WO2000068558A1 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zur ansteuerung eines piezoelektrischen aktors - Google Patents
Verfahren und vorrichtung zur ansteuerung eines piezoelektrischen aktors Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000068558A1 WO2000068558A1 PCT/DE2000/001360 DE0001360W WO0068558A1 WO 2000068558 A1 WO2000068558 A1 WO 2000068558A1 DE 0001360 W DE0001360 W DE 0001360W WO 0068558 A1 WO0068558 A1 WO 0068558A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- actuator
- valve
- piezoelectric actuator
- opening
- closing
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241000820057 Ithone Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000001994 activation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013017 mechanical damping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036962 time dependent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M59/00—Pumps specially adapted for fuel-injection and not provided for in groups F02M39/00 -F02M57/00, e.g. rotary cylinder-block type of pumps
- F02M59/44—Details, components parts, or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M59/02 - F02M59/42; Pumps having transducers, e.g. to measure displacement of pump rack or piston
- F02M59/46—Valves
- F02M59/466—Electrically operated valves, e.g. using electromagnetic or piezoelectric operating means
- F02M59/468—Electrically operated valves, e.g. using electromagnetic or piezoelectric operating means using piezoelectric operating means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
- F02D41/2096—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils for controlling piezoelectric injectors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M51/00—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by being operated electrically
- F02M51/06—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle
- F02M51/0603—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using piezoelectric or magnetostrictive operating means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
- F02D2041/202—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils characterised by the control of the circuit
- F02D2041/2037—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils characterised by the control of the circuit for preventing bouncing of the valve needle
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for controlling a piezoelectric actuator, such as is used in particular in a high-pressure injection valve of a motor vehicle injection system, and to a circuit arrangement for carrying out this method.
- Piezoelectric actuators can be used particularly advantageously as actuators for injection valves in motor vehicles, since they are known to have the property of contracting or expanding as a function of a voltage applied to them. The advantage is particularly pronounced when such an injection valve, as in a motor vehicle, has to make rapid or frequent movements.
- piezoelectric elements are capacitive consumers that contract and expand in accordance with the respective state of charge or the voltage which is established or applied thereon.
- Charging circuit of the same switch provided or a switch provided in the discharge circuit is repeatedly actuated during charging or discharging in such a way that the piezoelectric actuator element is set to a predetermined value by a predetermined mean charging or discharging current
- High pressure injection valve come to bounce off the valve needle on the valve seat, which in turn worsens the DFR and wears the valve needle and the valve seat unnecessarily.
- Time diagrams the time sequences on one with one Piezoelectric actuator equipped and known high-pressure injector illustrates.
- the upper timing diagram shows that the known piezoelectric actuator with a single charge (stroke) from time t 0 w ith one of the incline in the chart corresponding current intensity I, for opening the valve is transferred.
- stroke a single charge
- I current intensity
- the piezoelectric actuator is reloaded to close the high-pressure injection valve with the same charge (stroke) Q Aktorl and in the opposite direction with the negative slope I ⁇ .
- the valve closes suddenly, causing the valve needle to bounce on the valve seat (ß).
- the invention uses the possibilities of one piezoelectric actuator for time-dependent force displacement control, since the displacement and the force of such a piezo actuator increase linearly with the applied charge.
- the actuator is transferred during opening and closing of the valve only on a partial stroke at maximum slope I- L. After a pause, the final stroke is reached with a further stroke and a different slope l 2 _ which is smaller than the first maximum slope I lr .
- the remaining charging phase is chosen so that for the mechanical system, i.e. H. Actuator valve needle hydraulics an aperiodic transition to the final value is approximated.
- Control circuit for the actuator output stage designed so that the partial strokes, the gradients I ⁇ and I 2 and the pause duration can be applied and adapted in accordance with the mechanical vibration properties of the actuator-valve needle-hydraulic system.
- the characteristic values of the vibration damping can be adapted during a change in measurable system parameters (e.g. pressure in the rail of a common rail injection system) during operation by opening the control circuit in the output stage and closing the valve to the piezoelectric actuator respectively supplied currents and their duration can be changed during operation.
- measurable system parameters e.g. pressure in the rail of a common rail injection system
- control method according to the invention is not only used for controlling one in one
- High pressure injector used piezoelectric actuator but is generally applicable for fast and safe switching of piezoelectric actuators.
- FIG. 1 shows in the form of two time diagrams the time sequences already described when opening and closing a high-pressure injection valve, which has overshoots and bounces
- Valve seat is afflicted, and the strokes given to a piezoelectric actuator.
- FIG. 2 also shows in the form of two time diagrams that with the inventive method in the
- Actuation of the example used in the high-pressure injection valve behavior achieved by the piezoelectric actuator and the valve strokes dependent on it without overshoot and bouncing.
- FIG. 3 shows a circuit arrangement implemented for carrying out the method, i. H. a control circuit with actuator output stage.
- FIG. 4 shows the actual currents flowing through the piezoelectric actuator in relation to the time diagram shown in the upper part of FIG. 2.
- FIG. 2 shows in the form of a time diagram the function corresponding to the method according to the invention when controlling a piezoelectric actuator used, for example, in a high-pressure injection valve in the motor vehicle injection system.
- the path and the force of the actuator then corresponds to the applied charge ⁇ n •
- another partial stroke with a lower transfer rate I 2 dQ actuator / dt 2 takes place to finally open the valve until the final stroke Q Aktoj - 2 reached when opening the valve.
- the remaining charging phase (Q ⁇ T p , dQ Akt: or / dt 2 , Q W; cor2 ), (Q Akcor3 T p , dQ Aktor / dt 2 , Q Aktor4 ) is therefore chosen so that for the mechanical system: Aktor Valve needle hydraulics approximates an aperiodic transition to the final value, as is illustrated in the time diagram shown in the lower part of FIG. 2 for the valve needle stroke achieved.
- FIG. 3 a block diagram is shown in FIG. 3 according to the invention
- the actual currents measured at the measuring resistor R mess which is in series with the piezoelectric actuator, and the actual voltages dropping at the voltage measuring divider are each compared in two-point controllers with nominal values determined by a microcomputer ⁇ C, and the resulting differential signals are fed to an output stage logic, which defines the charging times according to the invention and Corresponding signals feed driver elements of the output stage.
- FIG. 4 shows the actual currents flowing through the piezoelectric actuator with the method according to the invention in comparison with the time diagram shown in the upper part of FIG. 2 and illustrating the target currents over the slopes I x , I 2 .
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
- Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE50003196T DE50003196D1 (de) | 1999-05-08 | 2000-04-29 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur ansteuerung eines piezoelektrischen aktors |
EP00936649A EP1179129B1 (de) | 1999-05-08 | 2000-04-29 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur ansteuerung eines piezoelektrischen aktors |
JP2000617317A JP2002544424A (ja) | 1999-05-08 | 2000-04-29 | 圧電アクチュエータを制御する方法および装置 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19921456A DE19921456A1 (de) | 1999-05-08 | 1999-05-08 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Ansteuerung eines piezoelektrischen Aktors |
DE19921456.5 | 1999-05-08 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2000068558A1 true WO2000068558A1 (de) | 2000-11-16 |
Family
ID=7907551
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DE2000/001360 WO2000068558A1 (de) | 1999-05-08 | 2000-04-29 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur ansteuerung eines piezoelektrischen aktors |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1179129B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2002544424A (de) |
CN (1) | CN1117214C (de) |
DE (2) | DE19921456A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2000068558A1 (de) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2004082116A2 (de) * | 2003-03-14 | 2004-09-23 | Conti Temic Microelectronic Gmbh | Verfahren zum ansteuern eines piezoelektrischen elementes |
US7617813B2 (en) | 2004-12-08 | 2009-11-17 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Method for controlling a piezoelectric actuator and control unit for controlling a piezoelectric actuator |
US7802561B2 (en) | 2003-12-19 | 2010-09-28 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Method for controlling a valve and method for controlling a pump/nozzle device with a valve |
Families Citing this family (40)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE10113670A1 (de) | 2001-03-21 | 2002-09-26 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Ansteuerung eines Piezoaktors |
DE10114421B4 (de) * | 2001-03-23 | 2009-04-09 | Conti Temic Microelectronic Gmbh | Verfahren zum Steuern eines kapazitiven Stellglieds und Schaltungsanordnung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
DE10143502C1 (de) * | 2001-09-05 | 2003-03-06 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Ansteuern piezobetriebener Kraftstoff-Einspritzventile |
DE10149671A1 (de) | 2001-10-09 | 2003-04-24 | Eppendorf Ag | Verfahren zum Steuern eines Piezoantriebes und Piezoantrieb zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
ATE293212T1 (de) * | 2001-11-09 | 2005-04-15 | Volkswagen Mechatronic Gmbh | Einspritzanlage für eine brennkraftmaschine und zugehöriges betriebsverfahren |
DE10155390A1 (de) * | 2001-11-10 | 2003-05-22 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Laden und Entladen eines piezoelektrischen Elementes |
DE10213875B4 (de) * | 2002-03-27 | 2006-12-28 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Ansteuern wenigstens eines Piezoaktors |
WO2003083278A1 (de) * | 2002-03-28 | 2003-10-09 | Volkswagen Mechatronic Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur ansteuerung des piezo-aktuators eines piezo-steuerventils einer pumpe-düse-einheit |
EP1418328A3 (de) * | 2002-11-08 | 2008-12-24 | Continental Automotive GmbH | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Steuern des Aktors eines Ventils |
DE10336606B4 (de) * | 2003-08-08 | 2007-01-25 | Siemens Ag | Stellverfahren und Stellvorrichtung für einen Aktor |
DE10346693A1 (de) * | 2003-10-08 | 2005-05-04 | Conti Temic Microelectronic | Steuerschaltung und Steuerverfahren für ein Piezoventil |
DE10360702B4 (de) * | 2003-12-19 | 2007-03-08 | Iav Gmbh Ingenieurgesellschaft Auto Und Verkehr | Verfahren zum Laden und Entladen eines piezoelektrischen Elements |
DE102004009614B4 (de) * | 2004-02-27 | 2007-04-19 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Ansteuern eines kapazitiven Stellglieds |
DE102004015002A1 (de) * | 2004-03-26 | 2005-10-13 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren und Anordnung zum Betreiben eines kapazitiven Stellgliedes |
DE102004040700B4 (de) * | 2004-08-23 | 2007-04-26 | Tallygenicom Computerdrucker Gmbh | Verfahren und Regelschaltung zum selektiven Ansteuern ausgewählter piezoelektrischer Aktoren aus einer Vielzahl von Düsen eines Düsenkopfes in Matrixdruckern |
DE102004047961A1 (de) * | 2004-10-01 | 2006-05-18 | Siemens Ag | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Ansteuern eines Piezoaktors |
DE102004062073B4 (de) * | 2004-12-23 | 2015-08-13 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Kompensation von Prelleffekten in einem piezogesteuerten Einspritzsystem einer Verbrennungskraftmaschine |
DE102005010435A1 (de) * | 2005-03-08 | 2006-09-14 | Conti Temic Microelectronic Gmbh | Verfahren und Schaltungsanordnung zur Strom- und Ladungsregelung eines piezoelektrischen Kraftstoff-Injektors |
EP1760873B8 (de) | 2005-09-06 | 2008-06-18 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Betreiben eines Piezoaktors |
DE102005046933B4 (de) * | 2005-09-30 | 2015-10-15 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Verfahren zum Ansteuern eines piezobetätigten Einspritzventils |
ATE420489T1 (de) * | 2005-10-06 | 2009-01-15 | Delphi Tech Inc | Verfahren zur steuerung eines einspritzventils |
US7856964B2 (en) | 2006-05-23 | 2010-12-28 | Delphi Technologies Holding S.Arl | Method of controlling a piezoelectric actuator |
GB0610225D0 (en) * | 2006-05-23 | 2006-07-05 | Delphi Tech Inc | Method of controlling a piezoelectric actuator |
GB0616713D0 (en) * | 2006-08-23 | 2006-10-04 | Delphi Tech Inc | Piezoelectric fuel injectors |
DE102006060311A1 (de) * | 2006-12-20 | 2008-06-26 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Einspritzventils |
DE102007014328A1 (de) * | 2007-03-26 | 2008-10-02 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Ansteuerung eines piezoelektrischen Elements zur Kraftstoffeinspritzung |
DE102008028697A1 (de) * | 2007-07-10 | 2009-01-22 | Schaeffler Kg | Verfahren zur Ansteuerung eines elektromagnetischen Schaltventils |
DE102007033469B4 (de) * | 2007-07-18 | 2017-06-14 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Formung eines elektrischen Steuersignals für einen Einspritzimpuls |
CA2600323C (en) * | 2007-09-20 | 2009-12-29 | Westport Power Inc. | Directly actuated valve with a strain-type actuator and a method of operating same |
DE102008040412A1 (de) | 2008-03-18 | 2009-09-24 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren zur Prellunterdrückung eines durch einen Piezoaktor geschalteten Ventils |
EP2128415A1 (de) * | 2008-05-27 | 2009-12-02 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Verbesserungen einer Steuerung von Kraftstoffeinspritzdüsen |
DE102008044741B4 (de) | 2008-08-28 | 2010-10-14 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Verfahren und Steuergerät zum Steuern eines Injektors |
DE102010014208A1 (de) * | 2010-04-08 | 2011-10-13 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Betreiben eines Einspritzventils |
DE102010040283B3 (de) * | 2010-09-06 | 2011-12-22 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Verfahren zur Regelung der Einspritzmenge eines Piezoinjektors eines Kraftstoffeinspritzsystems |
DE102010040306B4 (de) * | 2010-09-07 | 2020-06-25 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Verfahren zur Ansteuerung eines Piezoinjektors eines Kraftstoffeinspritzsystems |
DE102010063667B4 (de) * | 2010-12-21 | 2018-11-22 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Geräuschreduzierendes Ansteuerverfahren für einen Piezoaktor in einem Injektor |
DE102011078159A1 (de) | 2011-06-28 | 2013-01-03 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Kraftstoffeinspritzventil |
FR3002592B1 (fr) | 2013-02-26 | 2016-09-16 | Continental Automotive France | Procede de pilotage d'un injecteur piezoelectrique de carburant d'un moteur a combustion interne de vehicule, comportant une etape de polarisation de l'actionneur piezoelectrique |
DE102013224385B3 (de) * | 2013-11-28 | 2015-03-12 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Injektors eines Einspritzsystems einer Brennkraftmaschine |
JP6090593B2 (ja) * | 2014-06-24 | 2017-03-08 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の燃料噴射システム |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS6253183A (ja) * | 1985-09-02 | 1987-03-07 | Nippon Soken Inc | 圧電アクチユエ−タ制御装置および圧電アクチユエ−タ制御装置をそなえたデイ−ゼル機関用燃料噴射制御装置 |
US4726389A (en) * | 1986-12-11 | 1988-02-23 | Aisan Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Method of controlling injector valve |
EP0371469A2 (de) * | 1988-11-30 | 1990-06-06 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Apparat zum Antreiben eines piezoelektrischen Elements zum Öffnen oder zum Schliessen eines Ventilteils |
EP0871229A1 (de) * | 1997-04-09 | 1998-10-14 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Laden und Entladen eines piezoelektrischen Elements |
DE19733560A1 (de) | 1997-08-02 | 1999-02-04 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Laden und Entladen eines piezoelektrischen Elements |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19636088C2 (de) * | 1996-09-05 | 2003-02-06 | Avl Verbrennungskraft Messtech | Verfahren zur Steuerung der direkten Einspritzung von Kraftstoff |
-
1999
- 1999-05-08 DE DE19921456A patent/DE19921456A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2000
- 2000-04-29 JP JP2000617317A patent/JP2002544424A/ja active Pending
- 2000-04-29 WO PCT/DE2000/001360 patent/WO2000068558A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-04-29 EP EP00936649A patent/EP1179129B1/de not_active Revoked
- 2000-04-29 CN CN00806976A patent/CN1117214C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-04-29 DE DE50003196T patent/DE50003196D1/de not_active Revoked
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS6253183A (ja) * | 1985-09-02 | 1987-03-07 | Nippon Soken Inc | 圧電アクチユエ−タ制御装置および圧電アクチユエ−タ制御装置をそなえたデイ−ゼル機関用燃料噴射制御装置 |
US4726389A (en) * | 1986-12-11 | 1988-02-23 | Aisan Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Method of controlling injector valve |
EP0371469A2 (de) * | 1988-11-30 | 1990-06-06 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Apparat zum Antreiben eines piezoelektrischen Elements zum Öffnen oder zum Schliessen eines Ventilteils |
EP0871229A1 (de) * | 1997-04-09 | 1998-10-14 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Laden und Entladen eines piezoelektrischen Elements |
DE19733560A1 (de) | 1997-08-02 | 1999-02-04 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Laden und Entladen eines piezoelektrischen Elements |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 011, no. 240 (E - 529) 6 August 1987 (1987-08-06) * |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2004082116A2 (de) * | 2003-03-14 | 2004-09-23 | Conti Temic Microelectronic Gmbh | Verfahren zum ansteuern eines piezoelektrischen elementes |
WO2004082116A3 (de) * | 2003-03-14 | 2005-03-03 | Conti Temic Microelectronic | Verfahren zum ansteuern eines piezoelektrischen elementes |
US7802561B2 (en) | 2003-12-19 | 2010-09-28 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Method for controlling a valve and method for controlling a pump/nozzle device with a valve |
US7617813B2 (en) | 2004-12-08 | 2009-11-17 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Method for controlling a piezoelectric actuator and control unit for controlling a piezoelectric actuator |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE50003196D1 (de) | 2003-09-11 |
CN1117214C (zh) | 2003-08-06 |
EP1179129B1 (de) | 2003-08-06 |
JP2002544424A (ja) | 2002-12-24 |
DE19921456A1 (de) | 2000-11-16 |
CN1349590A (zh) | 2002-05-15 |
EP1179129A1 (de) | 2002-02-13 |
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