WO2003079030A1 - Verfahren zur charakterisierung hochparallelisierter liquidhandlingstechnik mittels mikroplatten sowie testkit zur durchführung des verfahrens - Google Patents
Verfahren zur charakterisierung hochparallelisierter liquidhandlingstechnik mittels mikroplatten sowie testkit zur durchführung des verfahrens Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003079030A1 WO2003079030A1 PCT/DE2003/000834 DE0300834W WO03079030A1 WO 2003079030 A1 WO2003079030 A1 WO 2003079030A1 DE 0300834 W DE0300834 W DE 0300834W WO 03079030 A1 WO03079030 A1 WO 03079030A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- sample
- reagent
- volumes
- microplate
- optical measurement
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N35/10—Devices for transferring samples or any liquids to, in, or from, the analysis apparatus, e.g. suction devices, injection devices
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/25—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing including sample preparation
- Y10T436/2575—Volumetric liquid transfer
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for characterizing highly parallelized liquid handling technology using microplates and to a test kit for carrying out the method. It is used wherever highly paralized liquid handling technology is to be characterized with regard to correctness and precision, especially when the volumes handled are in the ⁇ l or sub- ⁇ l range and the characterization is to take place under conditions that correspond to the real conditions of use of liquid handling technology correspond.
- Liquid handling technology with a large number of channels for sample handling such as multipipettes with 96 or 384 channels or more, provides a large number of sample volumes in individual cavities of a microplate arranged as a grid for multi-channel sample preparation and evaluation or storage or transport etc.
- the correctness and accuracy of the sample handling is of crucial importance for the quality and usability of the analysis results. For this reason, for the provider and also for the user of such liquid handling technology, a test criterion is increasingly in the foreground, which may also serve as a quality standard, certification basis and the like. would be helpful.
- gravimetric methods and methods are used for this characterization, which measure the dilution of an analytical signal of a sample, which is easy to follow per se, by means of a diluent.
- signals are, for example, optical signals or radioactivity of a sample.
- the parallelized dosing technology should be characterized with this technology, especially since the large number of characterizing individual channels would otherwise be very difficult to calibrate.
- the reader technology for microplates is based on the principle of vertical photometry, i.e. it does not have a defined layer thickness of the individual cavity.
- the layer thickness is determined by the volume used and by the meniscus that forms and, depending on the surface properties of the analyte and the mechanical conditions of handling the microplate, is subject to not inconsiderable variability.
- the absorbance of the water in the infrared range is used in US Pat. No.
- an absorbance-measuring reader is used to measure the sample volume of a channel in liquid handling technology with n channels, a diluent volume VD is placed in the individual cavities of the microplate, a sample volume Vp which contains a dye Fj in the concentration CPFI and which is to be determined , added and mixed.
- the multiplicative errors are mainly the variable layer thickness due to the formation of a meniscus and the temperature-dependent changes in ⁇ ; Additive-acting errors are caused, for example, by air bubbles forming more frequently and sometimes precipitates, scratches and lint. A large part of these errors, which ultimately influence the analytical result of the volume determination, can be eliminated by multi-wavelength photometry. Such a procedure is described, for example, for determining the temperature in microplates with thermochromic indicators by absorbance measurement (DE 199 28 056).
- test kit for the practical implementation of the method is also to be provided.
- sample volumes are dispensed into the cavities of at least one microplate using the liquid handling technique to be characterized, with regard to the selection, nature and amount of sample or reagent liquid
- Individual channels under conditions of greatly reduced evaporation determine an average sample or reagent volume based on the number of channels in liquid handling technology by gravimetry, - each sample or reagent volume, which for optical measurements each have a first indicator with specific optical properties and at least a second indicator with contains the first indicator of different optical properties, each mixed with a diluent which contains the same at least second indicator in an identical concentration as the sample or reagent volume, but not the first indicator,
- Intensity deviation of the corresponding standardized optical measurement signal to the optical mean intensity value is determined.
- an average value of all sample or reagent volumes simultaneously delivered to the microplate by the liquid handling technique to be characterized is determined.
- This mean sample or reagent volume is preferably determined by highly precise and repeated weighing, the sample or reagent volumes being dispensed by the liquid handling technique into empty cavities of the microplate as well as to a microplate in the cavities of which the diluent has already been placed , Said optical measurement signals and the relative evaluation of the channel-specific intensity deviations from a normalized optical intensity mean value can also be determined for a precise evaluation with high accuracy.
- each cavity of the microplate at least two individual optical measurement signals at different wavelengths are determined in terms of their intensities, the at least second optical measurement signal being used in the normalization of the first optical measurement signal to eliminate the cavity-related interference factors mentioned.
- buffers are preferably used, the pH values of which do not change or change very little when the temperature changes.
- the mean sample or reagent volume is proportional to the mean intensity value of the standardized optical measurement signals, so that from the respective channel-related intensity deviation of the corresponding standardized optical measurement signal from the intensity mean value of all standardized optical measurement signals, the volume deviation and therefore also for each cavity Characterization of the liquid handling technique determined sample volume can be calculated.
- the said measurement signal intensity deviations can be presented as so-called false color representations in a matrix corresponding to the channel geometry of the liquid handling technique.
- the representation of the aforementioned cavity-specific sample or reagent volumes determined to characterize the liquid handling technique in such a matrix corresponding to the channel geometry of the liquid handling technique is also expedient for the evaluation. It is advantageous that the characterization of liquid handling technology can take place under conditions ⁇ coming a proper use of liquid handling technology and the microplate in terms of sample handling and analysis very close. These conditions are realized in particular by suitable selection, nature and volumes of sample liquid and diluent as well as by adequate sample delivery, treatment and analysis per se. The results obtained with the method according to the invention are therefore highly relevant not only for liquid handling device manufacturers
- the kit consists of a set of instructions and at least five provided solutions (Lj a , L a , Ljf, L 2 f, L), from which the sample or reagent volumes and the diluent can be produced, depending on the application.
- Two solutions (L ⁇ a , L 2a ) are provided for photometric measurements and two solutions (Lj f , L 2f ) are provided for fluorescence measurements.
- the solutions L ia and Li f are stock solutions for the respective first optical indicator, the solutions L 2a and L 2f are stock solutions for the respective second optical indicator.
- Solution L 3 is a stock solution of a quasi temperature-insensitive buffer (0.5 to 1 M phosphate buffer, pH 11.0).
- the solution L ! A consists of 30 mM to 300 mM p-nitrophenol in 96% (vol / vol) ethanol and the solution L 2a consists of 30 mM to 300 mM phenolphthalein in 96% (vol / vol) ethanol.
- the solution Li f consists of 30 mM to 300 mM methylumbelliferone in dimethyl sulfoxide and the solution L 2f consists of 0.3 mM to 30 mM fluorescein in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 11.0.
- Fig. 1 Temperature dependence of the p-nitrophenol absorbance in the diethanolamine buffer (application example 4)
- Fig. 2 Temperature dependence of the phenolphthalein absorbance in the diethanolamine buffer (application example 4)
- Fig. 3 Temperature dependence of the p-nitrophenol absorbance in the phosphate buffer
- FIG. 5 Standard deviations of different individual masses each consisting of 15 individual weighings in microplates (application example 9).
- FIG. 6 Matrix-shaped representation of the quotient values A1 / A2 for each cavity of the microplate (application example 10).
- FIG. 7 Matrix-shaped representation of the from gravimetry determined average sample or reagent volume and the relative photometric deviations calculated sample or reagent volumes ( ⁇ l) for each cavity of the microplate (application example 10)
- a 384-channel dosing device is to be characterized as an example of a liquid handling technique under application-related conditions for its intended use by means of absorbance measurements.
- 384 x 48 ⁇ l of a diluent (solution D, 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 11.0, with 0.04 mM phenolphthalein), which was prepared from solutions L 2a and L 3 of a kit in accordance with the procedure, are pipetted into the cavities of two 384-well microplates, which are sealed with a tightly closed lid be covered.
- the first microplate is used to evaluate the dosage; the second microplate is used to determine the loss of evaporation during the handling period.
- Both microplates are then weighed to detect an "empty weight" m ⁇ of the first microplate and an initial weight m a of the second microplate.
- 2 ⁇ l of a sample solution P are pipetted into the cavities with the respectively presented solution D of the first microplate using the 384-channel dosing device to be characterized.
- the solution P consists of 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 11.0, with 0.04 mM phenolphthalein and 0.06 mM p-nitrophenol and was prepared from solutions L ⁇ a , L 2a and L 3 of the kit mentioned according to the instructions.
- All handling processes for the aforementioned pipetting of the solution P are also carried out with the second microplate for reference, but without actually pipetting the solution P into the cavities with the respectively presented solution D of the second microplate. Then both microplates with lids are weighed again.
- the new weight of the first microplate m corresponds to the sum of the empty weight (mi) and the weight ( ⁇ m) by the pipetting process minus the evaporation (m v ) .
- the new weight (final weight) of the second microplate m e results from the initial weight m a minus the weight loss due to the evaporation weight m v .
- density Pip of the pipetting solution (solution P) is determined by weighing, known per se, using a pycnometer, and a calculation is made of the mean volume Vp delivered to the cavities of the first microplate with pipetting with respect to all channels of the 384-channel dosing device Solution P.
- the first microplate is placed in a shaker known per se for approx. 60 min.
- the assigned optical mean values are formed from all 384 quotients and difference quotients of the first microplate and the deviation of the quotient or difference quotient value from the respective optical mean value is recorded for each cavity.
- the relative deviations of the channel-specific values from the mean values of the quotients and difference quotients formed are thus determined. These deviations are proportional to the relative channel-specific deviations of the pipetted channel-specific sample volumes from the mean sample volume of the first microplate determined by gravimetry.
- False color representations of the said relative deviation from the respective mean value are helpful as a visual evaluation aid for quick and clear assessment.
- Solutions of different p-nitrophenol concentrations are prepared by adding a p-nitrophenol stock solution in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 11.0) with 0.04 mM phenolphthalein using 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 11.0) with 0 , 04 mM phenolphthalein is gradually diluted.
- 50 ⁇ l of the differently concentrated p-nitrophenol working solutions are simultaneously introduced into eight different cavities of a 384-well microplate with a multi-channel dosing device and in a reader (SpektraFluor Plus, from Tecan) at wavelengths of 405 nm (AI), 540 nm ( A2) and 620 nm (A3) measured, the bandwidth of the filter is ⁇ 10 nm.
- the intra-assay precision of the 8 identical solutions are listed in Table 1 below.
- the absorbance at 540 nm (A2) is in the range from 0.44 to 0.46. It can be seen that the precision strongly depends on the absolute absorbance, with a sales minimum in the absorbance range of 0.35 to 0.53. The quotient formation significantly improves the precision in this area. Due to the difference quotient formation, a precision improvement can only be achieved with high absorbances.
- the precision found in the optimal absorbance range denotes the maximum statement that can be achieved with the method for precision of the individual channels with the specified color system and the specified reader.
- Solutions of different p-nitrophenol concentrations are prepared by adding a p-nitrophenol stock solution in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 11.0) with 0.04 mM phenolphthalein using 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 11.0) with 0 , 04 mM phenolphthalein is gradually diluted.
- 150 ⁇ l of the differently concentrated p-nitrophenol working solutions are introduced into individual cavities of a 96-well microplate with a multi-channel dosing device on three different days at a time and in the reader at wavelengths of 405 nm (AI), 540 nm (A2) and 620 nm ( A3) measured, the bandwidth of the filter is ⁇ 10 nm.
- the inter-assay precisions of the three determinations are shown in Table 2 below.
- the absorbance at 540 nm (A2) is in the range from 0.398 to 0.42.
- the measurement precision is significantly improved by forming quotients.
- the results but also show that optical means alone cannot be used to determine the correctness (with a deviation of ⁇ 0.5%) for multichannel dispensers in the entire volume range.
- Both dyes were dissolved both in 0.1 M diethanolamine buffer (pH 10) and in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 11.0) in such a way that an absorbance of approx. 0.5 was achieved with a layer thickness of 1 cm. These solutions were measured repeatedly in a thermostated photometer (Contron) at different temperatures. The temperature was set ascending and descending by a rinsing water bath and measured by means of a thermal sensor in the measuring cell.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 show the temperature dependence of the p-nitrophenol absorbance
- FIG. 2 shows that of the phenolphthalein absorbance.
- a small temperature-dependent change in the p-nitrophenol absorbance (AI) was found compared to phenolphthalein.
- the phenolphthalein absorbance (A2) shows a clear linear drop of on average 0.0073 / K in the range from 28 ° C to 37 ° C. This leads to a linear increase in the absorbance quotient A1 / A2 of 0.025 / K.
- Phosphate buffer In comparison to the diethanolamine buffer, there was a slight temperature-dependent linear increase in the p-nitrophenol absorbance of only 0.0003 / K (FIG. 3) and one linear decrease in phenolphthalein absorbance of 0.0001 / K (Fig. 4) found in the range from 25 ° C to 39 ° C. This is less than a seventieth of the decrease in the absorbance of phenolphthalein in diethanolamine buffer. This leads to a very slight linear increase in the absorbance quotient of 0.0008 / K. With a quotient of, for example, 0.6, this last value corresponds to a deviation of 0.13% / customer is thus smaller than the measurement precision found by known readers.
- Multi-channel dispenser dispensed into the cavities of 384-well microplates. To do this, each. such volumes of a solution D of 0.04 mM phenolphthalein in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 11.0) were distributed into the individual cavities with another precise multi-channel metering device that the total volume in each cavity was 50 ⁇ l. The microplates were sealed with adhesive films and shaken for 60 minutes, then the absorbances were measured in the reader at wavelengths of 405 nm (AI) and 540 nm (A2).
- AI 405 nm
- A2 540 nm
- Sample solutions consisting of methylumbelliferone and 2 ⁇ M fluorescein in 0.1 M diethanolamine buffer (pH 9.8) were dispensed into the cavities of 384-well microplates using a multi-channel dosing device to be characterized.
- the methylumbelliferon concentration is variable and given in column 1 of table 6, the volume in column 2.
- different volumes of a solution of 2 ⁇ M fluorescein in 0.1 M diethanolamine buffer (pH 9.8) were mixed in with another precise multichannel dosing device pipetted the cavities of the microplates. These volumes were chosen so that a final volume of 50 ⁇ l resulted.
- the microplates were shaken for 60 min and then measured in a reader at wavelengths of 460 nm (Flul, excitation 365 nm) and 535 nm (Flu2, excitation 485 nm).
- Example 9 Precision of weighing: Different dry individual masses were determined 15 times with a precision balance in such a way that microplates with 384 or 1536 cavities were used as supports. 5 shows the standard deviations from 15 individual weighings for different individual masses. For weighings with the microplate empty weight, for 384-well microplates approx. 56 g and for 1536-well microplates approx. 34 g, there is an average standard deviation of the weighing for individual masses in the range of 5-1300 mg of 0.0699 mg or 0.0618 mg (Fig. 5).
- the standard deviation is relatively constant when weighing in microplates and is independent of the individual mass (Fig. 5). For different pipetted individual volumes, this means very small but also different relative errors (see Tab. 7). In the extreme case (384 x 0.05 ⁇ l sample volume in 384-well microplates) less than 0.4% errors are on average, and for all other volumes significantly smaller errors for the accuracy of the weighing are to be expected. Therefore, the weighing error due to the imprecision of the scales in the volume or Neglect mass ranges. Weighing is therefore the method of choice for determining the correct dose.
- Pipetting variant a Pipetting solution P into a dry microplate. In doing so
- Pipetting variant b Pipetting solution P into a solution filled with 49 ⁇ l of solution D.
- Solution P consists of 0.04 mM phenolphthalein and 3 mM p-nitrophenol in
- FIGS. 6 and 7 each show a false color representation of the relative deviation from the photometric plate means and the actual metering volumes derived therefrom for each cavity of the microplate 1 and thus for each assigned channel of the metering device.
- FIG. 6 represents the quotient A1 / A2 for each cavity and FIG. 7 shows the dosing volumes calculated from the mean sample volume determined by gravimetry and the channel-specific relative photometric deviations.
- mean field color cavity whose value deviation in the area of the plate means ⁇ 1%
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0422895A GB2403535B (en) | 2002-03-14 | 2003-03-13 | Method for characterizing a highly parallelized liquid handling technique using microplates and test kit for carying out the method |
US10/507,553 US7504264B2 (en) | 2002-03-14 | 2003-03-13 | Method for characterizing a highly parallelized liquid handling technique using microplates and test kit for carrying out the method |
DE10391021T DE10391021B4 (de) | 2002-03-14 | 2003-03-13 | Verfahren zur Charakterisierung hochparallelisierter Liquidhandlingtechnik mittels Mikroplatten sowie Testkit zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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DE10212557.0 | 2002-03-14 | ||
DE10212557A DE10212557A1 (de) | 2002-03-14 | 2002-03-14 | Verfahren zur Charakterisierung hochparallelisierter Liquidhandlingtechnik mittels Mikroplatten sowie Testkit zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
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WO2003079030A1 true WO2003079030A1 (de) | 2003-09-25 |
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PCT/DE2003/000834 WO2003079030A1 (de) | 2002-03-14 | 2003-03-13 | Verfahren zur charakterisierung hochparallelisierter liquidhandlingstechnik mittels mikroplatten sowie testkit zur durchführung des verfahrens |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US7504264B2 (de) |
DE (2) | DE10212557A1 (de) |
GB (1) | GB2403535B (de) |
WO (1) | WO2003079030A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7061608B2 (en) | 2004-01-30 | 2006-06-13 | Artel, Inc. | Apparatus and method for calibration of spectrophotometers |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20070116376A1 (en) * | 2005-11-18 | 2007-05-24 | Kolterman James C | Image based correction for unwanted light signals in a specific region of interest |
FI20085729A (fi) * | 2008-07-16 | 2010-01-17 | Biohit Oyj | Karakterisointimenetelmä ja välineistö menetelmän suorittamiseksi |
US8906306B2 (en) * | 2009-04-09 | 2014-12-09 | Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. | Fluid transfer control for real-time PCR |
ME02016B (me) | 2009-11-02 | 2015-05-20 | Pfizer | Derivati dioksabiciklo[3.2.1]oktan-2,3,4-triola |
DE102011086942B4 (de) | 2011-09-30 | 2024-01-11 | Endress+Hauser Conducta Gmbh+Co. Kg | Verfahren zur Kalibrierung und/oder Justierung eines Analysegerätes für chemische Substanzen in Flüssigkeiten, insbesondere in wässrige Lösungen |
ES2740299T3 (es) | 2013-03-14 | 2020-02-05 | Msd Int Gmbh | Métodos para preparar inhibidores de SGLT2 |
CN115308079B (zh) * | 2022-08-26 | 2024-03-29 | 攀钢集团重庆钒钛科技有限公司 | 一种实验室钛精矿酸解率的表征方法 |
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US4354376A (en) * | 1980-03-03 | 1982-10-19 | Medical Laboratory Automation, Inc. | Kit for calibrating pipettes |
US5492673A (en) * | 1992-02-28 | 1996-02-20 | Artel, Inc. | Reagent system for calibration of pipettes and other volumetric measuring devices |
WO1997015394A1 (en) * | 1995-10-24 | 1997-05-01 | Smithkline Beecham Corporation | Microwell plates |
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US6188476B1 (en) * | 1994-07-25 | 2001-02-13 | Molecular Devices Corporation | Determination of light absorption pathlength in a vertical-beam photometer |
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ATE154981T1 (de) * | 1990-04-06 | 1997-07-15 | Perkin Elmer Corp | Automatisiertes labor für molekularbiologie |
US5985214A (en) * | 1997-05-16 | 1999-11-16 | Aurora Biosciences Corporation | Systems and methods for rapidly identifying useful chemicals in liquid samples |
ATE341002T1 (de) * | 1999-02-16 | 2006-10-15 | Applera Corp | Vorrichtung zur handhabung von kügelchen |
DE29917940U1 (de) * | 1999-10-12 | 2000-01-05 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Vorrichtung zur gravimetrischen Prüfung von Mehrkanalpipetten |
WO2002040160A1 (de) * | 2000-11-17 | 2002-05-23 | Tecan Trading Ag | Vorrichtung und verfahren zum abtrennen von proben aus einer flüssigkeit |
US6741365B2 (en) | 2001-12-12 | 2004-05-25 | Artel, Inc. | Photometric calibration of liquid volumes |
US20050226771A1 (en) * | 2003-09-19 | 2005-10-13 | Lehto Dennis A | High speed microplate transfer |
US20070015289A1 (en) * | 2003-09-19 | 2007-01-18 | Kao H P | Dispenser array spotting |
US20050233472A1 (en) * | 2003-09-19 | 2005-10-20 | Kao H P | Spotting high density plate using a banded format |
-
2002
- 2002-03-14 DE DE10212557A patent/DE10212557A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2003
- 2003-03-13 US US10/507,553 patent/US7504264B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-03-13 WO PCT/DE2003/000834 patent/WO2003079030A1/de active Application Filing
- 2003-03-13 GB GB0422895A patent/GB2403535B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-03-13 DE DE10391021T patent/DE10391021B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (7)
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US4354376A (en) * | 1980-03-03 | 1982-10-19 | Medical Laboratory Automation, Inc. | Kit for calibrating pipettes |
US5492673A (en) * | 1992-02-28 | 1996-02-20 | Artel, Inc. | Reagent system for calibration of pipettes and other volumetric measuring devices |
US6188476B1 (en) * | 1994-07-25 | 2001-02-13 | Molecular Devices Corporation | Determination of light absorption pathlength in a vertical-beam photometer |
US5965453A (en) * | 1995-07-12 | 1999-10-12 | Charm Sciences, Inc. | Test apparatus, system and method for the detection of test samples |
WO1997015394A1 (en) * | 1995-10-24 | 1997-05-01 | Smithkline Beecham Corporation | Microwell plates |
DE19928056A1 (de) * | 1999-06-16 | 2000-12-21 | Friedrich Schiller Uni Jena Bu | Verfahren und Testkit zur Bestimmung der Temperatur in den Einzelgefäßen von Multiküvetten mit Fluoreszenzreadern |
US20020149772A1 (en) * | 2000-11-17 | 2002-10-17 | Halg | Method and device for determining the volume of a liquid sample |
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US7061608B2 (en) | 2004-01-30 | 2006-06-13 | Artel, Inc. | Apparatus and method for calibration of spectrophotometers |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB0422895D0 (en) | 2004-11-17 |
DE10212557A1 (de) | 2003-09-25 |
GB2403535A9 (en) | 2005-01-28 |
DE10391021B4 (de) | 2007-07-12 |
GB2403535B (en) | 2005-05-11 |
US7504264B2 (en) | 2009-03-17 |
DE10391021D2 (de) | 2004-12-23 |
GB2403535A (en) | 2005-01-05 |
US20060063272A1 (en) | 2006-03-23 |
GB2403535A8 (en) | 2005-01-28 |
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