Classifications

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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D335/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D335/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D335/08—Naphthothiopyrans; Hydrogenated naphthothiopyrans
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/18—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for pancreatic disorders, e.g. pancreatic enzymes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D307/77—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D307/92—Naphthofurans; Hydrogenated naphthofurans
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D311/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings
  • C07D311/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D311/78—Ring systems having three or more relevant rings
  • C07D311/92—Naphthopyrans; Hydrogenated naphthopyrans
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D327/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having oxygen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D327/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having oxygen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms one oxygen atom and one sulfur atom
  • C07D327/06—Six-membered rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D333/50—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D333/74—Naphthothiophenes

Definitions

• DNA-damaging agents as well as the microtubule-targeting agents (e.g., paclitaxel) cause the arrest of cells at the G 2 /M transition phase of the cell cycle, a major cell cycle checkpoint where cells make a commitment to repair DNA or to undergo apoptosis if DNA damage is irreparable.
• paclitaxel a major cell cycle checkpoint where cells make a commitment to repair DNA or to undergo apoptosis if DNA damage is irreparable.
• interest has grown in identifying new therapeutic agents to further exploit cell checkpoint functions.
• ⁇ -lapachone (3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-naphtho[l ,2-b]pyran-5,6-dione), a quinone, is derived from lapachol (a naphthoquinone) which can be isolated from the lapacho tree (Tabebuia avellanedae), a member of the catalpa family (Bignoniaceae).
• Lapachol and ⁇ -lapachone (with numbering) have the following chemical structures:
• ⁇ -lapachone as well as its intermediates, derivatives and analogs thereof, are described in Li, CJ. et al., (1993) J. Biol Chem., 268(30): 22463-22468.
• ⁇ -lapachone has demonstrated significant antineoplastic activity against human cancer cell lines at concentrations typically in the range of 1-10 ⁇ M (IC 50 ). Cytotoxicity has been demonstrated in transformed cell lines derived from patients with promyelocytic leukemia (Planchon et al, (1996) Cancer Res., 55: 3706-3711), prostate (Li, C.J., et al, (1995) Cancer Res., 55: 3712-3715), malignant glioma (Weller, M.
• the present invention provides the compounds of Formula I:
• R1-R6 are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted Q-C 6 alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C C 6 alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, substituted and unsubstituted C-C 6 acyl, -(CH 2 ) n -amino, -(CH 2 ) n -aryl, -(CH 2 ) n -heterocycle, and -(CH 2 ) n -phenyl; or one of Rl or R2 and one of R3 or R4; or one of R3 or R4 and one of R5 or R6 form a fused ring, wherein the ring has 4-8 ring members; R7-R10 are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubsti
• Rl and R2 are alkyl
• R3-R6 are, independently, H, OH, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted alkenyl or substituted alkyl carbonyl
• R7-R10 are hydrogen.
• Rl and R2 are each methyl and R3-R10 are each hydrogen.
• R1-R4 are each hydrogen
• R5 and R6 are each methyl and R7-R10 are each hydrogen.
• the present invention also provides the compounds of Formula II:
• R1-R6 are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C-Q; alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, substituted and unsubstituted C-C ⁇ acyl, -(CH 2 ) n -amino, -(CH 2 ) n -aryl, -(CH 2 ) n -heterocycle, and -(CH 2 ) disturb-phenyl;
• R7-R10 are each, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, nitro, cyano or amide; and n is an integer from 0 to 10, wherein when Rl and R2 are both methyl, R3 and R4 are both H, and one of R5 and R6 is OH and the other H, R7 is not methyl or methoxy and R10 is not methyl.
• Rl and R2 are alkyl
• R3-R6 are independently H, OH, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted acyl, substituted alkenyl or substituted alkyl carbonyl
• R7-R10 are hydrogen.
• Rl and R2 are each methyl and R3-R10 are each hydrogen.
• the present invention also provides the compounds of Formula III:
• R1-R4 are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted Q-C 6 alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, substituted and unsubstituted Cj-C ⁇ acyl, -(CH 2 ) n -amino, -(CH 2 ) n -aryl, -(CH 2 ) n -heterocycle, and -(CH 2 ) ⁇ -phenyl;
• R5-R8 are each, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, nitro, cyano or amide;
• one of Rl and R2 is H and the other is alkyl
• R3 and R4 are independently H, OH, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl carbonyl
• R5-R8 are each hydrogen.
• one of Rl and R2 is H and the other is alkyl
• R3 and R4 are each methyl
• R5-R8 are each hydrogen.
• the present invention also provides the compounds of Formula IN:
• R1-R4 are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C-C ⁇ alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C-C ⁇ alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted Cj-C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 acyl, -(CH 2 ) n -amino, -(CH 2 ) n -aryl, -(CH 2 ) n -heterocycle, and -(CH 2 ) n -phenyl;
• R5-R8 are each, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, nitro, cyano or amide; and n is an integer from 0 to 10, wherein: when Rl and R2 are both methyl, one of R3 and R4 is not methyl and the other H, and each of R5, R6, R7 and R8 is not H; when Rl and R2 are both methyl, at least one of R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 is not H; when Rl and R2 are both phenyl, at least one of R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 is not H; when one of Rl and R2 is phenyl and the other is H, at least one of R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 is not H; when one of Rl and R2 is phenyl and the other is methyl, at least one of R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and
• R3 and R4 are independently H, OH, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl carbonyl, and R5-R8 are each hydrogen.
• one of Rl and R2 is H and the other is methyl, R3 and R4 are each methyl and R5-R8 are each hydrogen.
• the present invention also provides the compounds of Formula V:
• R1-R4 are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, substituted and unsubstituted C ! -C 6 alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted Cj-C ⁇ alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted C- , alkoxycarbonyl, substituted and unsubstituted Q-C ⁇ acyl, -(CH 2 ) n -amino, -(CH 2 ) n -aryl, -(CH ) n -heterocycle, and -(CH 2 ) n -phenyl; or one of Rl or R2 and one of R3 or R4 form a fused ring, wherein the ring has 4-8 ring members; R5-R8 are each, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, substituted
• Rl and R2 are alkyl
• R3-R4 are, independently, H, OH, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted alkenyl or substituted alkyl carbonyl
• R7-R10 are each hydrogen.
• Rl and R2 are each hydrogen
• one of R3 and R4 is methyl and the other is hydrogen
• R5-R8 are each hydrogen.
• one of Rl and R2 is methyl and the other is hydrogen
• one of R3 and R4 is methyl and the other is hydrogen and R5-R8 are each hydrogen.
• one of Rl and R2 is methyl and the other is hydrogen, one of R3 and R4 is hydroxymethyl and the other is hydrogen and R5- R8 are each hydrogen. In another preferred embodiment, one of Rl and R2 is methyl and the other is hydrogen, R3 and R4 are each methyl and R5-R8 are each hydrogen.
• the present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of Formula I, ⁇ , III, IV or V in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier Preferably, the compound of Formula I, II, HI, IV or V is in a therapeutically effective amount.
• the present invention also provides a method of treating or preventing cell proliferative disorders comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, IV or V.
• administration a compound of Formula I, II, III, IV or V induces sustained elevation of E2F levels in abnormally proliferating cells without affecting E2F levels in normal cells.
• the present invention also provides a method of treating cancer or precancerous conditions or preventing cancer comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, II, HI, IV or V.
• administration induces sustained elevation of E2F levels in cancer cells without affecting E2F levels in normal cells
• the present invention also provides a method of treating or preventing psoriasis comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, H, HI, IV or V.
• the present invention also provides methods for the synthesis of compounds of Formula I, II, III, IN or N.
• FIG 1 illustrates lapachone analog and derivative compounds in accordance with the present invention.
• the present invention provides novel tricyclic dihydrothiopyran and dihydrothiophene naphthoquinone derivatives, a synthetic method for making the derivatives, and the use of the derivatives to inhibit neoplastic cell proliferation.
• the naphthoquinone derivatives of the present invention are related to the compounds known by their trivial names as ⁇ -lapachone (3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-naphtho(l,2-b)pyran- 5,6-dione), ⁇ -lapachone (3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-naphtho[2,3-b]pyran-5,10-dione), and dunnione (2,3,3-trimethyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-naphtho(2,3-b)dihydrofuran-6,7-dione).
• ⁇ -lapachone and dunnione have the following chemical structures:
• the special features of the analogs of the present invention are their dihydrothiophene and dihydrothiopyran hetero-rings.
• the present invention provides the compounds of Formula I:
• R1-R6 are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted Q-C 6 alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted d-Qs alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 acyl, -(CH 2 ) n -amino, -(CH 2 ) n -aryl, - (CH 2 ) n -heterocycle, and -(CH 2 ) violate-phenyl; or one of Rl or R2 and one of R3 or R4; or one of R3 or R4 and one of R5 or R6 form a fused ring, wherein the ring has 4-8 ring members (For Example, Rl and
• Preferred compounds of Formula I are those in which Rl and R2 are alkyl, R3-R6 are independently H, OH, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted acyl, substituted alkenyl or substituted alkyl carbonyl, and R7-R10 are hydrogen.
• Rl and R2 are each methyl and R3-R10 are each hydrogen.
• R1-R4 are each hydrogen
• R5 and R6 are each methyl and R7-R10 are each hydrogen.
• R1-R4 are hydrogen
• one of R5 and R6 is aryl, wherein the preferred aryl is phenyl, and the other is hydrogen
• each of R7-R10 is hydrogen.
• the present invention provides the compounds of Formula ⁇ -.
• R1-R6 are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted CrC 6 alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C C 6 alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 acyl, -(CH 2 ) n -amino, -(CH 2 ) n -aryl, -
• R7-R10 are each, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, nitro, cyano or amide; and n is an integer from 0 to 10, wherein when Rl and R2 are both methyl, R3 and R4 are both H, and one of R5 and
• R6 is OH and the other H, R7 is not methyl or methoxy and R10 is not methyl.
• Preferred compounds of Formula II are those in which Rl and R2 are alkyl, R3-R6 are independently H, OH, halogen, alkyl, alkoxyl, substituted and unsubstituted acyl, substituted alkenyl or substituted alkyl carbonyl, and R7-R10 are each hydrogen.
• Rl and R2 are each methyl and R3-R10 are each hydrogen.
• the present invention provides the compounds of Formula IH:
• R1-R4 are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C]-C 6 alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 acyl, -(CH 2 ) n -amino, -(CH 2 ) n -aryl, - (CH 2 ) n -heterocycle, and -(CH 2 ) n -phenyl;
• R5-R8 are each, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, nitro, cyano or amide; and n is an integer from 0 to 10.
• Preferred compounds of Formula HI are those in which one of Rl and R2 is H and the other is alkyl, R3 and R4 are independently H, OH, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl carbonyl, and R5-R8 are each hydrogen.
• one of Rl and R2 are H and the other is alkyl, R3 and R4 are each methyl and R5-R8 are each hydrogen.
• one of Rl and R2 is methyl and the other is hydrogen, R3 and R4 are each aryl, wherein the preferred aryl is phenyl and R5-R8 are each hydrogen.
• the present invention provides the compounds of Formula IN:
• R1-R4 are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted C-C ⁇ alkoxycarbonyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 acyl, -(CH 2 ) n -amino, -(CH 2 ) n -aryl, - (CH 2 ) n -heterocycle, and -(CH 2 ) n -phenyl;
• R5-R8 are each, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, nitro, cyano or amide; and n is an integer from 0 to 10, wherein: when Rl and R2 are both methyl, one of R3 and R4 is not methyl and the other H
• R3 and R4 are not methyl and H, in either arrangement
• each of R5, R6, R7 and R8 is not H
• Rl and R2 are both phenyl, at least one of R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 is not
• Rl and R2 when one of Rl and R2 is phenyl and the other is H, at least one of R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 is not H; when one of Rl and R2 is phenyl and the other is methyl, at least one of R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 is not H; when one of Rl and R2 is methyl and the other is H and R5, R6, R7 and R8 are H, at least one of R3 and R4 is not OH and the other H (taken together, R3 and R4 are not OH and H, in either arrangement); when one of R3 and R4 are carboethoxy the other is H; and
• Rl, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 are not each H.
• Preferred compounds of Formula IN are those in which both Rl and R2 are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R3 and R4 are independently H, OH, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl carbonyl, and R5-R8 are each hydrogen.
• Rl and R2 is H and the other is alkyl
• R3 and R4 are each methyl and R5-R8 are each hydrogen.
• the present invention provides the compounds of Formula V:
• R1-R4 are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C-C ⁇ alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted C-C ⁇ alkoxycarbonyl, substituted and unsubstituted - s acyl, -(CH 2 ) n -amino, -(CH 2 ) n -aryl, -(CH 2 ) n -heterocycle, and -(CH 2 ) deliberately-phenyl; or one of Rl or R2 and one of R3 or R4 form a fused ring, wherein the ring has 4-8 ring members;
• R5-R8 are each, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, nitro, cyano or amide; and n is an integer from 1 to 10, wherein Rl, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 are not each H.
• Preferred compounds of Formula V are those in which Rl and R2 are alkyl, R3-R4 are independently H, OH, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted acyl, substituted alkenyl or substituted alkyl carbonyl, and R5-8 are each hydrogen.
• Rl and R2 are each hydrogen, one of R3 and R4 is methyl and the other is hydrogen and R5-R8 are each hydrogen.
• one of Rl and R2 is methyl and the other is hydrogen, one of R3 and R4 is methyl and the other is hydrogen and R5-R8 are each hydrogen.
• one of Rl and R2 is methyl and the other is hydrogen, one of R3 and R4 is hydroxymethyl and the other is hydrogen and R5- R8 are each hydrogen.
• one of Rl and R2 is methyl and the other is hydrogen, R3 and R4 are each methyl and R5-R8 are each hydrogen.
• alkyl refers to radicals containing carbon and hydrogen, without unsaturation.
• Alkyl radicals can be straight or branched.
• Exemplary alkyl radicals include, without limitation, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, hexyl, t-butyl, sec-butyl and the like.
• a lower alkyl group is a Cj - C 6 alkyl group (e.g., an alkyl group having from one to six carbon atoms in the straight or branched alkyl backbone).
• Alkyl groups optionally can be substituted.
• alkyl groups When substituted, alkyl groups may be substituted with up to four substituents, as listed below, at any particular point of attachment (e.g., at any given carbon atom). When the alkyl group is said to be substituted with an alkyl group, this is used interchangeably with "branched alkyl group”.
• Substitution can be with one or more moieties such as hydroxyl group, carboxylate, oxo, halogen(such as F, CI, Br, I), haloalkyl (such as CC1 3 or CF 3 ), alkyloxycarbonyl (-C(O)R), alkylcarbonyloxy (-OCOR), carbamoyl (-NHCOOR- or -OCONHR-), urea (-NHCONHR-), thiol, cyano, nitro, amino, acylamino, Ci - C 6 alkylthio, arylthio, Ci - C 6 alkyl, Ci - C 6 alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, C 3 - C 6 cycloalkyl, C 3 - C 6 cycloalkyloxy, C 2 - C 6 alkenyl, C 2 - C 6 alkynyl, aryl, aminocarbonyl, C
• alkyl groups contain 1-6 carbon atoms.
• Alkylene as used herein refers to a bridging alkyl group of the formula C n H 2n . Examples include CH 2 , -CH 2 CH 2 - -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 - and the like.
• cycloalkyl is a species of alkyl containing from 3 to 15 carbon atoms, without alternating or resonating double bonds between carbon atoms. Cycloalkyl species may contain from 1 to 4 rings.
• Exemplary cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, adamantyl, etc.
• Exemplary substitutions for cycloalkyl groups include one or more of the following groups: halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl hydroxy, amino, nitro, cyano, thiol and/or alkylthio.
• heterocyclyl refers to a stable non-aromatic 3-7 membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring or 7-11 membered bicyclic heterocyclic ring which is either saturated or unsaturated, and may be fused, spiro or bridged to form additional rings.
• Each heterocycle consists of one or more carbon atoms and from one to four heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
• a heterocyclyl radical may be attached at any endocyclic atom which results in the creation of a stable structure.
• Preferred heterocycles include 3-7 membered monocyclic heterocycles (more preferably 5-7 -membered monocyclic heterocycles) such as (without limitation) piperidinyl, pyranyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, and tetrahydrofuranyl.
• alkenyl refers to unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
• alkenyl includes straight-chain alkenyl groups (e.g., ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl), branched-chain alkenyl groups, cycloalkenyl (e.g., alicyclic) groups (e.g., cyclopropenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl), alkyl or alkenyl substituted cycloalkenyl groups, and cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl substituted alkenyl groups.
• straight-chain alkenyl groups e.g.,
• alkenyl further includes alkenyl groups which include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorous atoms replacing one or more hydrocarbon backbone carbons.
• a straight chain or branched chain alkenyl group has six or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C 2 -C 6 for straight chain, C 3 -C 6 for branched chain).
• cycloalkenyl groups may have from three to eight carbon atoms in their ring structure, and more preferably have five or six carbons in the ring structure.
• C 2 -C 6 includes alkenyl groups containing two to six carbon atoms.
• alkynyl refers to unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
• alkynyl includes straight-chain alkynyl groups (e.g., ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl), branched-chain alkynyl groups (including alkyl or alkenyl substituted alkynyl groups), and cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl substituted alkynyl groups.
• alkynyl further includes alkynyl groups which include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorous atoms replacing one or more hydrocarbon backbone carbons.
• a straight chain or branched chain alkynyl group has six or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C 2 -C 6 for straight chain, C 3 -C 6 for branched chain.).
• C 2 -C 6 includes alkynyl groups containing two to six carbon atoms.
• acyl includes compounds and moieties which contain the acyl radical (CH 3 CO-) or a carbonyl group.
• “Substituted acyl” includes acyl groups where one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by for example, alkyl groups, alkynyl groups, halogens, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxy, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino), acylamin
• aryl refers to an aromatic carbocyclic or heteroaromatic moiety, having one, two, or three rings.
• An aryl group may be carbocyclic or may optionally contain from 1 - 4 heteroatoms (such as nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen) in the aromatic ring.
• Exemplary aryl groups include, without limitation, phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrrolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, quinazolinyl, thiazolyl, benzothiophenyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, thiophenyl and the like.
• An aryl group optionally can be substituted with one or more substituents such as hydroxyl group, halogen, thiol, cyano, nitro, amino, acylamino, C ⁇ - C 6 alkylthio, arylthio, C - C 6 alkyl, C ⁇ - C 6 alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, C 3 - C 6 cycloalkyl, C 3 - C 6 cycloalkyloxy, C 2 - C 6 alkenyl, C 2 - C 6 alkynyl, aryl, carboxylate, aminocarbonyl, d - C 6 alkylcarbonyl, C 3 - C 6 cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, C - C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, C 3 - C 6 cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, hetero
• alkoxy refers to -O-alkyl groups, wherein alkyl is as defined hereinabove.
• the alkoxy group is bonded to the main chain, aryl or heteroaryl group through the oxygen bridge.
• the alkoxy group may be straight chained or branched; although the straight-chain is preferred. Examples include methoxy, ethyloxy, propoxy, butyloxy, t-butyloxy, i-propoxy, and the like.
• Preferred alkoxy groups contain 1-4 carbon atoms, especially preferred alkoxy groups contain 1-3 carbon atoms. The most preferred alkoxy group is methoxy.
• halogen refers to chlorine, bromine, fluorine or iodine.
• amine or “amino” includes compounds where a nitrogen atom is covalently bonded to at least one carbon or heteroatom.
• Alkylamino includes groups and compounds wherein the nitrogen is bound to at least one additional alkyl group.
• Dialkylamino includes groups wherein the nitrogen atom is bound to at least two additional alkyl groups.
• Arylamino and “diarylamino” include groups wherein the nitrogen is bound to at least one or two aryl groups, respectively.
• Alkylarylamino refers to an amino group which is bound to at least one alkyl group and at least one aryl group.
• Alkaminoalkyl refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group bound to a nitrogen atom which is also bound to an alkyl group.
• carbonyl or “carboxy” includes compounds and moieties which contain a carbon connected with a double bond to an oxygen atom.
• moieties containing a carbonyl include aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters, anhydrides, etc.
• halogen or “halo” includes Group VHa atoms, e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
• salt is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and can include acid addition salts including hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates, sulphates, hydrogen sulphates, alkylsulphonates, arylsulphonates, acetates, benzoates, citrates, maleates, fumarates, succinates, lactates, and tartrates; alkali metal cations such as Na, K, Li, alkali earth metal salts such as Mg or Ca, or organic amine salts.
• any heteroatom or carbon atom with unsatisfied valences is assumed to have the hydrogen atom to satisfy the valences.
• All stereoisomers of the compounds of the instant invention are contemplated, either in admixture or in pure or substantially pure form.
• the definition of the compounds according to the invention embraces all possible stereoisomers (i.e., the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center) and their mixtures. It very particularly embraces the racemic forms and the isolated optical isomers having the specified activity.
• the racemic forms can be resolved by physical methods, such as, for example, fractional crystallization, separation or crystallization of diastereomeric derivatives or separation by chiral column chromatography.
• the individual optical isomers can be obtained from the racemates by conventional methods, such as, for example, salt formation with an optically active acid followed by crystallization. Furthermore, all geometric isomers, such as E- and Z-configurations at a double bond, are within the scope of the invention unless otherwise stated. Certain compounds of this invention may exist in tautomeric forms. All such tautomeric forms of the compounds are considered to be within the scope of this invention unless otherwise stated.
• the present invention also provides pharmaceutical formulations comprising a compound of Formula I, H, III, IV or V in combination with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.
• pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. Suitable carriers are described in "Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Twentieth Edition," Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA., which is incorporated herein by reference. Preferred examples of such carriers or diluents include, but are not limited to, water, saline, Ringer's solutions, dextrose solution, and 5% human serum albumin.
• Liposomes and non-aqueous vehicles such as fixed oils may also be used.
• the use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.
• a compound of Formula I, H, IH, IV or V is administered in a suitable dosage form prepared by combining a therapeutically effective amount (e.g., an efficacious level sufficient to achieve the desired therapeutic effect through inhibition of tumor growth, killing of tumor cells, treatment or prevention of cell proliferative disorders, etc.) of a compound of Formula I, ⁇ , HI, JN or V (as an active ingredient) with standard pharmaceutical carriers or diluents according to conventional procedures (i.e., by producing a pharmaceutical composition of the invention). These procedures may involve mixing, granulating, and compressing or dissolving the ingredients as appropriate to attain the desired preparation.
• a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, II, in, IV or V is administered in a suitable dosage form without standard pharmaceutical carriers or diluents.
• Preferred pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include solid carriers such as lactose, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, stearic acid and the like.
• Exemplary liquid carriers include syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, water and the like.
• the carrier or diluent may include time-delay material known in the art, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, alone or with a wax, ethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, methylmethacrylate or the like.
• Other fillers, excipients, flavorants, and other additives such as are known in the art may also be included in a pharmaceutical composition according to this invention.
• compositions containing active compounds of the present invention may be manufactured in a manner that is generally known, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping, or lyophilizing processes.
• Pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and/or auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations that can be used pharmaceutically. Of course, the appropriate formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.
• a compound or pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be administered to a subject in many of the well-known methods currently used for chemotherapeutic treatment.
• a compound of the invention may be injected directly into tumors, injected into the blood stream or body cavities or taken orally or applied through the skin with patches.
• systemic administration e.g., oral administration
• topical administration to affected areas of the skin are preferred routes of administration.
• the dose chosen should be sufficient to constitute effective treatment but not so high as to cause unacceptable side effects.
• the state of the disease condition e.g., cancer, psoriasis, and the like
• the health of the patient should preferably be closely monitored during and for a reasonable period after treatment.
• the present invention also provides a method for the treatment of cell proliferative disorders in a mammal comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment, an therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, H, III, IV or V.
• the mammal is preferably a mammal in need of such treatment.
• the invention further provides the use of a compound of Formula I, ⁇ , HI, IV or V for the preparation of a medicament useful for the treatment of a cell proliferative disorder.
• the invention provides for the treatment of cancer or precancerous conditions in a mammal comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment, an therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, II, in, IV or V.
• an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, II, in, IV or V is used in a method to treat a cell proliferative disorder in a mammal without affecting normal cells of the mammal.
• an therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, II, HI, IV or V is used in a method for treating cancer in a mammal by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells without affecting normal cells in the mammal.
• administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, H, III, IV or V induces sustained (non-transient) activity (e.g.
• administration induces sustained E2F activity (e.g. elevation of E2F levels) in cancer cells without affecting E2F activity (e.g. E2F levels) in normal cells.
• sustained E2F activity e.g. elevation of E2F levels
• E2F activity e.g. E2F levels
• Methods of measuring induction of E2F activity and elevation of E2F levels are as shown in Li et al., (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci U SA. 100(5): 2674-8.
• administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, IV or V induces apoptosis in abnormally proliferating cells without inducing apoptosis in normal cells.
• the invention also provides a method of protecting against a cell proliferative disorder in a mammal by administering an therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, IV or V to a mammal.
• the invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula I, II, III, IV or V for the preparation of a medicament useful for the prevention of a cell proliferative disorder.
• the invention provides for the prevention of cancer in a mammal comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment, an therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, ⁇ , ni, iv or v.
• the present invention provides a method of treating or protecting against a cell proliferative disorder in a mammal by administering an therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula V :
• R1-R4 are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, substituted and unsubstituted C t -C ⁇ alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C-C ⁇ alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 acyl, -(CH2) n -amino, -(CH 2 ) n -aryl, -(CH 2 ) n -heterocycle, and -(CH 2 ) n -phenyl; or one of Rl or R2 and one of R3 or R4 form a fused ring, wherein the ring has 4-8 ring members;
• R5-R8 are each, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, nitro, cyano or amide; and n is an integer from 1 to 10.
• an therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula V is used in a method for treating cancer in a mammal by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells without affecting normal cells in the mammal.
• administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula V induces sustained (non-transient) activity (e.g.
• E2F activity e.g. E2F levels
• administration induces sustained elevation of E2F activity (e.g. elevation of E2F levels) in cancer cells without affecting E2F activity (e.g. E2F levels) in normal cells.
• administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula V induces apoptosis in abnormally proliferating cells without inducing apoptosis in normal cells.
• the compounds of the invention are preferably administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions, e.g., as described herein.
• the mammal can be e.g., any mammal, e.g., a human, a primate, mouse, rat, dog, cat, cow, horse, pig. In a preferred embodiment, the mammal is a human.
• the term "cell proliferative disorder” refers to conditions in which the unregulated and/or abnormal growth of cells can lead to the development of an unwanted condition or disease, which can be cancerous or non-cancerous, for example a psoriatic condition.
• psoriatic condition refers to disorders involving keratinocyte hype ⁇ roliferation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cytokine alteration.
• the cell proliferation disorder is cancer.
• cancer includes solid tumors, such as lung, breast, colon, ovarian, prostate, malignant melanoma, non-melanoma skin cancers, as well as hematologic tumors and/or malignancies, such as childhood leukemia and lymphomas, multiple myeloma, Hodgkin's disease, lymphomas of lymphocytic and cutaneous origin, acute and chronic leukemia such as acute lymphoblastic, acute myelocytic or chronic myelocytic leukemia, plasma cell neoplasm, lymphoid neoplasm and cancers associated with AIDS.
• solid tumors such as lung, breast, colon, ovarian, prostate, malignant melanoma, non-melanoma skin cancers, as well as hematologic tumors and/or malignancies, such as childhood leukemia and lymphomas, multiple myeloma, Hodgkin's disease, lymphomas of lymphocytic and cutaneous origin, acute and chronic leukemia such as acute
• proliferative diseases which may be treated using the compositions of the present invention are epidermic and dermoid cysts, lipomas, adenomas, capillary and cutaneous hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, nevi lesions, teratomas, nephromas, myofibromatosis, osteoplastic tumors, and other dysplastic masses and the like.
• proliferative diseases include dysplasias and disorders of the like.
• the invention also provides methods for the synthesis of the compounds of Formula I, H, HI, IV or V.
• the present invention provides a method for the synthesis of compounds according to scheme 1.
• the present invention provides a method for the synthesis of a compound of Formula I comprising reacting a compound having the Formula A:
• R1-R6 are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted Cj-C 6 alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C- j alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C C 6 alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 acyl, -(CH 2 )n-amino, -(CH 2 ) n -aryl, - (CH 2 ) n -heterocycle, and -(CH 2 ) n -phenyl;
• R7-R10 are each, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, nitro, cyano or amide; and n is an integer from 0 to 10, with sodium hydrosulfide to exchange oxygen for sulfur and forming the di-thione of the compound of Formula A; and, reacting said di-thione of the compound of Formula A with a strong acid to form a compound of Formula I.
• compound formed of Formula I is compound 1.
• the strong acid is concentrated sulfuric acid.
• the present invention provides a method for the synthesis of a compound of Formula H comprising reacting a compound having the Formula B:
• R1-R6 are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted C-C ⁇ alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted Q-C O alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted Q-C 6 alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted C-C O alkoxycarbonyl, substituted and unsubstituted C- acyl, -(CH 2 ) n -amino, -(CH 2 ) n -aryl, - (CH 2 ) n -heterocycle, and -(CH 2 ) n -phenyl;
• R7-R10 are each, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, nitro, cyano or amide; and n is an integer from 0 to 10, wherein when Rl and R2 are both methyl, R3 and R4 are both H, and one of R5 and R6 is OH and the other H, R7 is not methyl or methoxy and R10 is not methyl, with sodium disulfide to exchange oxygen for sulfur and forming the di-thione of the compound of Formula B; and, reacting said di-thione of the compound of Formula B with a strong acid to form a compound of Formula H.
• compound formed of Formula II is compound 2.
• the strong acid is concentrated sulfuric acid.
• the present invention provides a method for synthesizing a compound of formula IH, comprising reacting a compound having the Formula C:
• Ra is selected from Rl and R2;
• R1-R4 are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted d-C 6 alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted d-d alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 acyl, -(CH 2 ) n -amino, -(CH 2 ) n -aryl, - (CH 2 ) n -heterocycle, and -(CH 2 ) n -phenyl;
• R5-R8 are each, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, nitro, cyano or amide; n is an integer from 0 to 10 with sodium hydrosulfide to form the di-thione of the compound of Formula C, and, treating said di-thione of compound of Formula C with a strong acid to form a compound of Formula HI.
• compound formed of Formula III is compound 3.
• the strong acid is concentrated sulfuric acid.
• the present invention provides a method for synthesizing a compound of formula IV reacting a compound having the Formula D:
• R1-R4 are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted d-C 6 alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted d-C 6 alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted d-C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 acyl, -(CH 2 ) n -amino, -(CH 2 ) n -aryl, - (CH 2 ) n -heterocycle, and -(CH 2 ) n - ⁇ henyl;
• R5-R8 are each, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, nitro, cyano or amide; and n is an integer from 0 to 10, wherein: when Rl and R2 are both methyl, one of R3 and R4 is not methyl and the other H, and each of R5, R6, R7 and R8 is not H; when Rl and R2 are both methyl, at least one of R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 is not
• Rl and R2 are both phenyl, at least one of R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 is not H; when one of Rl and R2 is phenyl and the other is H, at least one of R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 is not H; when one of Rl and R2 is phenyl and the other is methyl, at least one of R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 is not H; when one of Rl and R2 is methyl and the other is H and R5, R6, R7 and R8 are H, at least one of R3 and R4 is not OH and the other H; when one of R3 and R4 are carboethoxy the other is H; and
• Rl, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 are not each H, with sodium hydrosulfide to form the di-thione of the compound of Formula D, and, treating said di-thione of the compound of Formula D with a strong acid to form a compound of Formula IV.
• compound formed of Formula IV is compound 4.
• the strong acid is concentrated sulfuric acid.
• the present invention provides a method for the synthesis of compounds according to scheme 2.
• the present invention provides a method for the synthesis of a compound of Formula I comprising eacting a compound having the Formula E:
• R7-R10 are each, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, nitro, cyano or amide, with a branched allylthiol having the formula:
• Ra is selected from R3 and R4;
• R1-R6 are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted d-C 6 alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted d-C ⁇ alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, substituted and unsubstituted d-C 6 acyl, -(CH 2 ) n -amino, -(CH 2 ) n -aryl, - (CH 2 ) n -heterocycle, and -(CH 2 ) n -phenyl; and, and n is an integer from 0 to 10, in the presence of a weak base to form the sulfide intermediate having the formula:
• compound formed of Formula I is compound 5.
• the strong acid is concentrated sulfuric acid and the weak base is triethylamine.
• the present invention provides a method for the synthesis of a compound of Formula III comprising reacting a compound having the Formula F:
• R5-R8 are each, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, nitro, cyano or amide, with 2-hydroxyalkylthiol having the formula:
• R1-R4 are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, substituted and unsubstituted d-C 6 alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted d-C 6 alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted d-C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, -(CH 2 ) n -amino, -(CH 2 ) favor-aryl, -(CH 2 ) n - heterocycle, -(CH 2 ) n -phenyl, aryl, heterocycle, and phenyl; and n is an integer from 1 to 10 in the presence of a weak base to form a sulfide intermediate having the formula:
• compounds formed of Formula IH are compounds 6 and 7.
• the strong acid is concentrated sulfuric acid and the weak base is triethylamine.
• the present invention provides a method for synthesizing a compound of Formula V, comprising reacting a compound having the Formula G:
• R5-R8 are each, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, nitro, cyano or amide, with a 2-hydroxyalcohol having the formula:
• R1-R4 are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted d-C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, substituted and unsubstituted d-C 6 acyl, -(CH 2 ) n -amino, -(CH 2 ) n -aryl, - (CH ) n -heterocycle, and -(CH 2 ) n -phenyl; n is an integer from 1 to 10, to form a sulfide having the formula:
• compounds formed of Formula V are compounds 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.
• the strong acid is concentrated sulfuric acid or trifluoroacetic acid.
• the oxidizing agent is oxygen gas.
• the oxygen gas is the air.
• Chromatography refers to column chromatography on silica gel using CH 2 C1 2 as eluant, unless otherwise stated.
• ⁇ NMR spectra were recorded at 400 MHz using tetramethylsilane as an internal standard.
• the first reaction step is a common nucleophilic reaction wherein hydrosulfide anions attack the carbonyl groups to form sulfur-substituted carbonyl groups; the yield of this step is determined by solvent polarity and the stability of the substituted carbonyl group in the solvent.
• the second reaction step is based on the observation that ⁇ -lapachone (3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-naphtho(l,2- b)pyran-5,6-dione) and ⁇ -lapachone (3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-naphtho[2,3-b]pyran- 5,10-dione) can be converted to each other in concentrated sulfuric acid.
• the second reaction step involves formation of a carbon cation intermediate at position 2 (see structure of ⁇ -lapachone above), which results from breakage of the ether linkage (for example, when ⁇ -lapachone, ⁇ -lapachone or dunione are the starting material) or protonation of the alkene group (for example, when lapachol analog is the starting material).
• the yield of this step is determined by the stability of the carbon cation, and the ratio of the two isoforms ( ⁇ and ⁇ ) can be determined to some extent by the temperature of the sulfuric acid solution. Any substitution at position 2 stabilizing the carbon cation should improve yield of this reaction step.
• the desired isoforms can be isolated and purified by extraction and column chromatography (silica gel).
• the overall yields of compounds produced by this synthesis method were between 2% and 10%.
• yield depends upon substitution at position 2 of the starting naphthoquinone, with the tertiary structure at position 2 in ⁇ -lapachone providing a more stable intermediate and thus higher yields than the secondary carbon at position 2 in dunnione. Since product yield also depends on solvent choice, solvents other than tetrahydrofuran (THF) may be used to achieve higher yields.
• THF tetrahydrofuran
• Compounds 5, 6 and 7 were synthesized by a two step reaction process.
• the two steps are: (1) arylation of 2-hydroxyalkylthiol or branched allylthiol by reacting with 1,2- naphthoquinone in acetonitrile in the presence of small amount of triethylamine; (2) formation of dihydrothiopyran or dihydrothiophene hetero-rings by treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid.
• the first reaction step is a well known quinone arylation reaction.
• the instant method differs from the method reported by Mackenzie et al., (1986) J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Tran. I, 2233-2241), as the current method is the first example of the use of a weak base (i.e.
• the second reaction step is a novel reaction involving a cation intermediate which is formed by protonization of tertiary hydroxyl or branched allyl. Since the cation intermediate is more difficult to form from protonization of a secondary hydroxyl, the semidehydrothioxane hetero-rings were formed from 2-hydroxyalkylthiol arylation product when treated with concentrated sulfuric acid as determined previously.
• the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs for compounds with a primary thiol or overnight for compounds with a secondary thiol, then evaporated to dryness. 20 ml of anhydrous toluene was added into the residue, and evaporated again to dryness. The residue was dissolved in 15 ml of methylene chloride and loaded onto a silica gel column.
• the intermediate product 4-(2- hydroxyalkylsulfanyl or branched allylsulfanyl)- 1,2-naphthoquinone was eluted by ethyl acetate/hexane (1:1). The yield of the intermediate product was at range of 10% to 80%, high yield for primary thiol and low yield for secondary thiol.
• the purified intermediate product 4-(2-hydroxyalkylsulfanyl or branched allylsulfanyl)- 1,2-naphthoquinone was dissolved in 50 times by weight of concentrated sulfuric acid and the mixture was placed at room temperature for 30 min, and then poured into 10 times volume of ice-water, and the resulting mixture was extracted with methylene chloride. The organic phase was washed with water and dried with sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was evaporated into dryness, and then dissolved in 10 ml of methylene chloride and loaded onto a silica gel column. The final pure product was eluted with methylene chloride/ethyl acetate (10:0 to 10:2). NMR and MS analyses of the products were performed as described above. Results are shown in Table 1.
• the second reaction step is novel reaction, and the mechanism is not yet clear.
• the 2-hydroxyalkylthiol arylation product as 4-(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)- 1,2-naphthoquinone is very stable at room temperature when exposed to the air, which is contrary to previous studies (Sugiyama et al., (1999) Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 27(1): 60-67), and forms semidehydrothioxane hetero-rings only when treated with strong acid like concentrated sulfuric acid or trifluoroacetic acid.
• the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs for primary thiol or overnight for secondary thiol, then evaporated to dryness. 20 ml of anhydrous toluene was added into the residue, and evaporated again to dryness. The residue was dissolved in 15 ml of methylene chloride and loaded onto a silica gel column.
• the intermediate product 4-(2-hydroxyalkylsulfanyl)- 1,2-naphthoquinone was eluted by ethyl acetate/hexane (9:1 to 1:1, depend on the polarity of the 2-hydroxyalkylthiol). The yield of the intermediate product was at range of 10% to 80%, high yield for primary thiol and low yield for secondary thiol.
• the purified intermediate product 4-(2-hydroxyalkylsulfanyl)- 1,2-naphthoquinone was dissolved in 50 times weight of trifluoroacetic acid (or concentrated sulfuric acid) and the mixture was placed at room temperature for 30 min.
• trifluoroacetic acid or concentrated sulfuric acid
• evaporation and co-evaporation with toluene was applied to remove trifluoroacetic acid.
• the concentrated sulfuric acid solution was poured into 10 times volume of ice- water, and the resulting mixture was extracted with methylene chloride. The organic phase was then washed with water and dried with sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was evaporated into dryness.
• Compounds of the present invention have demonstrated potent antiproliferative activity against a variety of cancer cell lines, including SK-OV-3 and ONCAR-3 human ovarian carcinoma cells; SW-480, HT-29, DLD1 and HCT-116 human colon carcinoma cells; MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells; MIA PACA-2 and BXPC- 3 human pancreatic carcinoma cells; ⁇ CI-H226 and A549 human lung carcinoma cells; and DU-145 and PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Since ⁇ -lapachone induces apoptosis only in cancer cell lines and not in normal cells (Li et al., (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci U SA. 100(5): 2674-8), the present compounds were also tested in a panel of normal cell lines from a variety of tissues including NCM 460 normal colonic epithelial cells and MCF 10A normal breast epithelial cells.
• Table 2 shows the concentrations of the compounds required to inhibit 50% of cell growth (IC 50 ). As shown in Table 2, IC 50 values in the low micromolar range and below were obtained for several of these compounds in all cancer cell lines tested.
• Another effect of the compounds of the present invention is the induction or elevation of activity (e.g. elevation of the level) of a member of the E2F family of transcription factors.
• ⁇ -lapachone induces sustained E2F activity (e.g. elevation of E2F levels) in nuclei of cancer cells but not in normal cells, resulting in the arrest of cancer cells in Gl and/or S phase.
• Several compounds of the present invention were effective in sustaining E2F activity (e.g. elevation of E2F levels), thus causing Gl and/or S phase arrest.
• the compounds of the present invention have no significant toxic effects on normal cells (See, Table 2).
• Cell proliferation assays were performed as described previously (Miiller et al.,
• the antiproliferative activity of the present synthetic lapachone derivative compounds suggests that compounds of the present invention may be expected to show wide anticancer activity.
• the compounds of the invention are effective for treating cancers such as breast cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, brain cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and colorectal cancer. These treatments are accomplished utilizing the present lapachone derivative compounds (Formula I, H, in, IV or V), alone or in combination with, other chemotherapy agents or with radiation therapy.
• the compounds of the present invention are used for the prevention or treatment of hyperproliferative disorders and cancer (e.g., as a preventative drug) by preventing hyperproliferative or cancer cell formation.
• the compounds of the present invention have a strong apoptotic effect on a variety of human cancer cells and that they can inhibit growth of other human cancer cells. They can be applied in many of the well-known methods currently used for chemotherapeutic treatment. For example, they may be injected directly into tumors, injected into the blood stream or body cavities or taken orally or applied through the skin with patches. The dose chosen should be sufficient to constitute effective treatment but not so high as to cause unacceptable side effects. The state of the cancer and the health of the patient should preferably be closely monitored during and for a reasonable period after treatment.

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  • 2003-11-18 EP EP03786941A patent/EP1567515A4/en active Pending
  • 2003-11-18 TW TW092132328A patent/TW200510367A/zh unknown
  • 2003-11-18 MX MXPA05005314A patent/MXPA05005314A/es not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2003-11-18 JP JP2004553999A patent/JP2006508147A/ja active Pending
  • 2003-11-18 CN CNA2003801066171A patent/CN1729183A/zh active Pending
  • 2003-11-18 CA CA002506340A patent/CA2506340A1/en not_active Abandoned
• 2004
  • 2004-03-26 US US10/810,260 patent/US20040266857A1/en not_active Abandoned

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