WO2002095696A1 - Conversion monetaire - Google Patents

Conversion monetaire Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2002095696A1
WO2002095696A1 PCT/SG2002/000102 SG0200102W WO02095696A1 WO 2002095696 A1 WO2002095696 A1 WO 2002095696A1 SG 0200102 W SG0200102 W SG 0200102W WO 02095696 A1 WO02095696 A1 WO 02095696A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
currency
amount
token
currencv
cash
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/SG2002/000102
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Yong Hock Lawrence Sim
Original Assignee
Yong Hock Lawrence Sim
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Yong Hock Lawrence Sim filed Critical Yong Hock Lawrence Sim
Publication of WO2002095696A1 publication Critical patent/WO2002095696A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
    • G07F7/02—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by keys or other credit registering devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
    • G06Q20/34—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using cards, e.g. integrated circuit [IC] cards or magnetic cards
    • G06Q20/343—Cards including a counter
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/38—Payment protocols; Details thereof
    • G06Q20/381—Currency conversion
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D1/00—Coin dispensers
    • G07D1/02—Coin dispensers giving change
    • G07D1/04—Coin dispensers giving change dispensing change equal to a sum deposited
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F19/00—Complete banking systems; Coded card-freed arrangements adapted for dispensing or receiving monies or the like and posting such transactions to existing accounts, e.g. automatic teller machines
    • G07F19/20—Automatic teller machines [ATMs]
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F19/00—Complete banking systems; Coded card-freed arrangements adapted for dispensing or receiving monies or the like and posting such transactions to existing accounts, e.g. automatic teller machines
    • G07F19/20—Automatic teller machines [ATMs]
    • G07F19/202—Depositing operations within ATMs
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F19/00—Complete banking systems; Coded card-freed arrangements adapted for dispensing or receiving monies or the like and posting such transactions to existing accounts, e.g. automatic teller machines
    • G07F19/20—Automatic teller machines [ATMs]
    • G07F19/203—Dispensing operations within ATMs

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to currency conv rsion.
  • a visitor to a foreign country must pay for goods and services in the local currency of that country Payment is made either using electronic means (for example a creait car ⁇ ) or using cash ( ⁇ notes and coins) of the local currency Whilst it is common to pay large transactions, for example a hotel bill, using electronic means it is usually more convenient to pay smailer transactions cash. There are instances in w hich cash .must be used as it is not possible :o pay electronically, for example taxi fares Consequently, it is essential for a visitor to foreign country to e some casn m trie local currency of mat country
  • a visitor may ootain casn tne currency of a foreign countr from a baruc or currency exchange oursau p ⁇ or to arriving in the foreign country
  • the visitor may Var ely, or in addition.
  • ODtam casn from an automatic telling macmne lATM) m the foreign countr/ prov ided thai the ATM is pan of a netvvor ⁇ winch is affiliated to a banx at w ch tne isitor holds an account.
  • the visitor will need sufficient cash in the local currency to cover his casn expenses. Given that the precise amount of the casn expenses cannot be known until the end of a visit, the visitor must estimate the expenses that will be incurred and convert an appropriate amount of money mto the local currency The visitor will invariably be left with an excess amount of local currency when leaving the foreign country
  • Tne first prooiem causes two problems Tne first prooiem: that the foreign currency w nicn is retained oy tne visitor is effective: v money lost by the visitor since he will mva ⁇ aDly not use t m tne furore.
  • the second problem is that tne foreign currency/ is taken out of circulation from the foreign countr/, necessitating the production of new currency In tne case of coins this prooiem is especially significant because tne cost o producing new coins is hign. and indeed in some cases tne value of the metal comprising a com may be a substantial fraction of the face value of the com
  • a currency conversion apparatus comprising means for receiving and counting cash of a first currency input by a user, means for wntmg onto a ponable token the amount of cash input by the user, and means for outputung the token for retention by the user, the currency conversion apparatus funher comprising means for receiving a token onto which a cash amount of a second currency has been written by a currency conversion appararus.
  • means for reading from the token the amount of the seco.nd currency means for convening the amount of the second currency to an amount of the first currency, and means for outpurting cash to the amount of the first currency.
  • the writing means writes onto the token in a format which can be read electronically
  • the writing means writes onto a magnetic element provided on the token.
  • the magnetic element may be a magnetic strip.
  • the writing means is arranged to write additional data onto the token.
  • the appararus is provided with encryption means which encrypts the amount of cash paid in before it is written onto the token.
  • the encryption means encrypts the additional data before it is written onto the token.
  • the appararus is arranged to retain the token once cash has been output to the amount of the first currency, and to reuse the token for a subsequent transaction.
  • the token is a plastic card.
  • the convening means is provided with a pre-set exchange rate for convening the amount of the second cun ⁇ ncy to the amount of the first currency.
  • the pre-set exchange rate includes a commission.
  • the apparatus is provided with input means which allow a local operator of the apparatus to adjust the pre-set exchange rate.
  • the appararus is provided with input means which allow remote adjustment of the pre-set exchange rate.
  • the input means is connected to a remote operator via the Internet or via a direct telephone link.
  • the apparatus is provided with output means to output operational data to the remote operator.
  • the writing means is arranged to write onto the token the date upon which the token is output from the apparatus.
  • the apparatus is provided with date comparison means for comparing the date upon which a token is received at the receiving means with the date upon which that token was output, the apparatus being arranged to refrain from outputting cash if the difference between the dates is greater than a pre-set period.
  • the apparatus is connected to an automatic telling appararus (ATM) bank network such that money may be transferred from a user's bank account instead of the user inpurting cash into the appararus.
  • ATM automatic telling appararus
  • the appararus is arranged to receive cash of the first currency and immediately output cash of the first currency in different denominations.
  • the first currency is the local currency of the country in which the apparatus is located.
  • the second currency is a currency of a country other than the country in which the apparatus is located.
  • the invention also provides a currency conversion token for use in connection with the currency conversion apparatus referred to above
  • Tne invention also provides a method of currency conversion comprising receiving and counting cash of a ⁇ rst cunency inpu ' t by a user, writing onto a ponabie token the amount of cash input by the user, and outputting the token for retention by the user, the currency conversion method funher comprising receiving a token onto which a cash amount of a second cunency has been wri ⁇ en by a cunency conversion appararus. feading from the token the amount of the second currency, convening the amount of the second currency to an amount of the first currency, and outputting cash to the amount of the first cunency.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a currency conversion apparatus according to the invention.
  • Figure 2 is a pair of flow cha ⁇ s which illustrate the operation of the apparatus shown in figure 1.
  • a currency conversion system comprises a series of machines located in different countries, preferably at points of arrival or departure at each country. Typically machines are located in airports, ports and railway stations.
  • Each machine accepts cash in the local currency of the country in which that machine is located.
  • the amount and type of currency paid in by a user is recorded electronically on the card together with the place, date and time that the cunency was paid in.
  • the card is output from the machine and is retained by the user.
  • the user carries the card back to his home country, or to the next country which he visits.
  • the visitor Upon arriving at that country the visitor inputs the card into a conveniently located cunency conversion machine.
  • the currency conversion machine reads the card, converts the amount read from the card into the local currency using a pre-set exchange rate, and then outputs cash of the local cunency to the value of the convened amount.
  • the card is retained by the machine and reused for a subsequent transaction.
  • each machine Since each machine allows local currency to be paid in or withdrawn, the machine is self sufficient in the sense that withdrawals are taken from cash which has been paid in to the machine.
  • the system is advantageous because it allows a visitor to dispose of his small denomination local currency before leaving a country, convening the cunency to a sum held on a conveniently carried card, and allows the visitor to obtain local cunency upon arrival at his destination. It is especially useful to have some small denomination cunency. as provided by the machine, upon arrival in a country since this may be required for travel from a point of arrival, for example by taxi or bus.
  • a further advantage of the system is that local cunency is retained in circulation in the country of issue. This is advantageous to governments, since the amount of currency that needs to be replaced is reduced.
  • the cunency conversion system is advantageous to an operator of the currency exchange system, since it avoids the need to transfer currency between countries.
  • a further advantage of the system is that it does not require a user of the system to be a member of a specific bank, or indeed to have a bank account at-all. The user is not required to remember a password or personal identification number in order to use the svstem. .
  • FIG 1 An example of a cunency exchange machine is shown in figure 1 The machine comp ⁇ ses receptors for cash (coins and notes) 1. a receptor 2 for receiving a card stonng electronically encoded data, a display 3 and an output -i for outputting currency and optionally outputs receipts.
  • a user selects a 'cash-in' burton at the display 3 order to pay cash of the local currency into the machine.
  • the cash is paid into the com and note receptors 1, and the value of the casn paid m is determined and shown on the display 3.
  • Tne user selects the "cash-in' button again, w
  • a card is output at the slot 2.
  • the card (hereafter refen ⁇ d to as a stored value card”) is a plastic card provided with a magnetic element onto which data can be electronically wr.tten and read.
  • the data indicates me amount of cash paid .n. the cunency type, and the place, date and time that tne currency was paid in.
  • the user may cancel tne transaction by pressing a 'cancel ' burton instead of the "casn-i ⁇ " burton, whereupon the deposited cash is returned.
  • a user wisrung to convert a stored va e card to iocai*cunency selects a 'cash- out ' button at the display 3, of the machine shown in figure 1. and inserts the stored value card into the slot 2.
  • Tns amount of cunency indicated by the data on the stored value card is converted into the local denommanon according to a pre-set exchange rate, and the amount of local cunency is shown on the display.
  • the stored value card is retained at the machine to be used for a subsequent transaction. The user may cancel the transaction by pressing a 'cancel' button instead of the 'cash-out' button, whereupon the stored value card is returned.
  • the cash- process compnses receiving coins at a co receptor, sorting the coins and counting the coins together with their denomination.
  • the cash-in process further compnses receiving notes at a note receptor, sorting the notes and counting the notes together with their denommanon.
  • the amount and denominations of the notes and coins are added together to provide a total cash-m sum of trie cunency input to the macnine
  • the machine accepts only the local cunency. and ill reject coins and notes of any other cunency
  • Tne security system provides encryption based upon a coding format hereafter refened to as Portable Univ ersally Recognised Secured ⁇ iectronic-Money (PURSE) code which is processed by the electronics of the machine.
  • PURSE Portable Univ ersally Recognised Secured ⁇ iectronic-Money
  • the encrypted data can oniy be deciphered by other currency conversion macmnes, w ' nicn are equipped to process the PURSE code.
  • the encrypted data is ⁇ tten onto a magnetic element on a stored value card, and the card is then output from the machine.
  • a casn-out transaction compnses receiv ing a stored value card, and reading ncrptea data from tne card.
  • the encrypted data is decrypted by process of the electronics of the macnine.
  • the macnine determines the amount and cunency type indicated by tne decrypted data, and converts this .nto the local cunency using a pre-set exchange rate
  • a suitable combination of notes and coins which matte up the amount of locai cunency :o be output is determined.
  • Tne notes and corns are issued from com dispensers and note dispensers to the output 4
  • the machine may allow a user to select the denominations m which the cunency is issued.
  • the user may cancel a transaction at any point, whereupon his cash/stored value card is returned to him by the machine.
  • Tne stored value card may be provided with a limited duration of validity
  • the system may be set up so that a stored value card will become invalid if it is not used within three months Where this is implemented, the machine will read the 'cash-in' date from the card, and compare it with the cunent date to determine whether the card is valid.
  • the limited duration of validity will exert some time pressure on a user to convert a stored value card to cash, thereby limiting the pay-out liability of the svstem.
  • the machine will charge a commission for the output of local cunency.
  • Tne commission is * incorporated into the pre-set exchange rate, and is a minor percentage of the transaction. Tie effect of the commission is that, on average, each machine will receive more local cunency than it pays out.
  • the local cunency is collected periodically by machine supervisors. Where a user retains a stored value card beyond its expiry date, the amount stored on the stored value card cannot then be converted to local cunency.
  • the effect of the limited duration of validity is that, on average, the difference between the amount received and the amount paid out by each machine is increased.
  • a user may purchase several stored value cards ' .' at his home country before travelling to a foreign country. The user will conve ⁇ each stored value card to the lccai currency of the foreign country as currency is required. . Any unused stored value cards may be convened back to the user ' s home currency upon return to his home country. Conversion to the user ' s home currency will not incur a commission since the commission is a percentage of cunency exchange rate, and no exchange has taken piace. Thus, the user may buy substantially more stored value cards than he expects to use before leaving home, safe in the knowledge that any unused stored value cards may be convened back to the home currency without incurring any cost.
  • currency conversion machines may be provided in convenient locations, for example in ' hotel foyers.
  • the machine may be connected to an automatic telling machine (ATM) bank network.
  • ATM automatic telling machine
  • a user inputs their ATM card together with a personal identification number.
  • Money is transfened from the user's bank account to a stored value card at the request of the user, and the stored value card is" output by the machine.
  • the pre-set exchange rate and the commission are set by the super/isor of the machine. , This may be done by a supervisor accessing the machine " remotely via a direct telephone connection or via the Internet. Password protection may be used to prevent unauthorised amendment of the exchange rate or commission.
  • the exchange rate and commission may be set by the super/isor opening a locked access panel (not shown in figure 1) of the machine and using input buttons to adjust the exchange rate and/or commission.
  • the machine maintains a record of its operations, including cash paid in and paid out.
  • the record may be periodically transfened to a control centre via a direct telephone link or via the Internet.
  • the machine may be configured such that, in addition to currency conversion, large denomination local currency may be convened directly into smaller denomination local currencv or vice versa, without the use of a stored vaiue cord.

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  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Accounting & Taxation (AREA)
  • Finance (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Strategic Management (AREA)
  • General Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Economics (AREA)
  • Development Economics (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Cash Registers Or Receiving Machines (AREA)
  • Financial Or Insurance-Related Operations Such As Payment And Settlement (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un appareil de conversion monétaire comprenant des moyens de réception et de comptabilisation d'argent liquide d'une première devise introduit par un utilisateur, des moyens d'écriture servant à écrire la quantité d'argent liquide introduite par l'utilisateur sur un jeton, ainsi que des moyens permettant d'émettre le jeton devant être conservé par l'utilisateur. L'appareil de conversion monétaire comprend également des moyens de réception d'un jeton sur lequel une quantité d'argent liquide d'une seconde devise a été écrite par un appareil de conversion monétaire, des moyens permettant de lire la quantité de la seconde devise à partir du jeton, des moyens de conversion de la quantité de la seconde devise en une quantité de la première devise, ainsi que des moyens permettant d'émettre de l'argent liquide correspondant à la quantité de la première devise.
PCT/SG2002/000102 2001-05-23 2002-05-22 Conversion monetaire WO2002095696A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0112465.0 2001-05-23
GB0112465A GB2376124A (en) 2001-05-23 2001-05-23 Currency conversion machine

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2002095696A1 true WO2002095696A1 (fr) 2002-11-28

Family

ID=9915091

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/SG2002/000102 WO2002095696A1 (fr) 2001-05-23 2002-05-22 Conversion monetaire

Country Status (2)

Country Link
GB (1) GB2376124A (fr)
WO (1) WO2002095696A1 (fr)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2400602A (en) * 2003-02-20 2004-10-20 Asahi Seiko Co Ltd Token and container dispensing apparatus
EP1669921A3 (fr) * 2004-12-03 2007-07-04 Sanden Corporation Appareil de conversion de monnaie électronique
EP1804941A2 (fr) * 2004-10-05 2007-07-11 Giesecke & Devrient America, Inc. Machine polyvalente formant casino, destinee a recevoir de l'argent, des tickets et des cartes, presentant une capacite d'emission de cartes
EP1934707A2 (fr) * 2005-09-15 2008-06-25 De La Rue Cash Systems, Inc. Machine et methode pour un remboursement d'especes en libre-service et pour une remise en circulation d'especes
FR2924252A1 (fr) * 2007-11-28 2009-05-29 Eurocycleur Sarl Procede de paiement dans un commerce au moyen d'un support de fidelite et systeme de mise en oeuvre
CN101192320B (zh) * 2006-11-30 2010-06-16 中钞长城金融设备控股有限公司 多功能货币兑换装置
WO2013038411A1 (fr) * 2011-09-13 2013-03-21 MIZRACHI, Gabi Zachary Système, appareil et procédé de dépôt de devise dans un compte à créditer
WO2016100965A1 (fr) * 2014-12-19 2016-06-23 Diebold, Incorporated Transactions atm préétablies
IT202100020708A1 (it) * 2021-08-02 2023-02-02 Fabrizio Centola Un macchinario per il rilascio estemporaneo di carte di credito, carte prepagate e/o cambio valuta.

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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GB2394819B (en) * 2002-10-28 2004-12-15 Asahi Seiko Co Ltd Cashing device and method
US7140538B2 (en) 2004-09-22 2006-11-28 Fidos Ltd. Methods and apparatus for facilitating a currency exchange transaction
GB2435537A (en) * 2006-02-23 2007-08-29 Simon James Mills Currency exchange method and system
US20100029374A1 (en) * 2008-08-04 2010-02-04 Glory Ltd., A Corporation Of Japan Automatic dealing machine and automatic dealing system
GB2476065A (en) * 2009-12-09 2011-06-15 Pol Nisenblat A multi-currency cash deposit and exchange method and system
AU2018202320A1 (en) * 2018-04-03 2019-10-17 Currency Select Pty Ltd Transaction security
JP2020086966A (ja) * 2018-11-26 2020-06-04 グローリー株式会社 取引システム、取引装置及び取引方法
CL2021002412A1 (es) * 2021-09-15 2022-01-28 Sergio Fabian Ader Dispositivo y método para cambio automático de divisas de distinto origen de manera exacta que incluye billetes y monedas

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WO1998011515A1 (fr) * 1996-09-16 1998-03-19 Inflight Ati, Inc. Echangeur de devises et de cartes de valeur embarque
WO1999005655A1 (fr) * 1997-07-23 1999-02-04 At & T Corp. Monnaie electronique ne dependant pas de l'unite monetaire
WO1999016027A2 (fr) * 1997-09-25 1999-04-01 Interchange Nets Ltd. Dispositif de manipulation de pieces de monnaie
US5971274A (en) * 1998-01-28 1999-10-26 Inflight Financial Services Ltd. Apparatus and methods for providing financial services

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998011515A1 (fr) * 1996-09-16 1998-03-19 Inflight Ati, Inc. Echangeur de devises et de cartes de valeur embarque
WO1999005655A1 (fr) * 1997-07-23 1999-02-04 At & T Corp. Monnaie electronique ne dependant pas de l'unite monetaire
WO1999016027A2 (fr) * 1997-09-25 1999-04-01 Interchange Nets Ltd. Dispositif de manipulation de pieces de monnaie
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Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2400602A (en) * 2003-02-20 2004-10-20 Asahi Seiko Co Ltd Token and container dispensing apparatus
GB2400602B (en) * 2003-02-20 2006-01-11 Asahi Seiko Co Ltd Token and container dispensing apparatus
EP1804941A4 (fr) * 2004-10-05 2009-08-26 Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh Machine polyvalente formant casino, destinee a recevoir de l'argent, des tickets et des cartes, presentant une capacite d'emission de cartes
EP1804941A2 (fr) * 2004-10-05 2007-07-11 Giesecke & Devrient America, Inc. Machine polyvalente formant casino, destinee a recevoir de l'argent, des tickets et des cartes, presentant une capacite d'emission de cartes
US7828646B2 (en) 2004-10-05 2010-11-09 Giesecke & Devrient America, Inc. Casino all in one kiosk for cash, tickets, and cards, with card issuing capability
EP1669921A3 (fr) * 2004-12-03 2007-07-04 Sanden Corporation Appareil de conversion de monnaie électronique
EP1934707A2 (fr) * 2005-09-15 2008-06-25 De La Rue Cash Systems, Inc. Machine et methode pour un remboursement d'especes en libre-service et pour une remise en circulation d'especes
EP1934707A4 (fr) * 2005-09-15 2011-02-23 Talaris Inc Machine et methode pour un remboursement d'especes en libre-service et pour une remise en circulation d'especes
CN101192320B (zh) * 2006-11-30 2010-06-16 中钞长城金融设备控股有限公司 多功能货币兑换装置
FR2924252A1 (fr) * 2007-11-28 2009-05-29 Eurocycleur Sarl Procede de paiement dans un commerce au moyen d'un support de fidelite et systeme de mise en oeuvre
WO2013038411A1 (fr) * 2011-09-13 2013-03-21 MIZRACHI, Gabi Zachary Système, appareil et procédé de dépôt de devise dans un compte à créditer
WO2016100965A1 (fr) * 2014-12-19 2016-06-23 Diebold, Incorporated Transactions atm préétablies
CN107408246A (zh) * 2014-12-19 2017-11-28 迪堡多富公司 预设置的atm交易
US11042851B2 (en) 2014-12-19 2021-06-22 Diebold Nixdorf, Incorporated Token based transactions
IT202100020708A1 (it) * 2021-08-02 2023-02-02 Fabrizio Centola Un macchinario per il rilascio estemporaneo di carte di credito, carte prepagate e/o cambio valuta.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB0112465D0 (en) 2001-07-11
GB2376124A (en) 2002-12-04

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