WO2004001880A1 - 電極およびそれを用いた電池 - Google Patents
電極およびそれを用いた電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004001880A1 WO2004001880A1 PCT/JP2003/007702 JP0307702W WO2004001880A1 WO 2004001880 A1 WO2004001880 A1 WO 2004001880A1 JP 0307702 W JP0307702 W JP 0307702W WO 2004001880 A1 WO2004001880 A1 WO 2004001880A1
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- negative electrode
- lithium
- active material
- electrode active
- mixture layer
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
- H01M10/0587—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only wound construction elements, i.e. wound positive electrodes, wound negative electrodes and wound separators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/40—Alloys based on alkali metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a battery provided with an electrolytic solution together with a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and an electrode used for the battery.
- a secondary battery capable of obtaining a high energy density for example, there is a lithium ion secondary battery using a material capable of inserting and extracting lithium (L i) such as a carbon material for a negative electrode. Since a lithium-ion secondary battery is designed so that lithium stored in the negative electrode material is always in an ion state, the energy density greatly depends on the number of lithium ions that can be stored in the negative electrode material. Therefore, it is considered that the energy density of the lithium ion secondary battery can be further improved by increasing the amount of lithium ions absorbed.
- the storage capacity of graphite which is currently the most efficient material for storing and releasing lithium ions, is theoretically limited to 372 mAh in terms of electricity per gram. It is being pushed to its limits by vigorous development activities.
- Lithium secondary batteries are larger theoretical electrochemical equivalent of the lithium metal is a 2054 mAh / cm 3, so even equivalent to 2.5 times the graphite used in lithium ion secondary batteries, high energy above lithium ion secondary battery It is expected that density can be obtained.
- many researchers and others have W
- the lithium secondary battery has a problem that the discharge capacity is greatly deteriorated when charging and discharging are repeated, and it is difficult to put the battery to practical use.
- This capacity deterioration is based on the fact that the lithium secondary battery utilizes the precipitation and dissolution reaction of lithium metal at the negative electrode, and the negative electrode of the negative electrode responds to lithium ions moving between the positive and negative electrodes during charging and discharging.
- the volume greatly increases or decreases by the amount of the capacity, so that the volume of the negative electrode greatly changes, and the dissolution reaction and recrystallization reaction of the lithium metal crystal become difficult to reversibly proceed.
- the change in volume of the negative electrode increases as the energy density is increased, and the capacity deterioration becomes even more remarkable. It is also considered that the deposited lithium falls off or is lost due to the formation of a film with the electrolyte, which is also a cause of capacity deterioration.
- the present applicant has newly developed a secondary battery in which the capacity of the negative electrode is represented by the sum of a capacity component due to insertion and extraction of lithium and a capacity component due to precipitation and dissolution of lithium (International Publication 01/22519 A1). See brochure).
- a carbon material capable of inserting and extracting lithium is used for the negative electrode, and lithium is deposited on the surface of the carbon material during charging. According to this secondary battery, it is expected that the charge / discharge cycle characteristics will be improved while achieving a high energy density.
- this secondary battery also uses a lithium precipitation / dissolution reaction, similar to a lithium secondary battery, and thus has a higher discharge capacity when charging and discharging are repeated than a lithium ion secondary battery.
- a lithium precipitation / dissolution reaction similar to a lithium secondary battery, and thus has a higher discharge capacity when charging and discharging are repeated than a lithium ion secondary battery.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-27016 discloses a method of improving the liquid absorption rate on the electrode surface by providing continuous shallow grooves on the electrode surface.
- No. 63 discloses a method for improving the liquid absorption rate of an electrode by defining the porosity of the electrode.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-270016 although the liquid absorption rate on the electrode surface can be improved, it is difficult to increase the liquid absorption rate on the entire electrode. It is difficult to obtain sufficient characteristics.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-97683 it is difficult to obtain a high energy density because the liquid absorbing speed of the electrode can be improved, but the volume density of the electrode is sacrificed. .
- the present invention has been made in view of such a problem, and an object of the present invention is to provide an electrode and a battery which are excellent in charge / discharge cycle characteristics and can obtain a high energy density. Disclosure of the invention
- the electrode according to the present invention has a mixture layer containing a powdery electrode active material, and when the mixture layer drops propylene force-one-ponate 1 ⁇ dm 3 at 23 ° C., the propylene force-ponate drops Has a liquid-absorbing property indicated by the contact angle of not more than 100 degrees within 100 seconds.
- a battery according to the present invention includes an electrolyte solution together with a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode contains a powdery electrode active material and has propylene carbonate at 23 ° C. It is provided with a mixture layer having a liquid absorbing property indicated by that a contact angle with propylene nitrate drop becomes 10 degrees or less within 100 seconds when 1 dm 3 is dropped.
- the electrode and the battery according to the present invention the mixture layer of the electrode, in 2 3 upon dropwise propylene emissions carbonate 1 mu dm 3, the contact angle of propylene carbonate drops below 1 0 ° within 1 0 0 seconds Since it has the liquid absorption characteristics indicated by the above, the electrolyte solution quickly and uniformly permeates the mixture layer. Therefore, the charge / discharge cycle characteristics are excellent and a high energy density can be obtained.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration of a secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a part of the wound electrode body in the secondary battery shown in FIG. It is sectional drawing.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining a contact angle between a negative electrode and a propylene carbonate droplet.
- FIG. 4 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the volume density of the mixture layer of the negative electrode and the liquid absorption end time according to Examples 11 to 1 to 6 of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the volume density of the mixture layer of the negative electrode and the liquid absorption end time according to Examples 17 to 11 of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the volume density of the mixture layer of the negative electrode according to Examples 1-1-13 to 1-18 of the present invention and the liquid absorption end time.
- FIG. 1 shows a sectional structure of a secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- This secondary battery is a so-called cylindrical type.
- a band-shaped positive electrode 21 and a negative electrode 22 are wound inside a substantially hollow cylindrical battery 5 through a separator 23.
- Wound electrode body 20 The battery can 11 is made of, for example, iron (Fe) to which nickel (Ni) is attached, and has one end closed and the other end open.
- An electrolyte is injected into the battery can 11 and impregnated in the separator 23.
- a pair of insulating plates 12 and 13 are arranged perpendicularly to the wound peripheral surface so as to sandwich the wound electrode body 20.
- a battery cover 14 At the open end of the battery can 11, a battery cover 14, a safety valve mechanism 15 provided inside the battery cover 14, and a PTC element (Positive Temperature Coefficient) 1 6 are attached by caulking through a gasket 17, and the inside of the battery can 11 is sealed.
- the battery cover 14 is made of, for example, the same material as the battery can 11.
- the safety valve mechanism 15 is electrically connected to the battery lid 14 via the thermal resistance element 16, and when the internal pressure of the battery becomes higher than a certain level due to an internal short circuit or external heating, the disk plate 15a is inverted so that the electrical connection between the battery cover 14 and the wound electrode body 20 is cut off.
- the thermal resistance element 16 limits the current by increasing the resistance value, This prevents abnormal heat generation due to, for example, a barium titanate-based semiconductor ceramic.
- the gasket 17 is made of, for example, an insulating material, and its surface is coated with asphalt.
- the wound electrode body 20 is wound around, for example, a center pin 24.
- the positive electrode 21 of the wound electrode body 20 is connected to a positive electrode lead 25 made of aluminum (A 1), and the negative electrode 22 is connected to a negative electrode lead 26 made of nickel or the like.
- the positive electrode lead 25 is electrically connected to the battery cover 14 by welding to the safety valve mechanism 15, and the negative electrode lead 26 is welded and electrically connected to the battery can 11.
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a part of the spirally wound electrode body 20 shown in FIG.
- the positive electrode 21 has, for example, a structure in which a mixture layer 21 b is provided on both surfaces of a current collector 21 a having a pair of opposing surfaces. Although not shown, the mixture layer 21b may be provided only on one side of the current collector 21a.
- the current collector 2 la has, for example, a thickness of about 5; iim to 50 tm, and is made of a metal foil such as an aluminum foil, a nickel foil, or a stainless steel foil.
- the mixture layer 2 lb has a thickness of, for example, 80 im to 250 m and includes a positive electrode active material that is an electrode active material. When the mixture layer 21b is provided on both surfaces of the current collector 21a, the thickness of the mixture layer 21b is the total thickness thereof.
- the positive electrode active material for example, a lithium-containing compound such as lithium oxide, lithium sulfide, or an interlayer compound containing lithium is suitable, and a mixture of two or more of these may be used.
- a lithium-containing compound such as lithium oxide, lithium sulfide, or an interlayer compound containing lithium is suitable, and a mixture of two or more of these may be used.
- one density has the general formula L i x M_ ⁇ lithium composite oxide represented by 2 or intercalation compounds containing lithium are preferred.
- M is preferably one or more transition metals. Specifically, at least one of cobalt (Co), nickel, manganese ( ⁇ ), iron, aluminum, vanadium (V) and titanium (T i) One is preferred.
- X depends on the state of charge and discharge of the battery, and is usually ⁇ 1.10.
- L having a spinel type crystal structure
- lithium need not necessarily be supplied entirely from the positive electrode active material, and may be supplied, for example, by bonding lithium metal or the like to the negative electrode 22 to replenish lithium ions in the battery. That is, it is sufficient that lithium in the battery system has a charge / discharge capacity of 28 O mAh or more per 1 g of the negative electrode active material. The amount of lithium in the battery system can be quantified by measuring the discharge capacity of the battery.
- the positive electrode active material may be, for example, lithium carbonate, nitrate, oxide or hydroxide, and transition metal carbonate, nitrate, oxide or hydroxide so as to have a desired composition. It is prepared by mixing, pulverizing, and firing in an oxygen atmosphere at a temperature in the range of 600 ° C. to 100 ° C.
- the mixture layer 2 lb also contains, for example, a conductive agent, and may further contain a binder as needed.
- a conductive agent include carbon materials such as graphite, carbon black, and Ketjen black, and one or more of them are used in combination.
- a metal material or a conductive polymer material may be used as long as the material has conductivity.
- the binder include synthetic rubbers such as styrene-butadiene rubber, fluorine-based rubber and ethylene propylene rubber, and polymer materials such as polyvinylidene fluoride, and one or more of them are used. Used as a mixture.
- the negative electrode 22 is, for example, a current collector 2 having a pair of opposing surfaces, like the positive electrode 21.
- the current collector 22a is made of a metal foil such as a copper foil, a nickel foil or a stainless steel foil having good electrochemical stability, electrical conductivity and mechanical strength.
- the mixture layer 22 b includes a negative electrode active material that is a powdery electrode active material and, if necessary, for example, a binder similar to that of the mixture layer 21 b.
- the thickness of the mixture layer 22 b is, for example, 60 ⁇ m to 250 / im.
- the thickness of the current collector layer 2 2 b is If provided on both sides of 22a, this is the total thickness.
- the powdery negative electrode active material examples include a negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium as a light metal.
- the term “storage / release of light metal” means that light metal ions are electrochemically stored / released without losing their ionicity. This includes not only the case where the occluded light metal exists in a perfect ion state but also the case where the occluded light metal does not exist in a perfect ion state. Examples of these cases include, for example, occlusion of light metal ions with graphite by an electrochemical intercalation reaction. In addition, occlusion of a light metal in an alloy containing an intermetallic compound or occlusion of a light metal by forming an alloy can also be mentioned.
- Examples of the negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium include carbon materials such as graphite, non-graphitizable carbon, and graphitizable carbon. These carbon materials are preferable because the change in crystal structure that occurs during charge and discharge is very small, a high charge and discharge capacity can be obtained, and good charge and discharge cycle characteristics can be obtained. Particularly, graphite is preferable because it has a large electrochemical equivalent and can obtain a high energy density.
- the graphite for example, the true density is 2. Preferably 1 0 g / cm 3 or more ones, 2. more preferably as long as the 1 8 g / cm 3 or more.
- the C-axis crystallite thickness of the (002) plane must be 14. O nm or more.
- the spacing between (002) planes is preferably less than 0.340 nm, more preferably in the range of 0.33351111 to 0.337 nm.
- the graphite may be natural graphite or artificial graphite. In the case of artificial graphite, for example, it can be obtained by carbonizing an organic material, performing a high-temperature heat treatment, and pulverizing and classifying.
- the high-temperature heat treatment includes, for example, carbonizing at a temperature of 300 ° C to 700 ° C in an inert gas stream such as nitrogen (N 2 ) as necessary, and at a rate of 1 ° C to 100 ° C per minute. Raise the temperature from 900 ° C to 1500 ° C, hold this temperature for about 0 to 30 hours, calcine, and heat to 2000 ° C or more, preferably 2500 ° C or more, and raise this temperature appropriately. It is carried out by holding for a period of time.
- an inert gas stream such as nitrogen (N 2 )
- Coal or pitch can be used as the starting organic material.
- pitch for example, tars obtained by pyrolyzing coal tar, ethylene bottom oil or crude oil at a high temperature, asphalt, etc. (vacuum distillation, atmospheric distillation or steam distillation), thermal polycondensation, extraction, There are products obtained by chemical polycondensation, products produced when wood is refluxed, polyvinyl chloride resin, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl butylate or 3,5-dimethylphenol resin. These coals or pitches exist as liquids at a maximum of about 400 during carbonization, and when held at that temperature, aromatic rings are condensed and polycyclic, and are in a stacked orientation state. Above 0, it becomes a solid carbon precursor, ie, semi-coke (liquid phase carbonization process).
- organic material examples include condensed polycyclic hydrocarbon compounds such as naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, triphenylene, pyrene, perylene, penpufen and penpusen, or derivatives thereof (for example, carboxylic acids, Sulfonic acid anhydride, carboxylic acid imide), or a mixture thereof can be used.
- condensed polycyclic hydrocarbon compounds such as naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, triphenylene, pyrene, perylene, penpufen and penpusen, or derivatives thereof (for example, carboxylic acids, Sulfonic acid anhydride, carboxylic acid imide), or a mixture thereof can be used.
- condensed heterocyclic compounds such as acenaphthylene, indole, isoindole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, phthalazine, carbazole, acridine, phenazine, phenazine and phenanthridine, and derivatives thereof, and mixtures thereof can also be used.
- the pulverization may be performed before or after carbonization or calcination, or during the heating process before graphitization. In these cases, heat treatment for graphitization is finally performed in a powder state.
- coke as a filler and binder pitch as a molding agent or a sintering agent are mixed and molded, and then the molded body is subjected to a temperature of 100 ° C. or less.
- the heat treatment at a high temperature is repeated after repeating a firing step of performing a heat treatment at a low temperature and a pitch impregnation step of impregnating a sintered body with a binder pitch melted several times.
- the impregnated binder pitch is carbonized and graphitized in the above heat treatment process.
- the vacancies facilitate the progress of the lithium insertion / extraction reaction, and have the advantage of high industrial processing efficiency.
- a filler having moldability and sinterability by itself may be used as a raw material of the molded body. In this case, it is not necessary to use a binder pitch.
- the (002) plane spacing is 0.37 nm or more, the true density is less than 1.70 g / cm 3 , and differential thermal analysis in air (differential thermal analysis; DTA) preferably does not show an exothermic peak above 700 ° C.
- Such non-graphitizable carbon can be obtained, for example, by heat-treating an organic material at about 1200 ° C. and pulverizing and classifying.
- heat treatment for example, if necessary, carbonize at 300 ° C to 700 ° C (solid carbonization process), and then at 900 to 1300 at a rate of 1 to 100 ° C per minute This is performed by raising the temperature and maintaining this temperature for about 0 to 30 hours. Crushing may be performed before or after carbonization or during the heating process.
- organic material used as a starting material for example, a furfuryl alcohol or furfural polymer or copolymer, or a furan resin which is a copolymer of such a polymer with another resin can be used.
- phenolic resins, acrylic resins, vinyl halide resins, polyimide resins, polyamide imide resins, polyamide resins, conjugated resins such as polyacetylene or polyparaphenylene, cell mouths or derivatives thereof, coffee beans, bamboo, chitosan Crustaceans containing, and biocelluloses utilizing bacteria can also be used.
- oxygen cross-linking a functional group containing oxygen (0) was introduced (so-called oxygen cross-linking) into a petroleum pitch having an atomic ratio HZC of, for example, 0.6 to 0.8, of hydrogen atoms (H) and carbon atoms (C).
- HZC hydrogen atoms
- C carbon atoms
- the oxygen content of this compound is preferably at least 3%, more preferably at least 5% (see JP-A-3-252053). This is because the oxygen content affects the crystal structure of the carbon material, and at a higher content, the physical properties of the non-graphitizable carbon can be increased, and the capacity of the negative electrode 22 can be improved.
- the oil pitch is, for example, coal oil, ethylene bottom oil or crude oil. It is obtained by distillation (vacuum distillation, atmospheric distillation or steam distillation), thermal polycondensation, extraction or chemical polycondensation of tars or asphalt obtained by thermally decomposing oil at high temperature. .
- Examples of the oxidative crosslinking formation method include a wet method in which an aqueous solution of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hypochlorous acid, or a mixed acid thereof is reacted with petroleum pitch, or an oxidizing gas such as air or oxygen and petroleum pitch.
- a dry method of reacting or a method of reacting petroleum pitch with a solid reagent such as sulfur, ammonium nitrate, ammonium persulfate, or ferric chloride can be used.
- organic material used as the starting material is not limited to these, and any other organic material may be used as long as it is an organic material that can become non-graphitizable carbon through a solid phase carbonization process by oxygen crosslinking treatment or the like.
- non-graphitizable carbon in addition to those produced using the above-mentioned organic materials as starting materials, phosphorus (P), oxygen and carbon described in JP-A-3-137010 are mainly used.
- the compound as a component is also preferable because it exhibits the above-mentioned physical properties.
- Examples of the negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium include a simple substance, an alloy, and a compound of a metal element or a metalloid element capable of forming an alloy with lithium. These are preferable because a high energy density can be obtained. In particular, when used together with a carbon material, a high energy density can be obtained and excellent charge / discharge cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- an alloy includes an alloy composed of one or more metal elements and one or more metalloid elements, in addition to an alloy composed of two or more metal elements.
- the structure may be a solid solution, a eutectic (eutectic mixture), an intermetallic compound, or a structure in which two or more of them coexist.
- Such metal elements or metalloid elements include tin (Sn), lead (Pb), aluminum, indium (In), gayne (Si), zinc (Zn), and antimony (Sb). ), Bismuth (B i), cadmium (C d), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), arsenic (A s), silver (Ag), zirconium (Zr ), Yttrium ( ⁇ ) ⁇ or hafnium (H f).
- These alloys or compounds e.g., chemical formula Ma s Mb, L i u, or include those represented by the chemical formula Ma p Mc n Md r.
- Ma represents at least one of a metal element and a metalloid element capable of forming an alloy with lithium
- Mb represents at least one of a metal element and a metalloid element other than lithium and Ma
- Mc represents at least one kind of nonmetallic element
- Md represents at least one kind of metal element and metalloid element other than Ma.
- the values of s, t, u, p, Q and r are s> 0, t ⁇
- a simple substance, an alloy or a compound of a metal element or a semimetal element of Group 4B in the short-periodic table is preferable, and particularly preferable is gay or tin or an alloy or compound thereof. These may be crystalline or amorphous.
- Examples of the negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium include other metal compounds and polymer materials. Examples of other metal compounds, iron oxides, and oxides such as ruthenium oxide, molybdenum oxide, or L i such N 3. Examples of the polymer material, polyacetylene, Poria diphosphate or Poripi roll and the like.
- negative electrode active materials those having an active lithium ion storage reaction are particularly preferable, and those having a charge / discharge potential relatively close to lithium metal are particularly preferable.
- lithium metal starts to be deposited on the negative electrode 22 when the open circuit voltage (that is, the battery voltage) is lower than the overcharge voltage.
- the open circuit voltage that is, the battery voltage
- the capacity of the negative electrode 22 becomes This is the sum of the capacitance component due to the deposition and dissolution of lithium metal. Therefore, in this secondary battery, both the negative electrode material capable of absorbing and releasing lithium and the lithium metal function as the negative electrode active material, and the negative electrode material capable of storing and releasing lithium is the base for the deposition of lithium metal. It has become a material.
- the overcharge voltage refers to the open-circuit voltage when the battery is overcharged.
- the Japan Storage Battery Association Battery Manufacturers Association
- Rechargeable battery refers to a voltage higher than the open circuit voltage of a “fully charged” battery as defined and defined in “Secondary Battery Safety Evaluation Guideline” (SBAG 111).
- SBAG 111 Single Battery Safety Evaluation Guideline
- this secondary battery is fully charged, for example, when the open circuit voltage is 4.2 V, and absorbs and separates lithium in a part of the open circuit voltage in the range of 0 V to 4.2 V. Lithium metal is deposited on the surface of the removable anode material.
- this secondary battery As a result, in this secondary battery, a high energy density can be obtained, and the charge / discharge cycle characteristics and the rapid charge characteristics can be improved.
- This is similar to a conventional lithium secondary battery using lithium metal or a lithium alloy for the negative electrode in that lithium metal is deposited on the negative electrode 22, but lithium metal is used as the negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium. It is thought that the following advantages are brought about by the precipitation of.
- the maximum deposition capacity of lithium metal deposited on the negative electrode 22 at the maximum voltage before the open circuit voltage becomes the overcharge voltage is that lithium can be absorbed and released It is preferable that the charge capacity is not less than 0.05 and not more than 3.0 times the charge capacity of the negative electrode material. If the amount of lithium metal deposited is too large, a problem similar to that of a conventional lithium secondary battery occurs. If the amount is too small, the charge / discharge capacity cannot be sufficiently increased. Also, for example, the discharge capacity of the negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium is preferably 15 OmAh / g or more. This is because the greater the ability to insert and extract lithium, the smaller the amount of lithium metal deposited.
- the charge capacity of the negative electrode material is obtained, for example, from the amount of electricity when a negative electrode using lithium metal as a counter electrode and the negative electrode material as a negative electrode active material is charged to 0 V by a constant current / constant voltage method.
- the discharge capacity capacity of the negative electrode material can be determined, for example, from the quantity of electricity when the battery is discharged to 2.5 V over 10 hours or more by the constant current method.
- the mixture layer 22 b of the negative electrode 22 drops 1 dm 3 of propylene force at 23 ° C.
- the mixture layer 22 b It is configured to have the liquid absorption characteristics indicated by the contact angle ⁇ (FIG. 3) falling below 100 degrees within 100 seconds.
- the precipitation and dissolution reaction of lithium proceeds only in the portion where the electrolyte is held, and the reaction deposition site depends on the rate at which the electrolyte permeates the mixture layer 22b. This is because, by configuring 2b as described above, the electrolyte solution can be quickly and uniformly permeated into the mixture layer 22b, and lithium metal can be uniformly deposited. That is, it is considered that segregation of the lithium metal to cause the deposited lithium metal to fall off and to prevent the deposited lithium from reacting with the electrolytic solution to cause lithium loss.
- the rate at which the electrolytic solution permeates the mixture layer 22b is not proportional to the entire gap in the electrode, but is considered to depend on the distribution state of the gap.For example, even if each gap is small, If the voids are evenly and continuously distributed over the entire electrode, the electrolyte can be quickly infiltrated.On the contrary, even if the volume of each void is large, the voids may be unevenly or intermittently distributed. It is difficult to quickly soak the electrolyte.
- the volume density of the mixture layer 22b is preferably 1.5 gZ cm 3 or more, more preferably 1.65 g / cm 3, and 1.75 g / "cm 3 Tosureba more preferred.
- the negative electrode active material in the form of a powder contains a spherical negative electrode active material so that the negative electrode active material can be closely packed in the mixture layer 22b.
- the average circularity (average circularity) of the shade of the negative electrode active material in the mixture layer 22b is preferably 0.7 or more.
- the circularity is the ratio of the area of the shadow to the area of the area where the shadow and the circle overlap when the center of the circle (the effective diameter) is set at the center of the shadow. And is represented by Equation 1.
- A represents the area of the region where the shadow and the circle overlap when the center of the circle equal to the area of the shadow is placed at the center of the shadow
- S represents the area of the shadow
- ⁇ represents the pi
- the spherical negative electrode active material examples include mesophase microbeads obtained by separating mesophase spherules appearing in the liquid phase carbonization process from a pitch matrix, materials obtained by carbonizing a spherical polymer of a polymer resin, tar and pitch. A material that is molded into a sphere, oxidized, and then carbon-treated is used. Alternatively, non-spherical carbon particles formed into granules at the secondary particle level by granulation may be used. For the granulation, for example, a wet method of agitating and tumbling using a liquid containing a solvent or a granulation auxiliary, or a dry method of tumbling without addition can be used. Further, non-spherical carbon particles may be pulverized to be spherical.
- the powdered negative electrode active material contains a material which is hard to be crushed and can maintain the voids between particles without disappearing.
- a material having a bulk modulus of 14 GPa or more is preferable.
- the negative electrode active material may have a coating having a bulk modulus of 14 GPa or more on a part of its surface, and the average value of the bulk modulus of the entire negative electrode active material may be 14 GPa or more.
- Examples of the negative electrode active material having a bulk modulus of 14 GPa or more include amorphous carbon such as diamond-like carbon, non-graphitizable carbon, tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn). From the viewpoint of not lowering the energy density, it is more preferable that the material constituting the coating of 14 GPa or more has a capacity due to insertion and extraction of lithium, but is not limited thereto.
- various transition metals such as copper or nickel, or aluminum oxide, (a 1 2 0 3) , may be used various transition metal compounds such as titanium oxide (T I_ ⁇ 2).
- any generally known means can be used. For example, it may be added at the time of preparing the slurry described later, may be dried or wet-supported, then may be sintered, or may be formed by vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or the like. Good.
- the powdery negative electrode active material should have pores penetrating the powder as a powdery negative electrode active material so as to secure a passage through which the electrolyte solution permeates. It is preferable to include those having.
- the content of the negative electrode active material having the through holes in the mixture layer 22b is preferably 50% by mass or more. This is because a passage through which the electrolyte permeates can be sufficiently ensured.
- Known methods for penetrating the pores include, for example, a granulation method, a method of blending a removable substance such as pitch, which evaporates and desorbs at a high temperature during the heat treatment accompanying carbonization, and removing it.
- a granulation method a method of blending a removable substance such as pitch, which evaporates and desorbs at a high temperature during the heat treatment accompanying carbonization, and removing it.
- a wet method of granulating by stirring and tumbling using a liquid containing a solvent or a granulation auxiliary may be used, or a dry method of tumbling without addition may be used. Good.
- Separation 23 is composed of, for example, a porous membrane made of a synthetic resin such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, or polyethylene, or a porous membrane made of a ceramic. It may have a structure in which a porous film is laminated. Among them, a polyolefin porous membrane is preferable because it is excellent in short-circuit prevention effect and can improve battery safety by a shutdown effect.c In particular, polyethylene is preferably at least 100 ° C and no more than 160 ° C. Within this range, a shutdown effect can be obtained, and the electrochemical stability is also excellent. Polypropylene is also preferable, and any other resin having chemical stability can be used by copolymerizing with polyethylene or polypropylene, or by blending.
- a synthetic resin such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, or polyethylene
- a porous membrane made of a ceramic may have a structure in which a porous film is laminated.
- the porous polyolefin membrane is formed, for example, by kneading a molten polyolefin composition with a low-volatility solvent in a liquid state in a molten state to form a uniform high-concentration solution of the polyolefin composition, and then molding the same with a die. It is obtained by cooling into a gel-like sheet and stretching.
- the low volatile solvent for example, a low volatile aliphatic or cyclic hydrocarbon such as nonane, decane, decalin, p-xylene, pendecane or liquid paraffin can be used.
- the blending ratio of the polyolefin composition and the low-volatile solvent is 100 mass% or more and the polyolefin composition is 10 mass% or more and 80 mass% or less, and further 15 mass% or more and 70 mass%, with the total of both being 100 mass%. % Is preferable. If the polyolefin composition is too small, swelling or necking increases at the die exit during molding, and sheet molding becomes difficult. Meanwhile, polyolefin group If there are too many components, it is difficult to prepare a uniform solution.
- the gap is preferably, for example, 0.1 mm or more and 5 mm or less.
- the extrusion temperature is preferably from 140 ° C. to 250 ° C.
- the extrusion speed is preferably from 2 cm min to 30 cm / min.
- Cooling is performed to at least the gelling temperature or lower.
- a cooling method a method of directly contacting with cool air, cooling water, or other cooling medium, or a method of contacting with a roll cooled by a refrigerant can be used.
- the high-concentration solution of the polyolefin composition extruded from the die may be taken up at a take-up ratio of 1 to 10 and preferably 1 to 5 before or during cooling. If the take-off ratio is too large, neck-in becomes large, and breakage tends to occur during stretching, which is not preferable.
- the stretching of the gel-like sheet is preferably performed by biaxial stretching, for example, by heating the gel-like sheet and using a tenter method, a pallet method, a rolling method, or a combination thereof. At that time, either vertical or horizontal simultaneous stretching or sequential stretching may be used, but simultaneous secondary stretching is particularly preferable.
- the stretching temperature is preferably equal to or lower than the temperature obtained by adding 10 ° C. to the melting point of the polyolefin composition, and more preferably equal to or higher than the crystal dispersion temperature and lower than the melting point.
- the stretching temperature is too high, it is not preferable because effective molecular chain orientation cannot be performed by stretching due to melting of the resin. If the stretching temperature is too low, the resin is insufficiently softened, and This is because the membrane is easily broken and cannot be stretched at a high magnification.
- the stretched film is washed with a volatile solvent to remove the remaining low-volatile solvent.
- a volatile solvent to remove the remaining low-volatile solvent.
- the stretched film is dried by heating or blowing, and the washing solvent is volatilized.
- the washing solvent include hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, and heptane; chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride and carbon tetrachloride; carbon fluorides such as trifluoride-tank; and solvents such as getyl ether and dioxane.
- the washing solvent is selected according to the low-volatile solvent used, and used alone or in combination.
- the washing can be performed by a method of immersing in a volatile solvent for extraction, a method of sprinkling with a volatile solvent, or a combination thereof. This wash was stretched The process is performed until the amount of the low-volatile solvent remaining in the film is less than 1 part by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the polyolefin composition.
- the electrolytic solution impregnated in the separator 23 contains a liquid solvent, for example, a non-aqueous solvent such as an organic solvent, and a lithium salt as an electrolyte salt dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.
- the liquid non-aqueous solvent is, for example, a non-aqueous compound having a specific viscosity at 25 ° C. of not more than 10 OmPa ⁇ s.
- the intrinsic viscosity of the electrolyte salt in a dissolved state may be 10 .0 mPas or less, and when a solvent is formed by mixing a plurality of non-aqueous compounds, the mixed state It is sufficient that the intrinsic viscosity at the time is 10. OmPa-s or less.
- a non-aqueous solvent it is desirable to mainly use a high dielectric constant solvent having a relatively high dielectric constant, and to use a mixture of a plurality of low viscosity solvents.
- high dielectric constant solvent examples include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, sulfolonic acid, arbutyrolactone and valerolactones, and a mixture of one or more of these. May be used.
- low-viscosity solvents include symmetric chain carbonates such as getyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate, asymmetric chain carbonates such as methylethyl carbonate and methyl propyl carbonate, methyl propionate and ethyl propionate.
- symmetric chain carbonates such as getyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate
- asymmetric chain carbonates such as methylethyl carbonate and methyl propyl carbonate, methyl propionate and ethyl propionate.
- carboxylate esters and phosphate esters such as trimethyl phosphate and triethyl phosphate. Any one of these may be used alone, or two or more of them may be used in combination.
- vinylene force monoponate trifluoropropylene carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxymethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 4-methyl-1,3 —Dioxolan, sulfolane, methylsulfolane, 2,4—difluoroanisole, 2,6-difluoranisole, and the like are preferably used. This is because battery characteristics can be improved.
- the content in these non-aqueous solvents is preferably 40% by volume or less, more preferably 20% by volume or less.
- the lithium salt for example, L i PF 6, L i C 1 0 4, L i A s F 6, L i BF 4, L i B (C 6 H 5) 4, CH 3 S_ ⁇ 3 L i, CF 3 S0 3 L i, L i N (CF 3 S_ ⁇ 2) 2, L i C ( CF 3 S_ ⁇ 2 ) 3 , LiCl or LiBr, and any one of them or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used. If used as a mixture of two or more, it is desirable that a main component L i PF 6. This is because Li PF 6 has high conductivity and excellent oxidation stability.
- the content (concentration) of these lithium salts is in the range of 0.5 mol / kg to 3. Omo1 / kg with respect to the solvent. Outside of this range, sufficient battery characteristics may not be obtained due to an extremely low ion conductivity.
- an electrolyte in which the electrolytic solution is held on a support made of a polymer compound or an inorganic compound may be used.
- the electrolyte (that is, the solvent and the electrolyte salt) is as described above.
- polymer compound examples include polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, a copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride and polyhexafluoropropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyhexafluoropropylene, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, and polyphosphazene.
- polysiloxane polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile-butadiene rubber, polystyrene and polycarbonate.
- a polymer compound having a structure of polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyhexafluoropropylene or polyethylene oxide it is desirable to use a polymer compound having a structure of polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyhexafluoropropylene or polyethylene oxide.
- the amount of the polymer compound added to the electrolyte varies depending on the compatibility of both, but it is usually preferable to add a polymer corresponding to 5% by mass to 50% by mass of the electrolyte.
- This secondary battery can be manufactured, for example, as follows.
- a positive electrode mixture is prepared by mixing a positive electrode active material, a conductive agent, and a binder, and this positive electrode mixture is dispersed in a solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to form a paste.
- a solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- This is a positive electrode mixture slurry.
- the positive electrode mixture slurry is applied to the current collector 21a, the solvent is dried, and then compression-molded by a roll press or the like to form the mixture layer 21b, thereby producing the positive electrode 21.
- a negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium and a binder are mixed.
- a negative electrode mixture is dispersed in a solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to obtain a paste-like negative electrode mixture slurry.
- the negative electrode mixture slurry is applied to the current collector 22a, the solvent is dried, and then compression-molded by a roll press or the like to form a mixture layer 22b, thereby producing the negative electrode 22.
- the circularity, bulk modulus, presence or absence of through holes, etc. of the negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium are adjusted to control the liquid absorption characteristics of the mixture layer 22b.
- the positive electrode lead 25 is attached to the current collector 21a by welding or the like, and the negative electrode lead 26 is attached to the current collector 22a by welding or the like.
- the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are wound around the separator 23, the tip of the positive electrode lead 25 is welded to the safety valve mechanism 15, and the tip of the negative electrode lead 26 is connected to the battery can.
- the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22, which are welded to 11 and wound, are sandwiched between a pair of insulating plates 1 and 13 and housed inside the battery can 11. After the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are housed in the battery can 11, an electrolyte is injected into the battery 11 and impregnated in the separator 23. After that, the battery cover 14, the safety valve mechanism 15 and the thermal resistance element 16 are fixed to the open end of the battery can 11 by caulking through the gasket 17. Thus, the secondary battery shown in FIG. 1 is completed.
- This secondary battery operates as follows.
- lithium ions when charged, lithium ions are detached from the mixture layer 21b, and the lithium contained in the mixture layer 22b first passes through the electrolyte impregnated in the separator 23. Is stored in the removable anode material.
- the charge capacity exceeds the charge capacity of the anode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium when the open circuit voltage is lower than the overcharge voltage, and a table of the anode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium.
- Lithium metal begins to precipitate on the surface. Thereafter, lithium metal continues to be deposited on the negative electrode 22 until charging is completed.
- the lithium metal deposited on the negative electrode 22 elutes as ions, and is occluded in the mixture layer 2 lb via the electrolyte impregnated in the separator 23.
- the discharge is further continued, lithium ions occluded in the negative electrode material capable of occluding and releasing lithium in the mixture layer 22b are released, and are stored in the mixture layer 21b via the electrolyte. Therefore, in this secondary battery, a conventional so-called lithium secondary battery and Both characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery, that is, high energy density and good charge / discharge cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the negative electrode 2 2 mixture layer 2 2 b is, 2 3 ° when the dropwise propylene Nkabone Bok 1 dm 3 in C, contact angle 0 of propylene carbonate drop P 1 0 0 seconds Within 10 degrees or less, the electrolyte solution quickly and uniformly permeates the mixture layer 22b. Therefore, lithium metal is uniformly deposited on the entire mixture layer 22b, lithium metal is segregated, and the deposited lithium metal is dropped off, or the deposited lithium reacts with the electrolyte to cause lithium loss. Is suppressed.
- the contact angle 0 with the propylene carbonate droplet P is 100 seconds.
- the electrolyte solution can be quickly and uniformly impregnated into the mixture layer 22b, and thereby the entire mixture layer 22b can be impregnated.
- Lithium metal can be uniformly deposited. Therefore, excellent charge / discharge cycle characteristics can be obtained while maintaining a high energy density. Therefore, it is possible to contribute to the miniaturization and weight reduction of portable electronic devices represented by mobile phones, PDAs or notebook computers.
- the average circularity of the shadow of the negative electrode active material is set to 0.7 or more, or the negative electrode active material has a bulk modulus of 14 GPa or more, or at least a part of the surface. Since a material having a coating having a bulk elastic modulus of 14 GPa or more is used, or the content of the negative electrode active material having through holes in the mixture layer 22 b is set to 50% by mass or more, Negative electrode 22 according to the present embodiment can be easily obtained.
- the capacity of the negative electrode 22 is described by taking as an example a secondary battery represented by the sum of a capacity component due to insertion and extraction of lithium and a capacity component due to precipitation and dissolution of lithium.
- the anode 22 according to the present embodiment can be similarly used for a secondary battery having another configuration.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries As a secondary battery having another configuration, for example, a so-called lithium ion secondary battery in which the capacity of a negative electrode is represented by a capacity component due to insertion and extraction of lithium is given.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries have the above-mentioned other features, except that the amount of negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium is relatively larger than that of the positive electrode active material, and lithium metal does not precipitate on the negative electrode during charging. It has the same configuration as the secondary battery.
- lithium ion In the case of a lithium ion secondary battery, lithium ion must be absorbed by the negative electrode and diffused into the solid before it is fully charged (completely charged). The speed does not limit the reaction area of the negative electrode unless it is unrealistically slow.However, if the electrolyte can be quickly and uniformly impregnated into the mixture layer, the electrode reaction can be sufficiently performed. it can. Therefore, also in the lithium ion secondary battery, when the mixture layer of the electrode drops 1 dm 3 of propylene force at 23 ° C., the contact angle with the propylene carbonate droplet is 100 seconds. By having the liquid absorption characteristics within 10 degrees or less within this range, it is possible to improve the battery characteristics such as charge / discharge cycle characteristics while maintaining a high energy density.
- a negative electrode mixture was prepared by mixing 90% by mass of a negative electrode material capable of occluding and releasing powdery lithium as a negative electrode active material and 10% by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder.
- a negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium a molded product obtained by kneading a raw material filler of graphitizable coke particles with a pitch binder was used.
- artificial graphite with an electrochemical equivalent of 512 mAhZcm 3 and a bulk modulus of 11.0 GPa obtained by graphitization at ° C, the average circularity of shadows was 0. It was changed between 75 and 0.65.
- Examples 117 to 110 furfuryl alcohol resin was applied to the surface of natural graphite having a bulk modulus of 13.5 GPa and an electrochemical equivalent of 576 mAh / cm in the lithium storage reaction.
- natural graphite having a bulk modulus of 14.5 GPa and an average circularity of shadow of 0.60 obtained from the whole powder was obtained.
- the bulk modulus was 13.5 GPa
- the average circularity of the shadow was 0.60
- the electrochemical equivalent in the lithium storage reaction was 576 mAhZcm.
- Three natural graphites were used.
- the average circularity of the shadow is 0.60
- the bulk modulus is 11.0 G.
- a mixture of artificial graphite of Pa and artificial graphite having no through-hole, having an average circularity of shadow of 0.60 and a bulk modulus of 11.0 GPa was used.
- Artificial graphite having through-holes was produced by penetrating the pores in the particles by increasing the amount of the pitch binder and increasing the pores as compared to Examples 11 to 16.
- the content of the powdery negative electrode active material having through holes in the mixture layer 22b was changed between 55% by mass and 45% by mass. The penetration of the pores was examined by observing the cross section of the particles with an electron microscope.
- the negative electrode mixture was dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as a solvent to form a base-like negative electrode mixture slurry, and then applied to both surfaces of a current collector 22 a made of a 15-m-thick strip-shaped copper foil.
- the mixture was uniformly applied, dried, and compression-molded under a constant pressure to form a mixture layer 22b, thereby producing a negative electrode 22 having a total thickness of 160 m.
- the volume density of the mixture layer 22b was changed as shown in Tables 1 to 3 by changing the pressure in Examples 1-1 to 1-18.
- the liquid absorption characteristics of the mixture layer 22 b were examined. Specifically, 1 ⁇ dm 3 of propylene carbonate was weighed out with a syringe, dropped on the mixture layer 22 b of the produced negative electrode 22, and mixed with propylene carbonate and the mixture layer 22 b at 23 ° C. The time until the contact angle 0 of the sample became 10 degrees or less (liquid absorption end time) was measured with a stopwatch. The results are shown in Tables 1 to 3 and FIGS. 4 to 6.
- Examples 11 and 1 and Comparative Examples 11 and 1 to 6 the average circularity of the shade of the negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium and the volume density of the mixture layer were changed.
- a negative electrode was produced in the same manner as in Examples 11 to 11 except for the above.
- Comparative Examples 13 and 1 to Example 11 to 11 to 12 the negative electrode material capable of absorbing and releasing lithium had a bulk modulus of 13.5 GPa and a lithium storage reaction.
- using an electrochemical equivalent is 5 76 natural graphite mAh / cm 3 to definitive in, except that changing the volume density of the mixture layer and the other in the same manner as in example 1 one 7-1 one 1 2 a negative electrode It was made.
- Comparative Examples 115 and 1-6 with respect to Examples 1-1 to 1-118 the content of the powdery negative electrode active material having through holes or the volume density of the mixture layer 22b was determined. Except for the difference, a negative electrode was produced in the same manner as in Examples 11-13 to 11-18. The liquid absorption characteristics of the negative electrodes of Comparative Examples 11-1 to 11-16 were examined in the same manner as in Examples 11-11 to 18-18. The obtained results are shown together with Tables 1 to 3 and FIGS. 4 to 6.
- the capacity of the negative electrode 22 is represented by a capacity component due to insertion and extraction of lithium.
- An ion secondary battery was manufactured. The shape was cylindrical as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
- this positive electrode mixture is dispersed in N-methyl 2-pyrrolidone as a solvent to form a paste-like positive electrode mixture slurry, and a current collector made of a 20-m-thick strip-shaped aluminum foil 2 Apply uniformly to both sides of 1a and dry
- the mixture was compression-molded with a roll press to form a mixture layer 21b, and a positive electrode 21 having a total thickness of 150 was produced.
- the electrolytic solution used was dissolved in a solvent obtained by mixing equal volumes of ethylene force one Poneto and Jimechiruka one port Ne one preparative L i PF 6 at a content of 1. 5mo 1 / dm 3.
- a stretched microporous polyethylene film having a thickness of 27 was used as the separator 23.
- the outer diameter of the wound electrode body 20 was about 13 mm or more, and the size of the battery was 14 mm in diameter and 65 mm in height.
- a charge / discharge test was performed on the fabricated battery, and the rated discharge capacity, rated energy density, and discharge capacity retention rate were determined. At this time, charging was performed at a constant current of 400 mA until the battery voltage reached 4.2 V, and then at a constant voltage of 4.2 V until the total charging time reached 4 hours. The test was performed at a constant current of 400 mA until the battery voltage reached 2.75 V. The rated discharge capacity was the discharge capacity at the second cycle, and the rated energy density was calculated from this value. The discharge capacity retention ratio was calculated as the ratio of the discharge capacity at the 300th cycle to the discharge capacity at the second cycle, that is, (discharge capacity at the 300th cycle Z discharge capacity at the second cycle) X100. Representative of Tables 4-6 Examples 1-3, 1-4, 1-9, 1-10, 1-15-1, 1-16-1 Results of Comparative Examples 1-1-1-16 Shown together.
- the secondary batteries of Examples 2-1 to 2-6 and Comparative examples 2-1 to 2-6 were also subjected to charge / discharge tests in the same manner as in Example 1-3, and the rated discharge capacity and the rated energy density were measured. The degree and the discharge capacity retention were examined. Tables 7 to 9 show the obtained results.
- the contact angle 0 with the propylene carbonate droplet P becomes less than 10 degrees within 100 seconds when 1 dm 3 of the pyrene force is dropped at 100 ° C. It was found that the charge / discharge cycle characteristics could be improved while maintaining high battery capacity and energy density.
- the present invention has been described with reference to the embodiment and the example.
- the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment and example, and can be variously modified.
- the contact angle 0 with the net droplet P is set to be less than 10 degrees within 100 seconds.
- the positive electrode 21 or both the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 It may have liquid absorbing properties.
- lithium is used as the light metal.
- other alkali metals such as sodium (Na) or potassium (K), or magnesium or calcium (Ca) etc.
- Alkaline earth metals, or other light metals such as aluminum, or lithium or The present invention can be applied to the case where these alloys are used, and the same effect can be obtained.
- a negative electrode material, a positive electrode active material, a non-aqueous solvent, or an electrolyte salt that can occlude and release the light metal is selected according to the light metal.
- it is preferable to use lithium or an alloy containing lithium as the light metal because voltage compatibility with currently practically used lithium ion secondary batteries is high.
- an alloy containing lithium is used as the light metal, a substance capable of forming an alloy with lithium exists in the electrolyte, and an alloy may be formed at the time of deposition. Formable substances may be present and form an alloy upon precipitation.
- the present invention provides an elliptical or polygonal secondary battery having a wound structure, or a positive electrode.
- the present invention can be similarly applied to a secondary battery having a structure in which a negative electrode is folded or stacked.
- the present invention can also be applied to so-called coin-type, potan-type or square-type secondary batteries.
- the present invention can be applied not only to a secondary battery but also to a primary battery.
- the contact angle with the propylene carbonate droplet decreases. Since the liquid-absorbing property indicated by being less than 10 degrees within 100 seconds is provided, the electrolyte solution can be quickly and uniformly permeated into the mixture layer. Therefore, excellent charge / discharge cycle characteristics can be obtained while maintaining a high energy density.
- Example 1-7 0.60 14.5 0 1.2 19
- Example 1-8 0.60 14.5 0 1.4
- Example 1-9 0.60 14.5 0 1.6 53
- Example 1-10 0.60 14.5 0 1.8
- Example 1-11 0.60 13.5 0 1.2
- Example 1-12 0.60 13.5 0 1.4
- Comparative Example 1-3 0.60 13.5 0 1.6 127 Comparative Example 1-4 0.60 13.5 0 1.8 951 (Table 3) Has through holes
- Example 1-3 0.75 1.6 76 160 857.2 325.7 81
- Example 1-4 0.75 1.8 97 160 857.2 338.6
- Comparative Example 1-1 0.65 1.6 264 160 856.6 325.5
- Comparative Example 1-2 0.65 1.8 1151 160 856.6 338.4 54
- Example 1-9 14.5 1.6 53 160 892.5 339.1 79
- Example 1-10 14.5 1.8 91 160 927.8 352.5 78
- Comparative Example 1-3 13.5 1.6 127 160 891.2 338.6
- Comparative Example 1-4 13.5 1.8 951 160 926.5 352.0 35
- Example 2-1 0.75 1.6 76 120 946.1 356.6 73
- Example 2-2 0.75 1.8 97 120 973.4 366.9 71
- Comparative Example 2-1 0.65 1.6 264 120 945.7 356.4 52
- Comparative Example 2-2 0.65 1.8 1151 120 973.0 366.7 34 (Table 8)
- Example 2-3 14.5 1.6 53 120 953.1 359.4 73
- Example 2-4 14.5 1.8 91 120 980.6 369.9 71
- Comparative Example 2-3 13.5 1.6 127 120 952.2 358.8 54
- Comparative Example 2-4 13.5 1.8 951 120 979.7 369.2 35
- Example 2-5 55.0 1.6 56 120 947.5 357.1 77
- Example 2-6 55.0 1.8 81 120 974.9 367.4 74
- Comparative Example 2-5 45.0 1.6 105 120 946.3 356.6 68
- Comparative Example 2-6 45.0 1.8 427 120 973.6 366.9 59
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Abstract
Description
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US7229713B2 (en) | 2007-06-12 |
EP1519431A1 (en) | 2005-03-30 |
EP1519431A4 (en) | 2008-07-02 |
JP2004022507A (ja) | 2004-01-22 |
US20040185341A1 (en) | 2004-09-23 |
CN1545742A (zh) | 2004-11-10 |
CN1292502C (zh) | 2006-12-27 |
KR20050012710A (ko) | 2005-02-02 |
TW200411969A (en) | 2004-07-01 |
KR101055158B1 (ko) | 2011-08-08 |
TWI233230B (en) | 2005-05-21 |
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