Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C233/00—Carboxylic acid amides
  • C07C233/64—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
  • C07C233/81—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by carboxyl groups
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
  • A61P5/48—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones
  • A61P5/50—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones for increasing or potentiating the activity of insulin
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C233/00—Carboxylic acid amides
  • C07C233/88—Carboxylic acid amides having nitrogen atoms of carboxamide groups bound to an acyclic carbon atom and to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring wherein at least one ortho-hydrogen atom has been replaced
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C235/00—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms
  • C07C235/42—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C235/44—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton with carbon atoms of carboxamide groups and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to carbon atoms of the same non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C235/56—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton with carbon atoms of carboxamide groups and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to carbon atoms of the same non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C235/00—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms
  • C07C235/42—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C235/44—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton with carbon atoms of carboxamide groups and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to carbon atoms of the same non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C235/58—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton with carbon atoms of carboxamide groups and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to carbon atoms of the same non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring with carbon atoms of carboxamide groups and singly-bound oxygen atoms, bound in ortho-position to carbon atoms of the same non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C235/64—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton with carbon atoms of carboxamide groups and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to carbon atoms of the same non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring with carbon atoms of carboxamide groups and singly-bound oxygen atoms, bound in ortho-position to carbon atoms of the same non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C235/00—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms
  • C07C235/70—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups and doubly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C235/84—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups and doubly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton with the carbon atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C237/00—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups
  • C07C237/28—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring of the carbon skeleton
  • C07C237/40—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring of the carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C237/00—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups
  • C07C237/28—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring of the carbon skeleton
  • C07C237/42—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring of the carbon skeleton having nitrogen atoms of amino groups bound to the carbon skeleton of the acid part, further acylated
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C309/00—Sulfonic acids; Halides, esters, or anhydrides thereof
  • C07C309/01—Sulfonic acids
  • C07C309/28—Sulfonic acids having sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton
  • C07C309/45—Sulfonic acids having sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton containing nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the carbon skeleton
  • C07C309/51—Sulfonic acids having sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton containing nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the carbon skeleton at least one of the nitrogen atoms being part of any of the groups, X being a hetero atom, Y being any atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C309/00—Sulfonic acids; Halides, esters, or anhydrides thereof
  • C07C309/01—Sulfonic acids
  • C07C309/28—Sulfonic acids having sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton
  • C07C309/57—Sulfonic acids having sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton containing carboxyl groups bound to the carbon skeleton
  • C07C309/61—Sulfonic acids having sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton containing carboxyl groups bound to the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D317/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D317/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3
  • C07D317/44—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D317/46—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems condensed with one six-membered ring
  • C07D317/48—Methylenedioxybenzenes or hydrogenated methylenedioxybenzenes, unsubstituted on the hetero ring
  • C07D317/50—Methylenedioxybenzenes or hydrogenated methylenedioxybenzenes, unsubstituted on the hetero ring with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to atoms of the carbocyclic ring
  • C07D317/60—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals

Definitions

• the present invention relates to chemical compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds, methods of treatment administering these compounds to mammalian hosts, and processes for their preparation.
• the invention relates to a means to enhance insulin-dependent glucose uptake. More specifically, the invention concerns compounds and pharmaceutical compositions that activate the insulin receptor kinase, which leads to increased sensitivity to insulin and an increase in glucose uptake, as well as processes for the preparation of the compounds.
• the invention also specifically concerns methods for treating humans with hyperglycemia, especially for the treatment of Type II diabetes.
• Peptide and protein hormones such as insulin
• the insulin receptor is present on virtually all cells and at high concentrations on the cells for the liver, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue. Stimulation of the insulin receptor with insulin is an essential element in carbohydrate metabolism and storage.
• Diabetics either lack sufficient endogenous secretion of the insulin hormone (Type I) or have an insulin receptor-mediated signaling pathway that is resistant to endogenous or exogenous insulin (Type ⁇ , or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NTDDM)).
• Type I insulin hormone
• Type ⁇ insulin receptor-mediated signaling pathway that is resistant to endogenous or exogenous insulin
• Type ⁇ insulin receptor-mediated signaling pathway that is resistant to endogenous or exogenous insulin
• Type ⁇ non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
• Type JJ diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, affecting about 5% of individuals in the industrialized nations.
• major insulin-responsive tissues such as liver, skeletal muscle, and fat exhibit insulin resistance (Flaring and Mehnert, Diabetologia 36:176-182 (1993); Haring, et. al, Diabetologia, 37 Suppl. 2:S149-54 (1994)).
• the resistance to insulin in Type II diabetes is complex and likely multi-factorial but appears to be caused by an impaired signal from the insulin receptor to the glucose transport system and to glycogen synthase. Impairment of the insulin receptor kinase has been implicated in the pathogenesis of this signaling defect. Insulin resistance is also found in many non-diabetic individuals and may be an underlying etiologic factor in the development of the disease (Reaven, Diabetes, 37:1595-1607 (1988)).
• the receptor consists of four separate subunits consisting of two identical ⁇ and two identical ⁇ chains.
• the ⁇ subunits contain tyrosine kinase activity and the ATP binding sites.
• the insulin receptor is activated by autophosphorylation of key tyrosine residues in its cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. This autophosphorylation is required for subsequent activity of the insulin receptor.
• the autophosphorylation stabilizes the activated receptor kinase, resulting in a phosphorylation cascade involving intracellular signaling proteins.
• Insulin is currently used as a treatment but is disadvantageous, because insulin must be injected. Although several peptide analogs of insulin have been described, none with a molecular weight below 5000 Dalton retains activity. Some peptides which interact with sites on the ⁇ -subunit of the insulin receptor have shown enhancement of the activity of insulin on its receptor (Kole et al, J. Biol. Chem. 271:31619-31626 (1996)); Kasuya et al, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commim., 200:777-783 (1994)).
• thiazolidinediones represent a class of potential anti-diabetic compounds that enhance the response of target tissues to insulin (Kobayashi, Diabetes, 41:476 (1992)).
• the thiazolidinediones switch on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ⁇ (PPAR ⁇ ), the nuclear transcription factor involved in adipocyte differentiation (Kliewer, S.; et al J. Biol. Chem., 270:12953 (1995)), and do not have a direct effect on the insulin receptor kinase.
• Other anti- diabetic agents currently in use include both insulin secretagogues (such as the sulfonylureas) and biguanides.
• Stilbenes and derivatives are prevalent throughout the chemical literature, with a large number of functionalized stilbenes described. Tri- and tetra- aryl stilbenes are known but have relatively few examples. The substituted stilbenes have biological activity and are reported as treatments to inflammatory and proliferative skin diseases (Nusbaumer, P. WO 9628430), as a method for inhibiting apoptosis (Babior, B; et al. WO 9634604), and as anti-virals (Haugwitz, R. et al. WO 9625399).
• Tetra-substituted stilbenes such as Tamoxifen are used in treating breast cancer (Furr, et al, Pharmacol. Ther. 25:127-205 (1984)).
• Tamoxifen Tetra-substituted stilbenes
• R 1 , R 3 , and R are, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, halo, hydroxyl, optionally substituted lower alkyloxy, -C(O)OR 13 wherein R 13 is hydrogen or lower alkyl, -NR ⁇ R 12 , or -C(O)NR ⁇ R 12 , wherein R 11 and R 12 are, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, aryl(lower)alkyl, substituted aryl(lower)alkyl, heteroaryl(lower)alkyl, substituted heteroaryl(lower)alkyl, heterocyclyl, substituted heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl, R is hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, halo, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, substituted lower alkyloxy, carboxyl, -NR ⁇ R 12 , -NR ⁇ C
• R 10 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, halo, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, -
• R 13 is hydrogen or lower alkyl, -SO 3 H, or -C(O)NR n R 12 , wherein R 11 and R 12 have the above meanings; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or a single stereoisomer or mixture of stereoisomers thereof.
• this invention provides compounds of formula I or salts thereof, more specifically, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. These compounds or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts are useful as medicaments. More specifically, these compounds are useful as glucose uptake enhancers and in the treatment of hyperglycemia and diabetes.
• this invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising (a) at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and (b) a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as the active ingredient.
• this invention provides pharmaceutical compositions for stimulating and/or enhancing the uptake of glucose into cells in a mammal or for treating a mammalian disease state selected from the group consisting of hyperglycemia, type I diabetes, and type ⁇ diabetes, said composition comprising (a) at one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and (b) a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as the active ingredient.
• this invention provides methods of treatment administering the compounds of formula I or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts to mammalian hosts. Specifically, this invention provides a method of stimulating the kinase activity of the insulin receptor, comprising contacting the insulin receptor or the kinase portion thereof with a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• this invention provides a method of activating the insulin receptor. This method comprises contacting the insulin receptor or the kinase portion thereof with a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount sufficient to effect activation of the insulin receptor.
• this invention provides a method for stimulating the uptake of ghicose into cells which display the insulin receptor.
• This method involves contacting the cells, in the presence of insulin, with a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an amount sufficient to stimulate the uptake of glucose into the cells.
• the uptake of glucose into cells in a mammal may be effected by administering the compound of the invention to the mammal.
• this invention provides processes for the preparation of compounds of formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• the compounds of the present invention, their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or the pharmaceutical compositions of invention may be used to treat hyperglycemia, type I diabetes, or type II diabetes in a mammal, such as a human.
• These methods of treatment all comprise the step of administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Certain compounds of formula I are useful as intermediates to prepare other compounds of formula I with higher activity.
• alkyl means C ⁇ - C 2 o monovalent hydrocarbyl moiety which maybe linear, branched, or cyclic.
• lower alkyl as in “lower alkyl”, “halo-lower alkyl”,
• aryl(lower)alkyl or “heteroaryl(lower)alkyl”, means a C ⁇ - o alkyl.
• the term “lower alkyl” includes such moieties as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec- butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, n-decyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclohexyl, or cyclohexylmethyl. Ci- C 6 lower alkyls are preferred.
• the term “lower alkyloxy” is represented by the formula "-O-R a " wherein R a is a lower alkyl group as defined above.
• substituted alkyl indicates that the alkyl group or the lower alkyl group is typically mono-, di-, or tri-substituted with a moiety such as aryl, R' -substituted aryl, heteroaryl, nitro, cyano, halo, -OR, -SR, -C(O)R, - OC(O)R, -C(O)OR, -NR 2 , -OSO 2 R, -SO 2 OR, -SO2NR2, - ⁇ RSO 2 R, -C(O)NR 2 , or - NRC(O)R, wherein each R is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, R' -substituted lower alkyl, aryl, R' -substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(lower)alkyl, R' -substituted aryl(lower)alkyl, R' -substituted aryl(
• Substituted alkyls or substituted lower alkyls which are substituted with one to three of the substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, halo, lower alkyloxy, thio, nitro, amino, or hydroxy are particularly preferred.
• the term "substituted alkyloxy” or “substituted lower alkyloxy” is represented by the formula "-O-R c " wherein R c is the substituted alkyi or substituted lower alkyl as defined above.
• halo-lower alkyl means a lower alkyl substituted with one to three halo groups, and is further exemplified by such radicals as -CF 3 , -CH 2 CF 3 and -CH 2 CC1 3 .
• aryl as in “aryl”, “aryloxy”, and “aryl(lower)alkyl”, means a radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon containing 6 to 20 ring carbon atoms, having a single ring (e.g., phenyl), or two or more, preferably condensed rings, more preferably, 2 to 3 condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl), or two or more aromatic rings, preferably 2 or 3 aromatic rings, which are linked by a single bond (e.g., biphenyl).
• the aryl is preferably C 6 -C ⁇ 6 and even more preferably, C 6 -C 14 .
• a "substituted aryl” is an aryl radical which is typically mono-, di-, or tri- substituted, independently, with a moiety such as lower alkyl, R d -substituted lower alkyl, nitro, cyano, halo, -OR e , -SR e , -C(O)R e , -C(O)OR e , -OC(O)R e , -NR e 2 , -OSO 2 R e , - SO 2 OR e , -SO 2 NR e 2 , -NRSO 2 R e , -C(O) ⁇ R e 2 , or -NRC(O)R e , wherein each R e is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, R d -substituted lower alkyl, aryl, R d -substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(lower)
• Especially preferred substituents on a substituted aryl are lower alkyl, halo-lower alkyl, halo, cyano, thio, nitro, amino, lower alkyloxy, or hydroxy.
• the radicals -SO 2 OR f , -SO 2 NR f 2 , -C(O)OR f , and -C(O)NR f 2 , wherein R f is a hydrogen or lower alkyl, are also especially preferred substituents of substituted aryls on the compounds of the present invention.
• heteroaryl as in “heteroaryl” and “hetero(lower)alkyl”, means a radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon containing 5 to 14 ring atoms, 1 to 5 of which are hetero atoms chosen, independently, from N, O, or S, and includes monocyclic, condensed heterocyclic, and condensed carbocyclic and heterocyclic aromatic rings (e.g.
• a "substituted heteroaryl” may have from one to three substituents such as lower alkyl, R d -substituted lower alkyl, nitro, cyano, halo, -OR , -SR S , -C(O)R g , -C(O)OR , - OC(O)R g , -NR g 2 , -OSO 2 R g , -SO 2 OR g , -SO 2 ⁇ R g 2 , -NRSO 2 R g , -C(O)NR g 2 , or -
• each R g is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, R d -substituted lower alkyl, aryl, R d -substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(lower)alkyl, R d -substituted aryl(lower) alkyl, or aryl(lower)alkyl and each R is, independently, hydroxy, halo, lower alkyloxy, cyano, thio, nitro, lower alkyl, halo-lower alkyl, or amino.
• any two adjacent substituents on the heteroaryl may optionally together form a lower alkylenedioxy.
• Particularly preferred substituents on the heteroaryl include hydroxy, halo, lower alkyloxy, cyano, thio, nitro, lower alkyl, halo-lower alkyl, or amino.
• heterocycle or “heterocyclic ring” means a ring compound containing 5 to 14 ring atoms and having at least one atom other than carbon in its nucleus.
• 1 to 5 of the hetero atoms are chosen, independently, from N, O, or S.
• Monocyclic rings are, for example, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrapyranyl, piperidinyl, etc.
• a "substituted heterocyclyl” may have from one to three substituents such as lower alkyl, R d -substituted lower alkyl, nitro, cyano, halo, -OR g , -SR g , -C(O)R g , - C(O)OR g , -OC(O)R g , -NR 2 , -OSO 2 R g , -SO 2 OR g , -SO 2 NR g 2 , - ⁇ RSO 2 R g , -C(O)NR g 2 , or - NRC(O)R g , wherein each R g is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, R d -substiruted lower alkyl, aryl, R -substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(lower)alkyl, R d -substituted aryl(lower) al
• aryl(lower)alkyl means a lower alkyl radical which is substituted with an aryl, as previously defined.
• a "substituted aryl(lower)alkyl” means an aryl(lower)alkyl radical having one to three substituents on the aryl portion or the alkyl portion of the radical, or both.
• heteroaryl(lower)alkyl means a lower alkyl radical which is substituted with a heteroaryl, as previously defined.
• a "substituted heteroaryl(lower)alkyl” means a heteroaryl(lower)alkyl radical having one to three substituents on the heteroaryl portion or the alkyl portion of the radical, or both.
• halo means bromo, iodo, fluoro, or chloro.
• a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” may be any salt derived from an inorganic or organic acid or an inorganic or organic base.
• pharmaceutically acceptable anion refers to the anion of such acid addition salts.
• pharmaceutically acceptable cation refers to a cation formed by addition of base.
• “Therapeutically effective amount” means the amount which, when administered to a mammal for treating a disease, is sufficient to effect such treatment for the disease.
• Treating" or “treatment” of a disease in a mammal includes: (1) preventing the disease from occurring in a mammal which may be predisposed to the disease but does not yet experience or display symptoms of the disease;
• the "kinase portion thereof, with respect to the insulin receptor, means the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin receptor.
• stereoisomers means compounds that have the same sequence of covalent bonds and differ in the relative disposition of their atoms in space.
• Inner salts or “Zwitterions” can be formed by transferring a proton from the carboxyl group onto the lone pair of electrons of the nitrogen atom in the amino group.
• the term “disease”, in the context of the present invention, is intended to include hyperglycemia and diabetes.
• the compounds of the present invention comprise compounds of formula I, as defined above.
• compounds of formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are included in pharmaceutical compositions.
• Another embodiment of the invention is directed towards uses of compounds of formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. These uses include the use of the compounds of formula I in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a disease, more specifically, hyperglycemia or diabetes.
• R is -C(O)OR wherein R is hydrogen or lower alkyl, and R ! -R 5 and R 7 -R 13 are as defined above, in the compound of Formula I.
• R ⁇ R 4 are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, or substituted lower alkoxy such as OCH 2 CO 2 R 13 or OCH 2 PhCO 2 R 13 in which R 13 is c 7 1 ⁇ hydrogen, or lower alkyl, and R and R -R are as defined above. Certain compounds of this preferred embodiment are useful as intermediates to prepare other compounds of formula I with higher activity.
• R and R -R and R are as defined above, and R and R are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, aryl, or substituted aryl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Certain compounds of this preferred embodiment are useful as intermediates to prepare other compounds of formula I with higher activity. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the compound of formula I is
• R , R -R have the above meanings, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Certain compounds of this preferred embodiment are useful as intermediates to prepare other compounds of formula I with higher activity. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the compound of Formula I is
• R 1 and R 3 -R 10 have the above meanings, and R u and R 13 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. More preferably, R 6 is -C(O)OR 13 wherein R 13 is hydrogen or lower alkyl. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these preferred compounds are included in this embodiment. Certain compounds of these preferred embodiments are useful as intermediates to prepare other compounds of formula I with higher activity. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, R !
• R 4 is -C(O)OR 13
• R 5 is as defined above
• R ⁇ -R 9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl
• R 10 is lower alkyl or substituted lower alkyl
• R 13 is hydrogen or lower alkyl.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these preferred compounds are included in this embodiment. Certain compounds of this preferred embodiment are useful as intermediates to prepare other compounds of formula I with higher activity.
• R ! -R 6 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl
• R is -C(O)OR
• R -R are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl
• R 13 is hydrogen or lower alkyl.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these preferred compounds are included in this embodiment. Certain compounds of this preferred embodiment are useful as intermediates to prepare other compounds of formula I with higher activity.
• R 2 and R 3 together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a heterocyclic ring, R 1 , R 4 -R 9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; and R 10 is hydroxy or alkoxy, and R ⁇ -R 13 have the above meanings.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these preferred compounds are included in this embodiment. Certain compounds of this preferred embodiment are useful as intermediates to prepare other compounds of formula I with higher activity.
• R 2 is -N(Me)C(O)(4- carboxyphenyl); R 1 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen; R 5 is methyl; R 6 is -CO 2 H; R 7 is hydrogen; R 8 and R 9 are hydrogen, and R 10 is -CH 2 CO 2 H.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these preferred compounds are included in this embodiment. Certain compounds of this preferred embodiment are useful as intermediates to prepare other compounds of formula I with higher activity.
• R 2 is -NHMe; R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are hydrogen; R 6 is -CO 2 H; R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are hydrogen, and R 10 -R 13 have the above meanings. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these preferred compounds are included in this embodiment.
• Compounds of the present invention useful in the disclosed methods and pharmaceutical compositions include, but are not limited to, the following compounds:
• Certain compounds of the invention may contain one or more chiral centers. In such cases, all stereoisomers also fall within the scope of this invention.
• the invention compounds include the individually isolated stereoisomers as well as mixtures of such stereoisomers.
• the compounds of the invention further comprise pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds disclosed herein. These pharmaceutically acceptable salts are suitable for use in all methods and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include salts which may be formed when acidic protons present are capable of reacting with inorganic or organic bases. Typically, the parent compound is treated with an excess of an alkaline reagent, such as hydroxide, carbonate, or alkoxide, containing an appropriate cation.
• an alkaline reagent such as hydroxide, carbonate, or alkoxide
• Cations such as Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , and NH 4 + are examples of cations present in pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• the Na + salts are especially useful.
• Acceptable inorganic bases therefore, include aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate. Salts may also be prepared using organic bases, such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N-methylglucamine, and tromethamine.
• an acid addition salt may be prepared.
• Acid addition salts of the compounds are prepared in a standard manner in a suitable solvent from the parent compound and an excess of an acid, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid (giving the sulfate and bisulfate salts), nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, aleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, lactic acid, o-(4-hydroxy- be
• compositions of all of the compounds in the present invention are contemplated. These pharmaceutical compositions comprise (i) a compound of the invention as an active ingredient and (ii) at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Pharmaceutical compositions of the compounds of this invention, or derivatives thereof may be formulated as solutions or lyophilized powders for parenteral administration. Powders may be reconstituted by addition of a suitable diluent or other pharmaceutically acceptable carrier prior to use.
• the liquid formulation is generally a buffered, isotonic, aqueous solution. Examples of suitable diluents are normal isotonic saline solution, 5% dextrose in water or buffered sodium or ammonium acetate solution.
• Such formulations are especially suitable parenteral administration, but may also be used for oral administration. It may be desirable to add excipients such as polyvinylpyrrolidinone, gelatin, hydroxycellulose, acacia, polyethylene glycol, mannitol, sodium chloride, or sodium citrate. Alternatively, these compounds may be encapsulated, tableted, or prepared in an emulsion or syrup for oral administration. Pharmaceutically acceptable solid or liquid carriers may be added to enhance or stabilize the composition, or to facilitate preparation of the composition. Liquid carriers include syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, glycerin, saline, alcohols and water.
• Solid carriers include starch, lactose, calcium sulfate dihydrate, terra alba, magnesium stearate or stearic acid, talc, pectin, acacia, agar, or gelatin.
• the carrier may also include a sustained release material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, alone or with a wax.
• the amount of solid carrier varies but, preferably, will be between about 20 mg to about 1 g per dosage unit.
• the pharmaceutical preparations are made following the conventional techniques of pharmacy involving milling, mixing, granulation, and compressing, when necessary, for tablet forms; or milling, mixing and filling for hard gelatin capsule forms.
• the preparation When a liquid carrier is used, the preparation will be in the form of a syrup, elixir, emulsion or an aqueous or non-aqueous suspension. Such a liquid formulation may be administered directly p. o. or filled into a soft gelatin capsule.
• the amount of a compound of formula I in the composition may vary widely, depending on the type of composition, size of unit dosage, kind of excipient(s), and other factors known to those skilled in the art of pharmaceutical sciences.
• the final composition will comprise from 1% w/w to 99% w/w, more preferably, 10% w/w to 90% w/w, most preferably 25% w/w to 75% w/w of the compound, with the remainder being the excipient or excipients.
• compositions will include preferred compounds identified. Some specific examples of suitable pharmaceutical compositions are described in Examples 7-9, below.
• a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention would be packaged in a container with a label indicating use of the pharmaceutical composition in the treatment of hyperglycemia, Type I diabetes, and Type II diabetes, or a combination of any of these disease conditions.
• Another aspect of the invention is directed towards methods of treatment administering the compounds of formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof to a mammalian host.
• Preferred methods incorporate the administration of the preferred compounds identified.
• Compounds of the present invention have been found to stimulate autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor (Example 5, below). In addition, these compounds have been shown to enhance insulin's ability to effect the transport of glucose into cultured fibroblast cells (Example 6, below). The ability of the compounds of this invention to stimulate autophosphorylation of the ' insulin receptor and to stimulate the uptake of glucose into cells, which is demonstrated in the specific examples, Examples 5 and 6, below, indicates their usefulness in the treatment and management of subjects with diabetes.
• the compounds of the invention act directly on the kinase function of the insulin receptor and do not necessarily compete with insulin for binding at the insulin-binding site, ' nor do they effect activation of the receptor by a mechanism similar to that exhibited by insulin. Thus, they are able directly to activate the kinase to autophosphorylate, to potentiate the effect of insulin, to activate the kinase function of the receptor in phosphorylating exogenous substrates and to effect the increased uptake of glucose by adipocytes and insulin receptor-bearing cells in general and to lower blood glucose in diabetic subjects.
• the compounds of the invention may be used to stimulate the kinase activity of an insulin receptor, to enhance the activation of the insulin receptor by insulin, to enhance the stimulation by insulin of cellular glucose uptake, and to stimulate the uptake of glucose in diabetic subjects.
• the compounds of this invention are useful in the treatment of hyperglycemia and diabetes in mammals.
• One aspect of the invention is directed to a method of stimulating the kinase activity of the insulin receptor.
• This method comprises contacting the insulin receptor, or the kinase portion thereof, with a compound of the invention in an amount sufficient to stimulate the kinase activity of the insulin receptor.
• a compound of the invention By stimulating the kinase activity of the insulin receptor, both autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of exogenous substrates is enhanced.
• the stimulation of the kinase activity of the insulin receptor may occur either in vivo or in vitro.
• the method of stimulating the kinase activity of the insulin receptor may optionally further comprise contacting the insulin receptor with insulin.
• the insulin receptor is activated by contacting the insulin receptor, or the kinase portion thereof, with a compound of the invention in an amount sufficient to activate the insulin receptor.
• the targeted insulin receptor may optionally be on the surface of a cell in a mammal.
• the contacting is effected by administering the compound, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, to the mammal.
• the method may further comprise contacting the insulin receptor with insulin.
• the compounds of the invention are used to stimulate the uptake of glucose into cells displaying the insulin receptor. This method comprises contacting the cells in vitro or in vivo with a compound of the invention, optionally in the presence of insulin, and in an amount sufficient to stimulate the uptake of glucose into the cells.
• the targeted cells may optionally be in a mammal and the step of contacting the receptor with the compound may then be effected by administering the compound, or pharmaceutical composition thereof, to the mammal.
• the cells are also contacted with exogenous insulin.
• a method of treating hyperglycemia in a mammal, preferably a human, is also contemplated by the present invention.
• the method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of this invention, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, to a mammal.
• the method may further comprise treating the mammal with one or more additional forms of therapy or treatment for hyperglycemia.
• one method may comprise administering exogenous insulin to the mammal in addition to the compound of the invention.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered to the mammal in combination with a non-insulin drug or other alternative treatment for hyperglycemia.
• the total amount of the combination of drugs administered to the mammal must be a therapeutically effective amount, although the amounts of each of the individual drugs may by themselves be sub- optimal for therapeutic purposes.
• the compounds are used to treat type I diabetes in a mammal.
• This method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of this invention, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, to the mammal.
• the mammal is a human.
• the method of treating type I diabetes may optionally further comprise treating the mammal with one or more additional therapies or treatments for type I diabetes.
• a compound of the invention and insulin may both be administered to the mammal.
• the additional form of treatment for type I diabetes which is combined with administration of the compound of the invention may be an antidiabetic agent other than insulin or another alternative form of treatment for type I diabetes.
• the total amount of the combination of antidiabetic agents administered to the mammal must be a therapeutically effective amount, although the amounts of each of the individual drugs may be sub-optimal for therapeutic purposes if those drugs were to be delivered alone to the mammal with type I diabetes.
• the compounds are used to treat type II diabetes in a mammal.
• This method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of this invention, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, to the mammal.
• the preferred subject is a human.
• this method may further comprise treating the mammal with one or more additional forms of therapy or treatment for type II diabetes, such as administering insulin to the mammal.
• the insulin is delivered to the mammal in an amount which is therapeutically effective when used in conjunction with a compound of the invention.
• This therapeutically effective amount of insulin when used in combination with a compound of the invention may be less than the amount of insulin which would be therapeutically effective if delivered to the mammal alone.
• the insulin which is administered in any of the treatments of the present invention may either be isolated from a natural source or be recombinant.
• an insulin analog may be substituted for insulin in any of the treatments of the present invention.
• Use of the compounds of the invention for treating type II diabetes by combination may also comprise the administration of the compound of the invention to the mammal in combination with a non-insulin, antidiabetic agent or other treatment for type II diabetes.
• the antidiabetic drug which is administered to the mammal in combination with a compound of the invention may optionally be a thiazolidinedione, such as troglitazone, or a solphonylurea.
• the total amount of the combination of drugs (invention compound plus insulin and/or other antidiabetic drug) administered to the mammal for the treatment of type II diabetes must be a therapeutically effective amount, although the amounts of each of the individual drugs used in the combination therapy may be sub-optimal for therapeutic purposes if those drugs were to be delivered alone to the mammal with type II diabetes.
• the compounds of this invention are, thus, used to enhance glucose uptake in patients which require such treatment.
• the method of treatment comprises administration parenterally and orally of a therapeutically effective quantity of the chosen compound of the invention, preferably dispersed in a pharmaceutical carrier.
• Dosage units of the active ingredient are generally selected from the range of 0.01 to 1000 mg/kg, preferably 0.01 to 100 mg/kg and more preferably 0.1 to 50 mg/kg. but will be readily determined by one skilled in the art depending upon the route of administration, age, and condition of the patient.
• the compounds of the invention are most preferably administered in a dosage unit of 1 to 10 mg/kg. These dosage units may be administered one to ten times daily for acute or chronic disease. No unacceptable toxicological effects are expected when compounds of the invention are administered in accordance with the present invention.
• the invention compounds may be administered by any route suitable to the subject being treated and the nature of the subject's condition.
• Routes of administration include, but are not limited to, administration by injection, including intravenous, intraperitoneal, • intramuscular, and subcutaneous injection, by transmucosal or transdermal delivery, through topical applications, nasal spray, suppository and the like, or may be administered orally.
• Formulations may optionally be liposomal formulations, emulsions, formulations designed to administer the drug across mucosal membranes, or transdermal formulations. Suitable formulations for each of these methods of administration may be found, for example, in Remington's Phamaceutical Sciences, latest edition, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA.
• Processes for the preparation of the compounds of formula I comprise another aspect of the invention. Preferred processes generate the preferred compounds identified.
• a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be prepared by a process comprising:
• R -R 7 are as defined above, with a styrene or substituted styrene of the formula
• R 8 -R 10 are as defined above; or (b) acylation of a compound
• hal is chlorine or bromine
• R 2 -R 4 andR ⁇ -R 13 are as defined above; or
• reaction of the iodo bis-amide compound with the styrene or substituted styrene shown in (a), above, can be carried out between 40°C and 120°C in the presence of such solvents as DMF, toluene, methylene chloride, or the like.
• solvents as DMF, toluene, methylene chloride, or the like.
• Chemical elaboration of one or more substituents R'-R 10 via the conversion of one such substituent into another substituent may be accomplished via hydrolysis, salt formation, acidification, alkylation, esterification, oxidation, or reduction.
• hydrolysis an ester or amide compound is dissociated by reaction with water.
• Hydrolysis is catalyzed by acid or base, and hydrolysis of an amide generally requires more vigorous conditions (for example, a higher concentration of sulfuric acid at 1 to 100°C for 1 to 5 hours) than those required for the hydrolysis of esters.
• Hydrolysis reactions can also be carried out with aqueous hydrochloric acid at 100 to 150°C and may require as long as 18 hours.
• salt formation a free acid is converted into a salt via addition of a basic reagent, such as aqueous sodium hydroxide or triethanolamme, that replaces all or part of the hydrogen ions of the acid with one or more cations of a base.
• the conversion of a compound into its corresponding acid addition salt is accomplished via treatment with a stoichiometric amount of an appropriate acid, such as hydrochloric acid.
• an appropriate acid such as hydrochloric acid.
• the free base is dissolved in a polar organic solvent, such as methanol or ethanol, and the acid is added in methanol or ethanol.
• the temperature is maintained at 0 to 50°C.
• the corresponding salt precipitates spontaneously or can be brought out of solution with a less polar solvent.
• acidification a chemical compound is converted into an acid.
• alkylation an alkyl group is added to or substituted in a compound. Alkylation is carried out in a suitable solvent, such as acetonitrile, DMF, or THF, at 0 to 160 C, typically at approximately 25°C to reflux, and requires some 1 to 18 hours.
• An esterification reaction results in the formation of at least one ester product.
• the compound is reacted with from 1.0 to 5.0, preferable 2.0, molar equivalents of an alkanol, a thiol or ammonia, a monoalkyl, or dialkylamine, or a heterocyclic aminoalkanol, optionally in the presence of from 1.0 to 1.5, preferably 1.25, molar equivalents of a tertiary organic base such as 4-dimethylammopyridine or, preferably, triethylamine, in an organic solvent such as dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, or, preferably, dichloromethane.
• the reaction takes place at -10 to 50°C, preferably at ambient temperature, for 1 to 24 hours; preferably 4 hours.
• the compounds of this invention are prepared by standard methods of organic • chemistry. In some cases, protective groups may be introduced and finally removed. Suitable protective groups for amino, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups are described in Greene, et al. "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,” Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1999. Activation of carboxylic acid can be achieved by using a number of different reagents as described in Larock, “Comprehensive Organic Transformations", VCH Publishers, New York, 1989.
• the synthesis of the inventive compounds consists of the preparation of certain carboxybenzanilides la, lb having an unprotected carboxylic acid, and aminostilbenes 3 which are then joined together.
• the carboxybenzanilide is converted to the corresponding acyl chloride 2a or 2b and then condensed with an aminostilbene 3, as illustrated in Scheme 1.
• R 5 -R 13 are as defined above, is acylated with a compound of the formula
• hal is chlorine or bromine
• R -R 4 and R u -R 13 are as defined above; or an acylation is carried out to elaborate the R 2 group, when R 2 is -NR ⁇ C(O)R 12 or - C(O)NR n R 12 .
• R 2 corresponds to R 5 ;
• R ! corresponds to R 11 ;
• X can be R 6 or R 7 or two independent substituents R 6 and R 7 ;
• Y can be R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , or three independent substituents R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 .
• An alternate sequence for the assembly of the title compounds involves the condensation of the acyl chlorides 2a,2b with 2-amino-5-iodobenzoic acid to give the iodo bis-amide 5. The final ring is then appended by a palladium catalyzed vinylation reaction using a styrene or substituted styrene as shown in Scheme 2.
• Scheme 2 :
• Carboxybenzanilides with one free carboxylic acid are one of the components used in the assembly of the title compounds and the synthesis of these intermediates is show in Schemes 3 and 4.
• Mono-methyl terphthalate was converted to the corresponding acyl chloride by reaction with oxalyl chloride.
• This acyl chloride was reacted with benzyl 4-aminobenzoate to give the benzanilide 8, which on hydrogenation gave the corresponding free carboxylic acid 9.
• the N-methyl amide was prepared by alkylation with methyl iodide in the presence of sodium hydride followed by hydrogenation to give 10.
• a shorter synthesis of 10 involved the acylation of 4-methylaminobenzoic acid with the acid chloride derived from mono-methyl terphthalate.
• the isomeric carboxybenzamlide 11 was obtained by a similar sequence using mono- methyl isophthalate as the starting material as shown in Scheme 4.
• the second type of component used in the preparation of the title compounds is an aminostilbene.
• These intermediates were prepared by palladium(O) catalyzed vinylation of bromo acetanalides such as 2-acetamido-5-bromobenzoic acid to give 12 as shown in Scheme 5.
• the carboxylic acid was protected as a methyl ester (13) and the acetyl group removed to give the aniline 14.
• Ammostilbenes having an acetic acid side chain were synthesized by the sequence shown in Scheme 6 where 4-vinylacetanalide is arylated with 4-bromophenyl acetic acid to give 16 which was hydrolyzed with aqueous hydrochloric acid to the corresponding aniline 17.
• Aminostilbenes having two carboxylic acid groups were prepared by the vinylation of 2- acetamido-5-bromobenzoic acid with for example 4-vinylbenzoic acid to give 18. This compound was then esterified and deacetylated to give the aniline 19 (Scheme 7).
• a second example in Scheme 9 is the condensation of the same acyl chloride with aminostilbene 17 to give the amide 21.
• the compounds of the invention can be synthesized as shown in the following examples.
• Example 1 (Synthesis of compound 20). Preparation of phenylmethyl 4- ⁇ [4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl]carbonylamino ⁇ benzoate (compound 8). A solution of mono-methyl terphthalate (4.00 g, 22 mmol) in ethyl acetate (25 mL) and DMF (0.1 mL) was cooled in an ice bath and treated with oxalyl chloride (11 mL, 2N in CH 2 C1 2 , 22 mmol) over 30 minutes.
• Example 2 (Synthesis of compound 21). Preparation of N-(4-vinylphenyl)acetamide (compound 15). A solution of 4-vinylaniline (3.5 mL, 30 mmol) was prepared in aqueous HCl (30 mL, 2N). A solution of sodium acetate (35 g in 110 mL of water) was added and the resulting suspension was cooled on ice and treated with acetic anhydride (35 mL). After stirring 45 minutes the precipitate was collected by filtration and recrystallized from water to give 3.78 g of compound 15.
• reaction mixture was diluted with water and the product was extracted with ethyl acetate and then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with CH 2 C1 ./ ethyl acetate / acetic acid mixtures to give 43 fng of compound 21.
• the dimethyl ester was dissolved in methanol (10 mL) and treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide (0.112 g in 2 mL water). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours and then heated at 50°C for 2 hours. After cooling on ice the reaction mixture was diluted with water and acidified with HCl. Extraction with ethyl acetate gave a crude product which was purified by reverse phase HPLC eluting with an ammonium acetate buffer in aqueous acetonitrile to give 25 mg of compound 23.
• Example 4 Additional compounds prepared.
• Table 3 shows physical data gathered for the compounds listed in Table 2, above. These data result from proton NMR and some mass spectrophotometry studies of the compounds.
• CKD human insulin receptor
• 3T3 LI fibroblasts (ATCC) were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
• DMEM fetal bovine serum
• FBS fetal bovine serum
• 3X10 cells/well in 24- well plates Two days after confluence was reached, the cells were treated for 3 days with 0.5mM isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), l ⁇ M dexamethasone, and 1.7 ⁇ M insulin. The cells were then transferred to DMEM with 1.7 ⁇ M insulin for 2 more days. The cells were maintained in DMEM with 10% FBS for an additional 4 days. Finally, the cells were serum-starved overnight in 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in DMEM.
• BSA bovine serum albumin
• the medium was replaced with 150mM NaCl, 1.7 mM KC1, 0.9mM CaCl 2 , K 2 HPO 4 (pH 7.4), to which was added either the experimental compound or its vehicle (DMSO).
• Insulin or its vehicle 0.01% BSA was diluted in the assay buffer (containing test compound or vehicle, respectively) to a final concentration of 5.6 nM. After incubation for 30 min at 37°C, 5 ⁇ Ci/ml 14 C-2-deoxy-D-glucose was added, and the incubation was continued for an additional 30 min at 37 C.
• the cells were then washed 3 times with ice-cold PBS/20 mM glucose and lysed in 250 ⁇ l of lysis buffer (50 mM Hepes pH 7.6, 1% Triton X-100) for 30 min at room temperature. Radioactivity in the lysate was quantified by scintillation counting.
• Example 7 Oral pharmaceutical composition preparation - solid dosage formulation.
• a pharmaceutical composition for oral administration may be prepared by combining the following:
• the mixture may be compressed to tablets or filled into hard gelatin capsules.
• the tablets may be coated by applying a suspension of film former (e.g., HPM cellulose), pigment (e.g., titanium dioxide), and plasticiser (e.g., diethyl phthalate) and drying the film via evaporation of the solvent.
• film former e.g., HPM cellulose
• pigment e.g., titanium dioxide
• plasticiser e.g., diethyl phthalate
• the film coat can comprise 2% to 6%> of the tablet weight, preferably about 3%,
• Example 8 Oral pharmaceutical composition preparation - capsule.
• a pharmaceutical composition of a compound of the invention suitable for oral administration may also be prepared by combining the following:
• Compound of this invention 20% Polyethylene glycol 400 80%
• the medicinal compound is dispersed in the liquid carrier with a thickening agent added, if required.
• the formulation is then enclosed in a soft gelatin capsule by suitable technology.
• Example 9 Pharmaceutical composition for parental administration.
• a pharmaceutical composition for parenteral administration may be prepared by combining the following:
• the solution is sterilized and sealed in sterile containers.

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