WO2003093476A9 - Vecteur avec tropisme dependant de la protease modifie - Google Patents
Vecteur avec tropisme dependant de la protease modifieInfo
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- WO2003093476A9 WO2003093476A9 PCT/JP2003/005528 JP0305528W WO03093476A9 WO 2003093476 A9 WO2003093476 A9 WO 2003093476A9 JP 0305528 W JP0305528 W JP 0305528W WO 03093476 A9 WO03093476 A9 WO 03093476A9
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- C07K14/005—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from viruses
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- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- C07K14/115—Paramyxoviridae, e.g. parainfluenza virus
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- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
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- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
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- C12N7/00—Viruses; Bacteriophages; Compositions thereof; Preparation or purification thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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- C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
- C07K2319/50—Fusion polypeptide containing protease site
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- C12N2760/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses negative-sense
- C12N2760/00011—Details
- C12N2760/18011—Paramyxoviridae
- C12N2760/18022—New viral proteins or individual genes, new structural or functional aspects of known viral proteins or genes
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- C12N2760/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses negative-sense
- C12N2760/00011—Details
- C12N2760/18011—Paramyxoviridae
- C12N2760/18811—Sendai virus
- C12N2760/18822—New viral proteins or individual genes, new structural or functional aspects of known viral proteins or genes
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- C12N2760/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses negative-sense
- C12N2760/00011—Details
- C12N2760/18011—Paramyxoviridae
- C12N2760/18811—Sendai virus
- C12N2760/18841—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector
- C12N2760/18843—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector viral genome or elements thereof as genetic vector
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- C12N2800/00—Nucleic acids vectors
- C12N2800/30—Vector systems comprising sequences for excision in presence of a recombinase, e.g. loxP or FRT
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a cell fusion type vector in which protease-dependent topology is modified and a method for producing the same.
- the vector of the present invention is useful as a gene therapy vector that specifically infects cancer.
- SeV Sendai virus
- Paramyxovirus vectors are vectors that enable a high introduction rate and high expression of foreign genes, and are also expected as cancer gene therapy vectors.
- Many attempts have been made to treat cancer with paramissovirus. For example, infection of BHK21 cells with Mumps virus has been reported to show anticancer effects in tumor-bearing nude mice (Minato, N. et al. (1979) J. Exp. Med. 149, 1117-1133) .
- metastasized cancer may be matrix metabolite protease (MMP) and / or plasminogen activator.
- MMP matrix metabolite protease
- UPA tPA
- tPA plasminogen activator
- the present invention provides a novel cell fusion vector in which protease-dependent tropism is modified and infiltrates surrounding cells only in the presence of a specific protease, and a method for producing the same.
- Paramyxoviridae viruses including Sendai virus, have two proteins in their envelopes.
- the F (fusion) protein causes membrane fusion between the virus and its host cell and releases the nucleoside psid into the cytoplasm.
- HN (hemagglutini n-neuraminidase) protein has a neuraminase activity with hemagglutination ability and plays a role in binding to host receptors.
- the F and ⁇ proteins are also called spike proteins and are exposed on the surface of the viral envelope.
- the M (matrix) protein also lines the envelope and adds strength to the virus particle. The feature of this vector is that it can efficiently transfect a wide range of cells and animal tissues. Compared to one, it has achieved a higher amount of effort. '
- the F protein (F0) does not show cell fusion activity as it is, but only shows its fusion activity when cleaved by a host-derived protease and decomposed into F1 and F2.
- the growth of viruses with wild-type F protein is restricted to tissues such as airway mucosal epithelium that express a trypsin-like protease that can cleave this protein.
- various studies have been conducted on the modification of the fuzzy or fusing ability of F.
- mutants with F that cleave only with ⁇ -chymotrypsin lose trypsin sensitivity, and its tropism has been shown to be specific to the cleavage sequence of F (Tashiro, M.
- the vector 1 can be infected and propagated in a specific tissue or the like that expresses a certain protease.
- one of the problems with paramyxovirus vectors is the secondary release of virus from cells that occurs after the vector has been introduced into the target cell. In cells infected with replicating viruses, virions are formed and daughter viruses are released, so that virus particles spread beyond the target tissue.
- virus particles with wild-type F protein are not infectious in the absence of trypsin-like enzyme, but the virus particles themselves are released from the cells. In vivo administration, there is a concern that the virus that has spread in the blood will reach the whole body.
- F gene deficient SeV Li,
- VLP Virus-like particles
- the present inventors have found that, among virus envelope genes, paramyxovirus lacking the M gene does not cause particle formation but forms a synthium by the fusion of infected cells and cells in contact therewith, and cell fusion type Has been found to be infected (TOOO / 09700). These M-deficient viruses are replicated in the introduced cells and transmitted to neighboring cells in the presence of trypsin.
- M-deficient viruses are deficient in the M gene required for particle formation, virus particles usually do not release! / Or is extremely suppressed.
- RNPs Reconstituted in the M gene required for particle formation
- infectious virus particles cannot be produced (W000 / 09700).
- an M-deleted virus could be prepared as an infectious virus particle. Accordingly, the present inventors have developed a new production method for preparing M-deleted virus as virus particles.
- the inventors first considered the use of a temperature-sensitive mutation of the viral gene as a solution to construct a vector with suppressed VLP release. It grows at low temperatures but cannot grow at high temperatures! / Several mutant viruses have been reported.
- the present inventors have mutated a mutated protein that suppresses virion formation, particularly at a high temperature, particularly the M protein. If it is used, VLP formation can be suppressed by producing virus at a low temperature (eg, 32 ° C) and at a higher temperature (eg, 37 ° C) during gene therapy. Possible 1 ⁇ I thought there was life.
- the present inventors have reported the recombination of the F gene-deficient type encoding the M and ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ proteins, which have been reported for the M protein and HN protein, respectively, with a total of 6 temperature-sensitive mutations.
- a Sendai virus vector was constructed. When the VLP release of this virus was examined, it was found to be about 1/10 or less compared to the wild type virus.
- anti-M antibody was used to localize M protein in cells transfected with Sendai virus vector with suppressed VLP release. As a result of analysis by immunostaining, cell surface observed in cells transfected with wild-type virus was found.
- M protein Aggregation of M protein was significantly reduced in the case of the VLP release-inhibiting virus, and the concentration of M protein was extremely reduced, especially at high temperatures (38 ° C).
- Intracellular localization of M and HN proteins in cells infected with this SeV containing the temperature-sensitive mutant M gene was examined in detail by confocal laser microscopy, and even at low temperatures (32 ° C), M protein localization was significantly reduced and was observed in a form close to that of microtubules. Furthermore, at high temperatures (37 ° C), M protein is near the microtubule centrosome.
- the present inventors can obtain a recombinant virus vector having a reduced or eliminated particle-forming ability by preparing a viral vector having a mutation that causes a defect in the localization of M protein. I found it.
- the present inventors also attempted to construct a virus that completely lacked cell surface aggregation of M protein in cells into which the virus had been introduced by deleting the M gene from the virus.
- the present inventors constructed a helper cell that can inducibly express a wild-type M protein that can be used for production of an M gene-deficient virus.
- the method of the present invention makes it possible to produce virus particles at a concentration of IX 10 8 PFU / ml or higher, and to provide for the first time a recombinant virus that can withstand practical use, including clinical practice.
- the virus production system of the present invention enables the production of highly safe, high-titer gene therapy vectors that can rule out contamination with other viruses.
- the F-modified M-deficient paramyxovirus suitable for practical use was provided in the M-deficient SeV production system of the present invention, which supplies M protein to trans using M-expressing cells.
- the present inventors verified the actual antitumor effect in vivo using the infectious virus particles constructed as described above.
- mice with transplanted cancer cells were administered M-deletion virus activated by matrix meta-oral protease (MMP), which is highly active in this cancer, they were introduced into the cancer tissue through cell fusion infection. It was confirmed that the virus spread.
- MMP matrix meta-oral protease
- the virus was limited to the injection site even after several days, whereas the vector of the present invention showed a strong penetrating power against cancer tissues, and the spread of the vector was observed throughout the cancer. It was.
- the inhibitory effect on the growth of the cancer was obvious compared to the control without the virus or the wild type virus.
- the present inventors succeeded in preparing a virus particle (F non-cleavable virus) in which the F protein on the virus surface is not cleaved by controlling the addition of protease during virus particle production.
- This virus is not infectious as it is, but it exhibits specific infectivity when treated with a protease that cleaves the F protein on the surface of the virus or added to cells in the presence of the protease. I was able to.
- Such a latent infectious viral vector has made it possible to specifically infect cancer cells that produce a specific protease, and the present inventors have also developed a vector having a modified F gene.
- viral amplification can be performed using an enzyme that cleaves wild-type F protein such as trypsin using helper cells that express wild-type F protein.
- the resulting virus particle contains a cleaved wild-type F protein in the envelope and is infectious.
- the viral genome encodes a modified F gene in which the cleavage site of the F protein is modified. Can't spread power infection.
- the method of preparing a virus using wild-type F protein is advantageous because it can produce virus particles independently of the modified F gene incorporated into the vector genome. '
- the present invention provides a vector that spreads infection only in the presence of a protease expressed in a specific tissue such as cancer.
- the vectors of the present invention do not significantly produce virus-like particles and transfer the vector to adjacent surrounding cells by cell fusion.
- the vector of the present invention which acquires infectivity with a protease whose activity is enhanced at the same time, has a strong inhibitory effect on tumor growth, and gene therapy for cancer using this vector is considered to be extremely effective.
- the present invention relates to a cell fusion vector having a modified protease-dependent topism, a method for producing the same, and more specifically,
- [1] Paramyxovirus genomic RNA wherein (a) the nuclear acid encoding the M protein is mutated or deleted, and (b) is a modified F protein, which is the cleavage site of the protein.
- a complex comprising a genomic RNA encoding a protein whose sequence is replaced by a sequence that is cleaved by a protease that does not cleave the wild-type F protein, and having the following properties:
- the modified F protein lacks a part of the cytoplasmic domain of the wild type F protein.
- the complex according to any one of [1] to [7],
- a method for producing a viral particle having the ability to introduce the genomic RA comprising:
- a method for producing viral particles having the ability to introduce the genomic RNA into cells that come into contact with cells into which (i) a step of amplifying an RNP containing the N, P, Opi L protein, and the genomic RNA of the paramycovirus in a cell under the permissive conditions of the M mutant protein
- step (i) is carried out at 35 ° C. or lower
- step (i) is carried out at 35 ° C. or lower
- step (ii) is carried out at 35 ° C. or lower
- steps (i) to (ii) The production method according to (1 0) or (1 1), which comprises a force for allowing a protease to cleave the modified F protein, or a step of treating the virus particles recovered in step (ii) with the protease,
- Paramyxovirus wild-type F protein is expressed in the cell in step (i), and the wild-type F protein is cleaved at at least one of steps (i) to (ii) A production method according to [1 0] or [1 1], which comprises a step of causing a protease to exist or treating the virus particles recovered in step (ii) with the protease,
- a therapeutic composition for cancer comprising the complex according to [5] and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,
- a modified protein of paramyxovirus F protein, Pro cleavage site -! Leu- Gly include Pro-Gln-Gly s or Va l-Gly- Arg, matrix meth port protease or plasminogen Recombinant protein showing cell fusion ability in the presence of an activator,
- a virus particle comprising the protein according to [16] or a nucleic acid encoding the protein '
- [2 3] A virus particle comprising the protein according to [19] or a nucleic acid encoding the protein.
- paramyxovirus refers to a virus belonging to Paramyxovirid ae) or a derivative thereof.
- Paramyxoviruses are a group of viruses that have non-segmented negative-strand RNA in their genomes.
- Paramyxovirinae (Paramyxovirinae) (also called respirovirus), Rubravirus, and Mo Including Pirivirus) and Pneumovirinae (including Pneumovirus and Metapneumovirus).
- Sendai virus SeV
- human parainfluenza virus-1 HPIV-1
- human parainfluenza virus-3 HPIV-3
- phocine distemper virus PDV
- canine distemper virus CDV
- DMV Dolphin moloillivirus
- PDPR measles virus
- rinderpest virus RSV
- He ndra virus Hendra
- Hendra He ndra virus
- Nipah virus Nipah
- human parainfluenza vi s- 2 HP IV-2
- simian parainfluenza virus 5 SV5
- human parainfluenza vims-4a HPIV— 4 &
- human parainfluenza virus-4b HPIV— 4b
- mumps virus Mumps
- NDV Newcastle disease virus
- Sendai virus SeV
- human parainfluenza virus-1 HPIV-1
- human parainfluenza vi rus-3 HPIV-3
- phocine distemper virus PDV
- canine distemper virus CD V
- dolphin raolbillivirus DMV
- PDPR ruminants virus
- MV measles virus
- RPV rinderpest virus
- Hendra virus Hendra
- Nipah virus Nipah virus
- the virus of the present invention is preferably a virus belonging to the Paramyxovirus subfamily (including the genera Respirovirus, Rubravirus, and Mobilivirus), or a derivative thereof, more preferably the Respirovirus genus. (Respirovirus) (also called Paramyxovirus) or a derivative thereof.
- respirovirus viruses to which the present invention can be applied include human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV-1), human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV-3), and ushiparainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3). ), Sendai virus (also referred to as mouse parainfluenza virus type 1), and Opi monkey parainfluenza virus type 10 (SPIV-10).
- the paramyxovirus is most preferably Sendai virus. These viruses may be derived from natural strains, wild strains, mutant strains, laboratory passage strains, and artificially constructed strains.
- Recombinant protein and recombinant virus refer to protein opiviruses produced via recombinant polynucleotides, respectively.
- Recombinant polynucleotide refers to a polynucleotide that is not bound in the same manner as in its natural state.
- the recombinant polynucleotide includes a polynucleotide in which polynucleotide strands are changed by a human hand, or a synthesized polynucleotide.
- the recombinant polynucleotide can be produced by a known genetic recombination method by combining polynucleotide synthesis, nuclease treatment, ligase treatment and the like.
- a recombinant protein expresses a recombinant polynucleotide encoding the protein.
- a recombinant virus can be produced by expressing a polynucleotide encoding a viral genome constructed by genetic engineering and reconstructing the virus.
- a gene refers to genetic material, and includes nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA.
- a nucleic acid encoding a protein is called a gene of the protein.
- the gene may not encode a protein.
- the gene may encode a functional RNA such as a ribozyme or antisense RNA.
- Genes can be naturally occurring or artificially designed sequences.
- “DNA” includes single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA.
- encoding a protein means that sense or antisense includes 0RF encoding the amino acid sequence of the protein so that the polynucleotide can express the protein under appropriate conditions.
- the present invention provides a cell fusion-type vector having replication ability modified with protease-dependent topology.
- This vector does not release virus-like particles significantly after introduction into cells in the host environment, and infiltrates surrounding cells only in the presence of specific proteases.
- the vector of the present invention specifically refers to the following complex.
- Paramyxovirus genomic RNA wherein (a) the nucleic acid encoding the M protein is mutated or deleted, and (b) is a 5 female F protein, the sequence of the cleavage site of which is A complex comprising a genomic RNA encoding a protein that has been replaced with a sequence that is cleaved by a protease that does not cleave the wild-type F protein, and having the following properties:
- a vector refers to a carrier for introducing a nucleic acid into a cell.
- the complex is a complex including the genomic RNA of the paramyxovirus and a viral protein that binds to the genomic RNA.
- the complex of the present invention may be, for example, a complex composed of paramyxovirus genomic RNA and a viral protein, ie, ribonucleoprotein (RNP).
- RNP can be introduced into cells, for example, in combination with a desired transfection reagent.
- Such concealment is specifically a complex containing paramyxovirus genomic RNA, N protein, P protein, and L protein.
- viral proteins act to transcribe viral proteins from cistrons that encode viral proteins, and the genome itself is replicated to form daughter RNPs. Replication of genomic RNA can be confirmed by detecting an increase in the copy number of RA by RT-PCR or Northern hybridization.
- the complex is more preferably a paramyxovirus virus particle.
- Viral particles are microparticles containing nucleic acids that are released from cells by the action of viral proteins.
- the shape of the virus particle may vary depending on the type of virus, such as a sphere or a rod, but is sufficiently smaller than a cell, and its size is usually about 10 nm to 800 nm.
- Paramyxovirus virus particles have a structure in which the RNP containing genomic RNA and viral proteins is contained in a lipid membrane (called an envelope) derived from the cell membrane.
- Viral particles may or may not be infectious (see below). For example, it may be a virus particle that does not show infectivity as it is, but has potentially infectivity that can acquire infectivity by a specific treatment.
- Paramyxovirus genome RA is an RNA that has the function of forming RP together with paramyxovirus virus protein, the gene in the genome is expressed by the protein, and the nucleic acid is replicated to form a daughter secret.
- Paramyxovirus is a virus that has a single-stranded negative strand RA in its genome. Code as anti-sense.
- the genome of a paramyxovirus is composed of a viral gene arranged as an antisense between 3, leader region and 5, trailer region. Between the 0RF of each gene, there is a transcription termination sequence (E sequence)-an intervening sequence (I sequence)-a transcription initiation sequence (S sequence). Transcribed as cistron.
- Genomic RNA contained in the vector of the present invention contains N (nucleocapsid) and P (phosphonate), which are viral proteins necessary for the autonomous replication of RNA itself. ) And L (Large) are encoded as antisense.
- the RNA also encodes an F (fusion) protein, which is a protein that causes cell membrane fusion necessary for propagation of the RA to adjacent cells.
- the genomic RNA further encodes an H (hemagglutenin-neuraminidase) (or H) protein in an antisense manner.
- HN protein is not required for infection (Markwell, MA et al., Proc. Natil. Acad. Sci.
- the vector of the present invention can be constructed using genomic RNA that does not encode the HN gene.
- each gene in each virus belonging to the Paramyxovirus subfamily is generally expressed as follows.
- the N gene is sometimes referred to as “NP ⁇ ”.
- accession number of the nucleotide sequence database of each Sendai virus gene classified as Respirovirus in the Parawxoviridae family is 29343, M30202, M30203, M30204, M51331 for the NP gene.
- M55565, M69046, X17218 P gene is M30202, M30203, M30204, M55565, M69046, X00583, X17007, X17008, M gene is D11446, K02742 , M30202, M30203, M30204, 69046, U31956, X00584, X53056, F gene is D00152, D11446, D17334, D17335, M30202, M30203, M30204, M69046, X00152, ⁇ 02131, ⁇ gene is D26475, M12397, M30202, M30203 , M30204, M690 46, X00586, X02808, X56131, for L gene, see D00053, M30202, M30203, M30 204, M69040, X00587, X58886.
- viral genes encoded by other viruses include the N gene: CDV, AF014953; DMV, X75961; HPIV-1, D01070; HPIV-2, M55320; HPIV-2, D10025; Mapuera, X85128; Mumps ,
- NDV AF089819; PDPR, Z47977; PDV, X75717; RPV, M34018; SeV, U31956; and SV5, M32248; for F gene CDV, M21849; DMV, AJ224704; HPN-1. M223 47; HPIV-2, M60182; HPIV-3.
- the closest 0RF in genomic RNA requires only the S sequence between the 3 'leader region and the 0RF, and does not require the E and I sequences.
- the 0RF closest to 5, in genomic RNA requires only the E sequence between the 5, trailer region and the 0RF, and does not require the I and S sequences.
- the two 0RFs can be transcribed as the same cistron using, for example, a sequence such as IRES. In such cases, the E-1-S sequence is not required between these two 0RFs.
- the typical RNA genome is 3, followed by a leader region, followed by six 0RFs that encode N, P, M, F, H, and L proteins in antisense order.
- the arrangement of the viral gene is not limited to this, but preferably, like the wild-type virus, 3, following the leader region, N, P, (M,)
- ORFs encoding F, HN, and L proteins are arranged in sequence, followed by a 5 'trailer region.
- the number of viral genes is not six, but even in such a case, the virus genes should be arranged in the same way as in the wild type as described above, or changed appropriately. Can do.
- this 0RF does not exist or encodes a mutant M protein.
- the cleavage site of the F protein encoded by the genome is modified to a sequence that is cleaved by a protease that does not cleave the wild type F protein (described later).
- the genomic RNA of the present invention can encode one or more foreign genes. As the foreign gene, a desired gene to be expressed in a target cell can be used.
- the introduction position of the foreign gene can be inserted, for example, at a desired site in the non-coding region of the genome, for example, between the 3 'leader region and the viral protein 0RF closest to 3, and each viral protein 0RF And / or 5 and the closest viral protein between 0RF and the 5 'trailer region.
- a deletion region can be inserted.
- An EIS sequence should be constructed between the inserted foreign gene and the viral ORF.
- foreign genes may be inserted through IRES.
- the expression level of a foreign gene can be regulated by the type of transcription initiation sequence added upstream of the gene (3 'side of the negative strand) (TO01 / 18223). It can also be controlled by the insertion position of the foreign gene on the genome, and the higher the expression level is, the lower the expression level is, the closer to 3 ′ of the negative strand, the lower the expression level. Become. Thus, the insertion position of the foreign gene can be appropriately adjusted so as to obtain the desired expression level of the gene and so that the combination with the genes encoding the preceding and subsequent viral proteins is optimal.
- the foreign gene is preferably linked to a highly efficient transcription initiation sequence and inserted near the 3 ′ end of the negative strand genome. Specifically, it is inserted between the leader region and the viral protein 0RF closest to 3 '. Alternatively, it may be inserted between 0RF of the viral gene closest to 3 'and the second gene.
- the insertion position of the inserted gene in the vector should be set to the 5 'side of the negative strand genome, or the transcription start sequence should be less efficient. For example, it is possible to obtain an appropriate effect by suppressing the expression level from the virus vector to a low level.
- an arbitrary viral gene contained in the vector is modified from a wild type gene.
- at least one of the N, P, and L genes that are replication factors is modified to enhance the function of transcription or replication.
- HN protein one of the structural proteins, is hemagglutinin, a hemagglutinin.
- HN protein one of the structural proteins, is hemagglutinin, a hemagglutinin.
- membrane fusion ability and / or particle formation ability can be regulated by modifying the F protein and domains other than the cleavage site.
- F protein and HN protein that can be antigen molecules on the cell surface
- viral vectors with reduced antigen-presenting ability for these proteins can be produced.
- the vector of the present invention may be one lacking an accessory gene.
- knocking out the V gene, one of the SeV accessory genes does not impair gene expression or replication in cultured cells' and significantly reduces the pathogenicity of SeV against hosts such as mice ( Kato, A. et al., 1997, J. Virol. 71: 7266-7272; Kato, A. et al., 1997, EMBO J. 16: 578-587; Curran, J. et al., W001 / 04272 , EP1067179).
- Such an attenuated vector is useful as a viral vector for non-toxic gene transfer in vivo or ex vivo.
- the complex of the present invention is a substantially uniform complex.
- Substantially homogeneous complex means that the complex is separated from paramyxovirus RNPs or virus particles that are not the complex of the present invention. That is, the substantially uniform complex of the present invention does not contain other paramyxovirus RNPs having the ability to form particles nor virus particles of the virus.
- the particle-forming ability means that infectious virus particles and / or non-infectious virus particles (this is called virus-like particles) are released in cells infected with virus vectors (this is secondary release) Says the ability of the vector.
- a viral RNP containing in the genome a gene encoding a wild type F protein or an F protein having a fusion activity equivalent thereto is also included in the genome. Does not contain virus particles Absent.
- the sequence of the cleavage site of the protein is replaced with a sequence that is cleaved by another protease.
- Paramyxovirus F protein (F0) does not show cell membrane fusion activity as it is, but it shows its fusion activity by cleaving the extracellular domain (or virion domain) of the F0 fragment.
- the two F protein fragments generated by cleavage are called F2 on the N-terminal side and F1 on the C-terminal side, and both are linked by disulfide bonds.
- Cleavage of the F protein means that the F protein on the membrane is cleaved at a domain outside the membrane in this way to generate a fragment that acquires cell fusion ability.
- the cleavage site sequence refers to the amino acid sequence necessary for cleavage by a protease or an essential residue therein.
- the cleavage sites of the paramyxovirus F protein are known and they are cleaved by trypsin-like proteases such as furin in the cell.
- Furin is ubiquitous in the Golgi apparatus of most cells.
- the furin recognition motivation is Arg ⁇ X- Lys / Arg ⁇ Arg (RXK / RR) (2 amino acids separated by 7 ⁇ are either).
- Human PIV3 RTKR
- SV5 SV5
- Mumps virus RHKR
- NDV virulent strain
- RQR / KR Measles viru s
- RKRR RS virus It has the sequence of these motifs at the cleavage site.
- the virulent strain, F is sensitive to proteases present in all cells, and multi-stage growth with F cleavage in any organ makes the infection fatal.
- this motif does not apply to Sendai virus (PQSR), Human PIV1 (PQSR), and NDV (avirulen t strain) attenuated strains (K / RQG / SR), which is low in pathogenicity, and only the serine protease recognition sequence Arg. have.
- the sequence of the F protein cleavage site of paramyxovirus has been well analyzed and can be found by those skilled in the art by referring to the literature as appropriate (eg, virology, edited by Shoichi Hatanaka, Tokyo, Asakura Shoten, 1997, pp. 247-248).
- the cleavage site is the F protein of a virus grown in a cell, tissue, or individual capable of propagating the paramyxovirus, or the cleavage site of the F protein expressed and recovered in the cell or individual. It can be confirmed by identification.
- F protein expressed on the cell surface can be artificially cleaved and identified by treating with a protease such as trypsin that cleaves the cleavage site of this protein.
- the F protein has a sequence in which the amino acid sequence at the F protein cleavage site is modified and cleaved by another protease.
- the native cleavage sequence of the F protein is modified by substitution, deletion, and / or insertion of one or more amino acids and reconstructed into a sequence that can be cleaved by other proteases.
- the amino acid sequence can be modified by a known site-directed mutagenesis method.
- the modified F protein may retain the property of being cleaved by a protease (such as trypsin) that cleaves the wild-type F protein (see Examples).
- a vector encoding such a modified F protein has an expanded protease-dependent individual growth mechanism compared to the wild-type F protein.
- the sequence cleaved by another protease may be a sequence cleaved by a desired protease.
- a sequence cleaved by a protease expressed in a desired tissue or cell to be targeted for vector introduction is used.
- a vector that specifically retains only in the tissue can be constructed.
- a protease cleavage sequence that is specifically expressed or activated in a certain state eg, a disease
- a vector that specifically infiltrates only in that state eg, only within a specific disease region
- Proteases can be intracellular or extracellular
- protease secreted outside the cell, membrane-type protease expressed on the membrane surface, and the like are suitable. Further, it may be a desired protease present on the transport pathway until the F protein is translated in the cell and secreted on the cell surface.
- the number of diseases caused by abnormal expression of the protease gene is enormous, including metabolic diseases, circulatory disorders, inflammation * immune diseases, infectious diseases, malignant tumors, and other diseases that belong to all categories in the pathology review.
- Contains for example, calpain in muscular dystrophy, ubiquitin-proteasome system rupture in autoimmune and neurological diseases, decreased expression of neprilysin in Alzheimer's disease, increased expression of MMP in cancer invasion and metastasis, pathogen-derived protease by pathogenic microorganisms, These include serine proteases in the hemostatic mechanism and aminopeptidases in the placenta.
- Calpain a calcium-dependent cysteine protease, has been studied as an enzyme involved in muscle protein degradation in muscular dystrophy.
- Calpain has a specific activation mechanism that is activated by binding to calcium, and it degrades proteins such as lactinin, troponin, and connectin, which are important for maintaining the structure of skeletal muscle, in the cell. It is thought to trigger proteolysis.
- As the calpain cleavage sequence (Kar lsson, J. 0. et al. (2000) Cell Biol. Int. 24, 235-243), for example, Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr is used as a degradation substrate.
- the ubiquitin-proteasome system is a selective and active proteolytic mechanism in cells, and is an important cell function control system such as signal transduction and cell cycle.
- the ubiquitin consisting of 76 amino acids is covalently bound to the protein by the continuous catalytic action of the ubiquitin-active enzyme (E1), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) and ubiquitin ligase (E3). It is decomposed by. 'Hundred types of E3 enzymes are broadly classified into HECT and RING fin types, and abnormalities in these enzyme activities are involved in numerous diseases. For example, Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr is used as a degradation substrate for 26S proteasome (Reinheckel, T. et al.
- Rheumatoid arthritis and other joint diseases are disorders that cause movement disorders due to tissue destruction of articular cartilage.
- the ability to regenerate articular cartilage is extremely weak, and the collapse of the higher-order structure of cartilage due to extracellular matrix degradation leads to progressive joint destruction.
- ADAM TS ADAM with thrombospondin motif
- aglycan cartilage proteoglycan
- a particularly preferred protease cleavage sequence in the present invention is a cleavage sequence of a protease that has enhanced activity in cancer.
- a protease whose activity is enhanced in cancer refers to a protease whose activity is enhanced in a certain cancer tissue or cancer cell compared to normal thread or tissue corresponding to the cancer or normal cell.
- the increased activity may be an increase in the expression level of the protease and / or an increase in the activity itself.
- the protease expression level was determined by using Northern hybridization using the protease gene fragment as a probe, RT-PCR using a primer that specifically amplifies the protease gene, or an antibody against the protease. It can be measured by Western plot, ELISA, or immunoprecipitation. Further, the activity of the protease can be known from the degradation assay using the substrate of the protease. Many in vivo proteases are known whose activities are regulated by various inhibitors. Protease activity levels can also be measured by measuring the expression levels of these inhibitors. For example, the activity of the extracellular matrix (ECM) degrading enzyme is enhanced particularly in metastatic cancer (Nakajima, M. and Chop, AM, Semin. Cancer Biol.
- ECM extracellular matrix
- ECM invasion by ECM-degrading enzymes is deeply involved in cancer metastasis, and in fact, many inhibitions of metastasis or basement membrane invasion by inhibitors of ECM-degrading enzymes have been reported.
- a vector that encodes a modified F protein having a recognition sequence for cleavage by an enzyme at the cleavage site it is possible to construct a cancer-specific infection and invasion vector.
- Live serine proteases include cathebsin G, elastase, plasmin, plasminogen activator, tumor trypsin, chymotrypsin-like Sex proteinase, thrombin and the like. Plasmin is produced by limited degradation of plasminogen that exists in an inactive state in the body. This limited degradation is controlled by plasminogen activator (PA) and its inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI).
- PA plasminogen activator
- PAI plasminogen activator inhibitor
- PA plasminogen activator inhibitor
- tPA tissue type PA
- uPA urokinase type PA
- uPA can act while bound to the uPA receptor (uPAR) on the cell surface.
- uPAR uPA receptor
- Plasmin separates fibronectin, tenascin, laminin, etc., but collagen cannot be directly degraded. However, it cleaves a part of the precursor of collagen degrading enzyme and activates it, thereby indirectly degrading collagen. These are often highly active in cancer cells and correlate well with metastatic potential (Tanaka, N.
- Butenas provides a highly specific sequence for tPA using 54 different fluorescent substrates. (Butenas, S. et al. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 2123-2131) showed high FPR and VPR degradation activity against tPA. Therefore, these sequences are particularly preferably used.
- ECM-degrading enzymes classified as cysteine proteases or aspartic proteases, which are also involved in cancer metastasis and invasion.
- cathebsin B (Sloane, BF, Semin. Cancer Biol. 1: 137-152, 1990) using laminin, proteoglycan, fipronectin, collagen, procollagenase (activated by degradation), etc. as a substrate.
- cathebcin Kerman, SE and Gottesraan,. M., Semin. Cancer Biol.
- Cathebsins B and L are especially found in breast cancer tissue (Sp yratos, F. et al., Lancet ii: 1115-1118, 1989; Lah, TT et al., Int. J. Cancer 50: 36-44, 1992), colon fistula Carcinoma (Shuja, S. et al., Int. J.
- Metaloproteinase is a metalloenzyme containing metal elements such as Zn, and caspase, aminopeptidase, angiotensin I converting enzyme, collagen i "Izee, etc. have been reported. More than 16 types of matrix metaloproteinases (MMPs) have been reported: Representative MMPs include collagenase-1, 2, 3 (MMP-1, 8, 13), gelatinase A, B (Above -2, 9), Stromelysin 1, 2, 3 (MMP-3, 10, 11), Matrilysin (MMP-7), Membrane-type meta-oral protease (MT1-MMP, MT2-MMP) And so on.
- MMPs matrix metaloproteinases
- concealment has Zn 2+ at the active center and requires Ca 2+ for enzyme activity. It is secreted as a latent enzyme (latent MMP or ProMMP) and activated outside the cell to degrade various ECMs present in the living body. In addition, MMP is inhibited by the common inhibitor tissue inhibitor of mettaloproteinases (TIMP).
- latent MMP latent MMP
- ProMMP ProMMP
- TMP tissue inhibitor of mettaloproteinases
- ECM-degrading meta-proteases include aminopeptidases, such as aminopeptidase N / CD13 and aminopeptidase ⁇ that degrade ECM constituent proteins. Experiments using inhibitors have reported that all of these proteases are deeply involved in cancer.
- collagenase cleaves type I, II, and III collagen molecules, which are fibrous collagens, at specific sites.
- gelatinase A gelatinase A
- MMP-9 gelatinase B
- Gelati ⁇ "Ize is also called type IV collagenase, the ability to degrade type IV collagen, which is the main component of the basement membrane. It also degrades type V collagen and elastin.
- MMP-9 does not degrade laminin and fibronectin, but MMP-2 degrades them.
- Stromelysin (MMP-3, 10) is a broad substrate.
- MMP-7 Matrilysin
- MMP-7 is a molecule that does not have hemopexin domain
- Substrate specificity is the same as that of MMP-3, especially high degradation activity against proteodalycan and elastin
- Membrane-type MMP (MT-MMP) (MT1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 -MMP) is transmembrane MT-Haku has an insertion sequence (approximately 10 amino acids) between the propeptide domain and the active site, which contains Arg- Xaa- Lys- Arg (Xaa is any amino acid).
- HT1-MMP degrades type I, II, and III collagen, and MT3-conceals type III collagen.
- MMP overexpression has been found to occur extensively in cancer cells. They can be divided into expression by cancer itself and cancer stromal cells.
- collagenase that degrades interstitial collagen MMP is involved in the invasion of cancer cells, and its activity level is correlated with metastatic potential in colorectal cancer etc. (Wooley, DE, Cancer Metastasis Rev. 3: 361) Tarin, D. et al., Br. J. Cancer 46: 266-278, 1982) and type IV collagenases (MMP-2, MMP-9) are found in various epithelial cancers.
- There is a high correlation between activity and metastatic potential Liotta, LA and Stetler-Stevenson, WG, Semin. Cancer Biol.
- PLGLW AR Bosset, DM et al. (1993) Anal. Biochem. 212, 58—64
- GPLGMRGL Deng, SJ et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275) , 31422-31427)
- PQGLEAK Beekman, B. et al. (1996) FEBS Lett. 390, 221-225
- RPKPVEWREAK Beekman, B. et al. (1997) FEBS Lett. 418, 305-309
- PLALWAR Jacobsen, EJ et al. (1 999) J. Med. Chem. 42, 1525-1536).
- PLGMWS as degradation substrate for MMP-2 and 9
- phage-displayed peptide library screening was performed by MMP9 (Kridel, SJ et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 20572-20578), MMP2 (Chen, EI et al. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 4485-4491), MT1-MMP (Kridel, SJ et al • (2002) J. Biol. Chem. In JBC Papers in Press, April 16, 2002, Manusscript M111574200).
- Group IV is a sequence that specifically degrades to MT1-MMP.
- VFSIPL and IKYHS sequences cannot be degraded by MMP9 and MMP2, but can only be degraded by MT-MMP.
- the cleavage sequence of MMP9 includes Pro-X-X-Hy (X is an arbitrary residue, Hy represents a hydrophobic residue), and Pro-X-X-Hy- (Ser / Thr) is particularly preferable. More specifically, Pro-Arg- (Ser / Thr) -Hy- (Ser / Thr) can be exemplified (cutting occurs between X-Hy).
- hydrophobic residues examples include, but are not limited to, Leu, Val, Tyr, lie, Phe, Trp, and Met. Alternatively, other cleavage sequences have been identified
- M P2 may be Pro-X-X-Hy described above, and (Ile / Leu) -XX-Hy, Hy-Ser-X-Leu, His-XX-Hy, etc. can be exemplified.
- Group I, II, III, IV in the following literature; Chen, EI et al. (2002) J. Biol. Chem.
- MMP-7 concealment-1
- MMP -2 hidden-9
- Hiring P-3 Marleukin-1
- MMP-14 Marleukin-1
- MMP-14 Marleukin-1
- MMP-14 Marleukin-1
- MMP-14 Marleukin-1
- H. Matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs (Oxford Iniversity Press, Oxford, UK, 2000); Fernandez-Patron, C. et al., Circ. Res. 85: 906-911, 1999; Nakamura, H. et al., J. Biol. Chem. '275: 38885-38890, 2000
- Mc Quibban G et al., Science 289: 1202-1206, 2000
- Sasaki T. et al., J.
- MMP-1 is VPMS-MRGG
- MMP-3 includes RPFS-MIMG
- MMP-7 includes VPLS-LTMG
- MTl-MMP includes, but is not limited to, IPES-LRAG.
- PLAY AR Nezel-Amett, S. et al., Anal. Biochem. 195: 86, 1991
- MMP-8 Various synthetic substrates for MMP are available and their sequences can be compared (see, for example, the MMP Substrate in the Calbiochem catalog, Merk).
- MMP activity in tissues is regulated during the production of latent enzymes, activation of latent enzymes, and inhibition by inhibitors of active enzymes. Developmental ovulation, fertilization, endometrium It is involved in various physiological phenomena such as implantation into the wound and wound healing.
- MMP-2 gelatinase
- MT1-MMP gelatinase
- MMP-9 plasmin made from plasminogen by uPA, the ProMMP- 3 active I arsenide, a ctive MMP-3 is present the route to activate the P roMMP-9, This pathway is involved in cancer metastasis.
- the vector of the present invention is particularly useful to introduce a sequence cleaved by a protease involved in cancer metastasis into the cleavage site of F protein.
- proteases include MMP-2, MMP-9, uPA, MMP-3, and MT1-MMP, and particularly include MMP-2, MMP-9, and uPA.
- a modified F protein is a protein that is cleaved by a target protease when expressed in a cell and maintains the F membrane fusion action.
- the N-terminus after cleavage is labeled with within 5 amino acids, preferably within 4 amino acids, and more preferably within 3 amino acids (eg 1, 2, or 3 amino acids) compared to wild-type F1.
- addition of Met-Thr-Ser (SEQ ID NO: 1) to the N-terminus of the F1 fragment of the modified F protein does not impair the cell membrane fusion reaction after cleavage by MMP There was found. Therefore, it is preferable to design the cleavage sequence so that Met-Thr-Ser or a conservative substitution sequence thereof, or an amino acid consisting of a partial sequence thereof is added to the N-terminus of F1 after cleavage.
- a conservative substitution refers to a substitution between amino acids whose side chain chemical properties are similar. Specifically, Met is substituted with lie or Val, Thr is substituted with Ser or Ala, and Ser is substituted with Ala, Asn, or Thr. The amino acid substitution at each position may be performed independently.
- the sequence corresponding to one or several amino acids at the C terminus of the F2 fragment of the original F protein is appropriately deleted, and Pro-Leu / Gin-Gly is inserted (ie, replaced).
- the amino acids to be deleted can be selected, for example, within the range of 0 to 10 amino acids, with the same number of amino acids inserted (for example, 3 amino acids).
- Protea The F protein can be prepared so that the N-terminus of F1 is directly ligated downstream of Pro-Leu / Gln-Gly, as long as the cleavage and membrane fusion processes are not hindered.
- the cleavage sequence and the F1 fragment are preferably ligated via an appropriate spacer.
- the cleavage sequence containing such a spacer is particularly preferably Pro-Leu / Gln-Gly-Met-Thr-Ser (SEQ ID NO: 3) or Pro-Leu / Gln-Gly-Mly-Met-Thr. And a sequence containing (SEQ ID NO: 4). Met, Thr, and Ser may be conservatively substituted with other amino acids.
- 1 to 10 residues for example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 residues, that are consecutive in the N-terminal direction from the C-terminal amino acid in F2 after cleavage are Pro- Leu
- a modified F protein substituted with a sequence such as / Gln-Gly-Met-Thr-Ser or Pro-Leu / Gln-Gly-Met-Thr can be mentioned as a preferred protein.
- the wild-type F protein has a sequence corresponding to the C-terminal 4 amino acids of the F2 fragment (typically 113 Pro-Gln-Ser-Arg 116 1 depending on the strain) ( An F protein in which SEQ ID NO: 5) is replaced with Pro-Leu / Gln_Gly-Met-Thr-Ser can be exemplified.
- the sequence exemplified above (Pro-Leu / Gln-Gly_Met-Thr-Ser or Pro-Leu / Gln-Gly-Met-Thr) is supported as a preferred example.
- the F protein cleavage site is preferably Pro-XX-Hy-Thr / Ser, more preferably a sequence containing Pro-XX-Hy-Thr / Ser-Thr / Ser ("Thr / Ser" is either Thr or Ser) Represents).
- Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Trp-Ala and Pro-Gin-Gly-Leu-Tyr-Ala which are not applicable to Pro-XX-Hy-Thr / Ser, are not preferred (FIG. 44). If a peptide matching the Pro-X-X-Hy-Thr / Ser sequence is incorporated into the F protein cleavage site, a vector exhibiting high invasive potential in the presence of MMP can be produced.
- cleavage sequences include sequences cleaved by a plasminogen activator.
- examples include a sequence containing Va 1-Gly-Arg as a cleavage sequence of uPA and tPA.
- the F protein is designed so that this sequence is at the C-terminus of the F2 fragment after cleavage of the modified F protein.
- the sequence containing the C-terminal amino acid of the F2 fragment after cleavage of the wild-type F protein may be replaced with a sequence containing Val-Gly-Arg (SEQ ID NO: 6).
- 1 to 10 residues for example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 residues from the C-terminal amino acid of F2 after cleavage to the N-terminal direction are Va ⁇ Gly-Arg or A modified F protein substituted with a sequence containing this can be mentioned as a preferred protein.
- Sendai virus F protein as an example, the sequence corresponding to the C-terminal 3 amino acids of the F2 fragment in the wild-type F protein (typically 11 4 Gln-Ser-Arg 116 1 depending on the strain) (SEQ ID NO: An F protein in which 7) is substituted with Val-Gly-Arg can be exemplified.
- an assembly system using a plasmid vector can be used (Example 31). That is, a plasmid vector expressing the modified F protein is tranfected into cells and cultured in the presence of protease to detect syncytium formation. The modified F protein encoded by the plasmid that forms syncytium is judged to be cleaved by the protease and exhibit fusion ability.
- HT1080 cells that express MMP can be used to assess F protein that is cleaved by MMP.
- MMP may be added to the culture system. This Atsy system developed in the present invention is used. If so, it is possible to easily obtain a modified F protein having fusion ability.
- the modified F protein provided by the present invention has the ability to show cell fusion ability depending on a specific protease.
- this protein it is possible to create viral vectors that cause cell fusion or specifically infect only in the presence of the protease, or drug / gene delivery vectors such as liposomes.
- the F gene of the adenovirus vector (Galanis, E. et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 12, 811-821 (2001)) carrying the F, HN gene is modified to be cleaved by a protease expressed in cancer.
- By loading the protein gene it is possible to develop a vector that causes cell fusion in the presence of a specific protease.
- the present invention also provides a paramyxovirus vector comprising a modified F protein having enhanced cell fusion ability due to deletion of a cytoplasmic domain.
- This modified F protein has 0 to 28, more preferably 1 to 27, more preferably 4 to 27 amino acids in the cytoplasmic domain. It is an F protein from which some amino acids of the cytoplasmic domain have been deleted.
- the cytoplasmic domain is the domain on the cytoplasm side of the membrane protein, and in the F protein, it is the C-terminal region of the transmembrane (TM) region (see Fig. 42).
- TM transmembrane
- an F protein having 6 to 20, more preferably 10 to 16, more preferably 13 to 15 amino acids as a cytoplasmic domain has a significantly higher cell fusion ability than a wild type F protein.
- Paramyxovirus vectors containing genes encoding these cytoplasmic domain-deficient F proteins in the genome have higher cell fusion ability than normal vectors, and thus can more strongly invade surrounding cells. If the cleavage site of this F protein is modified as described in the present specification, a vector exhibiting a high invasive force can be obtained only in the presence of a specific protease.
- this book is related to a fusion protein of two spike proteins of paramyxovirus.
- Paramyxoviruses have proteins that are thought to function in cell fusion (called F proteins) and proteins that are thought to function in adhesion to cells (called HN or H).
- F proteins proteins that are thought to function in cell fusion
- HN or H proteins that are thought to function in adhesion to cells
- F protein proteins that are thought to function in adhesion to cells
- HN or H proteins that are thought to function in adhesion to cells
- a protein in which part or all of the cytoplasmic domain of the F protein has been deleted may be fused to the H (or H) protein.
- the length from the downstream of the TM region of the F protein to the HN (or H) protein is 5 residues or more, more preferably 10 residues or more, more preferably 14 residues or more, more preferably 20 residues. That's it.
- an appropriate length linker peptide is added to the C-terminal of the F protein part to adjust the length. Is preferred.
- a protein fused with HN or H) protein via an arbitrary linker peptide to a cytoplasmic domain deletion type F protein having a cytoplasmic domain of 14-residue F protein is preferably used. It can.
- the length of the linker peptide can be, for example, about 50 residues.
- the amino acid sequence of the linker peptide is not particularly limited, but a polypeptide having no significant physiological activity is preferable. For example, a polypeptide as exemplified in FIG. 43 (SEQ ID NO: 80) can be used.
- recombinant viral vectors can be prepared according to methods well known to those skilled in the art. For example, most commonly producing adenovirus base Kuta one utilized such as gene therapy, Saito et al. Methods Contact Yopi other (Miyake et al., 1 9 96, Proc. Natl . Acad. S ci. USA, 93 vol. Kanegae et al., 1996, Acta Paediatr. Jpn N 38, 182-1 88; Kanegae et al., Biomanual Series 4-gene transfer and expression and analysis method, 1994, 43-58, sheep Company: Kanegae et al., 1994, Cell Engineering, Vol. 13, No. 8, pp. 757-763).
- retrovirus vectors Wang et al., 1995, protein nucleic acid enzyme, 40, 2508-2513
- adeno-associated virus vectors Temayori et al., 1995, protein nucleic acid enzyme, 40 ⁇ , 2532-2538
- JP-B 6-34727 and JP-B 6-505626 are known as methods for producing recombinant papillomavirus.
- JP-A-5-308975 is known as a method for producing a recombinant adeno-associated virus.
- JP-T 6-508039 is known.
- the gene (M gene) encoding the M (matrix) protein is mutated or deleted.
- the virus protein is released by modifying the cleavage site of the F protein poor to a sequence that can be cleaved by other proteases, and further mutating or deleting the M gene to suppress the ability to form particles.
- a completely new and unique vector has been developed that infiltrates the vector in a cell population expressing a specific protease.
- M gene These mutations eliminate or significantly reduce the particle-forming activity in the host environment. Such mutations can be identified in cells expressing this M protein by a decrease in cell surface aggregation of the protein (see Examples).
- the deletion of the M protein is most effective when modifying the secondary release particles, that is, for the purpose of suppressing VLP release.
- Sendai virus Sendai virus
- VSV vesicular stomatitis virus
- VLP virus like p article
- VLP is produced by strong expression of only M protein (Coronel, EC et al., J. Virol. 73; 7035-7038).
- the specific role of the M protein for virion formation can be summarized as follows.
- the field of virion formation is a field called Lipid rafts on the cell membrane (Simons, K. and Ikonen, E. Nature 387; 569-572 (19 97)), originally It was identified as a lipid fraction insoluble in nonionic surfactants such as Triton X-100 (Brown, DA and Rose, JK Cell 68; 533-544 (1992)).
- Influenza virus Ali, A. et al., J. Virol. 74; 8709-8719 (2000)
- Measles virus Measles virus (MeV: Manie, SN et al., J. Virol.
- the M protein binds to the cytoplasmic tail of the spike protein, which is known to affect influenza virus (Zhang, J. et al., J. Virol. 74; 4634-4644 (2000)) and SeV (Sanderson, C M. et al., J. Virol. 67; 651-663 (1993)), etc., and binding to RNP is also possible with influenza virus (Ruigrok, RW et ah, Virology 173; 311-316 (1989). )), Nora influenza virus and SeV (Coronel, EC et al., J. Virol. 75; 1117-1123 (2001)).
- VLP formation is reduced to 1/30 in the G protein deletion type (Mebatsion, T. et al., Cell 84; 941-951 (1996)), M protein deletion It was reported that the mold decreased to 1 / 500,000 or less (Mebatsion, T. et al., J. Virol. 73; 242-250 (1999)).
- measles virus measles virus
- cell-to-cell fusion is enhanced in the M protein deletion type (Cathomen, T.
- SeV F and HN are in the secretory pathway (ie, present in the Golgi apparatus, etc.), it is shown that the Cytoplasmic tail of each (F and ⁇ ) is bound to the M protein. (Sanderson, C M. et al., J. Virol. 67; 651-663 (1993), Sanderson, C M. et al., J. Virol. 68; 69-76 (1994)).
- M protein in order for M protein to be efficiently transported to lipid rafts on the cell membrane where virions are formed, binding to the F and the Cytoplasmic tail of ⁇ is important. It is expected that it is transported to the cell membrane in the form of riding on the F and HN secretion pathway. Thus, the M protein plays an essential role in the formation of viral particles.
- a mutant M protein gene that loses aggregation of the M protein on the cell membrane, a betater that does not have the ability to form particles. Can be created.
- Detection of M protein localization in cells can be carried out by a method using cell fractionation, a method in which the localization of M protein is directly detected by immunostaining, and the like.
- immunostaining for example, M protein can be stained using a fluorescently labeled antibody and observed under a confocal laser microscope.
- a cell fraction is obtained by a known cell fractionation method, and the fraction containing M protein is identified by immunoprecipitation using an antibody against M protein or Western plotting. Can be examined.
- the field of virion formation is called lipid rafts on the cell membrane, which is a lipid fraction insoluble in nonionic surfactants such as Triton X-100.
- a virus vector having a mutated M gene preferably has a particle-forming ability in the host environment of 1/5 or less, more preferably 1/10 or less, more preferably 1/30 or less, more preferably 1/50 or less, More preferably, it is 1/100 or less, more preferably 1/300 or less, more preferably 1/500 or less.
- the vector of the present invention substantially loses the ability to produce virus particles in the host environment.
- Substantial loss means that no production of viral particles in the host environment is detected.
- the virus particle is 10 3 / ml or less, preferably 10 2 / ml or less, more preferably lOVml or less.
- virus particles can be confirmed directly with an electron microscope. Alternatively, it can be detected and quantified using a nucleic acid or protein contained in the virus as an indicator. For example, a general nucleic acid test such as PCR is performed on genomic nucleic acid contained in a virus particle. Detection and quantification may be performed by an extraction method. Alternatively, a viral particle having a foreign gene can be quantified by infecting the cell with a cell and detecting the expression of the gene. Non-infectious virus particles can be quantified by introducing them into cells in combination with a transfection reagent and detecting gene expression. In the present invention, virus particles include particles that do not have infectivity, and include, for example, VLP.
- virus titer is determined by, for example, CIU (Cell-Infected Unit) measurement or hemagglutination activity (HA) measurement.
- CIU Cell-Infected Unit
- HA hemagglutination activity
- the host environment is the wild type of paramyxovirus from which the target vector is derived. Refers to the environment in the host where it normally grows in nature or an environment that produces viral propagation equivalent to it.
- the host environment can be, for example, optimal growth conditions for the virus. If it is a paramyxovirus hosted by a mammal animal, it refers to the mammal's living body or equivalent environment.
- the temperature is about 37-38 ° C. (eg 37 ° C.) corresponding to the body of a mammal.
- vitro, normal cell culture conditions, in particular serum-containing or a free medium (pH 6. 5 ⁇ 7. 5) is 37 ° C, 5% C0 2 , under humidity environment culture environment Can be mentioned.
- conditional mutation refers to a mutation that is loss of function in the host environment but is active in a certain environment.
- a gene encoding a temperature-sensitive mutant M protein that loses little or no function at 37 ° C but recovers its function under low-temperature conditions can be preferably used.
- a temperature-sensitive mutation is a mutation whose activity is significantly reduced at high temperatures (eg, 37 ° C) compared to low temperatures (eg, 32 ° C).
- the present inventors succeeded in producing virus particles having a dramatically reduced particle-forming ability at 37 ° C. corresponding to the host environment, using a temperature-sensitive mutant of M protein.
- This mutant M protein shows aggregation on the cell surface under low temperature conditions (for example, 32 ° C) and forms virus particles. However, at the normal temperature in the host body (37 ° C), the agglutination is lost and virus particles are lost. Cannot be formed.
- a vector having in its genome a nucleic acid encoding such a temperature-sensitive mutant M protein is suitable as the vector of the present invention.
- Conditional mutation In a viral vector encoding an M protein, the M protein functions to form virus particles by allowing the vector to replicate under conditions that allow the M protein to function, that is, permissive conditions. When virus particles produced in this way are infected under normal circumstances, the M protein cannot function and does not form particles.
- the temperature-sensitive mutation of the M gene is not particularly limited.
- a small number selected from the group consisting of Sendai virus M protein G69, T116, and A183. Includes mutations in at least one, preferably two, and more preferably all three amino acid sites, or other homologous sites in other (-) RNA viruses M proteins A thing can be used suitably.
- G69 is the 69th amino acid Gly of the M protein
- T116 is the 116th amino acid Thr of the M protein
- A183 is the 183rd amino acid Ala of the M protein.
- the gene that encodes the M protein is widely conserved in the (-) thigh virus, and is known to have a function of interacting with both the nucleopower pseudoid and the envelope of the virus ( Garoff, H. et al., Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62: 117-190 (1998)).
- 104-119 (104-KACTDLRITVRRTVRA-119 SEQ ID NO: 45), which is predicted to be amphiphilic ⁇ -helix in the SeV M protein, has been identified as an important region for particle formation (Genevieve Mottet et al., J. Gen. Virol.
- the amino acid sequence of the M protein is similar to that of the (-)-strand RNA virus.
- the known M protein in the Paramyxovirus subfamily is a basic protein consisting of approximately 330 to 380 amino acids in total length. Similarity across regions, but particularly high in the C-terminal half (Gould, AR Virus Res. 43: 17-31 (1996), Harcourt, BH et al., Virology 271: 334-349 ( 2000)).
- amino acids homologous to G69, T116, and A183 of SeV M protein can be easily identified.
- the amino acid of the homologous site of the other (one) thigh virus ⁇ protein corresponding to SeV M protein G69, ⁇ 16, and A183 can be obtained by a person skilled in the art using, for example, a homology search program for amino acid sequences such as BLAST (alignment). It can be identified by aligning with the amino acid of SeVM protein using alignment creation program such as CLUSTAL W.
- a homology search program for amino acid sequences such as BLAST (alignment). It can be identified by aligning with the amino acid of SeVM protein using alignment creation program such as CLUSTAL W.
- the homologous site of each M protein corresponding to G69 of SeV M protein is G69 for human parainfluenza virus-1 (HPIV-1) (the parentheses are abbreviations) and human parainfluenza virus-3 (HPIV-3).
- homologous sites of each M protein corresponding to T116 of SeV M protein are T116 for human parainfluenza virus-1 (HPIV-1), T120 for human parainfluenza virus-3 (HPIV-3), pho T104 for cine distemper virus (PDV) and canine distemper virus (CDV), T105 for dolphin molbillivirus (DMV), peste-des-petits- ruminants vir us (PDPR), measles virus (MV) and rinderpest T104 for virus (RPV), T120 for Hendra virus (Hendra) and ⁇ Nipah virus (Nipah), human parainflu enza virus-2 (HPIV-2) and simian parainfluenza virus 5 (SV5) T117 if human parainfluenza virus-4a (HPIV-4a) and human parainfluenza virus-4b (HPIV-4b), Tl19 if mumps virus (Mumps), Newcastle disea se virus (NDV) If so, S120 is mentioned.
- the homologous site of each M protein corresponding to A183 of SeV M protein is A183 for human parainfluenza virus-1 (HPIV-1), F187, phocine distemper, which is not human parainfluenza virus-3 (HPIV-3) Y171 for vir us (PDV) and canine distemper virus (CDV), Y172 for dolphin molbilliv irus (DMV), peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PDPR), measles virus (MV) and rinderpest virus YRP for (RPV), Y187 for Hendra virus (Hendra) and O ⁇ Nipah virus (Nipah), Y18'4 for human parainfluenza virus-2 (HPIV-2), simian parainfluenza virus 5 (SV5 ) F184, human par ainfluenza virus-4a (HPIV-4a) and human parainfluenza virus-4b (HPIV-4b) F188, mumps virus (Mumps) F186, Newcastle disease virus
- white matter has any one of the above-mentioned three sites, preferably a combination of any two sites, and more preferably all three sites have amino acids substituted with other amino acids.
- amino acids include basic amino acids (eg lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic amino acids (eg aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar amino acids (eg glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), non- Polar amino acids (eg, alanine, parin, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan),] 3 branched amino acids (eg, threonine, parin, isoleucine), and aromatic amino acids (eg, tyrosine, phenol) Can be classified into groups such as Ruarayun, Tryptophan, Histidine), etc., for example, replacing an amino acid with an amino acid other than the amino acid of the group to which
- substitution with acidic or neutral amino acids for basic amino acids substitution with nonpolar amino acids for polar amino acids, molecular weights greater than the average molecular weight of 20 natural amino acids.
- substitution with an amino acid smaller than the average molecular weight is possible if it has an amino acid
- substitution with an amino acid larger than that is possible if the amino acid is smaller than the average molecular weight For example, a mutation selected from the group consisting of G69E, T116A, and A183S in Sendai virus M protein, or another paramyxovirus M protein containing a mutation at a position homologous thereto can be used.
- G69E is a mutation in which the 69th amino acid Gly of the M protein is substituted with Glu
- ⁇ 16 ⁇ is a mutation in which the 116th amino acid Thr force la of the M protein is substituted
- A183S is;
- This is the mutation that is replaced by the second amino acid Ala force er. That is, the homologous sites of Sendai virus M protein G69, T116, and A183 or other viral sputum proteins can be substituted with Glu (E), Ala (A), and Ser (S), respectively.
- These mutations It is preferable to have a combination, and it is particularly preferable to retain all three mutations.
- Mutation can be introduced into the M gene according to a known mutation introduction method. For example, as described in the Examples, it can be introduced using an oligonucleotide having the desired mutation.
- P253-505 (Morikawa, Y. et al., Kitasa to Arch. Exp. Med., 64; 15; 30 (1991)) may be used. It is also possible to replace the 104th Thr of the measles virus M protein corresponding to the 116th Thr of the SeV M protein or the 119th Thr of the Mumps virus M protein with another amino acid (for example, Ala). Good.
- the vector of the present invention is deficient in the M gene.
- M gene deficiency means that the function of the M3 ⁇ 4 gene is lost, and includes the case of having an M gene having a loss-of-function type mutation and the case of deleting the M gene.
- a function-deficient mutation of the M gene can be produced, for example, by deleting the protein coding sequence of the M gene or inserting another sequence. For example, a stop codon can be designed in the middle of the M protein coding sequence (TO00 / 09700). Most preferably, the vector of this effort is completely deleted of the coding sequence of the M protein.
- a vector lacking the 0RF of the M protein loses the ability to form viral particles under any conditions, unlike a vector encoding a conditional mutation M protein.
- a cDNA encoding paramyxovirus genomic RNA in the presence of viral proteins necessary for reconstitution of RP containing paramyxovirus genomic RNA, ie, N, P, and L proteins. Is transferred. Transcription can generate a negative-strand genome (ie, the same antisense strand as the viral genome), or a positive strand (sense strand encoding a viral protein) can reconstitute a viral RNP. it can. In order to increase the efficiency of vector reconstitution, positive strands are preferably generated. RNA ends are the natural viral genome and Similarly, it is preferable to accurately reflect the ends of the 3 ′ leader sequence and the 5 ′ trailer sequence.
- a T7 RA polymerase recognition sequence may be used as a transcription initiation site and the RA polymerase may be expressed in the cell.
- the 3' end of the transcript can be encoded with a self-cleaving ribozyme so that the 3 'can be accurately cut out (Hasan, MK et al., J. Gen. Virol. 78: 2813—2820, 1997, Kato, A. et al., 1997, EMBO J. 16: 578-587 and Yu, D. et al., 1997, Genes Cells 2: 457-466).
- a cloning site can be designed to insert foreign genes into cDNA encoding genomic RNA.
- the site may be, for example, a desired position in a protein non-coding region of the genome, specifically 3, between the leader region and the viral protein 0RF closest to 3 ′, between each viral protein 0RF, And / or can be inserted between the 5 'nearest viral protein 0RF and the 5' trailer region.
- a cloning site can be designed in the deleted region.
- the cloning site can be, for example, a restriction enzyme recognition sequence.
- the cloning site may be a so-called multi-cloning site having a plurality of restriction enzyme recognition sequences. Cloning sites may exist in multiple locations in the genome, so that multiple foreign genes can be inserted at different locations in the genome.
- a DNA sample containing the cDNA sequence of the target foreign gene When integrating a foreign gene, first prepare a DNA sample containing the cDNA sequence of the target foreign gene. It is preferable that the DNA sample can be confirmed as a single plasmid by electrophoresis at a concentration of 25 ng // _ il or more.
- viral genomic RNA is obtained using the Notl site.
- An example will be described where a foreign gene is inserted into the encoded DNA. If the target cDNA base sequence contains a Notl recognition site, use a site-specific mutagenesis method, etc. to modify the base sequence so that the encoded amino acid sequence is not changed, and remove the Notl site in advance. It is preferable to keep it.
- the gene fragment of interest is amplified from this sample by PCR and recovered.
- both ends of the amplified fragment are used as Notl sites. Include the EIS sequence or its part in the primer so that the E-1-S sequence is placed between the 0RF of the foreign gene after insertion into the viral genome and the 0RF of the viral gene on both sides of the viral gene. To do.
- the synthetic DNA sequence on the forward side may have any 2 or more nucleotides on the 5 ′ side to ensure cleavage by Notl (preferably 4 bases that do not contain sequences derived from Notl recognition sites such as GCG and GCC, (Preferably ACTT) is selected, a Notl recognition site gcggccgc is added to the 3 'side, and any 9 bases or a multiple of 6 to 9 is added as a spacer sequence to the 3' side.
- the synthetic DNA sequence on the reverse side select any 2 or more nucleotides from the 5 'side (preferably 4 bases not including sequences derived from Notl recognition sites such as GC G and GCC, more preferably A CTT). Add the Notl recognition site gcggccgc on the 'side, and add the oligo DNA of the inserted fragment to adjust the length on the 3' side.
- the length of this oligo T) NA is designed so that the chain length of the Notl fragment of the final PCR amplification product containing the E-IS sequence is a multiple of 6 (so-called “rule of 6 (rule of six) J; Kolakofski, D. et al., J. Virol.
- PCR For PCR, a conventional method using Taq polymerase or other DNA polymerase can be used.
- the amplified fragment of interest is digested with Notl and inserted into the NotI site of the plasmid vector — pBluescript. Confirm the base sequence of the obtained PCR product with a sequencer and select a plasmid with the correct sequence.
- the insert is excised from this plasmid with Notl and cloned into the Notl site of the plasmid containing the genomic cDNA. It is also possible to obtain a recombinant Sendai virus cDNA by directly inserting into the Notl site without using a plasmid vector.
- recombinant Sendai virus genomic cDNA can be constructed according to literature methods (Yu, D. et al., Genes Cells 2: 457-466, 1997; Ha san, MK et al. , J. Gen. Virol. 78: 2813-2820, 1997).
- an 18 bp spacer sequence (5 '-(G) -CGGCCGCAGATCTTCACG-3') (SEQ ID NO: 10) with a Notl restriction site was added to the cloned Sendai virus genomic cDNA (pSeV (+)).
- a plasmid pSeVl 8 + b (+) containing a self-cleaving liposomal site derived from the antigenomic strand of hepatitis delta virus is obtained by inserting between the leader sequence and 0RF of the N protein (Hasan, MK et al., 1997, J. General Virology 78: 2813-2820).
- the cDNA encoding the genomic RNA is digested with restriction enzymes, and the fragment containing the M gene is recovered and cloned into an appropriate plasmid.
- M gene mutations or M gene deletion sites are constructed on this plasmid.
- the QuikChange TM Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) is used for mutation introduction.
- a PCR-ligation method may be used in combination, and all or part of the 0RF of the M gene may be deleted and linked with an appropriate spacer sequence.
- a virus genomic cDNA carrying a mutation in the M gene is prepared by collecting the fragment containing this and replacing it with the M gene of the original full-length genomic cDNA. Can do.
- mutations can be introduced into, for example, the F and / or H genes.
- the vector of the present invention can be reconstructed by transcribing the DNA encoding the genomic RNA in a cell in the presence of the above-mentioned viral protein.
- the present invention provides a dish encoding the viral genomic RNA of the vector of the present invention for the production of the vector of the present invention!).
- the present invention also relates to the use of DNA encoding the genomic RNA of the vector for application to the production of the vector of the present invention. Reconstitution of the virus from the genomic cDNA of the minus-strand RNA virus can be performed using known methods (W 097/16539; TO97 / 16538; Durbin, AP et al., 1997, Virology 235: 323-332). ;
- RNA virus or a RP that constitutes a virus component, such as Paline fluenza, vesicular stomatitis virus, rabies virus, measles virus, Linda-pest virus, Sendai virus, etc.
- the vector of the present invention can be reconfigured according to these methods.
- the specific procedure is as follows: (a) Paramyxovirus genomic RNA (negative strand RNA) ) Or a cDNA encoding the phase-trapping agent (positive strand) in a cell expressing N, P, and L proteins, (b) a complex containing the genomic RNA from the cell or its culture supernatant
- the process of recovering the body can be used for manufacturing.
- the transcribed genomic RNA is replicated in the presence of N, L, and P proteins to form an RNP complex.
- the vector of the present invention can be produced in the form of RNP even in the absence of a functional M protein.
- Enzymes such as T7 RNA polymerase that are required for transcription of the initial genomic RNA from DNA can be carried out by introducing a plasmid vector that expresses it, or, for example, by placing this gene in the chromosome of a cell. It can also be supplied by inducing expression and inducing expression during virus reconstitution. Genomic RNA and viral proteins necessary for vector reconstruction are supplied, for example, by introducing plasmids that express them. In the supply of these viral proteins, it is possible to use a helper virus such as a wild type or some mutant paramyxovirus, but this is not preferable because it causes the contamination of these viruses.
- Examples of methods for introducing genomic RNA-expressing DNA into cells include the following: (1) a method for preparing a DNA precipitate that can be taken up by the target cell; (2) suitable for uptake by the target cell; A method of creating a complex containing positively charged DNA with low cytotoxicity, 3 A method of instantaneously opening a hole in the target cell membrane enough to allow DNA molecules to pass through, etc. is there.
- transfection reagents can be used.
- D0TMA Roche
- Superfect QIAGEN # 301305
- D0TAP D0TAP
- DOPE DOSPER
- the transfection method used was used, and the DNA that entered the cells by this method was taken up by phagocytic vesicles.
- a sufficient amount of DNA enters the nucleus (Graham, F. and an d Van. Der Eb, J., 1973, Virology 52: 456; Wigler, M. and Silverstein , S.,
- Method (3) is called electroporation and is more versatile than methods (1) and (2) in that it has no cell selectivity. Efficiency is the duration of the pulse current. It is considered to be optimal under the optimal conditions of the shape of the pulse, the strength of the electric field (gap between electrodes, voltage), the conductivity of the buffer, the DNA concentration and the cell density.
- the method (2) among the three categories is easy to operate and can examine a large number of specimens using a large number of cells. Therefore, for introducing DNA into cells for vector reconstitution, Transfusion reagents are suitable.
- Transfusion reagents are suitable.
- Superfect Transfection Ragent QIAGEN, Cat No. 301305
- DOSPER Liposomal Transfecti on Reagent Roche, Cat No. 1811169
- virus vector reconstitution from cDNA is not limited to these. Specifically, for example, it can be performed as follows. ''
- N, P, and the quantity ratio of the expression vector encoding the L 2: 1: is preferably 2, amount of the plasmid, for example, the 1 ⁇ 4 ⁇ ⁇ pGEM - N, of 0. 5 ⁇ 2 ⁇ g pGEM- Adjust appropriately with P and about 1 to 4 ⁇ g of pGEM-L.
- Transfected cells may contain 100 ⁇ g / ml rifampicin if desired.
- cytosine arabinoside (Sigma) and cytosine arabinoside (AraC), more preferably g / ml cytosine arabinoside (AraC) (Sigma) containing only clotting-free MEM to minimize cytotoxicity of vaccinia virus Retain the optimal drug concentration to maximize virus recovery (Kato, A. et al., 1996, Genes Cells 1: 569-579). After culturing for 48 to 72 hours after transfection, collect the cells, crush the cells by repeating freeze-thaw three times, and then cultivate the rupture containing RNP again in LLC-MK2 cells. Transfusion can be introduced into cells in the form of a complex with, for example, lipophthalamine or polycationic liposome.
- transfection reagents can be used. Examples include DOTMA (Roche), Superfect (QIAGEN # 301305), D0TAP, DOPE, D0SPER (Roche # 1811169). To prevent degradation in endosomes, Kurochin can also be added (Calos, MP, 1983, Proc. Natl. Acad. S ci. USA 80: 3015).
- DOTMA Roche
- Superfect QIAGEN # 301305
- DOPE DOPE
- D0SPER Roche # 1811169
- Kurochin can also be added (Calos, MP, 1983, Proc. Natl. Acad. S ci. USA 80: 3015).
- Vaccinia virus vT T-3 can be completely removed by diluting the resulting cell lysate and repeating reamplification. Re-amplification is repeated 3 times, for example.
- the obtained RNP can be stored at -80 ° C.
- the host cell used for reconstitution is not particularly limited.
- cultured cells such as monkey kidney-derived LLC MK2 cells and CV-1 cells, hamster kidney-derived BHK cells, human-derived cells, and the like can be used.
- infectious virus particles containing the protein in the envelope can be obtained.
- the present invention provides a method for producing the vectors of the present invention as viral particles. Viral particles are more stable in solution than RNPs, and because they are infectious, they can be introduced into target cells simply by contacting the cells without the need for transfection reagents. It is particularly excellent for industrial use.
- One of the methods for producing the vector of the present invention as a virus particle is a method of reconstituting a virus under a permissive condition # using a virus genome having an M gene having a conditional mutation. That is, when culturing cells into which the above-mentioned step (a), or the complex obtained by the above-mentioned steps (a) and (b) has been introduced, the M protein is allowed to function and function by performing the treatment under permissive conditions. Can be formed.
- a method for producing a viral particle containing genomic RNA encoding an M mutant protein comprises: (i) a paramyxovirus N, P, and L protein in a cell under the permissive conditions of the M mutant protein, and A method of amplifying RP containing said genomic RA, and (ii) recovering virus particles released into the culture supernatant of said cells. For example, if it is a temperature-sensitive M mutant protein, culture it at an acceptable temperature.
- Another method for producing the vector of the present invention as a virus particle is a method using a helper cell expressing M protein.
- M helper cells By using M helper cells, the present inventors have modified the cleavage site of F protein into a sequence that can be cleaved by other proteases, and further produced a vector that mutates or deletes the M gene as a viral particle. It was. Since the method of the present invention does not require a helper virus such as a wild-type paramyxovirus, a virus capable of forming particles containing the M gene is not mixed, and the vector of the present invention can be prepared purely. Is possible.
- the present invention comprises (i) a paramyxovirus genome thigh, (a) a nucleic acid encoding an M protein has been mutated or deleted, and (b) a modified F protein, wherein the protein is cleaved.
- a viral particle having the ability to introduce the genomic RNA into a cell that comes into contact with the cell into which the particle has been introduced.
- the viral particle does not produce viral particles.
- Wild-type M protein may be derived from a paramyxovirus different from genomic RNA as long as it has the activity of forming virus particles.
- a tag peptide or the like may be added, and when expressed from an appropriate expression vector, a beta-derived linker peptide may be added.
- Viral particles produced from M-expressing cells contain the M protein expressed in this cell in the envelope, but do not contain the gene encoding this protein. Therefore, cells infected with this virus no longer express wild MM protein and can no longer form virus particles.
- a helper cell expressing M protein can be prepared as follows.
- an inducible promoter or a recombinant expression control system such as Cre / loxP is used.
- Cre / loxP-inducible expression plasmid for example, the plasmid pCALNdlw (Arai, T. et al., J. Virology 72, 1998, plll5) designed to induce the gene product by Cre DNA recombinase. -1121) etc. can be used.
- a helper cell line in which the M gene is integrated into the chromosome and the M protein can be continuously expressed by induction.
- a helper cell line in which the M gene is integrated into the chromosome and the M protein can be continuously expressed by induction.
- monkey kidney-derived cell line LLC-MK2 cells can be used. LLC-MK2 cells are cultured at 37 ° C, 5% C0 in MEM supplemented with 10% heat-treated immobilized rabbit fetal serum (FBS), penicillin G sodium 50 units / ml, and streptomycin 50 / g / ml. Incubate in 2 .
- FBS immobilized rabbit fetal serum
- penicillin G sodium 50 units / ml penicillin G sodium 50 units / ml
- streptomycin 50 / g / ml streptomycin 50 / g / ml. Incubate in 2 .
- the above plasmid which is designed to induce and express the M gene product by Cre DNA recombinase, is introduced into LLC-MK2 cells according to a well-known protocol using the cannula phosphate method (mammalian transfection kit (Stratagene)). . '
- a 10cm plate after introducing 10 M expression plasmid in LLOMK2 cells grown to 40% Konfuruento, in at MEM medium containing 10% FBS in 10 ml, 5% C0 2 incubator one among 37 ° C 24 Incubate for hours. Remove cells after 24 hours After suspension in the ground, use 5 pieces of 10 cm petri dishes, spread 5 ml 1 piece, 2 ml 2 pieces, 0.2 ml 2 pieces, G4 18 (GIBC0-BRL) 10ml 10 ° / containing 1200 ⁇ g / ml. Incubate in MEM medium containing FBS, and culture for 14 days while changing the medium every 2 days. Cells that are resistant to G418 grown in the medium are collected using claw ring. Continue to expand each recovered clone until confluent on a 10cm plate.
- High expression of M protein in helper cells is important for recovering high-titer viruses.
- an M expression plasmid having a certain drug resistance marker gene is tranfected, and a cell that retains the M3 ⁇ 4 gene is selected using the drug, and then an M expression plasmid having another drug resistance marker gene is again used.
- By transfecting cells and selecting cells with this other drug resistance marker it is possible to select cells that can express M protein even higher than the cells selected in the first transfection. Is possible. In this manner, M helper cells constructed through two transfections can be suitably used.
- An M helper cell can produce infectious virus particles that are deficient in both F and M genes by simultaneously expressing the F gene (W003 / 025570).
- the F gene expression plasmid is also tranfected twice or more to further increase the F protein expression induction level.
- the F gene a modified F protein gene as described in the present specification can be used.
- the RNP of the present invention stagnated in these cells. May be introduced and cultured.
- RNP can be introduced, for example, by transfecting cell lysate containing RNP into M helper cells, or by co-culturing RNP-producing cells and M helper cells.
- RNP can be introduced into M helper cells by fusion.
- genomic RNA may be transcribed in M helper cells to form new RNPs in the presence of N, P, and L proteins.
- step (i) step of amplifying RNP with M helper cells
- step (i) step of amplifying RNP with M helper cells
- the temperature-sensitive mutant M protein it is necessary to perform the viral particle production process below the permissible temperature in the production of the vector.
- the virus particle It has been found that efficient particle formation can be achieved by performing the process of forming particles at a low temperature.
- the low temperature is 35 ° C or lower, more preferably 34 ° C or lower, more preferably 33 ° C or lower, and most preferably 32 ° C or lower.
- viral particles of the present ⁇ for example 1 X 10 5 CIU / mL or more, preferably 1 X 10 6 CIU / raL or more, more preferably 5 X 10 6 CIU / mL or more, more preferred properly is 1 X 10 7 CIU / mL or more, more preferably 5 X 10 7 CIU / mL or more, more preferably 1 X 10 8 CIU / mL or more, more preferably 5 X 10 8 CIU / raL more titer Can be released into the extracellular fluid of virus-producing cells. Viral titers can be measured by methods described elsewhere herein (Kiyotani, K. et al., Virology 177 (1), 65-74 (1990); W000 / 70070) .
- DNA encoding genomic RNA which can be positive or negative
- virus 3 ⁇ 4 white matter group ie NP, P, L, M, F, and H proteins
- B co-culturing the cell and a cell expressing an M gene integrated into the chromosome
- M helper cell co-culturing the cell and a cell expressing an M gene integrated into the chromosome
- M helper cell co-culturing the cell and a cell expressing an M gene integrated into the chromosome
- D integrating the extract into the chromosome
- a step of transfecting and culturing the expressed M gene-expressing cells M helper cells
- the step (d) is preferably performed under the low temperature conditions described above.
- the obtained virus particles can be amplified again (preferably at a low temperature) by infecting M helper cells again.
- the virus can be reconstituted according to the description in the Examples.
- the recovered virus particles can be amplified by infecting M helper cells again after dilution. This amplification process can be performed, for example, 2 or 3 times or more.
- the resulting virus stock can be stored at -80 ° C.
- Virus titer can be determined by measuring hemagglutination activity (HA). HA can be determined by the “endo-point dilution method”.
- LLC-MK2 cells are first seeded in a 100 mm petri dish at 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells / dish.
- genomic RNA is transcribed with T7 RNA polymerase, recombinant vaccinia virus (PLWUV-) expressing T7 polymerase treated with psoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light (365 nm) for 20 minutes after 24 hours of cell culture.
- PLWUV- recombinant vaccinia virus
- VacT7 Fuerst, TR et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 8122-8126 (1986)
- MOI 2 room temperature for 1 hour.
- plasmid that expresses genomic RNA
- an expression plasmid that expresses paramyxovirus N, P, L, F, and ⁇ proteins, respectively. Transfect the lever cells.
- the quantity ratio of plasmid can be, for example, 6: 2: 1: 2: 2: 2 in this order, but is not limited thereto.
- wash twice with MEM without serum 40 g / mL Cytosine j3 -D-arabinofuranoside (AraC: Sigma, St.
- the virus particle of the present invention is an infectious particle obtained by cleaving the modified F protein possessed by the virus particle, or infectious by treatment with a protease that cleaves the modified F protein. It may be a virus particle having a potential infectivity.
- the envelope of the virus particle contains a modified F protein encoded by the genome, but if the protein is not cleaved, it is not infectious as it is.
- Such a virus is treated with a protease capable of cleaving the cleavage sequence of the modified F protein, or is contacted with a cell or tissue in the presence of the protease, whereby the F protein is cleaved to acquire infectivity.
- an envelope protein that is not encoded by the virus genome can be expressed in cells, and virus particles containing this protein in the envelope can be produced.
- envelope proteins include An example is wild type F protein.
- the virus particles produced in this way encode a modified F protein in the genomic RNA, but also have a wild type F protein in addition to this protein in the envelope.
- wild-type F protein of the virus particle can be cleaved to gain infectivity.
- infectious virus particles can be prepared at a high titer without using a protease that cleaves the 5 female F protein.
- the virus particle of the present invention may be a virus particle containing a paramyxovirus wild-type F protein.
- the wild type F protein may be an envelope protein of other paramyxoviruses even if it is not derived from the same species as the viral genome.
- a virus particle having a desired virus envelope protein in its envelope may be prepared even if it is not a wild type F protein.
- a virus vector having this envelope protein can be produced by expressing the desired envelope protein in cells during virus reconstitution.
- VSV vesicular stomatitis virus
- the viral particles of the present invention include pseudo-liver vectors containing envelope proteins derived from viruses other than viruses derived from genomic RNA, such as VSV-G protein.
- the envelope protein is not encoded in the viral genomic RNA. Therefore, after the virus particles have infected the cells, this protein is not expressed from the viral vector. Absent.
- virus particles of the present invention have, for example, proteins such as adhesion factors, Gand, and receptors that can adhere to specific cells on the envelope surface, antibodies or fragments thereof, or these proteins in the extracellular region. It may also contain a chimeric protein having a viral envelope-derived polypeptide in the intracellular region. This also makes it possible to create vectors that target specific yarns and weaves. These can be supplied to the virus by expressing them in the cells at the time of reconstitution of the viral vector. Specifically, for example, a fragment containing a receptor binding domain of a soluble factor such as cyto force-in or an antibody fragment against a cell surface protein (W001 / 20989).
- proteins such as adhesion factors, Gand, and receptors that can adhere to specific cells on the envelope surface, antibodies or fragments thereof, or these proteins in the extracellular region. It may also contain a chimeric protein having a viral envelope-derived polypeptide in the intracellular region. This also makes it possible to create vectors that target specific yarns and weaves.
- a viral gene-deficient vector for example, if two or more vectors with different viral genes on the viral genome contained in the vector are introduced into the same cell, they will be defective in each. Since viral proteins are supplied by expression from other vectors, viral particles that are complementary to each other and form infectious virus particles are formed, and the replication cycle is repeated to amplify the viral vector. That is, when two or more vectors of the present invention are inoculated in a combination that complements viral proteins, a mixture of each virus gene-deficient virus vector can be produced in large quantities and at low cost. Since these viruses are deficient in viral genes, the genome size is smaller than viruses that do not lack viral genes, and large foreign genes can be retained. In addition, these viruses, which are not proliferative due to viral gene defects, are diluted outside the cell and difficult to maintain co-infection.
- the virus vector obtained by the above-mentioned method can be infected with a developing chicken egg to amplify the vector.
- a developing chicken egg For example, use a chicken to make a transgene body of the M gene, inoculate this egg with a vector and amplify it.
- the basic method for the production of viral vectors using eggs has already been developed (Nakanishi et al., (1993), "Advanced Technology Protocol III for Neuroscience Research, Molecular Neuronal Physiology", Koseisha, Osaka , Pp. 153-172). Specifically, for example, fertilized eggs are placed in an incubator and cultured at 37-38 ° C for 9-12 days to grow embryos.
- Viral vectors are inoculated into the allantoic cavity and eggs are cultured for several days to proliferate the virus vector. Conditions such as the culture period vary depending on the recombinant virus to be amplified. It can be broken. Then collect the urine containing the virus. Separation and purification of virus vectors from urine can be carried out according to conventional methods (Tatsuto Tashiro, “Virus Experiment Protocol”, supervised by Nagai and Ishihama, Medical View, pp. 68-73 (1995)).
- the recovered viral vector can be purified to be substantially pure.
- the purification method can be performed by a known purification / separation method or a combination thereof including filtration (filtration), centrifugation, column purification, and the like.
- “Substantially pure J means that the viral vector is a major component of the sample in which it is present. Typically, a substantially pure viral vector is included in the sample.
- the proportion of protein derived from the virus vector is 10% or more, preferably 20% or more, more preferably 50% or more, preferably 70% or more, More preferably, it can be confirmed by occupying 80% or more, and more preferably 90% or more
- a specific purification method of paramyxovirus for example, a method using cellulose sulfate ester or crosslinked polysaccharide sulfate ester (special No. 62-30752, No. 62-33879, No. 62-30753), and sulfated fucose-containing polysaccharides And / or a method of adsorbing it on its decomposition products (W097 / 32010), etc.
- the vector of the present invention is useful for gene therapy targeting a tissue expressing a certain protease.
- genes can be introduced into the surface of the target tissue, but it is difficult to penetrate the vector into the tissue.
- the vector of the present invention has the ability to deeply infiltrate the vector into the tissue where the target protease activity is enhanced.
- the vector of the present invention even for cancer cells that have infiltrated to the deep part of a normal tissue, by infecting a part of the surface of the cancer cell that can be vector-infected with the vector, Ma It is possible to transmit the vector with
- joint diseases such as cancer, arteriosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis (M).
- joint diseases such as RA
- RA joint diseases
- the collapse of the cartilage higher-order structure by the extracellular matrix ⁇ progresses and the joint is destroyed. It is expected that joint destruction will be reduced by removing cells whose ECM-degrading enzyme activity is enhanced by the betater of the present invention.
- arteriosclerosis the aggregation of macrophage-derived foam cells proceeds. Foam cells secrete large amounts of metalloprotease, resulting in destruction of fibrous thickening and plaque failure. It is considered possible to treat such arteriosclerosis by killing macrophages expressing MMP using the vector of the present invention.
- various proteases are activated in cancer.
- the vector of the present invention is useful as a therapeutic vector that infects and infiltrates specifically for cancer.
- the dose of the vector varies depending on the disease, patient weight, age, sex, symptom, purpose of administration, form of administration composition, administration method, transgene, etc., but can be determined as appropriate by those skilled in the art. is there.
- the amount of vector administered is preferably from about 10 5 CIU / ml to about 10 11 CIU / ml, more preferably about 10 7 CIU / ml to about 10 9 CIU / ml, most preferably about 1 X 10 8 CIU / ml to about 5 X 10 8 CIU / ml It is preferred to administer in an acceptable carrier.
- Administer to cancer tissue! ⁇ Vector can be administered to multiple sites so that it reaches the target site evenly.
- the dose per dose is preferably 2 x 10 5 CIU to 2 x 10 10 CIU, and the dose can be given once or multiple times within the range of clinically acceptable side effects. The same applies to the number of times.
- an amount converted from the above dose can be administered based on the body weight ratio between the target animal and human or the volume ratio (for example, average value) of the administration target site.
- the administration target of the composition containing the vector of the present invention includes all mammals such as human, monkey, mouse, rat, rabbit, hidge, ushi, and nu.
- the vector of the present invention is useful for the treatment of cancer.
- the vector of the present invention can be used for the treatment of cancer in which the activity of a specific protease is enhanced.
- the present invention provides a therapeutic composition for cancer comprising the vector of the present invention encoding an F protein that is cleaved by a protease whose activity is enhanced in cancer, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- the present invention also relates to the use of the vector in the manufacture of a cancer therapeutic composition.
- the present invention also provides a method for treating cancer, comprising the step of administering the vector to cancer.
- ECM-degrading enzyme Since the activity of ECM-degrading enzyme is enhanced in malignant cancers that infiltrate and metastasize, using a vector with an F protein gene that is cleaved by ECM-degrading enzyme causes the malignant cancer to be specifically infected with the vector.
- the tissue can be killed.
- the vector can carry a foreign gene.
- the foreign gene may be a marker gene for monitoring vector infections, or a cancer therapeutic gene.
- therapeutic genes include cell-inducible genes such as apoptosis, genes encoding proteins with cytotoxicity, cytokines, hormones, and the like.
- the vector of the present invention is administered directly to cancer (in vivo).
- the vector of the present invention can be introduced into a patient-derived cell or other cells, and the cell can be administered to cancer by indirect (ex vivo) administration in which the cell is injected into the cancer.
- Fig. 1 is a diagram showing the construction scheme of F-deleted SeV genomic cDNA in which a temperature-sensitive mutation is introduced into the M gene.
- Figure 2 shows the structure of the viral gene constructed for the purpose of controlling the secondary release particles by the introduction of temperature-sensitive mutagenesis into the M gene and the virus gene constructed or used to compare the effects of the mutagenesis.
- Figure 3 shows SeV18 + / ⁇ F-GFP or SeV18 + / MtsHNts ⁇ F-GFP infecting cells that continuously express the F protein (LLC-MK2 / F7 / A), 32 ° C and 37 ° C, respectively. It is a photograph which shows the microscope image which shows GFP expression after culture
- FIG. 4 shows that cells that continuously express SeV-F protein (LLC-MK2 / F7 / A) were cultured in trypsin and serum-free MEM at 32 ° C or 37 ° C, and the F protein increased over time. It is a photograph which shows the result of having observed the expression level semi-quantitatively by Western blotting.
- Figure 5 shows that LLC-MK2 cells were infected with SeV18 + GFP, SeV18 + / ⁇ F-GFP or SeV18 + / MtsHNts ⁇ FG FP at moi 3 and cultured at 32 ° C, 37 ° C or 38 ° C for 3 days.
- 2 is a photograph showing a microscopic image showing expression.
- FIG. 6 shows LLC-M 2 cells with SeV18 + GFP, SeV18 + / ⁇ F-GFP It is a figure which shows hemagglutination activity (HA activity) of the culture supernatant which infected FP at moi 3 and cultured at 32 ° C, 37 ° C or 38 ° C, and sampled with time (changed to a new medium at the same time)
- Figure 7 shows that LLC-MK2 cells were infected with SeV18 + GFP, SeV18 + / AF-GFP or SeV18 + / MtsHNts AF-GFP at m.o3, and the culture supernatant and cells after 2 days of culture at 37 ° C M protein between intracellular and virus-like particles (VLP) obtained by Wester ⁇ -blotting using anti-M antibody, using 1/10 equivalent of lwell of 6-well plate culture per lane. It is a photograph showing the abundance ratio.
- VLP virus-like particles
- Figure 8 shows that LLC-MK2 cells were infected with SeV18 + SEAP / ⁇ F-GFP or! /, Or SeV18 + SEAP / MtsHNts ⁇ F-GFP at moi 3, and after 12, 18, 24, 50, 120 hours of culture. It is a figure which shows the SEAP activity measured using the sampled culture supernatant.
- Figure 9 shows LLC-MK2 cells infected with SeV18 + SEAP / ⁇ F-GFP or! / Or SeV18 + SEAP / MtsHNts ⁇ F-GFP at moi 3 and sampled after 24, 50, 120 hours of culture. It is a diagram showing Kiyo's HA activity.
- Figure 10 shows that LLC-MK2 cells were infected with SeV18 + SEAP / ⁇ F-GFP or SeV18 + SEAP / MtsHNts ⁇ F-GFP at moi 3, and the culture supernatant sampled after 5 days of culture was centrifuged. This is a photograph showing the amount of virus-like particles determined by Western blotting using anti-M antibody, using virus collected and 1/10 equivalent of 6-well plate culture lwell per lane.
- Figure 11 shows that LLC-MK2, BEAS-2B or CV-1 cells were treated with SeV18 + / ⁇ F-GFP or SeV18 + / MtsHNts AF-GFP moi 0, 01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1 , 3, 10 and cultured in medium without serum or with 10% FBS, medium without serum 3 days after infection, medium with 10% FBS 6 days after infection It is a figure which shows the cytotoxicity estimated from the amount of LDH released to ⁇ . The cells with the same number of cells were expressed as relative values with the value when 100% lysis was performed using a cytopathic agent (Triton).
- Triton Triton
- Fig. 12 shows LLC-MK2 Itoda vesicles with SeV18 + GFP, SeV18 + / AF-GFP Infection with F-GFP at moi 1, 32 ° C, 37. C or 38. It is a photograph showing the intracellular localization of M protein obtained by culturing in C and immunostaining using an anti-M antibody 2 days after culturing.
- Figure 13 shows A-10 cells infected with SeV18 + SEAP / AF-GFP or SeV18 + SEAP / MtsHNts AF-GFP at m. O. I. 1 and cultured at 32 ° C or 37 ° C, 10 ° /. 1 day after culture in serum-containing medium Immunostaining with anti-M antibody and anti-HN antibody! /, Subcellular localization of M and HN proteins observed using confocal laser microscope It is a photograph which shows. This is shown as a stereo stereoscopic image.
- Figure 14 shows A-10 cells infected with SeV18 + SEAP / AF-GFP or SeV18 + SEAP / MtsHNts AF-GFP at moi 1, cultured at 32 ° C or 37 ° C, and medium containing 10% serum.
- 2 is a photograph showing the intracellular localization of M protein and HN protein observed with a confocal laser microscope after immunostaining using anti-M antibody and anti-HN antibody after 2 days in culture. This is shown as a stereo stereoscopic image.
- Fig. 15 is a photograph showing the effect of a microtubule depolymerization reagent on the intracellular localization of M and HN proteins.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram showing a construction scheme of both F and M deletion type SeV genomic cDNA.
- FIG. 19 shows the structure of the constructed F and / or M-deleted SeV gene.
- FIG. 20 is a view showing a construction scheme of an M gene expression plasmid having a hygromycin resistance gene.
- Figure 21 shows the inducible expression of the cloned M (and T) protein. After infection with a recombinant adenovirus (AcCANCre) expressing Cre DNA recombination ⁇ M and F by W estern-blotting It is a photograph which shows the semiquantitative expression comparison of protein.
- AcCANCre recombinant adenovirus
- Figure 22 is a photograph showing virus reconstitution of M-deleted SeV (SeV18 + / AM-GFP) using helper cells (LLC-MK2 / F7 / M) clones # 18 and # 62.
- Figure 23 shows the virus productivity of SeV18 + / AM-GFP (time course of CIU and HAU).
- Fig. 24 is a photograph and figure showing the results of RT-PCR for confirming the gene structure in the virion of SeV18 + / ⁇ M-GFP.
- Figure 25 shows Western blotting of viral proteins in cells and culture supernatants after infection of LLC-MK2 cells to confirm the viral structure of SeV18 + / AM-GFP from the protein perspective! It is a photograph which shows the comparison result with / ⁇ , SeV18 + GFP and SeV18 + / ⁇ F-GFP.
- Figure 26 shows quantitative comparison of virus-derived proteins in the culture supernatant of LLC-MK2 cells infected with SeV18V ⁇ M-GFP and SeV18 + / ⁇ F-GFP (Western blotting by preparing a dilution series). It is a photograph. Anti-SeV antibody (DN-1) was used.
- Fig. 27 is a diagram showing the HA activity in the culture supernatant collected over time after infection with SeV18 + / ⁇ M-GFP or! /, Or SeV18 + / ⁇ F-GFP in LLC-MK2 at moi 3 .
- FIG. 28 is a photograph showing a fluorescence microscopic image 5 days after infection when SeV18 + / ⁇ -GFP or SeV18 + / ⁇ F-GFP was infected with LLC-MK2 at moi 3.
- Figure 29 shows the culture supernatant collected after 5 days of infection with SeV18 + / ⁇ -GFP or SeV18 + / ⁇ F-GFP in LLC-MK2 at moi 3, using cationic ribosome (Dosper). Take a photo showing a fluorescence microscope image two days after transfection into LLC-M2.
- FIG. 30 shows the design of the amino acid sequence at the cleavage site of F1 / F2 (activation site of F protein).
- the recognition sequence of protease (MMP or uPA) highly expressed in cancer cells was designed based on the sequence of the synthetic substrate.
- FIG. 31 shows a cDNA construction scheme of an M-deleted SeV vector in which the F activation site is converted.
- Fig. 32 is a photograph showing protease-dependent cell fusion type infection with F-modified M-deficient Sendai virus vector.
- SeV / ⁇ - GFP A, B, C, J, K, L
- SeV / F MMP # 2
- M— GFP D, E, F, M, N, 0
- SeV / F uPA
- Cell fusion type infection is observed and synthiti um3 ⁇ 4r is a multinucleated cell 7 (E, F, M) o
- uPA urokinase—type plasminogen activator
- tPA tissue-type PA
- HT1080 (A, D, G), a cancer cell line expressing secret expression, MKN28 (B, E, H), a cell line expressing tPA, and SW620 (C, F, I), which does not express either protease, are used.
- MMP # 2 SeV / F
- ⁇ -GFP is 10 times more infected (D)
- uPA SeV / F
- SW620 which does not express either protease
- Fig. 34 is a photograph showing concealment induction by Phorbol Ester and induction of cell fusion type infection of F-modified M-deficient Sendai virus vector.
- MMP2 The expression of MMP2, 9 was confirmed by the gelatin zymography method in which the portion with gelatin degradation activity was whitened (A). Lane C is the control and T is the supernatant induced by 20 nM PMA. MMP9 panda is confirmed in HT1080 and Pane I, indicating that MMP 9 is induced. Concealment 2 shows that latent MMP2 was detected in Pane I before induction, but it is a latent type, so it is almost active. As shown by B, SeV / F (MMP # 2) ⁇ -GFP was shown to show cell fusion type infection by MP9 induction.
- Fig. 35 is a photograph showing cell fusion type infection of F-modified M-deficient Sendai virus vector in vivo.
- HT1080 tumor bearing nude mice were prepared. Individuals with a major axis exceeding 3 mm after 7-9 days after subcutaneous injection were horned. 50 SeVs were injected only once. Two days later, it was observed with a fluorescence microscope. A, D, G, and J are bright fields, B, E, H, and K are GFP fluorescence images, and C, F, I, and L are magnified images. SeV-GFP and SeV / ⁇ -GFP are confirmed to be fluorescent only around the injection (Panels E and H). On the other hand, it was observed that SeV / F (Ken # 2) ⁇ -GFP spreads to the whole cancer (Panel K). In the enlarged version, SeV-GF P, SeV / ⁇ M-GFP shows fluorescence for each cell, whereas SeV / F ( ⁇ # 2) ⁇ M-GFP has no cell shape and cell fusion. It was suggested that
- FIG. 36 is a diagram showing cell fusion type infection of F-modified M-deficient Sendai virus vector in vivo.
- the ratio of GFP to the whole cancer in the photographic image in Fig. 35 was measured from the area by NIH image.
- SeV-GFP has 10% and SeV / ⁇ M-GFP power 3 ⁇ 40%, while SeV / F (MMP # 2) ⁇ -GFP has 90 ° /.
- MMP # 2 SeV / F
- FIG. 37 shows the antitumor effect of the F5 female altered M-deficient SeV vector in tumor-bearing nude mice.
- the size of the tumor volume in Fig. 5 was measured.
- Four groups of SeV were injected into cancers that had developed more than 3 cm. Two days later, it was injected again and the size of the cancer was measured.
- PBS, SeV-GFP, and SeV / ⁇ -GFP rapidly grew in size, whereas SeV / F (MMP # 2) ⁇ -GFP, which had spread throughout the entire cancer, as shown in Figure 36, The injected cancer clearly did not grow and remained small.
- Figure 3-8 shows the expression of protease in cancer cells of the F non-cleavable F-modified M-deficient SeV vector. It is a photograph which shows selective infection.
- SeV / F (MMP # 2) ⁇ M-GFP is infected with MMP-expressing strain HT1080, but tPA-expressing strain MKN28 is not infected.
- SeV / F (uPA) ⁇ -GFP is infected in the tPA-expressing strain MKN28 but not in the MMP-expressing strain HT1080.
- Fig. 39 is a photograph showing the acquisition of infection by induction of MMP3, 7 by fibroblast of F non-cleavable F-modified M-deleted SeV vector. '
- FIG. 40 is a photograph showing MMP selective infection of F-modified M-deficient SeV vector to human aortic smooth muscle cells.
- SeV / F secret # 2
- SeV / F secret # 2
- FIG. 41 is a photograph showing protease-dependent F cleavage of F-modified M-deficient SeV vector.
- Lanes 1, 4, 7, and 10 M-deleted SeV vector with unmodified force Lanes 2, 5, 8, and 11 are M-deleted SeV vectors with MMP # 2 sequence inserted in F
- Lanes 3, 6, 9, 12 are M-deleted SeV vectors in which uPA sequence is inserted into F.
- the above protease untreated, lanes 1, 2, 3; 0.1 ng / ml MMP9, lanes 4, 5, 6 0.1 ng / ml uPA, lanes 7, 8, 9; 7.5 / g / ml trypsin, lanes 10, 11, 12) 37. C, treated for 30 minutes.
- FIG. 42 shows the comparison of the fusion ability by the construction of F cytoplasmic domain deletion mutant and co-expression with HN.
- A Construction diagram of Sendai virus F protein cytoplasmic domain deletion mutant. Number from top to bottom: 7 6-7 9
- FIG. 43 shows that the F / HN chimeric protein dramatically increases the fusion ability.
- A F / HN chimeric protein structure diagram.
- the linker sequence in the figure is SEQ ID NO: 80.
- B Fusion ability of F / HN chimeric protein is increased by insertion of Linker.
- Each Sendai virus F / HN chimeric protein and HN were co-expressed in LLCMK2 cells supplemented with 5 ig / ml trypsin.
- Fig. 44 is a photograph showing the outline of insertion of the MMP substrate sequence into the F cleavage site of the F / HN chimeric protein.
- A Construction diagram of F-modified F / HN chimeric protein with MMP substrate sequence inserted. Sequence number: 8 1-8 9 in order from the top.
- Fig. 45 shows the effect on F peptide (Fusion peptide) modification and concentration-dependent syncytium formation.
- A Fusion peptide modification construction diagram. SEQ ID NOs: 90 to 93 from the top.
- Fig. 46 shows the genome structure of the modified F-modified M-deficient Sendai virus.
- Fig. 47 shows the spread of the modified F-modified M-deleted type in cancers with low MMP expression. It is. Shows the extent of cell fusion 2 days after infection with improved F-modified M-deficient Sendai virus.
- Fig. 48 is a photograph showing the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in cancer cell lines. Gelatin zymography of the supernatant of the cancer cell line is shown.
- FIG. 49 shows the spread of improved F-modified M-deleted Sendai in cancers with low MMP expression.
- ⁇ is SeV18 + / AM-GFP
- # 2j is SeV18 + / F (secret # 2)
- ⁇ -GFP “ # 6 ”is Se V / F (MMP # 6)
- a M-GFP,“ # 6ctl4j is 3 ⁇ 0! () /? 14 (3 ⁇ 4 »1? # 6) ⁇ 3 ⁇ 41-6 ???
- F / H Chimera J represents SeV (TDK) / Fct 14 (MMP # 6) / Linker / HN ⁇ M-GFP.
- Virology 74, 6564-6569 (2000), W000 / 70070 was digested with Nael, the fragment containing M gene (4922bp) was separated by agarose electrophoresis, the corresponding panda was excised, recovered with QIAEXII Gel Extraction System (QIAGEN, Bothell, WA), and pBluescript II ( It was subcloned into the EcoRV site of St ratagene, La Jo 11 a, CA) (construction of pBlueNaelfr g- ⁇ FGFP).
- the temperature-sensitive mutation was introduced into the M gene on this pBlueNaelf rg- ⁇ FGFP using the QuikChange ' M Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) according to the method described in the kit.
- the type of mutation introduced into the M gene uses the sequence of C1. 151 strain (Kondo, T. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 268: 21924-21930 (1993)) reported by Kondo et al. Then, three mutations were introduced: G69E, T116A, and A183S.
- the sequence of the synthetic oligo used for mutagenesis is G69E (5 '-gaaacaaacaacca atctagagagcgtatctgacttgac-3 / ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ IJ ⁇ " ⁇ : 1 1, 5 -gtcaagtcagatacgctctctaga ttggttgtttgtttc- 3> // SEQ ID NO: 1 2), T116A ( 5 '-attacggtgaggagggctgttcgag caggag-3' ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ row number ⁇ ": 1 3, 5 -ctcctgctcgaacagccctctcaccgtaat-3 '/ column c column number ⁇ 1 4) and A183S (5 _ ggggcaatcaccatatccaagatcccaagacc-3 , 5 ggtctttgggatcttggatatggtgattgc
- PBlueNaelfrg-AFGFP having 3 mutations on the M gene was digested with Sail and then partially digested with ApaLI to recover a fragment (2644 bp) containing the entire M gene.
- P SeV18 + / AF-GFP was digested with ApaLI / Nhel to recover a fragment containing the HN gene (6287 bp).
- the temperature-sensitive mutagenesis of the HN gene is performed on this LitmusSall / Nhelfrg-Mts ⁇ FGFP using the QuikChange TM Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit as in the case of the mutagenesis.
- LitmusSall / Nhelfrg-MtsH ts Does not contain the fragment (8931bp) recovered by digesting with Sall / Nhel, and the M and HN genes recovered by digesting pSeV18 + / AF-GFP with Sall / Nhel.
- the fragment (8294bp) was ligated, and F-deleted Sendai virus full-length genomic cDNA ( P SeV18 + / MtsHNts ⁇ with 6 temperature-sensitive mutations in the M and HN genes and the EGFP gene in the F deletion site) F-GFP) (Fig.
- a cDNA carrying the secreted alkaline phosphatase (S EAP) gene was also constructed. That is, a SEAP fragment (W000 / 70070) having a termination signal-intervening sequence-initiation signal downstream of the SEAP gene was excised with Notl (1638 bp), recovered after electrophoresis, purified, purified with P SeV18 + / AF-GFP and pSeV18 + / MtsHNts ⁇ was incorporated into the Notl site of F-GFP. They were pSeV18 + SEAP / AF_GFP and pSeV18 + SEAP / MtsHNts ⁇ F-GFP, respectively (FIG. 2).
- Virus reconstitution was performed according to the report of Li et al. (Li, H. -0. Et al., J. Virology 74. 6564-65 69 (2000), W000 / 70070).
- F protein helper cells were used to reconstitute the F deletion virus.
- the Cre / loxP expression induction system is used for the production of the helper cells.
- the system is a plasmid pCALNdLw (Arai, T. et al., J.A.) designed to induce gene products with Cre DNA recombinase.
- a recombinant adenovirus (Ax CANCre) expressing Cre DNA recombinase was transformed into the plasmid transformant by the method of Saito et al. (Saito, I. et al., Nucl. Acid. Res. 23, 3816-3821
- the reconstruction of the temperature-sensitive mutagenesis virus was performed as follows. LLC- M 2 cells are seeded in 5 x 10 6 cells / dish in a 100 ⁇ petri dish, cultured for 24 hours, and treated with psoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light (365 nm) for 20 ⁇ ⁇ for recombination expressing T7 polymerase. Nanttoquasia Wininoles (PLWUV-VacT7: Fuerst, TR et al., Proc. Natl. A cad. Sci. USA 83, 8122-8126 (1986)) was infected for 1 hour at room temperature (moi 2).
- Plasmid pSeV18 + / MtsHNts A F_GFP, pG EM / NP, pGEM / P, pGEM / L and pGEM / F-HN (Kato, A.
- the titers of each virus solution prepared by this method were SeV18V AF-GFP, SeV18 + / MtsH Nts ⁇ F-GFP, SeV18 + SEAP / ⁇ F-GFP and SeV18 + SEAP / MtsHts ⁇ F-GFP, 3 X 10 8 , 7 X 10 7 , 1.8 X 10 8 and 3 ⁇ 4.
- 9 X 10 7 GFP-CIU / mL the definition of GFP-CIU is described in WOOO / 70070).
- CIU directly counted and quantified by GFP fluorescence is defined as GFP-CIU.
- GFP-CIU shows substantially the same value as CIU (WOOO / 70070). Measure these titers As for SeV18 + / AF-GFP and SeV18 + / MtsHNts A F-GFP, the spread of plaques after infection in cells that continuously express F protein (LLC-MK2 / F7 / A) is 32 ° C to 37 ° C. Observed with C. The photograph 6 days after infection is shown in Fig. 3. SeV18 + / MtsHNts ⁇ F- GFP had some plaque spread at 32 ° C, but decreased drastically at 37 ° C, suggesting decreased virion formation. .
- the temperature after P1 was performed at 32 ° C. This is because the virus used as a reference for the introduction of temperature-sensitive mutations has good growth at 32 ° C (Kondo, T. et ah, J. Biol. Chem. 268: 219 24-21930 (1993), Thompson, SD et ah, Virology 160: 1-8 (1987)), but by examining the experimental conditions in detail, SeV reconstruction (other than temperature-sensitive mutagenesis virus) However, it became clear that the reconfiguration efficiency increased by performing the process at 32 ° C after P1, and it was highly possible to collect even things that were difficult to obtain.
- the second point is that the expression of F protein in LLC-MK2 / F7 / A is maintained when cultured at 32 ° C.
- Cells that continuously express F protein (LLC-MK2 / F7 / A) are cultured at 37 ° C until confluent in MEM containing 10% FBS in a 6-well plate, and contain 7.5 ⁇ g / mL Trypsin. substituted serum ⁇ MEM such include 32 ° C Arure, were cultured in 3 7 ° C, Cells were collected with a cell scraper over time, and Western blotting using an anti-F antibody (mouse monoclonal) was performed to semi-quantitatively analyze intracellular F protein.
- expression was maintained for 2 days but decreased thereafter, but at 32 ° C, F protein expression was maintained for at least 8 days (Fig. 4). From this point, the effectiveness of reconstruction at 32 ° C (after P1) was confirmed.
- the Western blotting was performed by the following method. Cells collected from lwell of a 6-well plate were stored frozen at -80 ° C, and then lysed with 100 SDS-PAGE sample buffer (Red Loading Buffer Pack; New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA) diluted to lx. Heated at ° C for 10 minutes. After centrifugation, 10 ⁇ L of the supernatant was loaded onto SDS-PAGE gel (Multigel 10/20; Daiichi Pure Chemicals Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan).
- PVDF membrane Immobilon Transferred to PVDF transfer membrane; Millipore, Bedford, MA by semi-dry method for 1 hour at 100 mA Transfer membrane (Procedure) (Bloc k Ace; Snow Brand Milk Products Co., Ltd, Sapporo, Japan; After standing for 1 hour or longer, it was immersed in a primary antibody solution containing 10% Block Ace and 1/1000 volume of anti-F antibody added, and allowed to stand at 4 ° C. 0. 05 ° /.
- SeV18 + / AF-GFP and SeV18 + / MtsHNts AF-GFP an autonomously replicating form with all viral proteins and a GFP fragment (780 bp) with a GFP gene at the Notl site and a termination signal-intervening sequence-initiating signal downstream of it.
- HA activity hemagglutination activity
- 1H J was converted to 1 X 10 6 viruses and expressed as the number of viruses (Figure 6). It was judged that SeVl 8 + / MtsHNts ⁇ F-GFP significantly decreased the secondary emission particles and decreased to about 1/10 of SeV18 + / ⁇ F-GFP at 37 ° C. SeV18 + / MtsHNts A F_GFP also reduced the formation of virus particles even at 32 ° C, but it was thought that it was possible to produce it because some particles were produced to some extent.
- the antibodies are newly prepared polyclonal antibodies, which are SeV-M protein 1-13 (MADIYRFPKFSYE + CysZ SEQ ID NO: 2 1), 23-35 (LRTGPDKKAIPH + CysZ SEQ ID NO: 2 2) and 336-348 (Cys + Usagi immunized by mixing 3 kinds of synthetic peptides of NVVAK IGRIRKLZ SEQ ID NO: 2 3) It was prepared from serum. Western-Blotting was performed according to the method described in Example 3. The anti-M antibody of the primary antibody was diluted 1/4000, and the anti-rabbit IgG antibody bound to HRP of the secondary antibody.
- Example 5 Temperature-sensing ⁇ Live mutation-introduced viral gene expression level (SEAP assay) In SeV18 + / MtsHNts AF-GFP, the amount of secondary released particles decreased, but at the same time, the expression level of the on-loading gene decreased. As a result, the expression level of the gene expression vector was verified.
- SeV18 + SEAP / AF-GFP and SeV18 + SEAP / MtsH ts A F-GFP infected with LLC-MK2 cells at moi 3 and then cultured over time (after infection 12, 18, 24, 50, 120 hours) The supernatant was collected, and the SEAP activity in the supernatant was performed according to the method described in the kit using Reporter Assay Kit-SEAP (T0Y0B0, Osaka, Japan). There was almost no difference in SEAP activity between the two (Fig. 8).
- HA activity hemagglutination activity
- SeV18 + SEAP / MtsHNts ⁇ F-GFP hemagglutination activity
- Fig. 9 The virus of the same sample was centrifuged at 48,000 g for 45 minutes to recover the viral protein, and then semi-quantitatively analyzed by Western-Blotting using an anti-M antibody. In this case as well, a decrease in viral protein in the supernatant was confirmed (Fig. 10). It was judged that the introduction of temperature-sensitive mutations could reduce the secondary release particles to about 1/10 without substantially reducing the expression level of the onboard gene.
- LLC-2, BEAS-2B, and CV-1 cells were seeded and cultured on a 2.5-well plate at 2.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells / we 11 (100 ⁇ L / well).
- LLC-MK2 and CV-1 contain MEM containing 10% FBS
- BEAS-2B contain 10% FBS
- D-MEM and RPMI Gibco-BRL, R A 1: 1 mixture of ockville, MD
- SeV18 + / AF-GFP or SeV18 + / MtsHNts A F-GFP solution diluted with EM containing 1% BSA at 5 ⁇ L / well, and infect the virus solution after 6 hours.
- the medium containing was replaced with each medium with or without 10% FBS. If the medium does not contain FBS, sample the culture supernatant 3 days after infection, and if the medium contains FBS 6 days after infection, use the Cytotoxicity Detection Kit (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Cytotoxic quantification was performed according to the method. In LLC-MK2, no cell damage was observed in both cases.
- the cytotoxicity of SeV18 + / MtsHNts ⁇ F-GFP was determined to be the same as or lower than that of SeV18 + / ⁇ F-GFP (FIG. 11). In other words, it was concluded that cytotoxicity was not induced by the suppression of secondary release particles upon introduction of temperature-sensitive mutagenesis.
- SeV18 + GFP which is an autonomously replicating type and has both F and HN proteins
- a concentrated image of M protein on the cell surface was observed at any of the temperatures studied (Fig. 12).
- M protein enrichment images have already been reported (Yoshida, T. et al., Virology 71: 143-161 (1976)) and are thought to reflect the location of virion formation. That is, in SeV18 + GFP, at any temperature Oh! / However, it is thought that the localization of M protein on the cell surface is normal and that a sufficient amount of virions are formed.
- SeV18 + / AF-GFP the concentration of M protein was extremely reduced at 38 ° C.
- SeV18 + / AF-GFP lacks one of the F proteins and is thought to affect the localization of the M protein.
- SeV18 + / MtsHNts AF-GFP had a strong effect, and it was predicted that even at 37 ° C, M protein localization was hindered, resulting in a decrease in secondary emission particles.
- immunostaining was performed 1 day and 2 days later using anti-M antibody and anti-HN antibody. Immunostaining was performed by the following method.
- T0_PR03 Molecular Plobes, Eugene, OR
- Slow Fade Antifade Kit to suppress quenching (Molecular Plobes, Eugene, OR) Observation was performed under a confocal laser microscope. The results one day after infection are shown in Fig. 13. Red indicates the localization of M protein and green indicates the localization of HN protein. In addition, since the color of far red is converted, blue is the nucleus.
- SeV18 + SEAP / A F-GFP there is no significant difference in the localization of each protein at either 32 ° C or 37 ° C, and the localization of M protein and HN protein on the cell surface Has been observed.
- the localization of each protein is different from that of SeV18 + SEAP / AF-GFP at both temperatures, and the localization of M protein on the cell surface is different. rare.
- the M protein and HN protein are almost completely separated, and the M protein is localized near the centrosome of the microtubule (ie, near the Golgi body). doing.
- This structure may be due to the aggregation of the M protein itself or the depolymerized microtubule debris, but in any case, the SeV18 + SEAP can be seen in Figure 13 M protein when cultured at 32 ° C after infection with / MtsHNts ⁇ F-GFP Highly likely to be localized along the microtubule! /.
- M protein M protein
- Fig. 16 Two days after infection, the intracellular localization of M protein (Oi protein) was observed by the same method as described above. The results are shown in Fig. 16. Both virus-infected cells showed similar phenomena. That is, when cultured at 32 ° C after infection, it was observed as a large fibrous structure as in FIG. In the case of SeV18 + / AF-GFP, M protein may coexist with microtubules. Furthermore, at 37 ° C, it was observed especially in SeV18 + / MtsHNts AF-GFP-infected cells, and was localized at a site expected to be near the Golgi apparatus.
- the Golgi apparatus is located near the central body where many tubulins are expected to exist. It can be expected to be synthesized near the central body of the microtubule (ie, near the Golgi apparatus).
- Fl-R strain a variant of SeV, has a mutation in the M gene, but changes the microtubule after infection to enable particle formation independent of the polarity of the F1-R strain cells. (Tashiro,. Et al., J. Virol. 67, 5902-5910 (1993)). That is, the results of this example can also be explained by assuming intracellular movement of the M protein along the tubulin. In this expected mechanism, the introduction of the temperature-sensitive mutation into the M and ⁇ genes causes defects in the subcellular localization of the M protein, resulting in the reduction of secondary release particles. It was determined that
- M-deleted Sendai virus full-length genomic cDNA (p SeV18 + / AM: W000 / 09700) lacking the M gene was used.
- the construction scheme is shown in Figure 17.
- was subcloned into (construction of pSE-BstEIIfrg).
- PEGFP (T0Y0B0, Osaka, Japan) carrying the GFP gene was digested with Acc65I and EcoRI, 5 with DNA blunting Kit (Takara, Kyoto, Japan), and end smoothed by filling in with EcoRV. After digestion, it was subcloned into pSE-BstEIIfrg that had been treated with BAP (T0Y0B0, Osaka, Japan). The BstEII fragment containing the EGFP gene was restored to the original pSe V18 + / AM, and an M-deleted SeV genomic cDNA (pSeV 18 + / ⁇ -GFP) carrying the EGFP gene at the M deletion site was constructed.
- SeV genomic cDNA lacking both M and F genes was constructed.
- the construction scheme described below is shown in Figure 18.
- F-deleted Sendai virus full-length genomic cDNA carrying the EGFP gene at the F deletion site (pSeV18 + / A F-GFP: Li, H.— 0. et al., J. Virology 74 , 6564-6569 (2000), WO00 / 7O070) using pBlueNaelfrg- ⁇ FGFP constructed by subcloning the Nael fragment (4922bp) into the EcoRV site of pJBluescript II (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). Gene deletion was performed. A design was made to cut out the M gene using the ApaLI site immediately after the M gene.
- PBlueNaelfrg-AMA FGFP from which M (and F gene) was deleted was digested with Sail and ApaLI, and a fragment (1480 bp) containing the M deletion site was recovered.
- P SeV18 + / AF-GFP was digested with ApaLI / Nhel to recover a fragment containing the HN gene (6287 bp), and these two fragments were transferred to the Sall / Nhel site of Litmus38 (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA). Subcloned (construction of LitmusSall / Nhelfrg-AMAFGFP).
- Example 1 1 Preparation of helper cells expressing SeV-M protein
- the Cre / loxP expression induction system was used for the production of helper cells expressing M protein.
- Adopted in F protein helper cell (LLC-MK2 / F7 cell) production (Li, H. -0. Et al., J. Virology 74, 6564-6569 (2000), WOOO / 70070)
- the plasmid pCALNdLw (Arai, T. et al., J. Virol. 72: 1115-1121 (1988)) designed to induce and express gene products with Cre, DNA recombinase was used.
- helper cells that induce the expression of M protein
- the previously prepared LLC-MK 2 / F7 cells were used, and M cells were introduced into this cell using the same system.
- pCALNdLw / F used at the time of F gene introduction has a neomycin resistance gene
- introduction of another resistance gene is indispensable in order to use the same cell.
- the neomycin resistance gene in the M gene-containing plasmid (pCALNdLw / M: M gene introduced into the pCALNdLw Swal site) was replaced with the hygromycin resistance gene.
- pCALNdLw / M was digested with Hindi and EcoT22I, a fragment (4737 bp) containing the M gene was separated by agarose electrophoresis, the corresponding panda was excised, and recovered with the QIAEXII Gel Extraction System. At the same time, the pCALNdLw / M was cleaved with Xhol, and a fragment (5941 bp) that did not contain the neomycinB "gene was recovered, then further cleaved with Hindi, and a 1779 bp fragment was recovered.
- the cells are detached with trypsin, diluted in a 96-well plate at a rate of about 5 cells / well, and D-containing 10% FBS containing 150 / zg / mL hygroraycin (Gibco-BRL, Rockville, MD). Cultivated in MEM for about 2 weeks. Clones that spread from single cells were expanded to 6-well plates. A total of 130 clones prepared in this way were analyzed as follows.
- the expression level of M protein was analyzed semi-quantitatively by Western-blotting.
- Recombinant adenovirus (AxCA Cre) expressing Cre DNA recombinase diluted in MEM containing 5% FBS in a confluent state was seeded on a 6-well plate. Saito et al. (Saito, I. et al. , Nucl. Acid. Res.
- LLC-MK2 cells were seeded at 5 x 10 6 cells / dish in a petri dish of 100 resolution, cultured for 24 hours, and then infected with PLWUV-VacT7 for 1 hour at room temperature (moi 2). After washing with MEM, plasmids pSeV18 + / AM-GFP, pGEM / NP, pGEM / P, pGEM / L, pGEM / F-HN and pGEM / M were respectively 4 / g, 2 / zg, 4 / ig.
- SeV18 + / AM-GFP using LLC-MK2 / F7 / M62 / A, 9.5 X 10 7 6 days after P2 infection, 3.7 X 10 7 GFP 5 days after P4 infection -Prepared CIU virus.
- SeV18 + / ⁇ M-GFP may be caused by supplying M protein to cells from cells that express M protein (LLC-MK2 / F7 / M62 / A), but the spread of infection is very slow 7 days after P1 infection Finally, the spread was seen (Fig. 2 2). That is, even in the reconstitution experiment of the virus, ⁇ P1 and subsequent cultures at 32 ° C are very effective when reconstituting SeV with poor transcription / replication efficiency or infectious virion formation efficiency. I support it.
- the virus gene of SeV18 + / ⁇ M-GFP was confirmed by RT-PCR and the virus protein was confirmed by Western blotting.
- RT-PCR used a virus 6 days after P2 infection.
- the random hexamer attached to the kit was used as a primer for cDNA preparation.
- production from RNA As a confirmation of the presence of the product, the same reaction was performed with or without reverse transcriptase.
- F3593 (5,-ccaatctaccatcagcatcag c-3, / SEQ ID NO: 2 8) on the P gene and R4993 (5,-ttcccttcatcgactatgacc-3, Z SEQ ID NO: 29) on the F gene using the prepared cDNA as a template PCR was performed with the combination and two combinations of F3208 (5'-agagaacaagact aaggctacc-3, / SEQ ID NO: 30) and R4993 on the P gene.
- F3208 5'-agagaacaagact aaggctacc-3, / SEQ ID NO: 30
- R4993 As expected from the gene structure of SeV 18 + / ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ -GFP, amplifications of 1073 bp and 1458 bp were observed from the former and the latter, respectively (FIG. 24).
- SeV18 + / ⁇ M-GFP ( ⁇ M in the figure), SeV18 + / AF-GFP (AF in the figure) and SeV18 + GFP (18+ in the figure) were infected with LLC-MK 2 with mo L 3 and 3 days after infection. The culture supernatant and cells were recovered, and the culture supernatant was centrifuged at 48,000 g for 45 minutes to recover virus protein. After SDS-PAGE, Western blotting was performed to detect with anti-M antibody, anti-F antibody and DN-1 antibody (rabbit polyclonal) that mainly recognizes NP protein. The procedure was as described in Example 3 and Example 4.
- SeV18 + / ⁇ M-GFP-infected cells M protein was not observed and F or P was observed, confirming that the structure was SeV18 + / AM-GFP from the protein side (Fig. 25). At this time, F protein was not observed in SeV18 + / ⁇ F-GFP infected cells, and all virus proteins examined were observed in SeV18 + GFP. In addition, regarding the viral protein in the culture supernatant, the amount of NP observed in SeV18 + / AM-GFP was expected to be very small, with no or very few secondary release particles.
- Example 15 M Quantitative solution regarding the presence or absence of secondary release particles of SeV!
- Example 14 SeV18 + / ⁇ -GFP was infected with LLC-MK2 at moi 3 as described in 4, and the culture supernatant was collected 3 days after infection and passed through a 0.45 m filter at 48,000 g. Centrifuge for 45 minutes, Western-blotting using collected virus protein, and culture semi-quantitatively Viral protein in the supernatant was detected.
- a sample prepared by similarly infecting SeV18 + / AF-GFP was used. Each dilution series was prepared and subjected to Western blotting and detected with DN-1 antibody (mainly NP protein recognition).
- DN-1 antibody mainly NP protein recognition
- SeV18 + / AM-GFP was infected with LLC-MK2 with m.o.i.3, and the culture supernatant was collected over time (every day), and the HA activity was measured (FIG. 27). A small amount of HA activity was observed 4 days after infection. However, when LDH activity, which is an index of cytotoxicity, was measured on the same sample, SeV18 + / ⁇ M-GFP-infected cells showed obvious cytotoxicity after 4 days of infection (Fig. 28). The increase in HA activity was not attributed to virus-like particles, but it was predicted that there was a high possibility that activity was caused by HA protein bound to or released from cell fragments.
- SeV18 + / ⁇ F-GFP-infected cells in the presence of secondary release particles showed many GFP-positive cells in the culture supernatant, whereas SeV18 + / AM-GFP A few GFP positive cells were present in the culture supernatant of the infected cells but were hardly observed (Fig. 29). From the above results, it was concluded that the secondary release particles can be almost suppressed by deleting the M protein.
- the cleavage site of F protein is as follows: A SeV with a modified position was constructed.
- An M-deleted SeV genomic cDNA was constructed in which a recognition sequence for a protease highly expressed in cancer cells was introduced at the F1 / F2 cleavage site of F (the active site of F).
- Synthesis of MMP-2 and MMP-9 Various sequences based on the sequences used as substrates and sequences based on uPA substrates were designed.
- Figure 30 shows the sequence of the synthetic substrate (Netzel-Arnett, S. et al., Anal. Biochem. 195, 86-92 (1991)) used as a substrate for MMP-2 and 3 ⁇ 4MP-9.
- F ( MMP # 2) and F (MMP # 3) Two sequences [PUU MTS (SEQ ID NO: 3) and PLG LGL (SEQ ID NO: 3 1), originally or modified with new modifications, are referred to below as F ( MMP # 2) and F (MMP # 3)], a sequence in which only the 3-amino acid sequence PLG common to the synthetic substrate of MMP is introduced (hereinafter, F protein having the same sequence is referred to as F (MMP # 4))
- F (uPA) The design of four sequences of sequences based on the substrate VGR (SEQ ID NO: 6) of uPA (hereinafter, F protein having the same sequence is represented as F (uPA)) is shown.
- the gene construction scheme is shown in Figure 31.
- M-deleted Sendai virus full-length genomic cDNA (pSeV18 + / AM-GFP) carrying the EGFP gene at the M deletion site was deleted with Sail and Nhel, and the fragment containing the F gene (9634 bp) was separated by agarose electrophoresis. Cut out the corresponding band and run with QIAEXII Gel Extraction System (QIAGEN, Bothell, WA) And subcloned into the Sall / Nhel site of LITMUS38 (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA) (construction of LitmusSall / Nhelfrg AM-GFP).
- M deletion with ligation of both fragments and F (MMP # 2), F (MMP # 3) or F (MMP # 4) gene (F gene designed to be activated by MMP)
- Type SeV cDNA (pSeV18 + / F (MP # 2) ⁇ -GFP, pSeV18 + / F (MMP # 3) ⁇ -GFP or pSeV18 + / F (secret # 4) ⁇ -GFP) and F (uPA) genes (active in uPA)
- P SeV18 + / F (uPA) ⁇ -GFP P SeV18 + / F (uPA) ⁇ -GFP
- Example 17 Reconstitution and amplification of M-deficient SeV vector in which the active site of F has been converted The reconstitution of virus was reported by Li et al. (Li, H. -0. Et al., J. Virol 74. 6564-6569
- helper cell (Example 11) capable of supplying M protein to trans was used.
- Cre / loxP expression induction system is used for the preparation of helper cells. The system is Cre
- a plasmid KpCALNdLw (Arai, T. et al., J. Virol. 72: 1115-1121 (1988)) designed to induce and express gene products by DNA recombinase.
- Reconstruction of M-deleted SeV with the F active site changed was performed as follows. Recombinant vaccinia virus (PLWUV) expressing T7 polymerase, seeded with LLC-MK2 cells in a 100 mm dish at 5 x 10 6 cells / dish, cultured for 24 hours, and treated with psoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light (365 nm) for 20 minutes -VacT7: Fuerst, TR et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 8122-8126 (1986)) was infected for 1 hour at room temperature (M0I 2).
- PLWUV vaccinia virus
- plasmid pSeV18 + / F (MMP # 2) ⁇ -GFP (or pSeV18 + / F (MMP # 3) ⁇ -GFP, pSeV18 + / F (MMP # 4) ⁇ -GFP, or pSeV18 + / F (uPA) AM—GFP), pGEM / NP, pGEM / P, pGEM / L (Kato, A. et al., Genes cells 1, 5 69-579 (1996)) and pGEM / F-HN ( .. li, H. -0 et al , J. Virology 74.
- the cells were cultured at 32 ° C using MEM containing IV but no serum (P2). Re-infection with freshly-prepared LLC-MK2 / F7 / M62 / A after 3 to 14 days and adding serum-free MEM containing 7.5 g / mL Trypsin and 50 U / mL collagenase type IV Incubate at 32 ° C for 3-7 days
- helper cells As a helper cell that supplies M protein to trans, LLC-MK2 / F7 / M62 and the same system (pCALNdLw: Arai, T. et al., J. Virol. 72: 1115-1121 (1988))
- Helper cells (LL C-MK2 /) that can prepare M-deficient SeV vectors at higher titers by introducing the SeV-M gene (and SeV-F gene) and continuing cell cloning. F7 / M62- # 33) was successfully created.
- an M-deficient SeV vector (SeV18 + / AM-GFP) with no mutations in the F gene is used as' 1 X 10 8 GFP-CI U / mL (GFP-CIU definition).
- SeV18 + / F MP # 2
- SeV18 + / F MP # 2
- ⁇ ⁇ -GFP SeV18 + / F
- uP A In the case of ⁇ M-GFP, preparation with a titer of 1 X 10 8 GFP-CIU / raL or more was possible.
- Each 3 ⁇ 4M-deficient SeV vector for in vivo studies was prepared by a simple purification method by pell et down virus particles by ultracentrifugation. After growing LLC-MK2 / F7 / M6 2- # 33 almost confluently on a 6-well plate, AxCANCre was infected with M0I 5 and cultured at 32 ° C for 2 days. These cells were infected with SeV18 + / F ( ⁇ # 2) ⁇ M-GFP or SeV18 + / ⁇ -GFP at 0.5, and 7.5 ig / in the case of SeV18 + / F (MP # 2) ⁇ -GFP.
- MEM (lmL / well) containing mL Trypsin and 50 U / mL collagenas e type IV without serum, SeV18 + / AM_GFP with 7.5 / ⁇ g / mL Trypsin only and no serum
- the cells were cultured in MEM (lmL / well) for 3 days at 32 ° C.
- the 6-well fractions were collected and the supernatant was collected, then centrifuged at 2,190 g for 15 minutes, and the collected supernatant was filtered through a 0.45 / im inner diameter filter and further centrifuged at 40,000 g for 30 minutes.
- the pellet was suspended L purified virus solution in PBS 500 beta L.
- the titers of M-deleted SeV betaters prepared in this way are SeV18 + / F (Absolute # 2) ⁇ -GFP and SeV18 + / AM-GFP, respectively.1.3 X 10 9 and 4. 5 ⁇ 10 9 GFP-CIU / mL.
- the viruses prepared in Examples 17 and 18 have infectivity because the F protein is cleaved. SeV F cleavage like this It is called type SeV or infectious type SeV.
- Example 19 Method for evaluating protease-dependent infection and cell fusion infection of F-modified M-deficient SeV vector
- Collagenase type IV was purchased from IC N Biomedicals Inc, MMP2 (active MMP2), MMP3, MMP7, MMP9 (active MMP9), and plasmin was purchased from Cosmo Bio.
- An infection procedure in which infection is established by a protease expressed by cells without adding external protease to the cell system is called an endogenous experiment.
- the basic procedure of the original experiment performed in the following examples is shown. The cases where the conditions were different were described in the respective examples.
- Each cancer cell was cultured in a 96-well plate so as to be confluent (5 ⁇ 10 5 cell / well). After washing twice with MEM, SeV [F cleavage type: 1 X 10 5 CIU / ml or F non-cleavage type: 1 X 10 7 HAU / ml (see Example 25)] Infected. At this time, FBS was added to the medium to a final concentration of 1%. Four days later, the spread of infection was observed with a fluorescence microscope. Also, 1 ⁇ 2 fine Cells expressing GFP per cell were counted.
- SeV / ⁇ -GFP without F modification is a multinucleated cell with LLC-MK2 added with trypsin, which causes cell fusion with cells around the infected cell, and cell fusion type infection is observed. synthitium was formed (Fig. 3 2 L).
- SeV / F (MMP # 2) ⁇ -GFP, which incorporates an MMP degradation sequence into F protein, is a multinucleated cell synthitium that is infected with LLC-MK2 with collagenase, active MMP2, and active MMP9. (Fig. 3 2 E, F, M).
- SeV / F (uPA) ⁇ -GFP which incorporates urokinase-type plasminogen activa tor (uPA) and tissue-type PA (tPA) degradation sequence into F protein, showed cell fusion type infection in the presence of trypsin, Furthermore, the F protein was modified to form synthitium, a multinucleated cell, with uPA (Fig. 32 Q, R). This is because by incorporating each protease degradation substrate sequence into the F protein, the M-deficient SeV undergoes cell fusion infection depending on the degradation substrate sequence, and the infection spreads to the cells in contact with it. It shows that it will go.
- HT1080 human fibroblastic sarcoma
- MMP-expressing cancer cell line (Morodomi, T. et al. (199 2) Biochem. J. 285 (Pt 2), 603-611)
- tPA-expressing strain 28 human Gastric cancer cell line
- SW620 human colorectal cancer strain
- RCB1000 HT1080 (ATCC No. CCL-121), SW620 (ATCC No. CCL-227), and the following examples.
- SW4 80 ATCC No. CCL-228), iDr (ATCC No. CCL-218) and Pane-1 (ATCC No. CRL-1469) used in Japan were distributed by ATCC (American type culture collection) A thing was used.
- As the medium the medium used at the dispensing destination was used.
- FBS was added to all the media to a final concentration of 1%.
- SeMP / F MMP # 2
- ⁇ -GFP alone is spread more than 10 times in MMP expression strain HT1980
- SeV / F (uPA) in tPA expression strain MK N28. Only ⁇ -GFP has a spread of cell fusion infection. Neither protease was expressed, and STO20 showed no spread of infection.
- Pane I infected with SeV / F (MMP # 2) ⁇ -GFP was shown to show cell fusion type infection by MMP induction.
- HT1080 tumor bearing nude mice were prepared.
- a human fibroblast HT1080 was injected subcutaneously into the right back of a BALB-nude nude mouse (charles river) with 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells (50 ⁇ 1 of 1 ⁇ 10 8 cells / ml). Individuals whose major axis exceeded 3 mm after 7-9 days were used.
- SeV-GFP and SeV / ⁇ -GFP can be confirmed to show fluorescence only around the injection (Fig. 35 E, H). On the other hand, it was observed that SeV / F (Ken # 2) ⁇ -GFP spreads throughout the cancer.
- Example 2 5 Preparation of F non-cleavage / F-modified M-deficient SeV vector and selective infection
- 7.5 ⁇ g / It was cultured and collected in a medium containing 50 ml / ml of trypsin with a high concentration of 50 U / ml collagenase and used as an F-cleavage SeV vector (see Examples 17 and 18).
- SeV was recovered without adding proteaase during production, and F non-cleavable SeV was produced.
- Example 1 LLC-MK2 / F7 / M62 / A cells were cultured confluently in a 10 cm dish.
- BSA Bovine Serum Albumin
- SeV / F (MMP # 2) ⁇ -GFP is infected in the silent expression strain HT1080, but in the tPA expression strain MKN28, no infection is observed.
- SeV / F (uPA) AM to GFP is infected in the tPA-expressing strain MKN28 but not in the MMP-expressing strain HT1080.
- each SeV showed selectivity for infection depending on the protease expression.
- SW480 and WiDr have been shown to induce MMP3 and MP7 by co-culture with fibroblast or in vivo culture, respectively (Kataoka, H. et aL (1997)
- HAU 1 X 10 6 particles / ml in terms of viral particles 1 X 10 6 particles / ml) of? 7 non-cleavable SeV-containing MEM 50 1 added, were infected.
- Normal human lung fibroblast (TAKARA) was added at 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells / well and cultured at 37 ° C for 4 days (Fig. 9 9 ) Both SW480 and WiDr became infected with SeV / F (MMP # 2) AM-GFP by co-culturing human fibroblasts. This phenomenon is not observed with SW620, which does not require induction.
- Example 2 8 Protease-dependent F cleavage of F-modified M-deficient SeV vector
- Re-suspended with S. Protease is added to each virus suspension to a final concentration of 7.5 g / ml trypsin, O. l ng / m 1 MMP9, 0.1 ng / ml uPA, and treated at 37 ° C for 30 min. After that, sample buffer was added to make an SDS-PAGE sample. SDS-PAGE and Western plotting were performed according to standard methods (Kido, H. et al. Isolati on and characterization of a novel trypsin— liKe protease found in rat bronchiolar epithelial Clara cells. A possible activator of the viral fusion glycoprotein J Biol Chew 267, 13573-9 (1992)).
- Anti- Fl Usagi antibody immunizes with three synthetic synthetic peptides (FFGAVIGT + Cys: 117-124, EAREAKRDIALIK: 143-155, CGTGRRPISQ DRS: 401-413; SEQ ID NOs: 4 6, 4 7, 4 8 respectively). Serum was obtained.
- the secondary antibody is HRP-labeled anti-rabbit IgG antibody (ICN, Aurola, 0H). S (ECL Western blotting detection reagents; Amersham Biosciences. Uppsala, Sweden) was used.
- Figure 4 1 shows that the M-deleted SeV vector (1, 4, 7, 10) without F modification (1, 4, 7, 10), and the M-deleted SeV vector inserted with F # 2 sequence (2, 5 , 8, 11), M-deletion type SeV vector (3, 6, 9, 12) inserted with uPA sequence in F was treated with the above protease at 37 ° C for 30 minutes. Yes.
- Example 29 Increase in fusion ability due to deletion of F cell domain ⁇ Invasion of the host by paramyxovirus is established by fusion of the virus membrane and the host cell membrane.
- the invasion mechanism is that Sendai virus HN protein binds to sialic acid on the host side, and F protein causes cell membrane fusion. At that time, the bond of H It is said that it is important to change the conformation of F (Russell, C. J., Jardetzky, TS & Lamb, RA Memorane fusion machines of paramyxoviruses: capture of intermediates of fusion.
- pCAGGS-equipped HN was transferred at the same time, and its fusion ability was confirmed by the number of syncytiums.
- Fct27 primer (5 '-CCGCTCGAGCATGACAGCATATATCCAGAGA-3' / SEQ ID NO: 49, 5, -ATAGTTTAGCGGCCGCTCATCTGATCTTCGGCTCTAATGT-3 '/ SEQ ID NO: 50)
- Fct 14 primer (5'-CCGCTCGAGCATGACAGCATATATCCAGAGA-3 '/ SEQ ID NO: 5 5 '-ATAGT TTAGCGGCCGCTCACCTTCTGAGTCTATAAAGCAC-3, / SEQ ID NO: 5 2)
- Fct4 primer (5,-C CGCTCGAGCATGACAGCATATATCCAGAGA-3' / SEQ ID NO: 5 3, 5 '-ATAGTTTAGCGGCCGCTCAC CTTCTGAGTCTATAAAGCAC-3'
- LLCMK2 or 080 cells were confluent to a 24-well plate.
- 50 // I Opt i-MEM was mixed with 3 1 Fugene6.
- Each pCAGGS expression plasmid was mixed with 2 ⁇ g and an equal amount of pCAGGS / EGFP, and then added to a mixture of Opti-MEM and Fugen6. After standing at room temperature for 15 minutes, the medium was replaced with 500 / xl MEM medium. Added to the plate. 37. C, 5% C0 2 after 3 hours incubation, the case where 1% FBS added M EM, LLCMK2 of HT1080 7. 5 / g / ml Trypsin or collagenase type of the specified concentration
- the medium was replaced with MEM medium supplemented with IV (Clostridium). After culturing for 48 hours, the number of fused syncytia per 100-fold field (0.3 cm 2 ) of an inverted microscope was counted. Moshiku after 4% Paraformaldehyde fixed to 2 hours, 70% ethanol, after distillation water replacement, after 5 minutes hematoxylin staining, washed with water, to form syncytia and that 0.3 cm 2 of per Rinokaku I've worked on the numbers.
- Figure 42 (A) shows the amino acid sequence deleted from the three types of cytoplasmic domains of F
- Figure 42 (B) shows its fusion activity.
- Fig. 4 2 (B) no cells fused with F alone, but the fusion ability was shown by co-transfecting H. It was also revealed that F protein (Fctl4) with a sequence in which 28 amino acids were deleted so that the cytoplasmic domain was 14 amino acids had the highest fusion ability.
- the paramyxovirus envelope protein is a trimer of F and tetramer of HN on the cell membrane. It is clear that they interact with each other through the ectodomain and M protein. (Plemper, RK, Hammond,
- a texture 9 protein was prepared (Fctl4 / HN).
- F protein Fctl4 having high fusion ability was used.
- a linker sequence consisting of 50 amino acids was inserted between the two proteins (Fct 14 / Linker / HN). This linker sequence is homologous to any protein in the current search. Ij who does not have (Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVagm) env cyt oplasraic domain non-sense sequence synthesized by reversing the N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequences of the amino acid sequence was used.)
- the F / HN chimeric protein gene was loaded into the pCAGGS vector. PCR was performed on the F gene and HN gene, and the two fragments were ligated into pCAGGS. At this time, one with or without a 150 b linker gene (50 amino acid) inserted between the F / HN genes was prepared. The primer sequences are shown below.
- F gene primer (F-F: 5, -ATCCGAATTCAGTTCMTGACAGCATATATCCAGAG- 37 SEQ ID NO: 5 5; Fctl4- R: 5 '-AT CCGCGGCCGCCGGTCATCTGGATTACCCATTAGC-3' / SEQ ID NO: 5 6), Linker / HN gene primer (Linker— HN -F: 5 '-ATCCGCGGCCGCAATCGAGGGAAGGTGGTCTGAGTTAAAAATCAGGAG CMCGACGGAGGTGAAGGACCAGAGGACGCCAACGACCCACGGGGAAAGGGGTGAACACATCCATATCCAGCC ATCTCTACCTGTTTATGGACAGAGGGTTAGG-3' / SEQ ID NO: 5 7, HN-R: 5 '-ATCCGCGGCCGCT TMGACTCGGCCTTGCATM - 37 SEQ ID NO: 5 8), HN gene primer (5' -ATCCGCGGCCG CAATGGATGGTGATAGGGGCA-3 '/ SEQ ID NO
- the chimeric protein without the linker sequence shows low fusion ability, but compared to the simultaneous transfection of F and HN by inserting a linker. It was found that the fusion activity increased dramatically.
- the amino acid sequence at the cleavage site was modified with the QuikChange TM Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) as shown in Fig. 44 (A). What was considered in this modification was the sequence of the fusion peptide after cleavage by the protease.
- the N-terminal region of F1 of Paramyxovirus F protein is called Fusion peptide, and it is important for its fusion activity, and it has been reported that amino acid mutations in that region may lose F protein fusion ability. (Bagai, S. & Lamb, RA A glycine to alanine substitution in the paramyxovirus SV5 fusi on peptide increases the initial rate of fusion.
- MMP # 1 is the most well-known sequence as a synthetic substrate for MMP. This sequence is also used for targeting by other MMPs. MMP # 3 and # 8 are also commercially available sequences as synthetic substrates. MMP # 2 and 6 follow the consensus sequence Pro-X-X-Hy- (Ser / Thr) for MMP9, which was revealed by phage display. PLGMTS and PQGMTS were modified (SEQ ID NOs: 61 and 62, respectively). ⁇ P # 5 was named PQGLY (SEQ ID NO: 63) according to a report by Shneider et al. (American Society of Gene Therapy, Annual meeting No. 1163 2002, Boston). MMP # 4 does not change the sequence of the fusion peptide after degradation.
- MMP # 7 is a sequence revealed by phage display for MMP2. Details of the preparation of an expression plasmid in which the F activation site of the F / HN fusion gene is modified are shown below. After constructing the F / HNife combined gene, on the pBluscript F / HN, Mutation was introduced. Mutation was introduced using the QuikChange TM Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) According to the method described in the kit. The sequence of the synthetic oligo used for mutagenesis is
- MMP # 1 ( 5'-CTGTCACCAATGATACGACACAAAATGCCccTctTggCCtGggGttATTCTTCGGT GC TGTGATTGGTACTATCG-3> / SEQ ID NO: 64, 5, -CGATAGTACCAATCACAGCACCGAAGAATaa C ccCaGGccAagAggGGCATTTTGTGTCGTATCATTGGTGACAG -3> / SEQ ID NO: 65),
- MMP # 2 (5, -CTGTCACCAATGATACGACACAAAATGCCccTctTggCatGaCGAGtTTCTTCGGTGCT GTGATTGGTACTATC-3 '/ SEQ ID NO: 32, 5, -GATAGTACCAATCACAGCACCGAAGAAaCTCGtCa tGccAa g AggGGCATTTTGTGTCGTATCATTGGA
- MMP # 3 (5, -CTGTCACCAATGATACGACACAAAATGCCccTctTggCCtGggGttATTCTTCGGTGCT GTGATTGGTACTATCG-3, / SEQ ID NO: 34, 5 '-CGATAGTACCAATCACAGCACCGAAGAATaaCc cCaGGccAagAggGGCATTGTGTGGATCGT
- Hy-S / T-S / T sequences (especially MTS sequences) retains the fusion ability of the F protein after cleavage as well as the cleavage of the F protein by concealment derived from HT1080. It is likely that the requirements of both parties have been met.
- MMP # 1, # 3, # 4, # 5,, # 7, and # 8 no cell fusion was observed. Since all sequences except for # 4 are derived from the synthetic substrate of MMP, it is expected that cleavage by protease occurs, so the peptide of 3-amino acid added to F1 is the F protein after cleavage. This suggests the possibility of limiting the activity of.
- MMP # 4 there is a high possibility that cleavage by the protease itself does not occur under these conditions. The basis for this is not shown in the data, but it is also clear that MMP # 4 can form syncytium by induction of concealment by Phorbol ester of HT1080.
- the lower case notation indicates the mutated base.
- Preparation of expression plasmids in the same manner as described above, cut with EcoRI after introduction of the mutations were performed by P C AGGS Heraigeshon.
- MMP # 6 was found to have a 2-3 times higher fusion ability than MMP # 2.
- the important point is that in the case of MMP # 6, cell fusion occurs even under low protease concentration conditions, and F protein activity at low concentrations is realized.
- a mutation from G to A that has been reported as an increase in the fusion ability of F protein (Peisajovich, SG, Epand, RF, Epand, RM & Shai, Y.
- Sendai virus N-terminal fusio n Peptide consists of two similar repeats, both of which contribute to me mbrane fusion.Eur J Biochem 269, 4342-50 (2002)) (# 6G12A) reduces the fusion ability to less than 1/10. I have. From these results, it was clarified that the activity of F protein cannot be maintained simply by inserting a protease-degrading sequence simply because of the modification of tropism by protease, and the fusion ability is often lost. When introducing the target degradation sequence, this system can be used to confirm the fusion ability and construct a virus.
- Example 3 2 Construction of improved F-modified M-deficient SeV genomic cDNA with increased fusion ability
- An improved FS c-modified M-deleted SeV genomic cDNA was constructed by the following method. Se V / F (MMP # 6) ⁇ -GFP was carried out in the same manner as in Example 16.
- Mutation into the F gene is performed using the oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 69, using the QuikChange TM Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene, Lajolla, CA) on the LITMUSSall / NhelfrgAM-FP according to the method described in the kit. It was. Mutated LITMUSSall / Nhelf rg AM-Fragment after digestion with Sal I and Nhe I and EGFP gene at F deletion site Digestion of the full-length F-deficient Sendai virus genomic cDNA (pSeV + 18 / F-GFP: Li, H et al J. Viol.
- SeV / F MMP # 6 ⁇ -GFP cDNA
- Fig. 46 M-deficient Sendai virus (SeV (TDK) / Fctl4 (Above # 6) ⁇ -GFP) and F / HN chimeric protein with 28 amino acids deleted from the cytoplasmic domain of F protein
- the virus (SeV (TDK) I Fctl4 (MMP # 6) / Linker / HN ⁇ M-GFP) was constructed using the multicloning cytosendai virus cDNA (referred to as pSeV (TDK)) (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No.
- TDK Sendai virus SeV
- MMP # 6 Fctl4
- ⁇ -GFP which was trancated from the cytoplasmic domain of the F protein, was constructed as follows. In order to use TDK as a skeleton, pSeV (TDK) / AM-GFP was first prepared.
- Synthetic primers Nhe-GFP-F: ATCCGCTAGCCCGTACGGCCAT GGTGAGCAAG (SEQ ID NO: 94) and GFP-EIS-BssHII: ATCCGCGCGCCCGTACGATGAACTTTCA CCCTAAGTTTTTCTTACTACGGCGCTTTACTTGTACAGCGTCTTACTTGTACAGCG
- GFP / EIS GFP with an EIS sequence encoding the transcription initiation and termination signal
- Sendai virus cDNA were treated with Nel and BssHII, and the fragment was ligated to replace the M protein with GFP.
- PSeV (TDK) I ⁇ M-GFP was prepared.
- the synthesis primer Mlv-F ATCCACGCGTCATGACAGCATATATCCAGAG (SEQ ID NO: 96), and Fctl 4-EIS-Sal I: ATCCGTCGACACGATGAACTTTCACCCTAAGTTTTCGCATACTTT Fctl4 (MMP # 6) amplified by PCR using GATTACC (SEQ ID NO: 97) is inserted and replaced at the position of F instead of F gene, and pSeV (TDK) / Fctl4 (MMP # 6) ⁇ - GFP was constructed (Figure 46).
- PSeV (TDK) / ⁇ F-GFP was prepared by deletion and replacement with GFP. Further, Fctl4 (MMP # 6) / Linker / HN prepared in Example 31 was used as a saddle, and a synthetic primer (F / HN5, Nhe-F: ATCCGCTAGCAGT TCAATGACAGCATATATCCAGAG (SEQ ID NO: 100), F / HN3 ′ Nhe-EIS -R: Fctl4 (MMP # 6) / Linker / HN amplified by PCR using ATCCGCTAGCACG ATGAACTTTCACCCTAAGTTTTTCTTACTACTTTTAAGACTCGGCCTTGCATAA (SEQ ID NO: 101)) Nhe I site of pSeV (TDK) / ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ F-G FP PSeV (TDK) / Fctl4 (MMP # 6) / Linker / HN ⁇ M-GFP was constructed.
- Example 3 Virus reconstruction from the cDNA constructed in 2 was performed according to the report of Li et al. (Li, H.-0. Et al., J. Virology 74. 6564-6569 (2000), WOOO / 70070). . However, it was an M deletion type as in Example 17 and therefore a helper cell (Example 11) capable of supplying M protein to trans was used. Cre / loxP expression induction system is used for helper cell production. The system uses the plasmid pCALNdLvr (Arai, T. et al., J. Virol. 72: 1115-1121 (1988)) designed to induce and express gene products using Cre DNA recombination.
- a recombinant adenovirus (AxCANCre) that expresses Cre DNA recombinase was transformed into the transformant of the plasmid by the method of Saito et al. (Saito, I. et al., Nucl. Acid. Res. 23, 3 816-3821 ( 1995), Arai, T. et al., J. Virol. 72, 1115-1211 (1998)), and the inserted gene is expressed.
- the composition was as follows: LLC-MK2 cells were seeded in 100 mm dishes at 5 X 10 6 cells / dish, cultured for 24 hours, and then treated with psoralen and long-wavelength ultraviolet light (365 nm) for 20 minutes.
- Recombinant vaccinia virus expressing T7 polymerase (PLWUV-VacT7: Fuerst, TR et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83 , 8122—8126 (1986)) was infected for 1 hour at room temperature (M0I 2).
- plasmid pSeV / F (# 6) ⁇ -GFP (or pSeV (TDK) / Fctl4 (MMP # 6) ⁇ M-GFP, pSeV (TDK) / Fctl4 ( MMP # 6) / Linker / HN ⁇ -GFP), pGE / NP, pGEM / P, pGEM / L (Kato, A. et al., Genes cells 1, 569-579 (1996)) pGEM / M and pGEM / F— HN (Li, H. -0. Et al., J. Virology 74.
- the lysate is transferred directly to LLC-MK2 / F7 / M62 / A, 40 ⁇ g / mL AraC, 7.5 ⁇ g / mL Trypsin and 50 U / mL Containing type IV collagenase (ICN, Aurola, OH) (pSeV (TDK) / Fctl4 (MMP # 6) / Linker / HN ⁇ M-GFP, trypsin only).
- MEM MEM at 32 ° C without serum Cultured (P1). After 3-4 days, remove a portion of the culture supernatant and infect with freshly prepared LLC-MK2 / F7 / M62 / A.
- SeV / F (disclosed # 6) ⁇ -GFP, cytoplasmic domain was deleted by 28 amino acids, with the F protein cleavage site changed to PLGMTS (SEQ ID NO: 61) and PQGMTS (SEQ ID NO: 62).
- (TDK) / Fct 14 (MMP # 6) SeV (TDK) with ⁇ M-GFP and F / HN chimeric protein
- Example 33 In order to examine the performance of the virus produced in Example 33, we measured the cell fusion ability by infecting various cancer cell lines with different expression levels of MMP2 and 11 MP9 and LLCMK2 in which MMP expression was not detected.
- Various cancer cells (HT1080, U87MG, A172, U251, SW480, LLCMK2) were confluent to a 24-well plate in the medium indicated by the donor.
- U87MG ATCC NO. HTB-14
- A172 ATCC No. CRL-1620
- U251 IF050288 was purchased from JCRB cell bank.
- MMP2 and 9 were confirmed by gelatin zymography performed in Example 22 (Fig. 48). As a result, the expression of MMP2 was confirmed in HT1080, U87MG, and A172. In addition, U251 and SW4S0 confirmed the occurrence of low and concealment. LLCMK2 appears to have MMP2 expression at 1 ° /. Since it contains serum, the activity of MMP2 in the serum is visible. Two days after infection in each cancer cell line, the spread of GFP was observed. As a result, the conventional SeV / F (MMP # 2) ⁇ M-GFP was not widely used in U251 and SW480!
- the present invention provides a vector that specifically spreads infection in the presence of a desired protease.
- the vector of the present invention does not produce virus-like particles significantly, and transfers the vector to neighboring cells by cell fusion. Therefore, the vector of the present invention is useful for infecting a vector localized to the target tissue.
- the present invention provides vectors that spread cancer-specific infection. This vector has a strong and inhibitory effect on tumor growth. Cancer gene therapy using the vector of the present invention has high potential as a new cancer therapy with few side effects.
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CN038155745A CN1665932B (zh) | 2002-04-30 | 2003-04-30 | 具有修饰的蛋白酶依赖向性的载体 |
CA2484538A CA2484538C (en) | 2002-04-30 | 2003-04-30 | Vectors with modified protease-dependent tropism |
KR1020047017455A KR101058294B1 (ko) | 2002-04-30 | 2003-04-30 | 프로테아제 의존성 트로피즘이 개변된 벡터 |
US10/513,094 US7402427B2 (en) | 2002-04-30 | 2003-04-30 | Vectors with modified protease-dependent tropism |
AU2003234775A AU2003234775A1 (en) | 2002-04-30 | 2003-04-30 | Vector with modified protease-dependent tropism |
EP03728016.1A EP1505154B1 (en) | 2002-04-30 | 2003-04-30 | Paramyxovirus vectors with modified protease-dependent tropism |
JP2004501612A JP4448440B2 (ja) | 2002-04-30 | 2003-04-30 | プロテアーゼ依存性トロピズムが改変されたベクター |
HK06102193.5A HK1081996A1 (en) | 2002-04-30 | 2006-02-18 | Vectors with modified protease-dependent tropism |
US12/140,715 US7709621B2 (en) | 2002-04-30 | 2008-06-17 | Vectors with modified protease-dependent tropism |
US12/712,905 US20100297732A1 (en) | 2002-04-30 | 2010-02-25 | Vectors with modified protease-dependent tropism |
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US7226786B2 (en) | 1999-05-18 | 2007-06-05 | Dnavec Research Inc. | Envelope gene-deficient Paramyxovirus vector |
AU2003234775A1 (en) * | 2002-04-30 | 2003-11-17 | Dnavec Research Inc. | Vector with modified protease-dependent tropism |
ATE459707T1 (de) * | 2003-06-30 | 2010-03-15 | Dnavec Research Inc | Negativ-strang rna-virus-vektoren, welche ein gen mit veränderten hypermutierbaren regionen tragen |
US20090123468A1 (en) | 2003-10-24 | 2009-05-14 | Gencia Corporation | Transducible polypeptides for modifying metabolism |
US8507277B2 (en) | 2003-10-24 | 2013-08-13 | Gencia Corporation | Nonviral vectors for delivering polynucleotides |
US8062891B2 (en) | 2003-10-24 | 2011-11-22 | Gencia Corporation | Nonviral vectors for delivering polynucleotides to plants |
WO2005056752A2 (en) | 2003-10-24 | 2005-06-23 | Gencia Corporation | Methods and compositions for delivering polynucleotides |
US20090208478A1 (en) * | 2003-10-24 | 2009-08-20 | Gencia Corporation | Transducible polypeptides for modifying metabolism |
US8133733B2 (en) | 2003-10-24 | 2012-03-13 | Gencia Corporation | Nonviral vectors for delivering polynucleotides to target tissues |
JP4999330B2 (ja) | 2004-01-22 | 2012-08-15 | 株式会社ディナベック研究所 | サイトメガロウイルスエンハンサーおよびニワトリβ−アクチンプロモーターを含むハイブリッドプロモーターを利用したマイナス鎖RNAウイルスベクターの製造方法 |
KR20070004637A (ko) * | 2004-01-22 | 2007-01-09 | 가부시키가이샤 디나벡크 겐큐쇼 | 바이러스 벡터의 제조방법 |
WO2005087269A1 (ja) * | 2004-03-16 | 2005-09-22 | Dnavec Research Inc. | 腫瘍増殖を抑制する方法 |
JP2006180780A (ja) * | 2004-12-27 | 2006-07-13 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial & Technology | 持続感染型センダイウイルスベクター |
KR20080068098A (ko) | 2005-10-28 | 2008-07-22 | 디나벡크 가부시키가이샤 | Rna 바이러스 또는 dna 바이러스의 스파이크단백질로 슈도타입화된 렌티바이러스 벡터를 사용한 기도상피 간세포로의 유전자 도입 |
US8007808B2 (en) * | 2008-04-04 | 2011-08-30 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Univeristy Of Illinois | Composition and method for facilitating the internalization of a therapeutic agent into a cell |
EP3543256A1 (en) * | 2009-01-12 | 2019-09-25 | Cytomx Therapeutics Inc. | Modified antibody compositions, methods of making and using thereof |
DE102010018961B4 (de) * | 2010-04-23 | 2012-09-20 | Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen Universitätsklinikum | Genetisch modifiziertes Paramyxovirus zur Behandlung von Tumorerkrankungen |
US20110311587A1 (en) * | 2010-06-04 | 2011-12-22 | Pramila Walpita | Fusogenic virus-like particles and uses thereof |
WO2014103310A1 (ja) | 2012-12-26 | 2014-07-03 | バイオコモ株式会社 | ヒトパラインフルエンザ2型ウイルスベクターを利用したワクチン |
CN105541969A (zh) * | 2015-12-28 | 2016-05-04 | 合肥安德生制药有限公司 | 一种基质金属蛋白酶酶切序列肽、表达载体、多核苷酸序列及应用 |
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GB9200117D0 (en) * | 1992-01-06 | 1992-02-26 | Connaught Lab | Production of recombinant chimeric proteins for vaccine use |
EP0864645B9 (en) | 1995-10-31 | 2006-03-22 | Dnavec Research Inc. | Negative-strand rna virus vector having autonomously replicating activity |
WO2000009700A1 (en) * | 1998-08-11 | 2000-02-24 | Dnavec Research Inc. | Rna virus vector having contact infiltration capability |
US20020169306A1 (en) * | 1999-05-18 | 2002-11-14 | Kaio Kitazato | Envelope gene-deficient paramyxovirus vector |
JP3602058B2 (ja) | 1999-05-18 | 2004-12-15 | 株式会社ディナベック研究所 | エンベロープ遺伝子欠損パラミクソ科ウイルスベクター |
WO2003025570A1 (en) | 2001-09-18 | 2003-03-27 | Dnavec Research Inc. | Method of examining (-) strand rna virus vector having lowered ability to form grains and method of constructing the same |
US7226786B2 (en) * | 1999-05-18 | 2007-06-05 | Dnavec Research Inc. | Envelope gene-deficient Paramyxovirus vector |
WO2001020989A1 (en) | 1999-09-22 | 2001-03-29 | Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research | Therapeutic methods and compositions using viruses of the recombinant paramyxoviridae family |
US6896881B1 (en) * | 1999-09-24 | 2005-05-24 | Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research | Therapeutic methods and compositions using viruses of the recombinant paramyxoviridae family |
AU2003234775A1 (en) * | 2002-04-30 | 2003-11-17 | Dnavec Research Inc. | Vector with modified protease-dependent tropism |
JP4999330B2 (ja) * | 2004-01-22 | 2012-08-15 | 株式会社ディナベック研究所 | サイトメガロウイルスエンハンサーおよびニワトリβ−アクチンプロモーターを含むハイブリッドプロモーターを利用したマイナス鎖RNAウイルスベクターの製造方法 |
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WO2003093476A1 (fr) | 2003-11-13 |
JPWO2003093476A1 (ja) | 2005-09-08 |
US20050221292A1 (en) | 2005-10-06 |
EP1505154B1 (en) | 2015-09-16 |
KR101058294B1 (ko) | 2011-08-22 |
CN101054419A (zh) | 2007-10-17 |
HK1081996A1 (en) | 2006-05-26 |
CN1665932B (zh) | 2010-12-15 |
US7709621B2 (en) | 2010-05-04 |
CN1665932A (zh) | 2005-09-07 |
AU2003234775A1 (en) | 2003-11-17 |
US20100297732A1 (en) | 2010-11-25 |
CA2484538A1 (en) | 2003-11-13 |
JP4448440B2 (ja) | 2010-04-07 |
US20080299642A1 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
CA2484538C (en) | 2014-03-25 |
EP1505154A1 (en) | 2005-02-09 |
US7402427B2 (en) | 2008-07-22 |
KR20050000414A (ko) | 2005-01-03 |
EP1505154A4 (en) | 2006-09-06 |
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