WO2004014346A1 - Preparation a liberation prolongee de gout agreable pour animaux de compagnie - Google Patents

Preparation a liberation prolongee de gout agreable pour animaux de compagnie Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004014346A1
WO2004014346A1 PCT/IB2003/003319 IB0303319W WO2004014346A1 WO 2004014346 A1 WO2004014346 A1 WO 2004014346A1 IB 0303319 W IB0303319 W IB 0303319W WO 2004014346 A1 WO2004014346 A1 WO 2004014346A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
eudragit
composition
controlled release
pharmaceutical composition
active agent
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2003/003319
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English (en)
Inventor
Avinash Govind Thombre
Original Assignee
Pfizer Products Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Pfizer Products Inc. filed Critical Pfizer Products Inc.
Priority to US10/523,647 priority Critical patent/US20050271708A1/en
Priority to MXPA05000976A priority patent/MXPA05000976A/es
Priority to EP03784359A priority patent/EP1539119A1/fr
Priority to JP2004527171A priority patent/JP2005538128A/ja
Priority to CA002494699A priority patent/CA2494699A1/fr
Priority to BR0313276-5A priority patent/BR0313276A/pt
Priority to AU2003247121A priority patent/AU2003247121A1/en
Publication of WO2004014346A1 publication Critical patent/WO2004014346A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
    • A61K9/0056—Mouth soluble or dispersible forms; Suckable, eatable, chewable coherent forms; Forms rapidly disintegrating in the mouth; Lozenges; Lollipops; Bite capsules; Baked products; Baits or other oral forms for animals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K40/20—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by moulding, e.g. making cakes or briquettes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K40/30—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by encapsulating; by coating
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/40—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for carnivorous animals, e.g. cats or dogs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2072—Pills, tablets, discs, rods characterised by shape, structure or size; Tablets with holes, special break lines or identification marks; Partially coated tablets; Disintegrating flat shaped forms
    • A61K9/2077—Tablets comprising drug-containing microparticles in a substantial amount of supporting matrix; Multiparticulate tablets
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2072—Pills, tablets, discs, rods characterised by shape, structure or size; Tablets with holes, special break lines or identification marks; Partially coated tablets; Disintegrating flat shaped forms
    • A61K9/2077—Tablets comprising drug-containing microparticles in a substantial amount of supporting matrix; Multiparticulate tablets
    • A61K9/2081—Tablets comprising drug-containing microparticles in a substantial amount of supporting matrix; Multiparticulate tablets with microcapsules or coated microparticles according to A61K9/50

Definitions

  • the invention pertains to palatable controlled release pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration to companion animals.
  • the compositions are chewable, there being no significant adverse affect on the controlled release behavior due to mastication.
  • the compositions are comprised of pharmaceutically active agents in the form of controlled release multiparticulates, and a palatability improving agent.
  • Oral dosage forms of pharmaceuticals for companion animals have proven particularly valuable where the medication is to be administered on a chronic basis, especially by the pet owner.
  • these dosage forms are of a size and shape that can accommodate administration by the "poke down" method whereby the medication is in the form of a tablet or the like placed on the animal's tongue or elsewhere in the mouth whereafter specific manipulations are performed by the handler to coax swallowing.
  • the animal will consume it of their own volition when proffered (the "free choice” method) without resort to the poke down technique. In these instances, however, it is common for the animal to chew the dosage form before swallowing it.
  • Controlled release dosage forms are those wherefrom the rate of release of the pharmaceutically active agent is controlled by an extrinsic factor related to the dosage form itself, such as specific coatings that erode, or through which the active agent must pass, thereby engendering a prolonged release pattern.
  • controlled release dosage forms are desirable inasmuch as they can surmount pharmacokinetic limitations inherent in a particular active agent, such as unduly short half life. In other instances, they can also overcome food effects, i.e., situations where the rate and extent of active agent absorption depends on whether it was taken after eating (fed state) or after fasting (fasted state). Controlled release dosage forms have the further benefit that, in certain Rand
  • the peak plasma concentrations following a controlled release dosage form are lower, and the time to reach the peak plasma peak concentrations is longer, as is the apparent terminal half-life.
  • this can result in less frequent dosing as well as a reduction in side effects associated with high drug concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract (local or topical side effects) and those associated with very high plasma concentrations (central effects).
  • controlled release dosage forms can also lower the dosage needed and reduce the total daily requirements of the active agent. Because of these attributes, therapy using controlled release dosage forms is often preferred over immediate release dosage forms. '
  • Orally administered controlled release dosage forms are typically configured as controlled release matrix tablets.
  • these tablets are fabricated by admixing the pharmaceutically active agent with a rate controlling polymer and optionally other ingredients (carriers and the like) whereafter they are pressed into tablet shape.
  • the rate controlling polymer is ordinarily a hydrophilic or lipophilic polymer.
  • hydrophilic matrix tablets when exposed to water or an aqueous environment, as when ingested, the polymer swells and forms a gel through which the active agent slowly diffuses out of the tablet. In addition to diffusion, the active agent is also released through the secondary mechanism of polymer erosion.
  • the primary mechanism of release is via diffusion through pores in the matrix, which pores are formed by the leaching of the active agent or other water soluble inert ingredients incorporated into the tablets.
  • Chewing of a controlled release matrix tablet by a companion animal vitiates the very utility otherwise provided by this mode of dosage form. That is, the surface area of the dosage form is an important factor governing the rate of controlled release. Chewing breaks the dosage form, whose design has been predeterminediy. predicated on surface area among other things, into pieces. This not only makes the particles of active agent smaller-hence increasing overall surface area and speeding up release rates-but also exposes more of the active agent from behind the polymer coatings-thus bypassing the control imposed by same-and otherwise reduces the distance between the active agent and the surface of the coating thereby diminishing diffusion times and the like. In an extreme case, the companion animal will chew the tablet to a powder, which effectively causes a complete loss of the rate controlling mechanism. In short, the controlled release dosage forms known hitherto for companion animals, when chewed, steadily loose their aforementioned performance attributes, and become increasingly like an immediate release dosage form, with all drawbacks of same.
  • controlled release dosages forms are typically provided as single unit dosage forms that can not be readily divided into a lesser dose wherein controlled rate of release is maintained.
  • oral therapy for companion animals frequently entails dosing on a milligram of dose per kilogram body weight basis; among other things, this accommodates the species-dependent variation in animal weight.
  • the alternative is to employ multiple dosages or tablet strengths, neither of which is practicable.
  • the problems of breaking the dosage form into pieces, as elucidated above attend. That is, the active agent can suffer reduced particle size, with resulting increase in surface area and release rate, as well as exposure from under, or a decrease in distance from the polymer coating whose presence is designed to control release rate.
  • the present invention satisfies the foregoing desiderata.
  • the invention is directed to a palatable, chewable, controlled release pharmaceutical composition for oral administration to a companion animal comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutically active agent in controlled release multiparticulate form; and a palatability improving agent in an amount sufficient to make the pharmaceutical composition palatable to said companion animal.
  • the invention is directed to a process for preparing a palatable, chewable, controlled release pharmaceutical composition for oral administration to a companion animal comprising preparing a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutically active agent in the form of particles having an average particle size of up to about 5000 ⁇ m; coating said particles with a delayed release polymer, a sustained released polymer, or combinations of same, in an amount of about 5% to about 100% by weight of the pharmaceutical composition; admixing a palatability improving agent to said coated particles in an amount of about 0.025% to about 99% by weight of said pharmaceutical composition; and forming said admixture into a shape suitable for oral administration to a companion animal.
  • Figure 1 is a graph showing the dissolution versus time of carprofen multiparticulates coated with various levels of Eudragit S100.
  • Figure 2 is a graph showing the dissolution versus time using a pH cross over of uncoated and Eudragit S100-coated carprofen multiparticulates.
  • Figure 3 is a graph showing dissolution versus time for carprofen multiparticulates in tablet form, uncoated and with various Eudragit S100 coatings.
  • Figure 4 is a graph showing dissolution versus time using a pH cross over for carprofen multiparticulates in tablet form, uncoated and with various Eudragit S100 coatings.
  • Figure 5 is a graph showing dissolution versus time of carprofen multiparticulates (microcapsule embodiment) with various coatings.
  • Figure 6 is a graph showing dissolution versus time and the effect of tabletting and tablet hardness on carprofen microcapsules at a 25% coating level.
  • Figure 7 is a graph showing plasma concentrations versus time in beagle dogs for ⁇ Omg immediate release carprofen multiparticulate formulations.
  • Figure 8 is a graph showing plasma concentrations versus time in beagle dogs for delayed release carprofen multiparticulate formulations.
  • Figure 9 is a graph showing plasma concentrations versus time in beagle dogs for sustained release carprofen multiparticulate formulations.
  • Figure 10 is a graph showing plasma concentrations versus time in beagle dogs for compressed and uncompressed sustained release carprofen multiparticulate formulations.
  • the present invention is directed to a controlled release pharmaceutical composition for companion animals that can be orally administered by veterinarian, pet owner or other caregiver.
  • the composition of the invention is chewable, without the accrual thereby of any significant loss of the controlled release property. That is to say, the benefits associated with controlled release therapy as elucidated above are substantially maintained even after mastication by the animal.
  • chewable in the present context means that the controlled release performance of the dosage form is effectively resistant to chewing.
  • the present invention specifically envisions the chewing of the composition thereof, it will be understood that the composition of the invention can also be administered by the "poke down" method aforesaid and that such administration is contemplated as being within the inventive scope.
  • the poke down technique can be employed using the composition of the invention in a dosage form of suitable size and shape.
  • Controlled release refers to the rate of release of a pharmaceutically active agent as a function of some property of , e dosage form.
  • Controlled release systems contemplated by the invention include without limitation modified systems such as 1 ) sustained release, wherein the pharmaceutically active agent is released at a slow rate over an extended period of time; 2) delayed release, wherein there is a time lag after administration of the dosage form and before the release of the pharmaceutically active agent is initiated; and 3) pulsatile release, wherein the pharmaceutically active agent is released in an immediate release or modified release fashion, e.g.
  • sustained or delayed followed by a time period in which there is very little or no release, followed by yet another period of immediate or modified release and so on; one or more pulses of release can be thus obtained.
  • other delivery profiles are possible and all are considered to be within the scope of controlled release for purposes of the invention.
  • the practice of the invention whereby the pharmaceutical composition can be chewable yet still be controlled release entails providing the pharmaceutically active agent in a controlled release multiparticulate form.
  • the active agent is provided in the form of particles having a size such that when the dosage form is chewed by an animal the active agent (particle) will not be further comminuted to any significant degree. That is, whereas some of the coated particles may indeed be crushed by chewing, the fact that there is a multiplicity of such particles (multiparticulate form) ensures that enough will survive substantially intact to provide controlled release therapy.
  • multiparticulates of the invention which have a high specific surface area to start with - by virtue of being controlled release, e.g. coated, lessens the probability that sufficient numbers of them will be compromised by chewing, the high initial surface area to volume ratio notwithstanding.
  • the multiparticulate form of the pharmaceutically active agent can be fabricated by any of a variety of conventional techniques including, without limitation: balling (also known as spherical agglomeration), spray congealing, cryopelletization.
  • the multiparticulate form can also be prepared by melt-spray congealing (MSC) techniques wherein the pharmaceutically active agent is mixed with a waxy material, heated to the melting point of the waxy material and then sprayed out from a rotary disk atomizer or other atomizer, e.g. a spray nozzle, into a congealing chamber.
  • MSC melt-spray congealing
  • the resultant multiparticulates also referred to as microspheres when produced by this technique
  • Multiparticulates ensuing can also be fabricated by spray-drying a solution containing the pharmaceutically active agent and optionally other ingredients including any rate controlling excipients.
  • Chemical methods can also be employed to manufacture the multiparticulate form, such as representatively, microencapsulation by simple or complex coacervation, interfacial polymerization and phase separation methods. Multiparticulates from such chemical methods are often referred to in the art as microcapsules or microspheres.
  • Other methods of generating the multiparticulate form include dry or wet granulation. In dry granulation, a powder blend containing the drug is compressed into discs and the discs are subsequently milled to obtain the granules (multiparticulates).
  • the powder blend is roller compacted and the compacts are subsequently milled to obtain the multiparticulates.
  • the powder blend in wet granulation, is wet massed using an aqueous or non-aqueous solvent.
  • the resulting granules are optionally wet milled to obtain a uniform particle size and the granules are dried e.g. in a tray or a fluid bed dryer.
  • the multiparticulate form of the invention can also be obtained by extrusion-spheronization processes wherein a powder blend is wet massed in a manner similar to wet granulation, then extruded through an extruder to obtain spaghetti-like strands.
  • Core multiparticulates can also be made by a drug-layering process.
  • inert seeds e.g. non-pareil sugar beads or microcrystalline cellulose spheres
  • a solution or a suspension containing the pharmaceutically active agent and a binder are sprayed with a solution or a suspension containing the pharmaceutically active agent and a binder.
  • dry powder containing the pharmaceutically active agent can be applied to the seeds while simultaneously spraying the seeds with a binder solution.
  • the controlled release microparticulate form has an average particle size of up to about 5000 ⁇ m; more preferred is an average particle size of about 10 ⁇ m to about 5000 ⁇ m; still more preferred is an average particle size of about 50 ⁇ m to about 2000 ⁇ m; yet still more preferred is an average particle size of about 100 ⁇ m to about 1000 ⁇ m.
  • the particles for purposes of the invention can be of diverse size and shape.
  • the methodologies for fabricating multiparticulates as exemplified above can make the appropriate particle size in the first instance by routine adjustment of operating conditions and/or use of appropriate sizers, such as mesh screens and the, like.
  • Average particle size as referred to herein is generally connotes the mean diameter of spherical particles.
  • spherical diameter i.e. the diameter of a sphere having the same volume as the particle (dv) or diameter of a sphere with the same superficial surface area as the particle (ds).
  • Mean diameter in the current context refers generally to the mode, or the most commonly occurring value, in the particle size distribution.
  • the methodologies employable by the present invention for purposes of measuring particle sizes and particle size distributions include: image analysis (e.g. optical microscopy, electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy); sieving (e.g. standard calibrated sieves, air-jet sieving, sonic sifters and the like); fluid classification; sedimentation methods; Coalter principle; laser methods including low angle laser light scattering methods.
  • image analysis e.g. optical microscopy, electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy
  • sieving e.g. standard calibrated sieves, air-jet sieving, sonic sifters and the like
  • fluid classification sedimentation methods
  • Coalter principle laser methods including low angle laser light scattering methods.
  • sieves screens.-meshes
  • multiple methods are used.
  • Various particles size measurement strategies suitable for the present invention are found in the text Particle Size Measurement, Volume I, 5 th Edition, Terence, Allan, Chapman and Hall, 1997, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the mechanism of controlled release is preferably obtained by conventional routes for such drug delivery; for example and without limitation, coating the particles with materials and/or using physical configurations known in the art for the purpose of providing sustained, delayed, pulsatile or other release delivery profiles for pharmaceuticals'. See generally in this regard “Multiparticulate Oral Drug Delivery” edited by Issac Ghebre-Sellassie, Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1994.
  • Coating formulations can be either a suspension or a solution using either aqueous or organic solvents or mixtures.
  • Coating formulations typically contain the coating polymer, one or more plasticizers, and other formulation aids such as, without limitation, detackifiers, defoamers, surfactants and the like.
  • the polymer(s) used are pH sensitive, typically insoluble at low pH, e.g. pH of from 1 to about 5 as generally found in the stomach, but soluble at higher pH, e.g. greater than pH of 5.5, as typically encountered in the small intestine.
  • Serviceable polymers for delayed release coatings include without limitation: cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalte, Eudragit L100-55, Eudragit S100 and mixtures of Eudragit L100-55/S100.
  • useable polymers include without limitation: hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, ethylcellulose, Eudragit RL100, Eudragit RS100, mixtures of Eudragit RL100/RS100, Eudragit S100, Eudragit NE30D, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, silicone, ethylcellulose dispersions (commercially available as Aquacoat® FMC and Surrelease® (coloron).
  • the thickness of the coating in all events is that which is sufficient to yield necessary mechanical stability and adequate dissolution performance. While determination of appropriate thickness is thus within the skill of the art, it is preferred that for delayed release coatings, thickness be from about 20 ⁇ m to about 30 ⁇ m.
  • preferred thickness is about 5 ⁇ m to about 50 ⁇ m.
  • various known techniques can be used to coat the pharmaceutically active agent in multiparticulate form.
  • such techniques include the use of aqueous and solvent based coating systems, i.e. mixed water and organic solvents, and the use of solutions or suspensions such as latex dispersions comprised of the coating polymers.
  • the multiparticulates can also be coated by fluidized bed equipment including top spray, rotary fluidized bed, and bottom spray beds with e.g. Wurster inserts.
  • the multiparticles can also be coated in with side vented pan coaters typically used for coating tablets.
  • the amount of coating depends upon the final release profile desired and determination of same is within the ambit of routine skill. Without restriction, the coating is preferably present, in terms of weight (w/w core particles), in an amount of about 5% to about 100% by weight of the pharmaceutical composition, more,,, preferably about 5% to 50%; still more preferably about 10% to about 50%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the invention is preferably provisioned as a dosage form whose size and shape are suitable for poke down administration; more preferably the dosage form has thereon means for enabling the division of it into smaller sizes for lesser doses, e.g. scoring and the like.
  • the term "companion animal” refers to domesticated animals. Companion animals exclude humans. Preferably, the animal is a mammal. Examples of companion animals include, but are not limited to, dogs, cats and horses. The preferred companions animals are dogs and cats.
  • palatability means the voluntary (free choice) acceptance or ingestion of a pharmaceutical composition by companion animals, as measured by a standard palatability test, such as acceptance testing, preference testing or consumption testing. These tests are described in U.S.S.N. 10/091,202, filed March 5, 2002, incorporated herein, supra.
  • palatability improving agent includes any composition that alters the palatability of the pharmaceutically active agent to which it is added, and more particularly improves the palatability of the pharmaceutically active agent as measured by a standard palatability test, such as acceptance testing, preference testing or consumption testing.
  • a standard palatability test such as acceptance testing, preference testing or consumption testing.
  • the difference between the voluntary acceptance rate of the pharmaceutical composition containing the palatability improving agent and the pharmaceutically active agent without the palatability improving agent is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level.
  • a palatability improving agent provides a voluntary acceptance by the companion animal of the pharmaceutically active agent which is greater than or equal to about 80% voluntary acceptance, and more preferably, about 90% voluntary acceptance as determined by the above mentioned tests.
  • “Acceptance” or “voluntary acceptance” means that the dosage form is voluntarily taken into the mouth of the animal. It is preferred that the animal voluntarily take the dosage form within its mouth within 10 minutes. It is more preferred that the animal voluntarily take the dosage form within its mouth within 5 minutes. Most preferred is that the animal voluntarily takes the dosage form within its mouth within 2 minutes.
  • pillable means that the dosage form can be administered in the conventional manner by which tablets are given to companion animals so that the tablet is swallowed in a substantially intact form. This is also known as the “poke down” method.
  • “Friability” is a measure of tablet robustness to mechanical force.
  • a standard tablet friability test is given in the United States Pharmacopea, 24 th edition, ⁇ 1216>, Tablet Friability.
  • “Tablet hardness” is the force required for breaking or crushing a tablet in diametrical compression test. The test consists of placing a tablet between two anvils and applying pressure to the anvils until the tablet breaks. The force is generally measured in the units of kilopound, Newton, strong cobb or pound.
  • the dosage form should be such that is can be dosed in the conventional manner (also known as "poke down") that is characteristic of a pillable dosage form.
  • Pillable dosage forms can be crushed or ground by the owner, caregiver, pharmacist, veterinarian so that it can be sprinkled on or mixed with food, dissolved or suspended in liquid, mixed with semisolid food products such as peanut butter or malt hairball remedies which can be administered directly or smeared onto the fur (i.e. back of a front paw) for ingestion by the animal during self grooming.
  • the dosage form should be such that it can be dosed in the conventional manner (also known as "poke-down") -that-is-characteristic of a pillable dosage form. This is an important requirement for dosage forms that may need to be administered to animals that are too sick to accept the medication in a free choice manner or for certain animals that for some reason do not accept the dosage form by free choice on some occasions.
  • Pillable dosage forms can be crushed or ground by the owner, caregiver, pharmacist, veterinarian so that it can be sprinkled on or mixed with food, dissolved or suspended in liquid, mixed with semisolid food products such as peanut butter or malt hairball remedies which can be administered directly or smeared onto the fur (i.e., back of a front paw) for ingestion by the animal during self grooming.
  • the addition of the palatability improving agent to the pharmaceutically active agent enhances or improves the palatability of the pharmaceutical composition by improving the acceptability, such as by taste or smell, of the pharmaceutically active agent, through the introduction of a highly pro ⁇ punced and desirable agent, which is attractive to the animal.
  • the palatability improving agent no only masks the undesirable flavor associated with the pharmaceutically active agent but also attracts the animal to the pharmaceutically active agent so that it voluntarily ingests the pharmaceutical composition, resulting in a palatable pharmaceutical composition.
  • unacceptable is meant bitter or neutral tasting to a companion animal such as a dog, cat or horse.
  • the palatability improving agents of the invention can be meat-based or non- meat based derived from meat.
  • the term "meat” means beef, lamb, or poultry.
  • it can be fish-based or derived from fish.
  • the palatability improving agents are preferably non-meat based or non-meat based derived, and non-fish based or non-fish based derived.
  • the palatability improving agents utilized in the present' invention to be mixed or admixed with the pharmaceutically active agents are typically commercially available and generally acceptable for use in food applications.
  • the palatability improving agents of the present invention include, but are not limited to, for example, dairy-based flavoring agents, a mixture of a natural herbs and spices, artificial egg flavor, artificial meat flavor, artificial chicken flavor, artificial fish flavor, or yeast flavor, or a combination thereof. These are commercially available.
  • dairy-based flavoring agents are those derived from milk or cheese but preferably low-fat cheeses and milk, e.g. evaporated milk or skim milk or malted milk, whey or other milk products.
  • the flavoring agent may be an imitation cheese (sodium capstan)- Further soy or vegetable-based-cheese substance may be used as the flavoring agent.
  • the palatability improving agents may be a mixture of natural herb and spices in combination.
  • These natural herbs and spices include, for example, such spices as allspice, anise seed, caraway seed, cardamom, celery seed, cinnamon, cassia, clover, coriander, cumin seed, paprika, dill seed, fennel seed, ginger, mustard seed, nutmeg, saffron, black pepper, white pepper, and the like, herbs, such as basil, bay, dilled, marjoram, oregano, rosemary, sage, savory, tarragon, turmeric and thyme.
  • the palatability improving agent may include seasonings, which are dry mix products 1 containing spices and/or herbs as well as optional additional flavoring agents, salt, sugar, and starches.
  • the palatability improving agent may additionally be an artificial flavoring.
  • artificial means not derived from natural animal sources. These include the fruit flavors, vegetable flavors, cheese flavors, nut flavors and the like. Many of these artificial flavors are listed in the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 11, pp. 24-28 (1994) , the contents of which are incorporated by reference.
  • Other palatability improving agents include artificial meat, poultry, and fish flavoring agents. These include, for example, such products as artificial beef or vegetarian beef, artificial or vegetarian pork products, including vegetarian ham, vegetarian bacon, vegetarian sausage, artificial poultry (i.e. turkey, chicken and the like) products, artificial fish products, and the like.
  • the palatability improving agent may be derived from yeast.
  • yeast from the group asomycetous or asporagenous may be utilitzed.
  • yeast like genera which belong to the order Ustilaginales (in the Basidiomycetes) and the yeast like genera which belong to the family Sporobolomycetes and Sporobolomycetaceae.
  • the yeast are commercially available dried yeast, such as a primary dried yeast, i.e. Saccharomvces cerevisiae, primary dried torula yeast, i.e. Torulopsis utilis, and secondary yeast, i.e. brewer's dried yeast, i.e. Saccharomvces cerevisiae, and Saccharomvces carlsbergensis.
  • the palatability improving agent may be derived from a plant source, i.e. soy meal or cotton seed oil.
  • the palatability improving agents utilized in the present invention are non- toxic and are food acceptable. They are preferably digestible and do not have any adverse gastrointestinal side effects associated therewith, e.g. excess flatulence or gastrointestinal pains, and the like. Moreover, the palatability improving agent is one that does not significantly affect the efficacy of the pharmaceutical active ingredient with which it is associated, i.e. it does not inhibit significantly and more preferably does not inhibit the action of the drug.
  • Preferred palatability improving agents include hydrolyzed vegetable protein, blends of natural flavoring and spices such as Sirius StuffTM and Dog Bone marinade®, manufactured by Dirigo Corp., vegetarian beef, vegetarian bacon, and roast garlic, manufactured by Geneva Ingredients, Inc., blends of dried skim milk, malted milk, whey and other products, such as All diary BlendTM, yeast flavoring, especially 100% Saccharomyces cerevisiae, such as BrewtechTM Dried Brewer's Yeast, blends of animal proteins and fat formulated to replace whole egg, such as EggsactTM, and blends of white and yellow cheese product powders, and cheese rind such as Cheese Plus CheeseTM, manufactured by International Ingredients Corp., peanut butter and artificial chicken, manufactured by Bush Bake Allan Americas, artificial beef manufactured by Pharmachemie at Syracuse, California, or mixtures thereof.
  • natural flavoring and spices such as Sirius StuffTM and Dog Bone marinade®, manufactured by Dirigo Corp., vegetarian beef, vegetarian bacon, and roast garlic, manufactured by Geneva Ingredients,
  • the palatability improving agent is present in the palatable pharmaceutical composition in amounts effective to make the pharmaceutical palatable to the companion animal and if the pharmaceutical has an unacceptable flavor, in amount effective to mask the off flavor, i.e. palatability improving amounts. It is preferred that the palatability improving agent can be present in amounts ranging from about 0.025% to about 99% by weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form, more preferably the palatability improving agent is present in the amount ranging from about 0.75% to about 50% and most preferably from about 1% to about 25% by weight of the palatable pharmaceutical composition; in both the' foregoing instances, yeast is preferably excluded from these percentage limitations. With respect to the yeast flavoring, it is preferred that the yeast be present in amount ranging from about 2% to about 25% by weight of the pharmaceutical compositions, more preferably from about 5% to about 20% by weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the palatability improving agent is given to the companion animal in association with pharmaceutically active agents, e.g., veterinarian drugs, normally given to companion animals including without limitation: amebicides, trichomonacides, analgesics, anorexics, antiarthritics, antibacterials, antibiotics, anticoagulants, antidepressants, antihistamines, antineoplastics, anti-Parkinsonism, drugs, antipyretics, anti-spasmodics, anticholinergics, antiviral agents, cardiovascular drugs, contraceptives, diuretics, fertility agents, hemantinics, hormones, laxatives, parasympathetic agents, parasympathomometics, psychostimulants, sedatives, sympathomimetics, anti-inflammatory agents, barbiturates, stimulants, tranquilizers, and the like.
  • pharmaceutically active agents e.g., veterinarian drugs, normally given to companion animals including without limitation: amebicides, trichomonacides, analgesics,
  • Examples include carprofen, selegeline, icopexil, methamphetamine, methcyclothiazide, cephalexmin, cephaloglycin, cloxacillin, phenoxyethyl penicillin, erythromycin, pargyline, ephedrine, codeine, methycyclothiazide, metharbital, deserpidine, pen barbital, isoproterenol, peperazine, estrone, hydrochlorothiazide, ethchlorvynol, chlorazepate, sulfamethizole, phenazopyridine, oxytetracycline, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, diethylstilbestrol, 1-hyoscyamine, ethaverine, pentylenetetrazol, griseofulvin, ampicillin, phendimetrazine, meprobamate, conjugated estrogens, testosterone, prali
  • any improvement in acceptance of a palatable dosage form containing pharmaceutically active ingredients is desirable over pharmaceutical dosage forms that are not formulated to increase palatability. It is preferred that the palatable dosage form have an acceptance rate of about 30% or greater. More preferred is a palatable dosage form with an acceptance rate of about 50% or greater. Even more preferred is a palatable dosage form with an acceptance rate of about 80% or greater. Most preferred is a palatable dosage form with an acceptance rate of about 90% or greater.
  • the pharmaceutically active agent is present in amounts effective to treat a t particular disease or in prophylactically effective amounts.
  • the pharmaceutically effective amount varies with each drug and is determined by the veterinarian prescribing the drug.
  • the veterinarian will determine the dosage of the present pharmaceutically active agents which will be most suitable. The amount will depend upon several factors. For example, it will vary with the form of administration and the particular compound chosen, and furthermore, it will vary with the animal under treatment, the age of the animal, the weight of the animal and the type of malady being treated. However, the effective amount of drug to be delivered would be no different if palatability improving agent were not present.
  • the palatable pharmaceutical composition may be orally administered, for example, with an inert diluent or with an assimilable edible carrier, or it may be enclosed in hard or soft shell gelatin capsules, or it may be compressed into tablets, or in the form of troches, or it may be incorporated directly into the food of the diet.
  • the-active compound, and the flavoring agent may be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of ingestible tablets, troches, capsules and wafers, or alternatively, can be administered in liquid form.
  • the palatability improving agent can be added as a coating to the dosage form or either included in or separate from the controlled release coatings.
  • the palatability improving agent can be sprayed onto the surface of a table or pill containing the pharmaceutical agent.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may contain an anti-mycotic and/or anti-bacterial agent.
  • the palatability improving agent increases or at least does not decrease the shelf life of the pharmaceutically active agent.
  • the palatability improving agent enhances compliance with a therapeutic program'for companion animals.
  • the tablets, troches, pills, capsules and the like may also contain the following: a binder such as sodium starch glycosate, gum tragacanth, acacia, polyvinylpyrrolidone, corn starch or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate, and microcrystalline cellulose; a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid, and the like; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, polyethylene glycol, talc or silica.
  • a binder such as sodium starch glycosate, gum tragacanth, acacia, polyvinylpyrrolidone, corn starch or gelatin
  • excipients such as dicalcium phosphate, and microcrystalline cellulose
  • a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid, and the like
  • a lubricant such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, polyethylene glycol,
  • Coatings or other components may me present so as to modify the physical form of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • tablets, pills, or capsules may be coated with shellac, sugar or both, sweetening agent, methyl and propylparabens as preservatives, coloring agents, a dye and other ingredients such as cherry.
  • the palatable pharmaceutical composition is preferably prepared in unit dosage form. In such form, the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the pharmaceutically active agent in association with the palatability improving agent.
  • the unit dosage form can be in packaged preparation, such as packaged tablets, capsules, pills, lozenges, troche and the like.
  • the preferred solid unit dosage form is a hard, compressed tablet.
  • any material used in preparing any dosage unit form should be pharmaceutically pure and substantially non-toxic in the amounts employed.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes any and all solvents and dispersion media for pharmaceutically active substances are well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic compositions of -Ihe-present invention is contemplated. More -than one active ingredient-can also be incorporated into the palatable pharmaceutical compositions.
  • the preparation of the palatable pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be accomplished by utilizing any one of a wide variety of different known methods.
  • One such method is by wet granulation in which the components, e.g., pharmaceutically active agent, the palatability improving agent, and excipients are mixed with a wet granulating solvent, such as an aqueous or a non-aqueous solvent or solvent mixtures, e.g., as water or alcohol, in a mixing apparatus.
  • a wet granulating solvent such as an aqueous or a non-aqueous solvent or solvent mixtures, e.g., as water or alcohol
  • the mixture is dried using techniques known in the art and then the dried blend is generally processed further by sizing the granulation through a mill to reduce the size of the particles.
  • Lubricant and any additional excipients are then added and blended to provide a uniform homogeneous mixture.
  • the blend is simultaneously granulated in the granulating vehicle and dried using
  • the palatable pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be prepared by dry formulation in which the pharmaceutically active agent, the palatability improving agent and the carrier material are thoroughly intermixed. Excipients, binding agents, lubricants, disintegrating agents, and colorants, if necessary are homogeneously mixed. Examples of suitable excipients are lactose ( and sodium starch glycolate.
  • the resulting blend is then made into solid dosage form.
  • the composition is transferred to a tablet press and compressed into a tablet at an appropriate compression pressure to achieve, preferably, a hardness in the range of from about 5 to about 25 kP, at compression pressures of about 1600 to about 2000 pounds/square inch.
  • the product thus obtained has the desired hardness, and low level of friability found in tablets.
  • the blend may be encapsulated by a gelatin shell to form a capsule utilizing techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • pills and troches are prepared using conventional techniques known to the skilled artisan.
  • the palatable pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be formed into shapes, textures, and mimic structures so as to simulate foods, such as biscuits, cheeses, meat scraps and the like.
  • the present inventors have found that when the palatability-improving agents of the present invention are added to pharmaceutically active agents, the companion animals were not only attracted thereto, but also freely ingested and swallowed the pharmaceutical compositions containing the palatability improving agents. These are described in the following examples.
  • the present inventors have found that the addition of the palatability improving agents in palatable enhancing effective amounts made the pharmaceutical compositions more stable and increased shelf-life when the palatability improving agent of the present invention was present. Unless indicated to the contrary, the percentages are 1 by weight of the pharmaceutically composition.
  • carriers or “vehicles” as used herein refer to carrier material suitable for solid oral drug administration and include any such materials known in the art, e.g., diluent, binders, granulating agents, disintegrates, lubricating agents, colorants and the like.
  • the flavoring agents used in the Examples are as follows: Vegetarian beef flavor, Geneva Ingredients, Inc, Waunakee, Wl, is a mixture of maltodextrin, autolyzed yeast extract, natural flavors, partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (soybean and/or cottonseed), onion powder, and silicon dioxide.
  • Roast garlic flavor, Geneva Ingredients, Inc., Waunakee, Wl is a mixture of salt, maltodextrin, autolyzed yeast extract, natural flavors, partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (cottonseed or soybean) and silicon dioxide.
  • Artificial powdered beef flavor is a mixture of hydrolyzed vegetable protein, natural flavor, and hydrogenated vegetable oils.
  • Louis, MO is 100% dried Saccharomvces cerevisiae from the brewing industry that is distilled to remove the alcohol, naturally debittered, and roller dried.
  • Eggsact(, Dried egg replacer, International Ingredient Corporation, St. Louis, MO, is a special blend of animal proteins and fat formulated to replace or extend whole eggs.
  • Cheese Plus Cheese product, International Ingredient Corporation, St. Louis, MO, is a blend of white and yellow cheese product powders, and cheese rind.
  • Sugar foods by-product International Ingredient Corporation, St. Louis, MO, is produced from the by-products of dry packaged drink mixes, dried gelatin mixes, hard candy, and similar specialty food products that have a high sugar content, and citric acid.
  • Sirius StuffTM Dirigo Corporation, Boston, MA, is a blend of yeast, garlic, salt, herbs, kelp and fermented soy.
  • yeast garlic, salt, herbs, kelp and fermented soy.
  • Methocel® ' polymers (Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan) are hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) polymers. They are available in USP, JP, EP grades. There are multiple polymer grades available, as shown in Table A, which represent a variety of viscosities and hydration rates.
  • Methocel® products are free-flowing white to off-white powders which are available in 50 lb. multiwall bags and have a shelf life of 36 months.
  • the particle size is 100% ⁇ 30 mesh (99% ⁇ 40 mesh).
  • Controlled release grades are available which are faster hydrating and have a smaller similar particle size (E series 95% ⁇ 100 mesh, K series 90% ⁇ 100 mesh).
  • Polyox Water Soluble Resins (WSR) (The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, formerly Union Carbide Corp.) are nonionic poly(ethylene oxide) polymers. They are available in a large range of molecular weights as shown in ' Table B.
  • WSR Water Soluble Resins
  • Polyox hydrates When used in a conventional matrix tablet, Polyox hydrates rapidly to form a gel layer on a tablet surface. Release of the pharmaceutically active agent proceeds by diffusion through this gel layer and subsequent tablet erosion. Since Polyox® polymers are nonionic, no interaction is expected with active drug substances.
  • BHT Butylated hydroxytoluene
  • Vitamin E efficiently stabilize Polyox (WSR under storage and use condition
  • Carbopol® resins are very high molecular weight polymers of acrylic acid, which are chemically crosslinked with polyaklenyl alcohols or divinyl glycol. Carbopol® (resins to not dissolve in water but rather form colloidal gel dispersions. Carbopol® resins are available in three grades: 934P NF, 971 P NF, and 974P NF. Grades are differentiated based on degree of crosslinking, crosslinker, and polymerizing solvent as described in Table C. 971 P and 974P are the preferred grades due to the presence of low level benzene residuals in 934P.
  • Carbopol® resins are not water soluble, they are hydrophilic and absorb water readily. Mechanism of release from Carbopol® matrix tablets is conceptually different from matrix tablets comprised of water soluble polymers. Upon hydration, Carbopol® quickly swells to form a gel at the surface interface. W. en fully hydrated, osmotic pressure from within works to break up the structure, essentially by sloughing off discrete pieces of the hydrogel. These hydrogel pieces remain intact, and the drug releases by diffusion through the gel layer.
  • Carbopol® resins are synthetic polymers, which tend to be more consistent than semisynthetic or natural products. Storage stability testing performed by BF Goodrich suggests chemical stability. For example, Carbopol® 934P has been kept at room temperature and 80°C for two years, and test theophyline tablets were made monthly. No significant changes were observed in the release profiles.
  • Aquacoat® (FMC Corporation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an ' aqueous dispersion (total solids approximately 30%) of the polymer ethylcellulose in water. It also contains small amounts of sodium lauryl sulfate and cetyl alcohol. When sprayed onto a surface, the dispersion medium (water) evaporates, and the individual, sub-micron sized polymer particles coalesce to form a film. This film provides a diffusion barrier for the drug molecules which provides sustained release of the drug over a prolonged duration.
  • Eudragit S100 (Rohm Pharma, Piscataway, New Jersey) is an anionic copolymer made from methacrylic acid and methacrylate. It is insoluble in acids but becomes soluble in intestinal fluid from pH 7 upwards.
  • This example shows the increase in voluntary acceptance (free choice) by dogs of placebo tablets having a palatability improving agent therein (flavored) to tablets having no such agent (unflavored) or having Bitrex (having a known offensive and bitter taste).
  • Table 1 Canine acceptance of unflavored and flavored placebo tablets.
  • This example shows the controlled release properties (dissolution over time) of matrix tablets containing carprofen made by prior art methods using variqus polymer coatings.
  • Prototype controlled release matrix tablets containing carprofen were made by a direct compression process using the Manesty Type F tablet press (Manesty, Knowsley, Merseyside, United Kingdom).
  • the tablets contained a polymeric excipient, which moderated the release of carprofen.
  • Carprofen, lactose fast-flo, and the polymer were blended together for 20 minutes. The blend was then passed through a #40 mesh screen and blended for an additional 20 minutes. Magnesium stearate (1% of the total blend weight) was added and blended for an additional 3 minutes.
  • 0.4" X 0.2" tooling was used and for the larger 100 mg tablets, 0.635" X 0.3175" caplet shaped tooling was used.
  • Table 2 Summary of controlled release matrix tablets manufactured for screening.
  • This example shows the controlled release properties (dissolution over time) of matrix tablets containing carprofen using specific polyox polymers.
  • Formulations containing 20.08% carprofen, lactose fast-flo as filter, polymer, and 1% magnesium sterarate as the lubricant were manufactured by a direct compression process similar to that given in Example 2. The proportion of polymer and lactose fast-flo were varied. The total weight of the tablets and the tooling used was dependent on the tablet strength. The polymer levels for the three strengths were as given in Table 4. Average dissolution profiles (in vitro) in percent as a function of time at pH of 7.5 for these formulations is given at Table 5.
  • Table 5 Average dissolution (%) profiles at pH 7.5 for formulations in Example 3.
  • controlled release formulations typically show lower maximum plasma concentration (Cmax; in units of ⁇ g/ml) and longer times (Tmax; units of hr) to reach Cmax values.
  • EXAMPLE 5 This example establishes that controlled release matrix tablets containing carprofen and a palatability improving agent can be made.
  • This example teaches how to make flavored controlled release matrix, .tablets. Flavored matrix tablets with other flavors such as Brewer's yeast and Artificial
  • Powdered Beef can be manufactured similarly.
  • the level of flavor should be chosen such that the resulting tablets are palatable to dogs, cats, or other companion animal of interest.
  • the type of rate controlling polymer e.g. Methocel, Polyox or Carbopol
  • the total tablet weight should be such that each tablet contains the desired quantity of the active agent.
  • the manufacturing parameters such as tablet tooling, and tablet hardness should be appropriate for the application. Other methods of producing tablets such as dry and wet granulation, including roller compaction and fluid bed granulation can be used as appropriate. These selections are obvious to one skilled in the art.
  • Flavored controlled release matrix tablets containing 25 mg carprofen were manufactured by a direct blend and compress process similar to the one described in Example 2.
  • Formulation 37255-122A consisted on 16.7% carprofen
  • Formulation 37255-122B consisted of 16.7% carprofen, 59.8% lactose fast-flo, 15% Polyox Coagulant (MW 5M), 7.5% Cheese Plus Cheese as the flavor ingredient, and 1% magnesium stearate.
  • This example shows the in vivo performance of selected flavored controlled release matrix tablet formulations. Compared to immediate release formulations,
  • I controlled release formulations typically show lower Cmax and longer Tmax values.
  • the presence of a palatability improving agent did not change the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the matrix tablets. Note that the tablets were dosed in the conventional (poke-down)manner and not by the free-choice acceptance method.
  • the flavored CR matrix tablets described in Example 5 were studied in fasted beagle dogs.
  • the in vivo performance is characteristic of a controlled release tablet with a lower Cmax and a longer Tmax.
  • the bioavailability relative to an immediate release formulation was reduced to -30%.
  • the pharmacokinetic parameters are summarized in Table 7. The comparisons are relative to the IR formulation. Table 7. Summary of pharmacokinetic studies with flavored controlled release matrix tablets.
  • EXAMPLE 7 This examples observes canine testing behavior in palatability tests of flavored drug containing tablets. In particular, this example demonstrates that dogs will chew flavored tablets before swallowing. Palatability studies are conducted in 40 random source dogs of various breeds. Initial studies monitored the acceptance and consumption of placebo tablets, which varied in flavor and size. Favorite flavors were then re-tested in compressed tablets containing carprofen. In these studies, the acceptance and consumption behavior of the dogs was monitored, in particular, whether the tablets were phewed before swallowing.
  • Controlled release matrix tablets containing carprofen were manufactured as follows: 67.3% lactose fast-flo, 15.0% Polyox Coagulant was blended in a Turbula blender for 20 min., then screened through a #40 mesh screen and blended for an additional 20 min.; 1.0% magnesium stearate was added and blended for an additional 3 min.; the result was compressed using a Manesty F press using 0.635 x 0.21 5" caplet shaped tooling at 600 mg target weight; 10 to 12 Kp hardness yielded tablets containing 100 mg of the active agent, carprofen.
  • Table 8 In vitro dissolution of whole, halved, quartered, and crushed controlled release matrix tablets containing carprofen. Values are percent (%) dissolved.
  • This example demonstrates the fabrication of pharmaceutically active agents in multiparticulate form in accordance with the invention, using wet granulation.
  • Lodige M20R high shear granulator Lodige Process Technology, Inc., Marlton, New Jersey
  • 20L capacity using an impeller speed of 290 rpm: 30% carprofen, 4.93% pregelantinized starch, 60.14% lactose, and 4.93%, sodium starch glycolate.
  • the components were dry-mixed for 2 minutes followed by careful addition of an appropriate amount of deionized water to produce a wet granulation.
  • the granulations were discharged and tray dried overnight at ⁇ 50°C.
  • EXAMPLE 11 This example demonstrates the fabrication of pharmaceutically active agents in multiparticulate form in accordance with the invention by spray drying, and characterization of said multiparticulate.
  • the particle size of the spray-dried particles was determined using a Malvern particle size analyzer (Malvern Instruments, Inc., Southborough, MA). The average particle size (denoted as mean) was in the range of about 20 ⁇ m to about 80 ⁇ m; the particular results were as follows:
  • This example shows the relationship between spray drier operating parameters and equipment configurations on resultant particle size (p.s.).
  • a two point collection system consists of a top collection port by means of a cyclone separator and a bottom collection system at the base of the spray-drying chamber by gravitation force acting on the particles. Also, several of the operating variables were studied such as nozzle pressure, feed rate, inlet temperature, and 0 collection points.
  • EXAMPLE 13 This example demonstrates an embodiment of a preparation of a pharmaceutically active agent in controlled release multiparticulate form as contemplated by the invention.
  • the multiparticulate form was fabricated by wet granulation; coating was by fluidized bed.
  • Example 11 The 20-140 mesh particles of Example 11 were coated in a Glatt GPCG-5 fluid bed coater (Glatt Air Techniques, Ramsey, New Jersey). Two different coatings were applied.
  • A) Aquacoat coating (a 30% suspension of ethylcellulose polymer) at - 27% w/w was applied to 1 kg of core granulation (the 20-140 mesh particles at Example 11) to obtain a sustained release coating.
  • the 30% coated granulation was also tested at a pH-crossover dissolution test (Figure 2) which was 1 hr in pH 1.2, followed by 2 hr in pH 6.0, and the remainder in pH 7.5. The data for pH 7.5 without exposure to the lower pHs is also shown. The results indicate no significant changes in the release profile between straight pH 7.5 and the pH-crossover dissolution.
  • delayed release tablets containing 25 mg. carprofen (not in multiparticulate form) were manufactured using a powder blend that contained 12.5% carprofen, 43% microcrystalline cellulose, 43% dibasic calcium phosphate, a small amount of Yellow #10 Lake dye and 1% magnesium stearate. These tablet cores were coated in a side vented coating pan with Eudragit S100 to a 6% and 12% w/w polymer. The coating parameters are given in Table 12.
  • EXAMPLE 15 A phase ' inversion process was used to manufacture carprofen-containing microcapsules. Carprofen and suitable solvents and polymer coatings were put through a microencapsulated process; filtered; dried in a tray drier ( a fluid bed dryer can also be used); and sieved through a #20 mesh screen. The microcapsules were mixed with other inert ingredients and compressed to obtain 50 mg active in a 500 mg round tablet. The tablets were compressed with' a Carver Press at -5 and 13 kp hardness.
  • EXAMPLE 16 Pharmaceutically active agents in multiparticulate form (core particle) of the invention by melt spray congealing.
  • Core particles are manufactured by a melt spray congealing (MSC) process as follows.
  • the blend is prepared consisting of the pharmaceutically active agent, a natural or synthetic low melting (e.g., 50° to 80° C) carrier (e.g., waxes such as camauba wax, fatty acids such as stearic acid, mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides of fatty acids and their mixtures such as glyceryl monooleate, glyceryl momostearate, glyceryl palmitostearate, glyceryl behenate sold under the tradename Compritol® 888 ATO by Gattefosse S.A., France, paraffin, hydrogenated caster oil, lecithin, etc.
  • a natural or synthetic low melting carrier e.g., waxes such as camauba wax, fatty acids such as stearic acid, mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides of fatty acids and their mixtures such as glyceryl mono
  • a surfactant e.g. polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, polysorbates, sorbitan esters, sorbitan fatty acid esters, or polyoxyethylene- polyoxyproplyene block copolymers sold under the tradenames of Lutrol® and Pluronic® or other amphiphilic waxy materials such as those sold under the tradename Gelucire® 44/14 or Gelucire® 50/13 by Gattefosse s.a., France.
  • This blend is heated up to a suitable temperature in a melting tank or in an extruder.
  • the hot mixture is atomized using a single-fluid or two-fluid spray nozzle or a centrifugal atomizer such as a rotating disk apparatus with a slotted wheel into a cooling chamber (e.g., a spray dryer).
  • a cooling chamber e.g., a spray dryer.
  • the cooler air in the chamber congeals the multiparticulates, which are sometimes referred to a microspheres.
  • Core particles are manufactured by an extrusion-spheronization process as follows.
  • a blend is prepared consisting of the drug (5% to 95% by weight in the dry mixture) and one or more binders and optionally a surfactant such as sodium laurly sulfate.
  • the binders can be cellulose or natural gums, synthetic polymers, or microcrystalline cellulose.
  • Microcrystalline cellulose available in many different grades such as Avicel®, FMC Corporation grades PH101 , PH102, RC-581, and CL- 611 ), sodium carbosymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, povidone, and pregelatinized starch.
  • Water and water-alcohol mixture (called granulating liquid) is then added to the blend in a quantity sufficient to produce a wet mass of consistency that is suitable for the next step, which is extrusion.
  • the extruder typically single crew or twin-screw extruder
  • the wet mass is forced through dies to form spaghetti-shaped cylinders.
  • the cylinders or extrudate is then transformed into spherical or more-or-less spherical particles in a spheronizer.
  • the spheronizer is essentially a bowl with a rapidly rotating bottom disc. The disc is machined to have crosshatched or radially- patterned grooves on its surface.
  • the core particles produced by extrusion-spheronization are dried in a conventional tray-dryer or a fluid-bed dryer.
  • EXAMPLE 18 Manufacture of pharmaceutically active agents in multiparticulate form (core particles) of the invention by drug layering.
  • Core particles are manufactured by a drug layering process as follows,
  • Nonpareil seeds of a suitably small size are loaded into a fluid-bed unit or centrifugal granulator and a drug containing composition either in the solid form or as a suspension or solution is applied to the seeds.
  • the drug containing composition contains a binder or alternatively, a binder solution is sprayed on the seeds while simultaneously applying the drug containing composition to essentially layer the drug onto the nonpareil seeds.
  • EXAMPLE 19 Coating of core particles to produce controlled release multiparticulate form of pharmaceutically active agent.
  • Core particles manufactured by any of the methods described in previous examples are' coated to yield modified release of the active ingredient or drug.
  • the coatings can be used to achieve delayed release (sometimes referred to as enteric coatings) or to achieve sustained release.
  • the particles are coated in a fluid-bed coating unit fitted with a Wurster insert.
  • the coating formulation can be either a suspension or a solution, using either aqueous or organic solvents or mixtures.
  • the coating formulations typically contain the polymer, a plasticizer, and other formulation aids such as detackifiers, defoamers, surfactants, and the like.
  • Polymers used to produce delayed release coatings are typically insoluble at low pH (range from 1 to about 5, typically found in the stomach) but are soluble at the higher pH (greater than 5.5, typically encountered in the small intestine).
  • the polymers used for delayed release coatings include: cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, Eudragit L100-55, Eudragit S100, and mixtures of Eudragit L100/S100.
  • Polymers used to produce sustained release coatings include: hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, Eudragit RL100, Eudragit RS100 and their mixtures, Eudragit S100, Eudragit NE30D, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, silicone, ethylcellulose dispersions sold under the tradenames of Aquacoat® FMC and Surrelease® Colorcon.
  • Typical coating thicknesses for delayed release coatings are 20 to 30 um to yield the necessary mechanical stability and adequate dissolution performance.
  • Typical coating thicknesses for sustained release coatings are in the range 5 to 50 um. In terms of weight (w/w core), the coatings can range from 5% to about 50 to 100% at the top end, and typically about 10 to 50%.
  • Multiparticulates as described in examples 17 through 19 and coated, as described in Example 14, Example 16 or Example 20 and having the appropriate sustained or delayed release properties are blended with typical tablet excipients such as diluent, binders, lubricants, disintegrants, colors, and flavors.
  • Typical diluents include: lactose, starch, mannitol, sorbitol, microcrystalline cellulose, dibasic calcium phosphate, sucrose calcium sulfate, calcium lactate, hydrolyzed starches, dextrose, amylose, etc.
  • Typical binders are used in about 1% to about 20% by weight range and include, without limitation: acacia, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, glucose, polymethacrylates, povidone, sodium alginate, pregelantinized starch, etc.
  • Typical disintegrants are used in the 1% to about 20% by weight range and include, without limitation: natural starch, sodium starch glycolate, pregelatinized starch, modified cornstarch, microcrystalline cellulose, alginates, gums, etc.
  • Typical lubricants are used in quantities less than about 5% by weight and include, without limitation: magnesium, calcium, or sodium stearate, stearic acid, talc, polyethylene glycols, etc.
  • the tablet formulations also include antiadherents such as talc or cornstarch and glidants such as colloidal silicon dioxide.
  • antiadherents such as talc or cornstarch
  • glidants such as colloidal silicon dioxide.
  • the tablets are made, e.g., by direct compression or by dry granulation (slugging, roller compaction, etc) or wet granulation.
  • the flavored controlled release tablets also contain 1 to 30% of a palatability improving agent as described hereinbefore.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des compositions pharmaceutiques multiparticulaires à croquer à libération prolongée destinées à des animaux de compagnie ainsi qu'un procédé de fabrication de ces compositions.
PCT/IB2003/003319 2002-03-05 2003-07-28 Preparation a liberation prolongee de gout agreable pour animaux de compagnie WO2004014346A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/523,647 US20050271708A1 (en) 2002-03-05 2003-07-28 Palatable controlled-release formulation for companion animals
MXPA05000976A MXPA05000976A (es) 2002-08-06 2003-07-28 Formulaciones de liberacion controlada con sabor agradable para animales de compania.
EP03784359A EP1539119A1 (fr) 2002-08-06 2003-07-28 Preparation a liberation prolongee de gout agreable pour animaux de compagnie
JP2004527171A JP2005538128A (ja) 2002-08-06 2003-07-28 ペット用のおいしい制御放出処方物
CA002494699A CA2494699A1 (fr) 2002-08-06 2003-07-28 Preparation a liberation prolongee de gout agreable pour animaux de compagnie
BR0313276-5A BR0313276A (pt) 2002-08-06 2003-07-28 Formulações de liberação controlada de sabor agradável para animais de companhia
AU2003247121A AU2003247121A1 (en) 2002-08-06 2003-07-28 Palatable controlled-release formulation for companion animals

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CA2494699A1 (fr) 2004-02-19
MXPA05000976A (es) 2005-05-16
BR0313276A (pt) 2005-07-12
US20040166157A1 (en) 2004-08-26
US20030175326A1 (en) 2003-09-18
AU2003247121A1 (en) 2004-02-25
JP2005538128A (ja) 2005-12-15
EP1539119A1 (fr) 2005-06-15

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