WO2000003103A1

WO2000003103A1 - Building stone

Info

Publication number: WO2000003103A1
Application number: PCT/AT1999/000175
Authority: WO
Inventors: Martin Kasa
Original assignee: Martin Kasa
Priority date: 1998-07-08
Filing date: 1999-07-08
Publication date: 2000-01-20
Also published as: BG105105A; BG63881B1; MD20010094A; HU223402B1; RS50127B; SK22001A3; HUP0102822A3; ME00168B; YU901A; AT406879B; SK286511B6; ATA118198A; EP1095195A1; UA70948C2; EP1095195B1; ES2156847T3; MD2104F2; HUP0102822A2; ES2156847T1; DE59901137D1

Abstract

The invention relates to a building stone for masonry work, comprising lateral joining surfaces (3, 4) and an upper and lower bearing surface (1, 2). At least one notch (5), which is situated at a distance from the horizontal boundary edges of the upper and lower bearing surfaces (1, 2) and extends over only part of the height (h) of the building stone, is cut into each of the lateral joining surfaces (3, 4).

Description

Building block

The invention relates to a brick for masonry comprising lateral connection surfaces and an upper and a lower contact surface.

When erecting masonry, the cuboid blocks intended for this purpose are laid in horizontal, preferably staggered rows, between each of which a layer of mortar or adhesive is applied. The vertical butt joints that appear in a row between adjacent building blocks of modern design usually remain free or at least partially free. On the one hand, this is less labor-intensive and, on the other hand, has the advantage of a higher total thermal insulation of the masonry, since each mortar joint running from the inside to the outside represents a thermal bridge which has a negative effect on the thermal insulation.

A force-locking connection thus essentially only occurs between successive horizontal rows of modules. In the case of normal building stresses, which are essentially caused by vertical forces resulting from the dead weight and possibly horizontal forces, e.g. Wind pressure, put together, this type of block laying is completely sufficient to ensure static safety.

However, if there are oblique tensions, especially shear stresses, as is particularly the case with earthquakes, such a construction of masonry can result in damage to the entire house or even the complete collapse of the same, since it leads along the not-mortared butt joints a shearing of neighboring building blocks can occur, which favors a breakup of the masonry. The static safety of the building is therefore greatly reduced with such diagonal loads.

For this reason, it is mandatory in many earthquake areas to also mortar the vertical butt joints when installing masonry and thus provide for all joints to be completely filled. Due to this design, a vertical mortar or adhesive layer is provided between adjacent building blocks, which together with the horizontal mortar layers help prevent mutual sliding of wall areas when an oblique or diagonal force occurs, which significantly increases the static safety.

In the traditional building blocks, the lateral connecting surfaces - those are the surfaces with which two adjacent building blocks are placed next to one another - are consistently flat and normal to the footprint of the masonry.

In addition to the completely cuboid-shaped building blocks, however, a number of other building blocks are also used, which are particularly improved with regard to thermal insulation, but have very low earthquake resistance. Tongue and groove modules are known, for example, in which the first connection surface has tongue-like formations which extend over the block height and the groove-like depressions corresponding to the outlines of these formations are embedded in the second connection surface. Adjacent blocks interlock within the masonry without an intermediate layer of mortar and, thanks to the special course of the tongue and groove connection, enable increased thermal insulation. In the case of diagonally acting forces, the tongue and groove connections slide off and the masonry is destroyed.

Finally, there are also modules in which one or both connection surfaces have mortar pockets which extend over the entire module height. Adjacent building blocks abut one another via projecting boundary areas on the inside and outside, so that the mortar layer formed inside the mortar pocket is not formed over the entire width and a thermal bridge is thereby prevented. The mortar joint is therefore partially deepened, but not filled over the entire wall width. However, the mortar in the mortar pockets does not form a non-positive connection between adjacent building blocks, since the drying mortar also shrinks and as a result only the abutting surfaces of the building block lie on top of each other.

Such a connection can therefore only absorb shear stresses and tensile forces, such as occur particularly with diagonal force on masonry, to a very limited extent. This limited resilience leads to premature failure of the masonry under diagonal force, as the blocks shear off along the vertical joints.

It is an object of the invention to provide a building block of the type mentioned at the outset with which masonry can be built which can absorb forces acting diagonally or diagonally on it particularly well.

According to the invention, this is achieved in that at least one indentation, which extends only over part of the block height and is spaced from the horizontal boundary edges of the upper and the lower contact surface, is let into the lateral connection surfaces.

The mortar introduced into the vertical butt joint between two adjacent building blocks falls into the recesses in the lateral connection surfaces and fills them. After the mortar has hardened, a type of dowel is produced which counteracts failure of the masonry. Even in the simplest case, when the connection surfaces are completely flat, the indentations result in a measurable strengthening of the non-positive connection between adjacent components. The vertical butt joints are prevented from shearing off by the hardened mortar layer formed in them, the indentations considerably increasing the strength of this mortar layer.

This is of particular interest in areas prone to earthquakes, since in the case of earthquakes, diagonal forces on the masonry or Shear stresses for the structures can cause a collapse. Masonry formed from building blocks according to the invention is to be regarded as earthquake-proof due to the stability increase discussed.

The indentation can have any shape, but must be spaced from the horizontal boundary edges of the upper and lower contact surfaces of the module according to the invention, since otherwise no shear-preventing effect can occur.

In a further development of the invention it can be provided that the indentation is approximately the same distance from the two horizontal boundary edges.

A dowelling effect that is balanced on all sides can thus be achieved.

A further feature of the invention can be that the indentation has distances, preferably equally large distances, from both vertical boundary edges of the connection surface.

Lateral leakage of the still liquid mortar from the indentation according to the invention can thus be prevented.

Furthermore, it can be provided that the width of the indentation is at least about one third of the block width.

As a result, sufficient material is available on both sides of the indentation to provide sufficient hold for the mortar block arranged in the indentation in the event of forces acting on the masonry.

In this context, it can be provided in a further embodiment of the invention that the height of the indentation is approximately one third of the block height.

This dimensioning ensures that the mortar (plug) in the indentation has sufficient cross-section or material, but on the other hand there is sufficient material of the block itself above and below the indentation to break out and shear off the blocks in the area the vertical joints (butt joints) in the case of forces acting on the masonry, which are transferred via the mortar block to the areas of the block above and below the indentation.

It has proven particularly favorable that the side walls of the indentation run essentially normal to the connection surface.

This provides particularly good support for the mortar on the boundary walls of the indentations, and at the same time indentations designed in this way can be produced easily.

According to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention, it can be provided that at least one of the connection surfaces, preferably both connection surfaces, is / are designed in a manner known per se with a groove-like recess, and that the indentations in the recess (s) are excluded .

The groove-like recesses result in mortar pockets when the building blocks are lined up, and those in the recesses when filled with mortar recessed recesses can be filled. The resulting non-positive connection between the connection surfaces of the modules according to the invention also enables diagonal forces to be absorbed without the connection surfaces being sheared off early.

It has proven to be particularly favorable that if only one connecting surface with a groove-like recess is formed, this groove-like recess has a depth of at least about 30 mm.

In this context it can be provided that when both connection surfaces are formed with a groove-like recess each, this groove-like recess each has a depth of at least approximately 15 mm.

The pockets formed by the groove-like recesses are wide enough to be easily filled with mortar.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the connection surfaces - in a manner known per se - can be provided with tongue and groove-like elevations or depressions, which bring about an improvement in the thermal properties.

In the case of building blocks which comprise a multiplicity of holes, preferably vertical holes, in a development of the invention it can be provided that the indentation is connected to at least one hole.

The mortar introduced into the vertical butt joint or into the mortar pocket and into the recess according to the invention can thereby also enter at least one vertical hole, which leads to an even more intimate connection of two adjacent building blocks.

A particularly advantageous dowelling effect can be achieved according to a further variant of the invention if the ratio of the depth of the recess to the depth of the indentation is in a range from 1.5 to 4 to 1.

In this connection it can be provided that the depth s of the indentation is approximately 10 to 20 mm, which likewise leads to a particularly good dowelling effect.

The invention is explained below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It shows:

Fig.l a block according to the prior art in the position of use in oblique view;

2a shows a cuboid block with recess 5 according to the invention in oblique view;

2b shows a brickwork formed from building blocks according to FIG. 2a in elevation;

3a shows three building blocks of a type of building block with an indentation 5 according to the invention, preferably in an oblique view;

3a in a row of blocks placed side by side according to Fig.3a in plan;

3c shows a brickwork formed from two rows one above the other in accordance with FIG. 3b; 3D in a row of blocks placed next to one another according to a further embodiment of the invention in plan view;

4a shows a block of a further type of block provided with an indentation 5 according to the invention in an oblique view;

4b in a row of blocks placed side by side according to Fig.4a;

5a shows a cuboid perforated brick with recess 5 according to the invention in an oblique view and

5b shows the module of the type according to FIG. 3a, including upholes.

In the context of this application, the term “building block” is understood to mean all bodies which are suitable for the formation of masonry. As examples, bricks, e.g. Clay bricks, or blocks made of natural or artificial material, e.g. Natural stone, concrete, clay or the like are made.

In Fig.l a building block according to the prior art is shown in the position of use, wherein the position of use is to be understood as the orientation of the block, which it takes up when it is incorporated into a masonry. The surfaces 1, 2 of the component that run in horizontal planes are referred to in the context of this application as contact surfaces, and those vertical surfaces 3, 4 with which adjacent components are strung together are referred to as lateral connection surfaces. The position information horizontal and vertical each refer to a block lying in the position of use according to Fig.l.

In order to achieve the above-mentioned dowelling effect of the mortar or adhesive layer between the lateral connection surfaces of building blocks in masonry, at least one of the horizontal boundary edges of the upper one is in the lateral connection surfaces 3, 4 in a module according to the invention shown in FIG. 2a and lower contact surface 1, 2 spaced recess 5, which extends only over part of the block height h.

As shown in FIG. 2a, this indentation 5 can extend over the entire module width b (cf. the dash-dotted lines in FIG. 2a) or have distances c, d from both vertical boundary edges 6 of the connection area 3, 4, which distances c, d are preferably kept the same size.

If blocks configured in this way, as shown in FIG. 2b, are connected to form a masonry, in which, as usual, the vertical butt joints 9 and the horizontal joints 10 are filled with mortar, the indentations 5 according to the invention have the effect that the vertical butt joints 9 are in the region of the Expand indentations 5. The mortar block 7 acting in this, shown schematically, bears in a form-fitting manner against the boundary walls 8 of the indentations 5 and thus prevents the mortar layer located in the vertical butt joints 9 from tearing off, in particular under diagonal loading, so that early shearing cannot occur.

This form-fitting support results, for example, from forces acting on the building blocks in the direction of arrow 16, such as, for example, in the case of a partial lowering of the contact area of the masonry or earthquakes can occur.

The shape of the connection surfaces 3, 4 is not essential to the invention, for example the indentation 5 can also be provided in the case of components whose connection surfaces 3, 4 have tongue and groove-like projections or depressions which extend over the component height h.

The invention is particularly preferably used in the components shown in FIGS. 3a-c and in FIG. 4a. The connecting surfaces 3, 4 of these modules do not run flat here, but are each provided with a groove-like recess 11, which extend over the entire module height h. When such blocks are placed side by side (see FIG. 3b), the two recesses 11 form pockets, by means of which the vertical mortar joint 9 is deepened.

The indentations 5 according to the invention are let into the central sections of the connection surfaces 3, 4, which form the groove base 13 of the recess 11. When the mortar pockets formed by the recesses 11 decay, the indentations 5 also fill with mortar. So that the filling of the pockets formed by two adjacent recesses 11 with mortar can be carried out practically without problems, these pockets must have a width g of at least 30 mm. For the case shown in FIG. 3b, in which both connection surfaces 3, 4 of each module are each formed with a groove-like recess 11, this means that these groove-like recesses 11 must have a depth t of at least about 15 mm.

After the mortar has hardened, mortar blocks 7 result analogously to FIG. 2b, which can be non-positively attached to the boundary walls 8 of the indentations 5. The indentations 5 have distances e, f from both horizontal boundary edges 12 of the contact surfaces 1, 2 (which distances e, f can be unequal according to FIG. 3a or approximately the same size according to FIG. 3c). If diagonal forces occur according to the arrow 17 in FIG. 3c, the mortar blocks 7 are non-positively connected to the boundary walls 8 of the indentations 5. There is therefore a type of dowelling of two adjacent building blocks, which the masonry overall is particularly high Gives stability.

A very good dowelling effect can be achieved if the ratio of the depth of the recess 11 to the depth of the indentation 5 is in a range from 1.5 to 4 to 1. The indentation 5 must in any case be deep enough in the connecting surfaces to achieve its functionality, since otherwise the mortar block 7 cannot withstand the shear forces enough resistance. In concrete dimensions, about 10 to 15 mm can be specified for the depth s of the indentation 5.

In addition to the depth of the indentation, its cross section is also an important parameter for achieving a sufficient dowelling effect. In this regard it has proven to be particularly advantageous if the width b 'of the indentation 5 is at least approximately one third of the connecting surface width b of the module or the wall width of the masonry. Particularly good results can be achieved if the width b 'of the indentation 5 is approximately half the block width b.

The height h 'of the indentation 5 should be approximately one third of the block height h, but can also be chosen to be somewhat larger.

The arrangement of the indentations 5 according to the invention can of course also be provided in any other configuration of the connection surfaces 3.4.

The boundary walls 8 of the indentation 5 run essentially normal to the connection surfaces 3, 4, but the support effect explained is also achieved at obtuse angles α (cf. FIG. 3c). Likewise, acute angles ß are conceivable, but the undercuts in the module that result here are difficult to produce.

The above-mentioned depth s of the indentation 5 of approximately 10 to 15 mm is independent of the geometric shape of the indentation, i.e. The indentations 5 shown in FIG. 3c with boundary walls 8 running at an obtuse angle or at an acute angle β can have a depth s of 10 to 20 mm.

In the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 3d, modules with different connection surfaces are shown. At both connection surfaces 3, 4, indentations 5 are provided, in each case one connection surface 4 has a groove-like recess 11, while the respectively opposite connection surface 3 extends completely flat except for the indentation 5.

The mortar pocket lying between two abutting connection surfaces 3, 4 is formed by only one groove-like recess 11. As shown in FIG. 3d, the width of the mortar pocket g is identical to the depth t of the groove-like recess 11. So that the pocket can be easily mortarized here, too, the groove-like recess 11 must be deeper than in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 3b be executed. Specifically, the local recess 11 has a depth t of at least about 30 mm.

The depth s of the indentations 5 is also about 10 to 20 mm here.

In the module according to FIGS. 4 a, b, the connection surfaces 3, 4, analogous to FIGS. 3 a-c, each have a recess 11, in the groove base 13 of which the recesses 5 according to the invention are embedded. In addition, the connection surface 4 is provided with spring-like elevations 14 and the connection surface 3 with groove-like depressions 15.

In addition to the increased stability of the masonry constructed from the building blocks according to the invention, there is a further advantage in building blocks according to FIG. As shown in FIGS. 3b, 4b, the sections of the connection surfaces 3, 4 of adjacent modules lying to the side of the recesses 11 can be formed placed close to each other and mortar is only introduced into the mortar pockets formed by the recesses 11 and the indentations 5 according to the invention. A previously usual vertical mortar joint, which extends over the entire area of the connection areas 3, 4 and thus runs from the outside of the wall to the inside of the wall and acts as a thermal bridge, is thus avoided.

The indentation 5 is always cuboid in the drawings, but this is only to be understood as an example, because the indentation 5 can be given any shape with which the described application of the mortar blocks 7 to the boundary walls 8 can be achieved. For example, the indentation 5 can be cylindrical, frustoconical, etc. Furthermore, several indentations 5, e.g. be embedded in the form of several holes.

If the module is provided with holes 18, the recess 5 according to the invention can be designed so deep that it is connected to one or more of these holes 18. In this context, as shown in FIG. 5 a, the building block can be designed as a perforated brick known per se, the indentation 5 projecting into the adjacent row of perforations 18 ′. According to FIG. 5b, a component of the form according to FIGS. 3a, 3d or FIG. 4a can also be provided with through holes 18, the row 18 'of which is adjacent to the connection surface 3, 4 is connected to the indentation 5.

In both cases, the mortar introduced into the vertical butt joints 9 thereby also passes into the through holes 18 connected to the indentation 5, which results in an even better connection between two adjacent building blocks.

Instead of the high holes, elongated holes can also penetrate the respective module according to the invention or its indentations.

Claims

PATENT CLAIMS

1. Building block for masonry comprising lateral connecting surfaces (3,4) and an upper and a lower bearing surface (1, 2), characterized in that in the lateral connecting surfaces (3,4) each have at least one of the horizontal boundary edges of the upper and recess (5) spaced apart from the lower support surface (1, 2) and which extends only over part of the block height (h).

2. Module according to claim 1, characterized in that the indentation (5) to both horizontal boundary edges (12) has approximately equal distances (e, f).

3. Module according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the indentation (5) to both vertical boundary edges (6) of the connecting surface (3,4) distances (c, d), preferably equally large distances (c, d) .

4. Module according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the width (b ^' ) of the indentation (5) is at least about a third of the module width (b).

5. Block according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the height (h ') of the indentation (5) is approximately one third of the block height (h).

6. Module according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the boundary walls (8) of the indentation (5) run substantially normal to the connection surface (3,4).

7. Module according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one of the connection surfaces (3, 4), preferably both connection surfaces (3, 4), is / are formed in a manner known per se with a groove-like recess (11) , and that the indentations (5) in the recess (s) (11) are excluded.

8. Module according to claim 7, characterized in that when forming only one connection surface (3, 4) with a groove-like recess (11), this groove-like recess (1 1) has a depth (t) of at least about 30 mm.

9. Module according to claim 7, characterized in that when both connection surfaces (3, 4) are formed, each with a groove-like recess (1 1), this groove-like recess (11) each has a depth (t) of at least approximately 15 mm.

10. Module according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the connection surfaces (3, 4) - in a manner known per se - are provided with tongue and groove-like elevations or depressions.

1 1. Module according to one of the preceding claims comprising a plurality of holes, preferably vertical holes (18), characterized in that the indentation (5) is connected to at least one hole (18).

12. Module according to one of claims 7 to 11, characterized in that the ratio of the depth (t) of the recess (11) to the depth (s) of the indentation (5) is in a range from 1, 5 to 4 to 1 .

13. Module according to claim 12, characterized in that the depth (s) of the indentation (5) is approximately 10 to 20 mm.