WO2002048353A2 - Dna-sequenzen, codierend für ein apoptose-signaltransduktionsprotein - Google Patents
Dna-sequenzen, codierend für ein apoptose-signaltransduktionsprotein Download PDFInfo
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- WO2002048353A2 WO2002048353A2 PCT/EP2001/014597 EP0114597W WO0248353A2 WO 2002048353 A2 WO2002048353 A2 WO 2002048353A2 EP 0114597 W EP0114597 W EP 0114597W WO 0248353 A2 WO0248353 A2 WO 0248353A2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
- C07K14/4701—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals not used
- C07K14/4747—Apoptosis related proteins
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
Definitions
- the present invention relates to DNA sequences which code for an apoptotic signal transduction protein (Bcl-Rambo) or for polypeptides with a domain of such a protein (BHNo domain from Bcl-Rambo), expression vectors, host cells, gene products of the abovementioned sequences, Antibodies against these gene products, methods for expression and isolation, compounds which modulate the apoptotic effect, methods for identifying such compounds and the use of these compounds or the DNA sequences or gene products as medicaments.
- Bcl-Rambo apoptotic signal transduction protein
- BHNo domain from Bcl-Rambo apoptotic signal transduction protein
- Apoptosis is also known from the prior art as a further form of cell death.
- Apoptosis is a physiological process that regulates many physiological processes in multicellular organisms. For example, apoptosis occurs in embryonic development, plays a role in tissue or organ morphology, intervenes in the modulation of the immune system and is therefore - to speak generally - of central importance for homeostasis in multicellular organisms (Wyllie et al. (1980) Rev. Cytol 68 (251), 251-251).
- Elegans CED-9 inhibit apoptosis and create their own subfamily, there are two other subfamilies that have the opposite result Have an effect, ie promote cell death.
- this is the subfamily with proteins, such as. B. Bax, Bak, Bok, and elsewhere around the third subfamily, to which the following proteins belong: Bad, Bik / Nbk, Blk, Hrk, Bid, Bim / Bod and Noxa or the EG / l protein from C. Elegans.
- the two subfamilies which include Bei-2 as an inhibitor of apoptosis and Bax as an activator of apoptosis, are characterized by three of four conserved "BH" (short name for Bei-2 homology) sequence motifs out.
- the third subfamily which is represented by the mammalian proteins Bad, Bik / Nbk, Blk, Hrk, Bid, Bim / Bod and Noxa or the EGL / l protein by C. Elegans, only has homology with the short BH3 sequence motif for the two aforementioned subfamilies, which is why proteins of this third subfamily are also referred to in the prior art as "BH3-only" proteins.
- proteins which belong to the two subfamilies with anti-apoptotic activity are characterized by a hydrophobic sequence section located at the C-terminal, which interacts with the endoplasmic reticulum, the nuclear envelope or the outer mitochondrial membrane. These proteins that promote cell survival are typically membrane-bound, in contrast to other proteins involved in apoptosis.
- Bei-2 must necessarily bind pro-apoptotic family members, for example Bax or Bak, for its apoptosis-inhibitory effect in order to be able to develop the inhibitory effect, or whether binding to it apoptotic proteins is not critical for the action of Bcl-2 (Yin et al. (1994) Nature 369 (6478), 321-323; Cheng et al. (1996) Nature 379 (6565), 554-556).
- the prior art has therefore completely inadequately elucidated the apoptotic signal transduction, the interaction between Bei-2 homologs of different subfamilies and the completeness of the proteins involved in the regulation of this apoptotic signal transduction pathway. Therefore, even according to the prior art, it is not possible to specifically modulate the apoptotic events in the cell by therapeutic measures.
- the object of the present invention is on the one hand to elucidate apoptotic signal transduction mechanisms as well as to identify those proteins (with their amino acid sequences) and the underlying DNA sequences that are involved in the apoptotic signal transduction, on the other hand on the basis of these findings and with the help of pathophysiological findings, if necessary, substances or their use for the treatment of related diseases or disorders to be able to provide.
- proteins with a so-called BHNo domain play a crucial role in the intracellular transmission or triggering of an apoptotic signal.
- these proteins can optionally have BH sequence motifs, for example at least one BH1, BH2, BH3 and / or BH4 sequence motif. Proteins with participation in the apoptotic signal cascade are thus made available according to the invention, which belong to a further subfamily of apoptotic signal transduction proteins unknown from the prior art.
- the present invention therefore relates to DNA sequences which contain a sequence region which codes for a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence according to FIG. 7 (BHNo domain), including all functionally homologous derivatives, fragments or alleles.
- all DNA sequences are included which hybridize with the DNA sequences according to the invention, including the sequences which are complementary in each case in the double strand (claim 1).
- DNA sequences are disclosed, the gene product of which codes for a polypeptide, as shown in FIG. 7, including all functionally homologous derivatives, alleles or fragments of such a DNA sequence and also infunctional derivatives, alleles, analogs or fragments which form the can inhibit apoptotic signal cascade.
- DNA sequences hybridizing with these DNA sequences according to the invention are also disclosed (claim 2).
- the present invention relates to DNA sequences which contain a sequence region which codes for a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence according to FIG. 7 (BHNo domain), including all functionally homologous derivatives, fragments or alleles
- the subject matter of the present application also includes DNA partial sequences which code for sections of the BHNo domain, in particular for the partial sequence from AS 213 to AS 459 or up to an AS located further N-terminal, in particular furthermore for the partial sequence of AS 245 to AS 459 or up to a further N-terminal AS, furthermore in particular also for the partial sequence from AS 285 to AS 459 or up to another N-terminal AS and in particular furthermore for a partial sequence from AS 431 to AS 459 or up to a further N-terminal AS.
- the respective AS sequences reference is made to the numbering according to FIG. 1A.
- DNA sequences which contain at least one DNA sequence which for a at least 8, preferably at least 12, more preferably at least 20 AS long section on the BHNo domain (AS 205 to AS 485 according to FIG. 1A) encode, including all derivatives, analogs or alleles. Even those that result from these AS sequences resulting from DNA sequences according to the invention are also disclosed.
- the DNA sequences (repeat sequences) or the DNA sequences on which the AS sequences according to FIG. 1B are based, which contain sections which code for these AS sequences, including all derivatives, alleles and analogs, are very particularly preferred.
- the oligo or polypeptide sequences obtainable by the aforementioned DNA sequences are also disclosed.
- DNA sequences which contain a sequence region which codes for a polypeptide according to FIG. 8, including all functionally homologous derivatives, alleles or fragments, or including all sequences hybridizing with these sequences, are further preferred (claim 3).
- the hybridization conditions are preferably selected such that hybridization at 40 ° C. is more preferred at 50 ° C. and even more preferably at 60 ° C.
- DNA sequences which contain one of the (c) DNA sequences indicated in FIG. 9 are also preferred (claim 4).
- DNA sequences which code for a protein which essentially corresponds to the Bcl-Rambo protein are also disclosed. These DNA sequences receive only a small number of changes compared to the sequence shown in FIG. 9, for example they can be isoforms. The number of sequence changes will typically not be greater than 10.
- Such DNA sequences essentially corresponding to the DNA sequence coding for Bcl-Rambo and also coding for a biologically active protein can be obtained by generally known mutagenesis methods and the biological activity of the proteins coded by the mutants can be obtained by screening methods, For example, binding studies or the ability to trigger apoptosis can be identified.
- the corresponding mutagenesis methods include site-directed mutagenesis, which is the automatic synthesis of a primer with at least one at least provides for a base change.
- the heteroduplex vector is transferred to a suitable cell system (eg E. coli) and appropriately transformed clones are isolated.
- a suitable cell system eg E. coli
- all methods familiar to the person skilled in the art for the production, modification and / or detection of DNA sequences according to the invention which can be carried out in vivo, in situ or in vitro, are suitable (PCR (Innis et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications) or chemical synthesis).
- Appropriate PCR primers can be used, for example, to introduce new functions into a DNA sequence according to the invention, such as restriction sites, termination codons. In this way, sequences according to the invention can be designed accordingly for transfer into cloning vectors.
- the present invention furthermore relates to expression vectors which contain a DNA sequence according to the invention, for example as disclosed above or as claimed in claims 1 to 4 (claim 5).
- expression vectors according to the invention typically contain, in addition to at least one DNA sequence according to the invention, also promoter regions and terminator regions, if appropriate also at least one marker gene (for example antibiotic resistance genes) and / or at least one signal sequence Transport of the translated protein, for example into a certain cell organelle or into the extracellular space.
- the present invention further relates to host cells which have been transformed with an expression vector according to the invention (claim 6).
- Prokaryotic yeasts or higher eukaryotic cells are suitable as suitable host cells for cloning or expression of the DNA sequences according to the invention. In prokaryotes, gram-negative or gram-positive organisms are expressly included. E. coli or bacilli should be mentioned here.
- the strains E.coli 294, E.coli B and are preferred host cells for cloning the DNA sequences according to the invention E.coli X1776 and E.coli W3110.
- the bacilli are bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium or the like.
- the expression vectors typically contain at least one bacterial-specific signal sequence for transporting the protein into the culture medium.
- eukaryotic microbes are also suitable as host cells which have been transfected with an expression vector according to the invention.
- filamentous fungi or yeasts can be used as suitable host cells for the vectors coding for the DNA sequences according to the invention.
- Saccharomyces cerevesiae or ordinary baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevesiae or ordinary baker's yeast (Stinchcomb et al., Nature, 282: 39, (1997)).
- cells from multicellular organisms are selected for the expression of DNA sequences according to the invention. This also takes place against the background of a possibly necessary glycosylation (N- and / or O-coupled) of the encoded proteins.
- This function can be carried out in a suitable manner in higher eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells.
- any higher eukaryotic cell culture is available as a host cell, although cells from mammals, for example monkeys, rats, hamsters or humans, are very particularly preferred.
- a large number of established cell lines are known to the person skilled in the art. In a list that is by no means exhaustive, the following cell lines are named: 293T (embryonic kidney cell line), (Graham et al., J.
- expression vectors which have the DNA sequences according to the invention are preferably used to transfect cells of the mammalian immune system, especially the human immune system (claim 7).
- gene products are understood to mean both primary transcripts, that is to say RNA, preferably mRNA, and proteins or polypeptides, in particular in purified form (claim 9). According to the invention, these proteins have at least one BHNo domain and regulate or transport, in particular, apoptotic, possibly also inflammatory signals.
- a purified gene product is preferred if it contains the amino acid sequence given in FIG. 7 (for a BHNo domain), or a functionally homologous allele, fragment or derivative of this sequence (claim 10).
- a derivative is understood to mean, in particular, those AS sequences which have been modified by modifications to their side chains. For example.
- Derivatives can also be the coupling of a sugar or fatty (acid) residue or a phosphate group or any modification of a side chain, especially a free OH group or NH2 group or at the N or C terminus.
- derivatives also includes fusion proteins in which a DNA sequence according to the invention is coupled to any oligo- or polypeptides.
- Analogs Sequences that are characterized by at least one AS change compared to the native sequence (insertion, substitution) are referred to as "analogs". Conservative substitutions are preferred in which the physico-chemical character of the exchanged AA is retained (polar AA, long aliphatic chain, short aliphatic chain, negatively or positively charged AA, AA with aromatic group). The analogs are preferred if they retain the secondary structure as they occur in the native sequence. In addition to conservative sub- institutions can also be less conservative AS
- Variations according to the invention are introduced into the native sequence. They typically retain their function as transducers of an apoptotic signal. The effect of a substitution or deletion can easily be checked by appropriate investigations, binding assays or cytotoxic tests.
- sequences are also included which produce a so-called dominant-negative effect, i.e. due to their changed primary sequence they still have binding activity to a sequence located upstream in the cascade, but cannot transmit the signal downstream.
- Such analogs therefore act as inhibitors of apoptosis.
- Such analogs are produced by genetic engineering measures, typically by the so-called "site-directed" mutagenesis of a DNA sequence which codes for a protein according to the invention containing a BHNo domain (typically Bcl-Rambo). This produces the DNA sequence on which the analog is based, which ultimately expresses the protein in a recombinant cell culture. Sambrook et al. , 1989, see above). All derivatives of the above-described analogs are also disclosed, as are the DNA sequences on which the above-described AS sequences are based.
- fragments of a native AS sequence according to the invention also form part of the subject matter of the present invention. Fragments are characterized by deletions
- the gene products (proteins) according to the invention also include all those gene products (proteins) which, according to the invention, are derived from DNA derivatives, DNA fragments or DNA alleles of the DNA sequence shown in FIG. 9 after transcription and translation.
- the proteins according to the invention can be chemically modified. For example, there may be a protecting group at the N-terminus. Glycosyl groups can be attached to hydroxyl or amino groups, lipids can be covalently linked to the protein according to the invention, as can phosphates or acetyl groups and the like. Any chemical substances, compounds or groups can also be bound to the protein according to the invention by any synthetic route.
- Additional amino acids for example in the form of individual amino acids or in the form of peptides or in the form of protein domains and the like, can also be used with the N and / or C terminus of a protein according to the invention, in particular at the N or C terminus of a BHNO Domain, be fused, but possibly also be integrated into the sequence of the BHNo domain according to the invention.
- signal or "leader" sequences at the N-terminus of the amino acid sequence according to the invention are preferred, which lead the peptide cotranslationally or post-translationally into a specific cell organelle or into the extracellular space (or the culture medium).
- Amino acid sequences can also be present at the N- or at the C-terminus, which allow the binding of the amino acid sequence according to the invention to antibodies as antigen.
- the flag peptide the sequence of which in the single-letter code of the amino acids is: DYKDDDDK. Or a His tag with at least 3, preferably at least 6, histidine residues. These sequences have strong antigenic properties and thus allow the recombinant protein to be checked and cleaned quickly.
- Monoclonal antibodies that bind the flag peptide are available from Eastman Kodak Co., Scientific Imaging Systems Division, New Haven, Connecticut.
- Genomic DNA sequences according to the invention can be deposited on the strand of the genetic information molecule in numerous exons which are separated from one another by introns, for example as shown in FIG. IC.
- DNA sequences according to the invention can thus be used as cDNA (without intronic sequences zen) or genomic with at least one intron sequence.
- DNA sequences according to the invention can contain one, two, three, four or 5 intron sequences (in any combination, for example only intron 2 (5.7 kb) and Intron 3 (7.2 kb)), or also as a cDNA (without intron sequence).
- Proteins according to the invention can thus have the BHNo domain without or with at least one further exon sequence or partial exon sequence, for example the AS sequence of exon III and exon IV and the first 15 AS of exon V in combination with the amino acid sequence of the BHNo domain on exon VI (with or without the Transmembra domain).
- the present invention furthermore relates to an antibody which recognizes an epitope on a gene product according to the invention, in particular a protein according to the invention (claim 11).
- antibody includes i.S. the present invention, both polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies (claim 12), chimeric antibodies, anti-idiotypic antibodies
- antibodies according to the invention can also occur in recombinant form as fusion proteins with other (protein) components. Fragments as such or fragments of antibodies according to the invention as constituents of fusion proteins are typically produced by the methods of enzymatic cleavage, protein synthesis or the recombination methods familiar to the person skilled in the art.
- the polyclonal antibodies are heterogeneous mixtures of antibody molecules which are produced from sera from animals which have been immunized with an antigen.
- the subject of the invention also includes polyclonal monospecific antibodies which are obtained after the antibodies have been purified (for example via a column which is loaded with peptides of a specific epitope).
- a monoclonal antibody contains an essentially homogeneous population of antibodies that are specifically directed against antigens, the antibodies having essentially the same epitope binding sites.
- Monoclonal antibodies can be obtained by methods known in the art (e.g., Koehler and Milstein, Nature, 256, 495-397, (1975); U.S. Patent 4,376,110; Ausübel et al., Harlow and Lane "Antibodies” : Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring, Harbor Laboratory (1988)).
- Antibodies according to the invention can belong to one of the following immunoglobulin classes: IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, GILD and possibly a subclass of the aforementioned classes.
- a hybridoma cell clone that produces monoclonal antibodies according to the invention can be cultivated in vitro, in situ or in vivo. Large titers of monoclonal antibodies are preferably produced in vivo or in situ.
- the chimeric antibodies according to the invention are molecules which contain different constituents, and these are derived from different animal species (for example antibodies which have a variable region which is derived from a mouse monoclonal antibody and a constant one) Region of a human immunoglobulin). Chimeric antibodies are preferably used, on the one hand, to reduce the immunogenicity in use and, on the other hand, to increase the yields in production, for example murine monoclonal antibodies give higher yields from hybridoma cell lines, but also lead to a higher immunogenicity in
- Such an antibody according to the invention is very particularly preferably directed against a sequence section on the BHNo domain as an epitope (claim 13).
- An anti-idiotypic antibody according to the invention is an antibody which recognizes a determinant which is generally associated with the antigen binding site of an antibody according to the invention.
- An anti-idiotypic antibody can be produced by immunizing an animal of the same type and the same genetic type (eg a mouse strain) as a starting point for a monoclonal antibody against which an anti-idiotypic antibody according to the invention is directed. The immunized animal will recognize the idiotypic determinants of the immunizing antibody by producing an antibody which is directed against the idiotypic determinants (namely an anti-idiotypic antibody according to the invention) (US Pat. No. 4,699,880).
- Antibody can also be used as an immunogen to elicit an immune response in another animal and to produce an anti-idiotypic antibody there.
- the epitope construction of the anti-anti-idiotypic antibody can, but need not, be identical to the original monoclonal antibody, which is the anti-idiotypic
- Monoclonal antibodies which are directed against proteins, analogs, fragments or derivatives of these proteins according to the invention can be used to bind anti-idiotypic antibodies in corresponding animals, such as, for. B. the BALB / c mouse. Spleen cells from such an immunized mouse can be used to produce anti-idiotypic hybridoma cell lines that secrete anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies can also be coupled to a carrier (KLH, "keyhole limpet hemocyanin”) 'and then used to immunize further BALB / c mice.
- KLH "keyhole limpet hemocyanin"
- mice contain anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies which have the binding properties of the original monoclonal antibodies and are specific for an epitope of the protein according to the invention or a fragment or derivative thereof.
- the anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies thus have their own idiotypic epitopes or "idiotopes" which are structurally similar to the epitope to be examined.
- antibody is intended to include both intact molecules and fragments thereof, e.g. Fab and
- Fragments such as in an intact antibody the so that they can be transported faster in the bloodstream and have comparatively less non-specific tissue binding than intact antibodies.
- Fab and F (ab ') 2 fragments of antibodies according to the invention can be used in the detection and quantification of proteins according to the invention. Such fragments are typically made by proteolytic cleavage using enzymes such as. B. papain (for the production of Fab fragments) or pepsin (for the production of F (ab ') 2 ' fragments) can be used.
- Antibodies according to the invention can be used for the quantitative or qualitative detection of protein according to the invention in a sample or also for the detection of cells which express and optionally secrete proteins according to the invention.
- the detection can be achieved with the aid of immunofluorescence methods, the fluorescence-labeled antibodies are carried out in combination with light microscopy, flow cytometry or fluorometric detection.
- Antibodies according to the invention are suitable for histological examinations, for example in the context of immunofluorescence or immunoelectroscopy, for the in situ detection of a protein according to the invention.
- the in situ detection can be carried out by taking a histological sample from a patient and adding labeled antibodies according to the invention to such a sample.
- the antibody (or a fragment of this antibody) is applied to the biological sample in a labeled form. In this way it is not only possible to determine the presence of protein according to the invention in the sample, but also the distribution of the protein according to the invention in the tissue examined.
- the biological sample can be a biological fluid, a tissue extract, harvested cells, such as. B.
- the biological sample can also on a solid phase support, such as. B. nitrocellulose or another carrier material, so that the cells, cell parts or soluble proteins are immobilized.
- the carrier can then be washed one or more times with a suitable buffer, with subsequent treatment with a detectably labeled antibody according to the present invention.
- the solid phase support can then be washed with the buffer a second time to remove unbound antibody.
- the amount of bound label on the solid phase support can then be determined using a conventional method.
- the carrier can be of either partially soluble or insoluble character to meet the conditions of the present invention.
- the carrier material can take any shape, e.g. B. in the form of beads, or cylindrical or spherical, with polystyrene beads are preferred as a carrier.
- Detectable antibody labeling can be done in different ways.
- the antibody can be bound to an enzyme, the enzyme finally being used in an immunoassay (EIA).
- EIA immunoassay
- the enzyme can then react later with a corresponding substrate, so that a chemical compound is formed which can be detected in a manner familiar to the person skilled in the art and, if necessary, quantified, e.g. B. by spectrophotometry, fluorometry or other optical methods.
- the enzyme can be malate Dehydrogenase, staphylococcal nuclease, delta-5 steroid
- Isomerase yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, asparaginase, glucose oxidase, beta-galactosidase, ribonuclease, urease, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or gluco-damylolase, or gluco-damylolase, or gluco-dehydrogenase act.
- the detection is then enabled via a chromogenic substrate that is specific for the enzyme used for the labeling and can finally be e.g. by visual comparison of the substrate converted by the enzyme reaction compared to control standards.
- the detection can be ensured by other immunoassays, e.g. by radioactive labeling of the antibodies or antibody fragments (ie by a radioimmunoassay (RIA; Laboratory Techniques and Biochemistry in Molecular Biology, Work, T. et al. North Holland Publishing Company, New York (1978).
- the radioactive isotope can be Can be detected and quantified using scintillation counters or by autoradigraphy.
- Fluorescent compounds can also be used for labeling, for example compounds such as fluorescinisothiocyanate, rhodamine, phyoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, o-phthaldehyde and fluoresca- mm. Also fluorescent-emitting metals, such as. B. 152E or other metals from the lanthanide group can be used. These metals are attached to the antibody via chelate groups, such as. B. coupled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (ETPA) or EDTA. Furthermore, the antibody according to the invention can be coupled via a connection which acts with the aid of chemiluminescence.
- chelate groups such as. B. coupled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (ETPA) or EDTA.
- chemiluminescence-labeled antibody is then detected via the luminescence which arises in the course of a chemical reaction.
- luminol isoluminol, acridinium ester, imidazole, acridinium salt or oxalate ester.
- Bioluminescence is a subspecies of chemiluminescence found in biological systems, where a catalytic protein increases the efficiency of the chemiluminescent reaction.
- the bioluminescent protein is in turn detected via luminescence, with luciferin, luciferase or aequorin, for example, being suitable as the bioluminescent compound.
- An antibody according to the invention can be used for use in an immunometric assay, also known as a "two-site” or “sandwich” assay.
- Typical immunometric assay systems include so-called “forward” assays, which are characterized in that antibodies according to the invention are bound to a solid phase system and that. the antibody is brought into contact with the sample being examined in this way. In this way, the antigen is isolated from the sample by the formation of a binary solid phase-antibody-antigen complex from the sample. After a suitable incubation period, the solid support is washed to remove the remainder of the liquid sample, including any unbound antigen, and then contacted with a solution containing an unknown amount of the labeled detection antibody.
- the labeled antibody serves as a so-called reporter molecule. After a second incubation period that allows the labeled antibody to associate with the antigen bound to the solid phase, the solid phase support is washed again to remove labeled antibodies that have not reacted.
- a so-called “sandwich” assay can also be used.
- a single incubation step can be sufficient if the antibody bound to the solid phase and the labeled antibody are both applied to the sample to be tested at the same time. After the incubation is complete, the Solid phase carriers washed to remove liquid residues
- Eliminate sample and the unassociated labeled antibody The presence of labeled antibody on the solid phase support is determined in the same way as in the conventional "forward" sandwich assay.
- reverse assay a solution of the labeled antibody is first gradually added to the liquid sample, followed by the addition of unlabeled antibody, bound to a solid phase support, after a suitable incubation time has elapsed. After a second incubation step, the solid phase support is washed in a conventional manner in order to free it from sample residues and from labeled antibody which has not reacted. The determination of the labeled antibody which has reacted with the solid phase support is then carried out as described above.
- Another aspect of the present invention is a method for isolating gene products with at least one amino acid sequence according to the invention, in particular one
- the host cells being transformed with an expression vector according to the invention and then being cultivated under suitable conditions which promote expression, so that the gene product can finally be purified from the culture
- the protein of the DNA sequence according to the invention can be isolated from a culture medium or from cell extracts.
- the person skilled in the art can readily recognize that the respective isolation methods and the method for the purification of the recombinant protein encoded by a DNA according to the invention strongly depend on the type of the host cell or also on the fact whether the protein secretes into the medium will depend.
- expression systems can be used which lead to the secretion of the recombinant protein from the host cell.
- the culture medium must be concentrated using commercially available protein concentration filters, for example Amicon or Millipore Pelicon.
- a Purification step for example a gel filtration step or column chromatography methods.
- an anion exchanger can be used which has a matrix with DEAE.
- HPLC steps can then be used to further purify a polypeptide encoded by a DNA according to the invention. It can be one or more steps. In particular, the "reversed phase" method is used. These steps serve to obtain an essentially homogeneous recombinant protein of a DNA sequence according to the invention.
- transformed yeast cells can also be used.
- the translated protein can be secreted, so that protein purification is simplified.
- Secreted recombinant protein from a yeast host cell can be obtained by methods as described in Urdal et al. (J. Chromato. 296: 171 (1994)).
- a further aspect of the present invention is a method for the expression of gene products which contain at least one BHNo domain, including all derivatives, analogs and fragments, in which case host cells are transformed with an expression vector which contains a DNA sequence according to the invention ( Claim 15).
- This method for the expression of gene products which are based on a DNA sequence according to the invention does not serve to concentrate and purify the corresponding gene product, but rather to improve the cell metabolism by introducing the DNA sequences according to the invention via the expression of the associated gene product to influence.
- a DNA sequence according to the invention can be connected behind a constitutively activated promoter or rather operably linked to a desired inducible promoter on the expression vector used for cell transfection.
- the DNA sequence according to the invention can preferably be used as a suicide gene. This means that after transfection of the host cell, the transcription of the sequence according to the invention which induces cell death, for example, is initially repressed or cannot be activated.
- the host cells possibly transfected with at least one further gene or gene fragment (on the same or at least one further expression vector), for example a tumor suppressor gene or a therapeutic gene in the case of hereditary diseases, are then (re) transplanted to the patient for gene therapy
- the transcription of the DNA according to the invention which induces apoptosis can be initiated by administration of an inducer or negative repressor to induce the cell suicide.
- the transplanted host cell can thus be kept alive or specifically triggered by apoptosis.
- the transfection of host cells with an inducible DNA sequence according to the invention is therefore suitable for the negative selection of correspondingly transfected host cells.
- double (dominant) negative mutants are also disclosed according to the invention, which possibly can suppress cell-induced cell death.
- DN double (dominant) negative mutants
- Such DN sequences according to the invention are suitable, after appropriate transfection, to protect host cells against apoptosis or at least against certain apoptotic events and to render the cells transfected therewith immortal. Uses of such apoptosis immune or tw.
- Apoptosis-immune host cells result, for example, in the context of gene therapy for diseases which are caused etiologically by incorrectly controlled cell (or tissue) destruction, are at least accompanied by pathological cell death or have massive pathological cell death as a symptom (Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, viral diseases, e.g. HIV infections).
- the host cells are transfected alone or at least co-transfected with DN mutants according to the invention, ie also transfected with at least one further therapeutic gene on the same or at least one further vector.
- the transfection of host cells with a DN-DNA sequence according to the invention is therefore suitable for the positive selection of correspondingly transfected host cells.
- the above-mentioned methods make the host cell lines resistant to a large number of apoptotic stimulants.
- the cells manipulated in vitro with the expression vectors according to the invention are preferably cells which have suffered from maladjustment of apoptosis in the organism and can now be regenerated after the transplantation by transformed cells according to the invention.
- sequences of the invention are used in such a gene therapy approach, which block the apoptotic events as double-negative mutants.
- vectors are used (eg liposomes, adenoviruses, retroviruses or similar or also naked DNA), which insert the DNA sequences according to the invention specifically into the desired target cells of the organism.
- the target cells are typically cells whose death / survival homeostasis is disturbed, in particular cells that show an increased pathological disposition to apoptosis (e.g. in diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's disease, autoimmune diseases).
- fragments of a DNA sequence according to the invention can be used which have an inhibitory effect, for example DN-DNA sequences which can essentially no longer pass on biological signals - ie have no further biological or apoptosis-reducing functionality.
- Vectors which can induce apoptosis by expressing sequences according to the invention are also suitable as drugs in in vivo gene therapy processes.
- the use of such viral or liposomal vectors for the treatment of tumor diseases is disclosed.
- naked DNA according to the invention can also be used as a medicament.
- DNA sequence according to the invention alleles, derivatives, fragments
- a gene product according to the invention for the treatment of diseases which are based on incorrectly controlled intracellular signal transduction (claim 16).
- the aforementioned use of DNA sequences according to the invention also includes the use of the expression vectors according to the invention described above which comprise a nucleotide sequence according to the invention, for example a nucleotide sequence disclosed in FIG. 9 or a functional derivative, fragment, analog or allele of such a sequence (or also have an infunctional derivative of such a sequence, for example a DN mutant), with the aim of correcting the misdirected intracellular signal transduction.
- Use may vary by gene therapy methods by injection of naked DNA according to the invention or the protein or by gene transporters, in particular viral or liposomal vectors.
- the present invention therefore also relates both to the use of such DNA sequences according to the invention, gene products, expression vectors and the use of cells according to the invention which are transfected with expression vectors according to the invention as medicaments.
- Polypeptides, expression vectors or DNA sequences according to the invention, or their respective derivatives, analogs or fragments, can serve various purposes, for example increasing the apoptosis reaction if such an effect is desired, for example in the case of anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory or anti-HIV applications. It is preferred to use a DNA sequence according to the invention or a gene product according to the invention if the disease is one with a misregulated cell apoptosis, in particular an apoptosis deficiency of certain cells in a multicellular organism (claim 17).
- tumors for example tumors of the epithelial tissue (for example intestine, lungs), brain tumors (for example gliblastoma, astrocytoma), sarcomas, tumors of the immune system, and also leukaemias, in particular acute mye or chronic myeloid leukemia.
- epithelial tissue for example intestine, lungs
- brain tumors for example gliblastoma, astrocytoma
- sarcomas for example gliblastoma, astrocytoma
- leukaemias in particular acute mye or chronic myeloid leukemia.
- a recombinant animal virus for example derived from vaccinia
- vaccinia can be used, for example, to introduce the proteins or DNA sequences according to the invention into the patient cells to be treated, with at least two genes being added.
- a gene for a ligand that binds to a receptor on the target cell e.g. gpl20 for CD4-bearing lymphocytes
- the DNA sequence according to the invention for triggering or amplifying cell death.
- derivatives or fragments of sequences according to the invention which are infunctional with regard to the forwarding of the apoptotic signal can also be used as medicaments, for example DN mutants of sequences according to the invention. They are used in particular for the treatment of degenerative diseases, for example neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases or infectious diseases.
- compounds are thus provided which are characterized in that they modulate, in particular inhibit, the function of the gene products (proteins) according to the invention as an intracellular signal molecule of an apoptotic signal cascade to trigger cell death (claim 19).
- compounds according to the invention block the specific activation of caspase-3 mediated by Bcl-rambo
- a chemical compound according to the invention which blocks apoptosis is preferably an oligo- or polypeptide (see above for the DN mutant) which chemically modifies (for example to facilitate passage through the cell membrane, in particular through terminal ones
- oligo- or polypeptide may or may not be modified. Possibly.
- Such an oligo- or polypeptide can also be chemically modified in that the amide-like bond between the individual amino acids is replaced by an alternative chemical group that is resistant to proteolytic degradation (for example sulfur or phosphorus bridges).
- An inhibition of apoptosis can also be achieved by using oligonucleotides which are known to the person skilled in the art and which are suitable for an antisense strand of the native by-Rambo Coding sequence or another native protein with a BHNo domain, in infiltrate the affected cells.
- the method described above can be used with the aid of recombinant viruses.
- ribozymes are used which can cut a target mRNA.
- Ribozymes according to the invention must be able to interact with the target mRNA according to the invention, for example via base pairing, and then cleave the mRNA in order to block the translation of, for example, Bcl-Rambo.
- the ribozymes according to the invention are introduced into the target cells via suitable vectors (in particular plasmids, modified animal viruses, in particular retroviruses), the
- Vectors in addition to any other sequences, has a cDNA sequence for a ribozyme according to the invention).
- a chemical compound according to the invention is preferably an organic chemical compound with a molecular weight of ⁇ 5000, in particular ⁇ 3000, especially ⁇ 1500 and is typically physiologically well tolerated and can preferably cross the blood-brain barrier (claim 21). Possibly. it will be part of a composition with at least one further active ingredient and preferably auxiliaries and / or additives and can be used as a medicament.
- the organic molecule will be particularly preferred if the binding constant for binding to a protein according to the invention, in particular to the domain BHNo of a protein according to the invention, is at least 10 7 mol "1.
- the compound according to the invention will preferably be such that it can pass through the cell membrane, be it by diffusion or via (intra) membranous transport teine (claim 22), possibly after appropriate modification, for example. With a coupled AS sequence.
- the compound according to the invention is an antibody, preferably an antibody directed against the BHNo domain of a protein according to the invention, which is introduced ex vivo in retransplanted host cells or by gene therapy in vivo processes in host cells and there as "intrabody” is not secreted, but can exert its effect intracellularly.
- the intrabodies according to the invention protect the cells against an apoptotic reaction. Such a procedure will typically be considered for cells of those tissues that show apoptotic behavior that is exaggerated in the patient's pathophysiology, that is to say, for example, in cells of the pancreas, keratinocytes, connective tissue cells, immune cells, neurons or muscle cells.
- cells modified in this way with "intrabodies” according to the invention are also part of the present invention.
- the substance class of the so-called IAPs acts in particular as inhibitors of Bcl-Rambo-mediated apoptosis.
- the xIAPs are particularly noteworthy as strong inhibitors.
- the document by Deveraux and Reed ((1999), Genes Dev. 13 (3), 239-252) is explicitly included in full in the disclosure of the present subject matter.
- a chemical compound according to the invention with the function of blocking the, for example, apoptotic function of physiological proteins according to the invention can be used as a medicament.
- a chemical compound according to the invention for producing a Drug for the treatment of diseases for which at least tw. a pathological hyperapoptotic reaction is causal or symptomatic.
- An inhibitor according to the invention can inhibit the cellular function of a protein of the invention, for example the apoptotic reaction, as a medicament and very particularly in the treatment of the following diseases or in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of the following diseases: autoimmune diseases, in particular diabetes, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis or asthma, viral infectious diseases (e.g.
- apoptosis-inhibiting substances according to the invention can also be part of a pharmaceutical composition which can contain further pharmaceutical excipients and / or additives in order to stabilize such compositions for therapeutic administration, for example, to improve the biological availability and / or the pharmacodynamics.
- the present invention furthermore relates to methods (“screening methods”) for identifying compounds with inhibitory properties with regard to the triggering or forwarding of signals which are related to apoptotic reactions triggered by physiologically occurring sequences according to the invention.
- Screening methods for identifying compounds with inhibitory properties with regard to the triggering or forwarding of signals which are related to apoptotic reactions triggered by physiologically occurring sequences according to the invention.
- Methods according to the invention provide that (a) cells with an expression vector according to claim 5, in particular an expression vector which codes for the protein Bcl-Rambo, optionally at least one expression vector which codes for at least one apoptosis inhibitor, and optionally at least one expression vector, the for min at least one reporter gene is encoded, transfected, and
- a parameter suitable for observing the Bcl-Rambo mediated apoptosis, in particular the activation of caspase-3 is measured after adding a test compound in comparison to the control without adding a test compound for the host cell system obtained according to (a) ).
- several parallel experiments with increasing concentrations of the test substance are preferably carried out according to the method of the invention in order to, in the event of an apoptosis-inhibiting effect of the
- Test substance to be able to determine their ID 50 value.
- a "screening method" according to the invention is preferred when the apoptosis inhibitor used for the transfection is FLIP, CrmA, DN-FADD and / or DN-Caspase-9 and the reporter gene is, for example, ⁇ -galactosidase (claim 24).
- a “screening” method according to the invention can also be carried out using so-called “proteomics” techniques.
- proteomics To determine a standard, typical differences in the expression pattern of cells with an apoptotic reaction and control cells are determined experimentally. 2D gel electrophoresis is typically used methodically for such a method.
- Sequences according to the invention can also be used in methods which aim to identify cellular interaction partners of the Bcl-Rambo protein. Such a method can be carried out, for example, using the so-called “yeast two hybrid” method, which is known to the person skilled in the art (claim 26) or via affinity-chromatographic methods. This also discloses the use of a DNA sequence according to the invention or a gene product of such a sequence according to the invention for identifying further proteins involved in apoptotic signal transduction (claim 27).
- AS sequences according to the invention or their derivatives, analogs, fragments or alleles are coupled to a matrix, brought into contact with, for example, cell extracts and after a washing step, the elution is carried out with subsequent characterization of the eluted complexes.
- Proteins of the Bcl-2 family include the human sequences of the Bcl-2 protein, the human protein Bei-XL and the human protein Bcl-w.
- the human sequence of Bcl-Rambo according to the invention also has the characteristic sequence sections BH1, BH2, BH3 and BH4 and a transmembrane region (MA).
- the aforementioned sequence sections are outlined in FIG. 1. Identical amino acids in the four sequences are black, similar amino acids are highlighted in gray. From Figure la it is clear that in the human sequence of Bcl-Rambo C-terminal from the BH2 region, a sequence section comprising more than 200 amino acids is inserted, followed by a C-terminal anchor region.
- This section designated according to the invention as the BHNo domain, contains so-called repeats (Repeat A, Repeat B) which, as shown in FIG. 1B, each have an identity of at least 80%.
- Figure 1B compares the sequences of the two regions labeled "Repeat A” and the two regions labeled "Repeat B” that occur in the C-terminal region of Bcl-Rambo.
- FIG. IC shows the exon-intron organization of the human Bei rambo gene.
- the gene comprises 6 exons (numbered from I to VI, each separated by intron sequences).
- ExonI is through 27.4 kb from Exonll, ExonII through 5.7 kb from ExonIII, ExonIII through 7.4 kb from ExonlV, ExonlV through 6 kb from ExonV and finally ExonV separated from ExonVI by 24.3 kb.
- the regions BH1, BH2, BH3 and BH4 are also shown in their position on the corresponding exons in FIG. 1c.
- BHNo domain The amino acid sequence section according to the invention designated as BHNo domain is positioned on ExonVI between the C-terminal region of the BH2 motif and the transmembrane region.
- the non-coding regions are highlighted in gray, delimited from the coding regions by the start codon ATG and the stop codon TAG (position marked by arrows).
- 2A shows Northern blots of various human tissues. These were exposed to 32 P-labeled cDNA fragments of the N-terminal part of Bcl-Rambo.
- the tissues are heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and pancreatic tissue.
- This "Northern blot" application shows that a Bcl-Rambo transcript of 4.1 kb in length is contained in all examined tissues. The highest RNA expression values were determined in the heart, pancreas and placenta tissue. Two significantly weaker bands of 2, 1 kb and 1.2 kb in length correspond to alternative splice forms of human Bcl-Rambo. Examinations as in FIG.
- the 4.1 kb transcript (ie the mRNA from Bcl-Rambo) was detected in all cell lines.
- Bcl-Rambo expression plasmids were used here which (a) the full length human sequence of Bcl-Rambo (amino acids 1-485), (b) the Bei-2 homology domain (amino acids 1-223 of the human Bcl-Rambo protein), and (c) finally the Bcl-Rambo C-terminal region, including the
- BHNo domain amino acids 205-485 of the human Bcl-Rambo protein.
- These cell extracts were examined using anti-flag antibody M2, as shown in the left-hand plot of FIG. 2D, and treated with polyclonal antibody against Bcl-Rambo (as shown in the right-hand representation). It was found that the full-length human Bcl-Rambo protein has a molecular weight of approximately 85 kD, the N-terminal B-2 homology domain of Bcl-Rambo is detected at approximately 28 kD and the characteristic C-terminal domain (AS
- FIG. 3 shows the subcellular localization of the Bcl-Rambo protein, which was determined with the aid of confocal laser microscopy.
- HeLa cells with expression plasmids which contain the sequence for the full length of the Bcl-Rambo protein, that is to say amino acids 1-485, on the one hand or on the other hand for the Bcl-Rambo protein without the C-terminal transmembrane domain, that is to say only that Amino acids 1 - 459 (abbreviated to ⁇ MA), contained, transfected. Localization was determined 48 hours after transfection, using anti-Bcl-
- the increase in caspase-3 activity is plotted (as a multiple, normalized in accordance with the likewise measured ⁇ -galactosidase activity, which is why the individual experimental approaches are comparable.
- the apoptosis inhibitors behave in the same way for the expression of transfected C-terminal Bcl-Rambo which codes for the BHNo domain and the membrane anchor domain (amino acids 205-485) as for the full-length protein (see FIG 6A).
- Figure 7 shows the amino acid sequence of the C-terminal domain of human Bcl-Rambo, which also contains the BHNo domain. It is the sequence section between Amino acid 205 and amino acid 485 of the full length protein of human Bcl-Rambo.
- Figure 8 shows the full length amino acid sequence of Bcl- ⁇ Rambo, a 485 amino acid protein.
- the cDNA sequence of human Bcl-Rambo in the long form with all exons (I - VI) is shown in FIG. 9.
- the EST clone T48205 was identified, which - as it turned out later - codes for a short splice variant of human Bcl-Rambo. After transfection, this splice variant has the N-terminal amino acids 1 - 200 of the protein Bcl-Rambo comprising a total of 485 amino acids identified later.
- Another EST clone (AA190545) was identified that corresponds to the region of the C-terminal amino acids 255 to 485 of the full-length protein Bcl-Rambo.
- a cDNA library was then used to amplify missing further sections of the Bcl-Rambo protein.
- the two resulting DNA fragments were mixed and amplified by PCR methods without a primer, followed by amplification with the primers JT1143 and JT1144.
- the PCR product was cloned into the vector PCR blunt and the EcoRI / NotI fragment was then subcloned into a modified version of the vector PCR3 (from Invitrogen) in reading frame with an N-terminal flag sequence or an HA peptide.
- Bcl-Rambo comprising amino acids 1-201 (Bcl-Rambo (1-201)): This construct was generated by PCR methods from EST clone T48205 with a 5 'forward primer which the EcoRI interface contains JT993 (5'-AAA GAA TTC ATG GCG TCC TCT-3 ') and the 3 ⁇ backward primer, which contains a Notl interface, JT994 (5' -TAG CGG CCG CTC ATA CCC AGC CAC C-3 1 ) amplified and then cloned into the PCR blunt vector.
- deletion mutants of the full length protein of Bcl-Rambo were PCR amplified using the full length protein Bcl-Rambo as a "template" with a 5 'forward primer flanked by an EcoRI site and a 3' backward Primer, flanked by a Notl interface, constructed as follows:
- Bcl-Rambo comprising the amino acids 1 - 223 (Bcl-Rambo (1 - 223)): 5'-primer JT1143 and 3 '-primer JT1244 (5'-AT AGC GGC CGC CTA GTC ATT GCT ATC TTC GT-3 '),
- Bcl-Rambo comprising amino acids 1-459 (Bcl-Rambo (1-459)): 5 'primer JT1143 and 3' primer JT1245 (5'-AT AGC GGC CGC CTA AGA CTT GCC CTC AGA C-3 ');
- Bcl-Rambo comprising amino acids 205-485 (Bcl-Rambo (205-485)): 5 'primer JT1251 (5'-AAA GAA TTC AGT
- Bcl-Rambo comprising amino acids 205-459 (Bcl-Rambo 205-459)): 5 'primer JT1251 and 3' primer JT1245.
- the NP40 lysis buffer corresponds to 1% Nonidet P-40 lysis buffer with 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl and protease inhibitor cocktail (Complete, from Boehringer Mannheim).
- the post-nuclear lysates were first normalized with regard to their protein content (in order to be able to compare the individual measurement series), pre-cleaned on Sepharose 6B (from Sigma) for 2 hours at 4 ° C. and only then the immunoprecipitation immunoprecipitated with anti-Flag M2 agarose beads (from Sigma) for at least 2 hours at 4 ° C on a rotating disc.
- the immunoprecipitates were washed twice with lysis buffer containing 1% and 0.05% NP-40, respectively, and the washed beads were used in reducing pro boiled before the SDS-PAGE application and the subsequent "Western Blotting".
- the immunoprecipitated proteins labeled with either flag, HA or EE markers were labeled with anti-flag M2 antibody (from Sigma) (directed against flag labels) by anti -VSV P5D4 antibody (from Sigma) (directed against the HA label) or by anti-EE antibody (from Euro-gentec) (directed against EE-labeled proteins).
- Affinity-purified polyclonal rabbit antibodies (AL167) in cell lysates (50 ⁇ ⁇ g) were used to determine the cellular (ie endogenous) Bcl-Rambo protein content.
- AL167 antibody was produced in rabbits against recombinant Bcl-Rambo protein, directed against its N-terminal part, comprising amino acids 1-223. Finally, the polyclonal antibody was then affinity-purified on immobilized antigen, as is known to those skilled in the art State of the art is common.
- Amino acids 1 - 223 correspond to the corresponding section of the human Bcl-Rambo protein. The "Western blots" were then coupled with peroxidase
- the Northern blots (from Clontech) were obtained by hybridization after using randomly labeled radioactive samples in ExpressHyb buffer (from Clontech, Palo Alto, California) after approximately 3 hours, then at room temperature for 40 Washed minutes with multiple changes of 2 x SSC / 0.1% SDS, followed by 0.1 x SSC / 0.05% SDS for 40 minutes at 50 ° C.
- HeLa cells were placed on 20 ml glass cover plates in 5.5 cm culture dishes with a
- the cells were transfected the following day using calcium phosphate / BES methods and harvested approximately 36 hours after the start of transfection. To ensure mitochondrial labeling, the cells were incubated in a culture medium for 30 minutes in the presence of 1 ⁇ M mitotracker (from Molecular probes). The cells on glass slides were then washed twice with cold PBS, fixed for 12 minutes in 4% paraformaldehyde at room temperature, washed twice with cold PBS and permeate in PBS with 0.1% saponin (PBSS) overnight at 4 ° C - bilized.
- mitotracker from Molecular probes
- the glass slides were then blocked for 30 minutes at room temperature with 5% milk in PBSS (PBSSM), labeled with primary antibody AL167 (1 ⁇ g / l) (anti-Bei-Rambo antibody) for one hour at room temperature, 3x with PBSS washed and with Alexa 488-labeled (from Molecular probes) secondary anti-mouse or anti-Kanichen antibody to 1/100 in PBSSM diluted for an hour in the dark, marked. Finally, the glass slides were washed three times with PBS and attached to microscope slides with FluorSave reagent (from Calbiochem). Confocal microscopy was performed on a Zeiss Axiovert 100 microscope (Zeiss Laser Scanning Microscope 510).
- Cy5 fluorochrome In order to be able to detect Cy5 fluorochrome, a helium laser was filtered at 633 nm. In contrast, an argon laser at 488 nm was used in order to be able to detect the Alexa fluorochrome. Standard conditions were chosen for hole size for image acquisition, with each image being an average of 16 passes.
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EP01990551A EP1366071A2 (de) | 2000-12-12 | 2001-12-12 | Dna-sequenzen, codierend für ein apoptose-signaltransduktionsprotein |
AU2002229653A AU2002229653A1 (en) | 2000-12-12 | 2001-12-12 | Dna-sequences, which code for an apoptosis signal transduction protein |
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Non-Patent Citations (5)
Title |
---|
BARINAGA M.: "Is apoptosis key in Alzheimer's disease?" SCIENCE, Bd. 281, 28. August 1998 (1998-08-28), Seite 1303-1304 XP002213549 * |
DATABASE EMBL [Online] 25. Oktober 1999 (1999-10-25) ZEMSKOVA ET AL.: "Mil1, a novel human gene encoding mitochondria located protein promoting cell survival" Database accession no. AF146568 XP002213552 * |
DEVERAUX QUINN L ET AL: "IAP family proteins: Suppressors of apoptosis" GENES AND DEVELOPMENT, COLD SPRING HARBOR LABORATORY PRESS, NEW YORK, US, Bd. 13, Nr. 3, 1. Februar 1999 (1999-02-01), Seiten 239-252, XP002175394 in der Anmeldung erw{hnt * |
GROSS ATAN ET AL: "BCL-2 family members and the mitochondria in apoptosis." GENES & DEVELOPMENT, Bd. 13, Nr. 15, 1. August 1999 (1999-08-01), Seiten 1899-1911, XP002213550 * |
KATAOKA ET AL.: "Bcl-rambo, a novel Bcl-2 homologue that induces apoptosis via its unique C-terminal extension" J. BIOL. CHEM., Bd. 276, Nr. 22, 1. Juni 2001 (2001-06-01), Seiten 19548-19554, XP002213551 * |
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