WO2000027111A1 - Systeme recepteur de radiodiffusion numerique - Google Patents
Systeme recepteur de radiodiffusion numerique Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000027111A1 WO2000027111A1 PCT/JP1999/004545 JP9904545W WO0027111A1 WO 2000027111 A1 WO2000027111 A1 WO 2000027111A1 JP 9904545 W JP9904545 W JP 9904545W WO 0027111 A1 WO0027111 A1 WO 0027111A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- digital broadcast
- instantaneous interruption
- signal
- pcr
- transmission control
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/40—Client devices specifically adapted for the reception of or interaction with content, e.g. set-top-box [STB]; Operations thereof
- H04N21/43—Processing of content or additional data, e.g. demultiplexing additional data from a digital video stream; Elementary client operations, e.g. monitoring of home network or synchronising decoder's clock; Client middleware
- H04N21/438—Interfacing the downstream path of the transmission network originating from a server, e.g. retrieving MPEG packets from an IP network
- H04N21/4382—Demodulation or channel decoding, e.g. QPSK demodulation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/40—Client devices specifically adapted for the reception of or interaction with content, e.g. set-top-box [STB]; Operations thereof
- H04N21/41—Structure of client; Structure of client peripherals
- H04N21/426—Internal components of the client ; Characteristics thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/40—Client devices specifically adapted for the reception of or interaction with content, e.g. set-top-box [STB]; Operations thereof
- H04N21/43—Processing of content or additional data, e.g. demultiplexing additional data from a digital video stream; Elementary client operations, e.g. monitoring of home network or synchronising decoder's clock; Client middleware
- H04N21/4302—Content synchronisation processes, e.g. decoder synchronisation
- H04N21/4305—Synchronising client clock from received content stream, e.g. locking decoder clock with encoder clock, extraction of the PCR packets
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/40—Client devices specifically adapted for the reception of or interaction with content, e.g. set-top-box [STB]; Operations thereof
- H04N21/43—Processing of content or additional data, e.g. demultiplexing additional data from a digital video stream; Elementary client operations, e.g. monitoring of home network or synchronising decoder's clock; Client middleware
- H04N21/442—Monitoring of processes or resources, e.g. detecting the failure of a recording device, monitoring the downstream bandwidth, the number of times a movie has been viewed, the storage space available from the internal hard disk
- H04N21/44209—Monitoring of downstream path of the transmission network originating from a server, e.g. bandwidth variations of a wireless network
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N5/00—Details of television systems
- H04N5/04—Synchronising
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an optimal control method in the case of an instantaneous interruption of an RF signal wave due to a change in a transmitting station of a satellite digital broadcasting receiver or an instantaneous interruption due to signal discontinuity due to switching of an intra-station transmission system.
- the instantaneous interruption of the signal (the signal returns to normal after a very short time) is provided with the means for determining whether the signal has been interrupted (the signal is interrupted for a long time for some reason), and No receiver has been proposed that has means for performing re-synchronization at the earliest possible time and performing optimal control to reproduce video and audio presentations.
- the receiver When a signal is interrupted, the receiver generally stops presenting the video, mutes the audio output, detects the loss of synchronization, irrespective of whether or not it recovers for a short time, for example, after detecting loss of synchronization. It is configured to search for a tunable frequency and restart re-tuning 're-data acquisition (program arrangement information, etc.). Therefore, it is almost equivalent to the operation at power-on. However, if it is known that after a short period of time, the signal wave is in the state of an instantaneous interruption, the continuity of most of the acquired data and the state of the receiver before and after the interruption of the signal may be maintained. desirable. By operating the receiver so that continuity is maintained, the presentation of video and audio when the signal is restarted, that is, the transition to normal operation can be performed promptly. Disclosure of the invention
- the specific operation of the receiver is to store the state of the receiver and the acquired information, etc., and when an instantaneous interruption of the signal is determined, the various states are held until the signal wave returns. 'Perform the best operation for the transition to voice re-presentation. In other words, the signal that has been interrupted due to the signal interruption is restored as quickly and continuously as possible, and the same operation is performed regardless of whether there is an instantaneous interruption, which is a problem of the conventional technology.
- PSK Phase Shift Keying
- a digital broadcast receiving apparatus which receives a transport stream transmitted in accordance with the MPEG standard and presents broadcast information after decoding, a synchronous detecting means for detecting a synchronous code of the transport stream; and a synchronous detecting means.
- Instantaneous interruption determination means for determining whether or not the transport stream is instantaneously interrupted based on the synchronization code missing time obtained from the detection result of the tuner, and a return operation to a normal operation when the transport stream is instantaneously interrupted.
- Means for presenting the immediately preceding video signal Means for stopping detection and updating of PTS, Stopping detection and updating of PCR, and Return operation control means for executing the control by controlling at least one of the means for changing the power range, and receiving the instantaneous interruption by operating the return operation control means in accordance with the determination result of the instantaneous interruption determination means. The transition to normal operation of the transceiver is performed.
- a transmission control signal detecting means for detecting a transmission control signal multiplexed on the digital broadcast wave
- Frame synchronization detecting means for detecting a frame synchronization signal
- instantaneous interruption determining means for judging whether or not an instantaneous interruption of the digital broadcast wave based on the missing time of the frame synchronization signal obtained from the detection result of the frame synchronization detecting means.
- An instantaneous interruption notifying unit for announcing an instantaneous interruption of a digital broadcast wave based on the content of the transmission control signal detected by the transmission control signal detecting unit, and a return operation to a normal operation when an instantaneous interruption of the digital broadcast wave occurs.
- Means for holding L phase error information Means for stopping the presentation update of video decoding and presenting the immediately preceding video signal, Means for stopping detection and update of PTS, Stopping detection and update of PCR, and jitter range for PCR Reset operation control means for executing by controlling at least one of the means for changing the By operating the return operation control means in accordance with the determination of the means or the instantaneous interruption notifying means or the result of the announcement, the receiver is shifted to the normal operation at the moment of the instantaneous interruption.
- a transmission control signal detection unit that detects a transmission control signal multiplexed on the digital broadcast wave
- a carrier of a PSK demodulation unit In a digital broadcast receiving apparatus that receives a digital broadcast wave and presents demodulated broadcast information, a transmission control signal detection unit that detects a transmission control signal multiplexed on the digital broadcast wave, and a carrier of a PSK demodulation unit.
- a closed-loop pull-in state detecting means for detecting a closed-loop pull-in state of the mouthpiece, and whether or not the digital broadcast wave is momentarily interrupted based on the pull-in state obtained from the detection result of the closed-loop pull-in state detecting means and its time.
- Instantaneous interruption determining means for judging whether the digital broadcast wave is instantaneously interrupted, an instantaneous interruption notifying means for announcing an instantaneous interruption of the digital broadcast wave based on the content of the transmission control signal detected by the transmission control signal detecting means, Means for returning to normal operation, means for holding tuner tuning information, means for controlling the carrier and clock closed-loop transfer function of the PSK demodulation unit Means for holding the phase error information of the digital PLL by the PCR, means for stopping the presentation update of the video decoding and presenting the immediately preceding video signal, means for stopping the detection and update of the PTS, and stopping the detection and update of the PCR.
- a reset operation control means for executing by controlling at least one of the means for changing the range of the PCR; and By operating the return operation control means, it is possible to promptly shift to the normal operation of the receiver at the moment of an instantaneous interruption.
- a transmission control signal detecting means for detecting a transmission control signal multiplexed on the digital broadcast wave
- the transmission control signal detection Means for determining whether there is an instantaneous interruption of the digital broadcast wave based on the logic of the transmission control signal detected by the means, and an operation to return to normal operation when the instantaneous interruption of the digital broadcast wave
- the return operation control means is operated in accordance with the determination result of the instantaneous interruption determination means, so that the receiver is shifted to the normal operation at the time of the instantaneous interruption.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of a digital satellite broadcast receiver using the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a signal instantaneous interruption detection according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 shows a circuit block diagram that functions as a part of the tuner's digital decoding unit and tunes to the reception frequency.
- FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a circuit that performs a carrier acquisition and clock correction function as a part of the tuner's digital decoding unit.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a circuit that performs a freeze operation in the video decoding unit.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a circuit forming the reference system clock and time in the PCR.
- FIG. 7 is a circuit block diagram for performing a function of controlling presentation by PTS.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a detection circuit at the time of an instantaneous interruption in an embodiment according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows an outline of a configuration of a digital satellite broadcast receiver using the present invention.
- the frequency is up-converted and transmitted via satellite.
- the transmitted RF signal is received by the antenna / converter 1, down-converted to 1 st. IF, and input to the indoor tuner / digital decoder 2.
- the converter uses orthogonal polarization for communication satellites and circular polarization for broadcast satellites. Furthermore, since the intermediate frequencies are also different, it is necessary to switch the polarization plane, and the tuners need to tune according to their respective frequency arrangements because the 1 St. IF is different.
- the tuner's digital decoder 2 tunes to the received frequency according to the received signal wave and demodulates the phase-modulated digital signal. For example, demodulation is performed according to a modulation method such as QPSK for communication satellite broadcasting and 8PSK for broadcasting satellites.
- the tuning center frequency of the synthesizer tuner depends on the reception frequency known in advance and is set externally.
- the digital demodulation unit usually has a closed loop for locking the frequency shift and the carrier, and a closed loop for locking the digital conversion clock to the optimum phase, and has a function to optimize the demodulation.
- the transmission line encoding / decoding unit 3 is a unit that decodes a stream encoded by an appropriate encoding method standardized according to the propagation characteristics of various transmission lines (satellite, terrestrial, cable, etc.). is there.
- the transmission path coding / decoding section includes Viterbi decoding, convolutional din / leave, transmission descrambling, Reed-Solomon decoding, MPEG synchronization code (frame) detection, and the like.
- the main function here is to detect the synchronization code and to decipher the code by channel coding that has enhanced resistance to errors that occur uniquely on each channel.
- the transmission line coding / decoding unit of a broadcasting satellite includes Viterbi decoding or trellis decoding, transmission control signal separation / decoding, block din / leave, transmission descrambling, lead solomon decoding, and transmission frame synchronization signal detection.
- the stream after completion of synchronization acquisition, correction of an error occurring on the transmission path, decoding of the transmission path coding and clarification of the stream configuration is input to the stream demultiplexing section 4.
- a plurality of compressed signals of program arrangement information, time stamp and video / audio are multiplexed.
- the stream demultiplexing unit 4 reads various information of the multiplexed program (for example, an ID number) from the arrangement information of the program, generates a decoding system clock from the time stamp, and sets the presentation time.
- various information of the multiplexed program for example, an ID number
- the programs you want to manage and watch Has the function of separating are various information of the multiplexed program (for example, an ID number) from the arrangement information of the program, generates a decoding system clock from the time stamp, and sets the presentation time.
- the compressed stream of video and audio of the selected and separated program is supplied to the video / audio decoding unit 5.
- This compression encoding is based on a method conforming to MPEG.
- the information compressed by the video / audio decoding unit 5 is decompressed, output to the presentation device 6, and can be viewed.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a block of a detection unit for detecting an instantaneous interruption of a received signal. The part shown in FIG. 2 is included in the channel coding / decoding unit in the embodiment of FIG.
- the circuit shown in Fig. 2 receives the demodulated digital signal that is tuned to the received frequency according to the received signal wave. From the signal, the synchronization code detector 30 separates a special synchronization code (47 hex), and from the periodicity (inserted every 18 bytes), the synchronization and the synchronization Detect position (start position of stream). The synchronization signal is supplied to the synchronization acquisition determination unit 31.
- the synchronization capture determination unit 31 sets forward protection and backward protection lengths, and if the conditions are met, determines whether synchronization has been captured or synchronization has been stopped. For example, backward protection determines the position as a synchronization position when n consecutive sync signals are detected, and forward protection disables synchronization acquisition when m consecutive sync signals are lost. It is determined that it has been completed.
- the unit time measuring section 32 regards the time during which the synchronization cannot be acquired as being within a certain threshold value, assuming that there is an instantaneous interruption. In other words, within the threshold after synchronization cannot be captured, instantaneous interruption is performed and exceptional processing is performed. If the threshold is exceeded, configure the entire receiver to return to normal operation.
- FIG. 3 shows a part of the tuner digital decoding unit in FIG. 1 in more detail, and tunes to the reception frequency.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing a circuit configuration that functions when the operation is performed.
- the RF signal down-converted to 1st IF by the converter Is input to the tuning section 20.
- the center frequency of tuning is set from the outside, and the signal whose fixed oscillator output is phase-shifted or not is input to the input signal. Multiply to obtain a quadrature axis IQ detection signal.
- the signal from the tuning section 20 is sampled by the AZD converter at a frequency, for example, twice the symbol rate, and demodulated by the digital demodulation section 21.
- the digital demodulation section 21 detects the difference between the tuning frequency and the desired reception frequency (shift frequency and polarity). By adding the error of that frequency to the previously set center frequency and the adder 12 and resetting it, the tuning frequency is optimally corrected.
- the receiver searches the receivable frequency by referring to the satellite frequency table from the previously acquired program sequence information, and examines the cause of the failure. . At that time, it is common to discard the frequency error data and start from the initial operation.
- the present embodiment is an exceptional process when an instantaneous interruption is detected. During the period in which the instantaneous interruption is considered, a value of a frequency error corresponding to a difference between the synchronization frequency and the desired reception frequency is held, and a re-receiving operation is performed. In this case, tuning time is shortened by making use of the stored data and performing tuning.
- FIG. 4 shows a part of the tuner digital decoding section in FIG. 1 in more detail, and is a block diagram showing a circuit that performs a carrier acquisition and clock correction function.
- the tuned section 20 outputs a tuned detection signal of the orthogonal axis IQ. This signal is converted into a digital signal by an A / D converter and input to the digital demodulation section 21.
- the digital demodulation section 21 has a closed loop of a clock loop 21 K for managing the frequency and phase of the sampling clock for digital conversion and a carrier loop 21 C for capturing the carrier.
- the carrier loop 21 C includes, for example, a complex multiplier, a roll-off filter, a frequency / phase error detection, a loop filter, a numerically controlled oscillator, and a cos / sine converter.
- the carrier wave is input to the complex multiplier, and the carrier frequency and phase error data are obtained from the real and imaginary parts and the error conversion table matched to the modulation method.
- the numerically controlled oscillator is controlled via the secondary closed-loop loop filter. Further, the oscillation output is converted by a cos / s in converter, and the phase error data of the carrier is detected again in addition to the complex multiplier.
- the transfer function of this closed loop should be changed so that the pull-in time is shortened and optimized, and after the carrier is captured, the transfer function should be changed to one with excellent holding characteristics With this control, fast and stable carrier capture becomes possible.
- the ratio of the coefficient of the second-order loop that is, the coefficient of the proportional part and the integral part of the transfer function, 21 K and the damping constant are optimally selected by this control system.
- the transfer function of this closed loop is changed so that the pull-in time is shortened and optimized, and after the phase lock, the transfer function is changed to a transfer function with excellent holding characteristics. By doing so, fast and stable phase lock is possible.
- the clock loop 21 K detects a phase error from the data of the zero-cross sampling point of the carrier in the digital demodulation unit 21, normalizes the zero-cross sampling point, and forms a closed loop so that the zero point is obtained.
- FIG. 5 is a circuit block diagram for freezing a presentation signal in the video decoding unit of the video / audio decoding unit 5.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a circuit that forms a reference system clock and time in the PCR. The part shown in FIG. 6 is included in the transmission line coding / decoding unit in the embodiment of FIG.
- the MPEG transport stream is Based on the header information and flags, each data is expanded and the PCR data that is the basis of system synchronization is extracted as output.
- the data of the PCR taken out first is set in the internal counter 34 (SCR) and starts counting from that value.
- the error between the internal counter 34 and the PCR currently extracted by the PCR detection unit 33 is analog-converted by a DZA converter via a digital loop filter.
- the voltage is used as the control voltage of the oscillator, a clock is generated by V C X O (voltage controlled crystal oscillator), and the internal counter 34 is used as a reference clock for counting to form a closed loop.
- a signal for determining the momentary interruption is input from the common terminal to the PCR detector 33 and the internal counter 34, and this signal is used to re-detect the PCR in the PCR detector 33 and to reset the internal counter 3 Stop counting 4.
- FIG. 7 shows a circuit block of a portion that executes a function of controlling presentation by PTS. The part shown in FIG. 7 is included in the video / audio decoding unit in the embodiment of FIG.
- PTS indicating the relative presentation time multiplexed with the video information is separated and extracted by the PTS detection / delay Z advance detection unit 35.
- the delay Z advance is detected by taking the difference from the internal reference time (which can be offset) by the internal counter (SCR), and the presentation time is adjusted by the delay 36.
- this video information is not newly decoded, if a new stream is input, it is not a correct stream, and the internal counter (SCR) stops operating.
- SCR the internal counter
- FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of a detection circuit at the time of an instantaneous interruption in the present embodiment.
- the part shown in FIG. 8 is included in the transmission line encoding / decoding unit in the embodiment of FIG. 1.
- digital data demodulated by the digital demodulator is input to the frame synchronization detection unit 37.
- a predetermined fixed code is periodically inserted. Utilizing the uniqueness and periodicity of the code, it detects frame synchronization.
- the frame synchronization detection unit 37 sets forward protection and backward protection lengths, and if the conditions are met, on the one hand, it is determined that synchronization has been captured, and on the other hand, it is determined that synchronization has not been captured. For example, the backward protection determines that if n consecutive sync signals are detected, the position is determined to be the synchronous position, and the forward protection is that if m consecutive synchronous signals are lost, the synchronization cannot be acquired. Determine.
- the synchronization signal from the frame synchronization detection unit 37 is input to the synchronization acquisition and instantaneous interruption determination unit (unit time measurement) 38.
- the synchronization acquisition disablement time is within a certain threshold, an instantaneous interruption occurs. If the threshold is exceeded, it is operated to determine that the signal has been lost. That is, if the signal is within the threshold after synchronization cannot be acquired, it is considered as an instantaneous interruption and exceptional processing is performed. If the threshold is exceeded, the system is configured to return to normal operation.
- the transmission control signal extraction gate generator 39G generates a gate signal for extracting the transmission control signal multiplexed on the satellite signal wave from the reference frame synchronization signal, and generates the gate signal.
- the transmission control signal separation unit 39 separates the transmission signal.
- the extracted transmission control signal is subjected to error correction and the like in accordance with the transmission method in the transmission control signal decoding unit, and after decoding, an instantaneous interruption notice signal is extracted.
- This signal is subjected to error correction and the like in accordance with the transmission method in the transmission control signal decoding unit, and after decoding, an instantaneous interruption notice signal is extracted.
- This signal is used as a notice signal for, for example, site diversity. With this signal, momentary interruption of about several microseconds can be predicted in advance.
- This signal is input to the synchronous capture and instantaneous interruption determination unit (unit time measurement) 38, and the instantaneous interruption is determined using the signal output from the unit time measurement unit or this advance notice signal.
- the backward protection length of the frame synchronization detection unit 37 can be set shorter than usual to speed up detection of acquisition of a synchronization signal.
- a warning signal according to the description of the above-described embodiment or a determination signal in which an instantaneous interruption is determined based on a time exceeding the threshold by providing a threshold to the error signal of the digital demodulation unit 21 illustrated in FIG. Use to determine momentary interruption.
- the latter of the above cases detects when the error signal in the carrier loop and the error signal in the mouth loop exceed a certain threshold value and other cases, binarizes the result, and converts the logical signal into unit time. Measure and determine the instantaneous interruption based on the result.
- changing the jitter range of PCR and SCR as exception processing when the entire receiver is momentarily interrupted is one means for optimal control.
- control is performed so as to fall within this range, for example, by repeating and skipping the B frame.
- control is performed so that the two data are combined in the internal delay.
- the continuity of PCR is maintained (SCRZPCR matches before and after the instantaneous interruption)
- the jitter range was set narrower than usual, and jitter was eliminated by changing the skip unit or repeat unit. You can quickly adapt to the situation.
- the instantaneous interruption is information on the transmitting station indicating the change of the uplink station included in the transmission control signal multiplexed on the digital satellite broadcast wave (preliminary signal such as site diversity). To determine.
- the instantaneous interruption is determined by detecting the information included in the transmission control signal transmitted in advance, and the holding operation for the instantaneous interruption is started after a certain time from the determination.
- the transmission control signal is separated by the transmission control signal separation unit 39 in FIG. 8, and the instantaneous interruption information is interpreted and instantaneously interrupted by the transmission control signal de-god unit 39D.
- the above-mentioned optimal operation of the receiver is controlled.
- a highly effective device can be provided by determining the instantaneous interruption based on the missing time of the synchronization code in the stream.
- the instantaneous interruption is determined based on the missing time of the frame synchronization signal, or the instantaneous interruption is notified based on the content of the transmission control signal.
- transmission control signals are multiplexed
- the ability to judge an instantaneous interruption based on the state of the carrier of the PSK demodulation unit or the closed loop of the clock and its time, or a notice of an instantaneous interruption By using the contents of the transmission control signal, a highly effective device can be provided.
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/555,479 US6710814B1 (en) | 1998-11-04 | 1999-08-23 | Digital broadcast receiving system for detecting short-breaks and holding information based on same |
DE1999637484 DE69937484T2 (de) | 1998-11-04 | 1999-08-23 | Digitales übertragungsempfangssystem |
EP99938600A EP1045581B1 (en) | 1998-11-04 | 1999-08-23 | Digital broadcast receiving system |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP31315498A JP3526225B2 (ja) | 1998-11-04 | 1998-11-04 | デジタル放送受信装置 |
JP10/313154 | 1998-11-04 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2000027111A1 true WO2000027111A1 (fr) | 2000-05-11 |
Family
ID=18037770
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/JP1999/004545 WO2000027111A1 (fr) | 1998-11-04 | 1999-08-23 | Systeme recepteur de radiodiffusion numerique |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US6710814B1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1045581B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3526225B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1135833C (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69937484T2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2000027111A1 (ja) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69937484D1 (de) | 2007-12-20 |
DE69937484T2 (de) | 2008-08-28 |
JP3526225B2 (ja) | 2004-05-10 |
EP1045581A1 (en) | 2000-10-18 |
US6710814B1 (en) | 2004-03-23 |
EP1045581B1 (en) | 2007-11-07 |
CN1135833C (zh) | 2004-01-21 |
EP1045581A4 (en) | 2002-05-29 |
CN1287745A (zh) | 2001-03-14 |
JP2000138874A (ja) | 2000-05-16 |
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