors (C5a, formylpeptides of bacterial origin or synthetic origin, such as f- LMP).
• C5a formylpeptides of bacterial origin or synthetic origin, such as f- LMP.
• the specificity of the compounds of the invention is moreover demonstrated by their capacity to inhibit the increase in the intracellular " concentration [Ca 2+ ] * in human PMNs, an increase that is associated to the activation of the human PMNs themselves by IL-8 [J.H. Liu et al, J. Infect. Dis., 166, 1089 (1992)].
• the compounds of the invention are without significant effects on cyclooxygenasis and on the production of PG.
• the compounds of the invention (evaluated in the range of concentration of 10 "5 to 10 -7 M) show an inhibition of the production of PGE 2 which, albeit frequently at the limit of statistical significance, is never higher than 10 to 15% of the basal value.
• the above minor inhibition of the synthesis of PGE 2 involves the advantage, unlike what occurs for certain 2-aryl-propionic acids, of not constituting a stimulus that is likely to amplify the synthesis of TNF- ⁇ by the murine macrophages themselves (once they have been stimulated by LPS).
• the amplification of the synthesis of TNF- ⁇ is considered to concur, in turn, in amplifying the activation and chemiotaxis of the neutrophils and the synthesis of IL-8.
• these effects of non-amplification of the synthesis of TNF- ⁇ are shown also in regard to the synthesis of TNF- ⁇ stimulated by hydrogen peroxide.
• interleukin 8 and the correlated cytokines are the most important modulators of the infiltration of the neutrophils in diseases such as psoriasis (BJ. Nickoloff et al, Am. J. Pathol., 138, 129, 1991), rheumatoid arthritis (M. Selz et al, J. Clin. Invest. 87, 463, 1991), ulcerative cholitis (Y.R. Mahkla et al, Clin. Sci., 82, 273, Nickoloff et al, Am. J. Pathol., 138, 129, 1991), rheumatoid arthritis (M. Selz et al, J. Clin. Invest.
• diseases such as psoriasis (BJ. Nickoloff et al, Am. J. Pathol., 138, 129, 1991), rheumatoid arthritis (M. Selz et al, J. Clin. Invest.
• the compounds of the invention are then used for the treatment of said diseases, conveniently formulated in pharmaceutical compositions using conventional techniques and excipients.
• the compounds of the invention are also conveniently used for the prevention and the treatment of damages caused by ischemia and reperfusion, in particular in connection with organ transplantation.
• compositions of the invention can be administered via intramuscular injection, via intravenous route, as a bolus, in preparations for dermatological use (creams, lotions, sprays and ointments), as well as via oral route in the form of capsules, tablets, syrup, controlled-release formulations, and the like.
• the mean daily dosage will depend upon various factors, such as the severity of the illness and the conditions of the patient (age, sex and weight).
• the dose will vary generally from one mg or a few mg up to 1500 mg of the compounds per day, optionally divided into multiple administrations. Higher dosages, as well as more prolonged treatment times, can be administered also by virtue ofthe low toxicity of the compounds ofthe invention.
• Example 1 (R) (-)-3-[(4'-isobutyl)phenyl]butan-2-one (R) (-)-ibuprofen (2g, 9.69 mmol) is dissolved in thionyl chloride (4 mL), and the solution obtained is refluxed for 4 hours.
• Example 6 (R) (-)-dimethyl 3-(4-isobutylphenyl)-2-oxobut an-1-phosphonate
• the solvent is removed under vacuum; the residual oil is purified by flash chromatography to yield 3.3 g of methyl (R) (-) 2-(4'-isobutylphenyl)-propionate.
• the reaction mixture Upon completion ofthe dripping step, the reaction mixture is kept, under stirring, for 1 h at -70°C and then for 1 h at room temperature. The mixture is then cooled to -10°C, and 1.8 mL of glacial acetic acid is added dropwise. The solvent is removed under vacuum, the residue is diluted with water, and the mixture is repeatedly extracted with dichloromethane (4x50 mL). The organic extracts are dried on sodium sulfate; after evaporation of the solvent, the residue is purified on silica gel, eluted with AcOEt to yield, as a colourless oil, 3.
• a suspension of 0.55g of magnesium ethylate in a solution of 1.61g of benzoylacetic acid is stirred at room temperature, in an inert-gas atmosphere, up to total dissolution of the reagents.
• a solution of 0.6g of (R,S)-2-(4'-isobutylphenyl)-propionylimidazolide is added, and stirring is continued overnight at room temperature.
• the mixture is brought to neutrality by addition of a few drops of 50% aqueous AcOH, and is then evaporated to dryness under vacuum.
• the residue is repartitioned between water and ethyl acetate.
• the combined organic phases are dried on sodium sulfate, and evaporated to dryness.
• the residue is purified by flash chromatography to obtain 0.78g of (R,S) l-phenyl-4-(4'- isobutylphenyl)-l, 3-pentadione.
• butyllithium (1.6 M in hexanes, 0.75 mL; 1.21 mmol) is added to the mixture and, after 30', a solution of R(-)-2-(4'-isobutylphenyl)propionyl chloride (0.27 g; 1.21 mmol)in dry THF (10 mL) is added dropwise. At the end ofthe adding, the ice-water bath is removed and the solution is left under stirring overnight at room temperature.
• Carbonyldiimidazole (0.18 g) is added to a solution of (S) 2-(3'-phenoxy-phenyl)-propionic acid (0.24 g) in anhydrous THF (5 mL) and is stirred for at least 1 h to form the corresponding imidazolide (Sol. A).
• Carbonyldiimidazole (1.7 g) is added to a solution of 2.8 g of (R)-indoprofen in 15 mL of (anhydrous) THF, and is stirred for 2 h at room temperature to form the indoprofen imidazolide (Sol. A).
• magnesium ethylate (2.3 g) is added, under stirring, to a solution of 4.2 g of the monoamide of malonic acid in 15 mL of THF. After the total dissolution of the reagents, the solution of the imidazolide is added, and the mixture is stirred for 24 h at room temperature.

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