EP1095195B1 - Building stone - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a building stone for masonry work, comprising lateral joining surfaces (3, 4) and an upper and lower bearing surface (1, 2). At least one notch (5), which is situated at a distance from the horizontal boundary edges of the upper and lower bearing surfaces (1, 2) and extends over only part of the height (h) of the building stone, is cut into each of the lateral joining surfaces (3, 4).

Description

The invention relates to a brick for masonry comprising lateral Pads and an upper and a lower contact surface, at least one the pads, preferably both pads, with a groove-like Recess is / are formed in the groove base of which recesses in each case at least one of the horizontal boundary edges of the top and bottom Contact surface spaced indentation, which extends only over part of the Block height extends, is recessed, with the indentation to both vertical Boundary edges of the pad equal distances, the width of the Indentation at least about a third of the block width is.

When erecting masonry, they are used for this provided rectangular blocks in horizontal, preferably against each other staggered rows, between each of which a layer of mortar or adhesive is applied. The in a row between neighboring building blocks of modern design Vertical butt joints usually remain free or at least partially free. On the one hand, this is less labor-intensive and on the other hand has the advantage of a higher one Total thermal insulation of the masonry, as each from the inside to the outside running mortar joint represents a thermal bridge that negatively affects thermal insulation affected.

This essentially occurs only between successive ones horizontal rows of blocks a positive connection. With ordinary Building stress, which is essentially due to its own weight resulting vertical forces and possibly horizontally acting forces, e.g. Wind pressure, put together, this type of laying of the blocks is sufficient to to ensure static safety.

However, oblique tensions occur, particularly Shear stresses, as is particularly the case with earthquakes, can cause such Construction of a masonry but the damage to the entire house or even the complete collapse of the same result, since it is along the not grouted Butt joints can lead to shearing off of neighboring building blocks a breakdown of the masonry favors. The static safety of the Building is therefore greatly reduced with such diagonal loads.

For this reason, it is mandatory in many earthquake areas where Erection of masonry also mortar the vertical butt joints and thus one All joints should be filled completely. Because of this design a vertical layer of mortar or adhesive between adjacent blocks available, which occur together with when an oblique or diagonal force occurs the horizontal layers of mortar the mutual sliding of wall areas help prevent, which significantly increases the static safety.

In the traditional building blocks, the side connection surfaces are - that are those surfaces with which two adjacent building blocks within a row are laid together - completely flat and normal to the contact area of the Masonry trained.

In addition to the completely rectangular blocks, there are also one Range of other building blocks in use, particularly with regard to thermal insulation are improved, but have a very low earthquake resistance.

For example, tongue and groove blocks are known, in which the first Terminal surface spring-like, extending over the block height has and in the second pad the outline of these formations corresponding groove-like depressions are embedded. Adjacent blocks grab within the masonry without any mortar layer in between and enable an increased through the special course of the tongue and groove connection Thermal insulation. With diagonally acting forces, the Tongue and groove connections and therefore destruction of the masonry.

Finally, there are also modules in which one or both Mortar pockets extending over the entire block height exhibit. Adjacent blocks come across projecting boundaries on the inside and outside of each other, so that the inside of the mortar pocket trained mortar layer is not formed over the entire width and a This prevents thermal bridge. The mortar joint is therefore partially deepened, for that but not filled over the entire width of the wall. The one in the mortar pockets However, mortar does not form a positive connection between neighboring building blocks because the drying mortar also shrinks and therefore only the edges Butt faces of the block lie on top of each other.

Such a connection can therefore shear stresses and tensile forces, such as they occur particularly with diagonal force on masonry, only very much limited record. This limited resilience leads under diagonal Applying force to premature failure of the masonry by the building blocks Shear off along the vertical joints.

A module of the type defined in the introduction was known, for example, from DE- A1-35 41 280 . A wall module formed from any materials is described here, which has in at least one of its end faces a groove-like depression that extends over the entire end face height. A further depression is embedded in the bottom of this depression (cf. FIG. 1 of DE-A1-35 41 280 ). It also follows from this FIG. 1 that the depression is approximately the same distance from the two vertical boundary edges of the end face, is approximately one third of the overall width of the module and is approximately one third of the overall module height high.

EP-A-745 739 shows something similar: It follows from FIG. 1 of this document that grooves are provided in the end faces of the building blocks described here, which extend over the entire building block height, into the bottom of which grooves recessed grips are made. On the side next to the groove, tongues or grooves are provided which interlock when the components are offset.

DE-U1-88 13 600 , like DE-A1-35 41 280 and EP-A-745739, relates to a cuboid brick, in the two ends of which grip grooves are embedded. However, the grip grooves shown here are always embedded directly in the abutting surfaces. The possibility of providing groove-shaped recesses which extend over the entire height of the abutting surface and of letting the grip grooves into the bottom of these recesses is not mentioned.

It is an object of the invention to provide a module of the type mentioned indicate with which masonry can be built, the diagonally or diagonally can absorb forces acting on them particularly well.

According to the invention this is achieved in that the indentation to both horizontal boundary edges has approximately equal distances and that the Ratio of the depth of the recess to the depth of the indentation in a range of 1.5 to 4 to 1.

The one when filling into the vertical butt joint between two neighboring ones Mortar introduced into the blocks gets into the side connection surfaces recesses and fills them. After the mortar has hardened, it results then a type of pegging that counteracts failure of the masonry. Even in the simplest case, when the connection surfaces are completely flat, the indentations result in a measurable strengthening of the positive connection between neighboring building blocks. The vertical butt joints are made by the in them trained, hardened mortar layer prevented from mutual shearing, whereby the indentations significantly increase the strength of this layer of mortar

This is of particular interest in areas prone to earthquakes, since at Earthquakes mainly diagonally acting forces or Shear stresses for the buildings can cause a collapse. On off Masonry formed according to the invention is due to the discussed Increased stability to be regarded as earthquake-proof.

The indentation can have any shape, but must be of the horizontal boundary edges of the upper and lower contact surface of the building block according to the invention be spaced apart, otherwise no shear preventive effect can occur.

The groove-like recesses result when the Building blocks mortar pockets, which when filled with mortar together with those in the recesses recessed recesses can be filled. The resulting non-positive Connection between the pads of the building blocks according to the invention enables also absorbs diagonal forces without causing early shear of the Pads comes.

By the same spacing of the indentation from both horizontal Boundary edges is a dowelling effect that is balanced on all sides achievable. The ratio of the depths of recess and indentation leads to one particularly good dowelling effect, which is due to the invention Combination of these two features constructed from building blocks according to the invention Masonry exhibits particularly high seismic safety.

It has proven to be particularly favorable that the side walls of the Indentation run essentially normal to the pad. So that's one particularly good support of the mortar on the boundary walls of the indentations given, indentations designed in this way are easy to produce.

It has proven to be particularly favorable that only during training a connection surface with a groove-like recess, this groove-like recess Depth of at least about 30mm.

In this connection it can be provided that when both are trained Pads with a groove-like recess each have this groove-like recess has a depth of at least about 15 mm.

The pockets formed by the groove-like recesses are thereby wide enough to be easily filled with mortar.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the pads - in known manner - be provided with tongue and groove-like elevations or depressions, which bring an improvement in the thermal properties.

For blocks that have a large number of holes, preferably Hochlochen, include, can be provided in a development of the invention that the Indentation is connected to at least one hole. The one in the vertical butt joint or mortar introduced into the mortar pocket and into the recess according to the invention can thereby enter at least one uphole, which leads to an even more intimate one Connection of two neighboring blocks leads.

In this connection it can be provided that the depth s of the Indentation is about 10 to 20mm, which is also a particularly good one Dowelling effect.

Fig.1 einen Baustein gemäß Stand der Technik in Gebrauchslage im Schrägriß;

Fig.2a einen quaderförmigen Baustein mit erfindungsgemäßer Einbuchtung 5 im Schrägriß;

Fig.2b ein aus Bausteinen gemäß Fig.2a gebildetes Mauerwerk im Aufriß;

Fig.3a drei Bausteine einer besonders bevorzugt mit einer erfindungsgemäßen Einbuchtung 5 ausgestatteten Bausteinart im Schrägriß;

Fig.3b in einer Reihe nebeneinander gelegte Bausteine gemäß Fig.3a im Grundriß;

Fig.3c ein aus zwei übereinanderliegenden Reihen gemäß Fig.3b gebildetes Mauerwerk im Aufriß;

Fig.3d in einer Reihe nebeneinander gelegte Bausteine gemäß einer weiteren Ausführungsform der Erfindung im Grundriß;

Fig.4a einen mit einer erfindungsgemäßen Einbuchtung 5 versehenen Baustein einer weiteren Bausteinart im Schrägriß;

Fig.4b in einer Reihe nebeneinander gelegte Bausteine gemäß Fig.4a;

Fig.5a einen quaderförmigen Hochlochziegel mit erfindungsgemäßer Einbuchtung 5 im Schrägriß und

Fig.5b den Baustein des Typs gemäß Fig.3a umfassend Hochlöcher.

The invention is explained below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It shows:

1 shows a block according to the prior art in the use position in an oblique view;

2a shows a cuboid block with recess 5 according to the invention in oblique view;

2b shows a brickwork formed from building blocks according to FIG. 2a in elevation;

3a shows three building blocks of a type of building block with an indentation 5 according to the invention, preferably in an oblique view;

3a in a row of blocks placed side by side according to Fig.3a in plan;

3c shows a brickwork formed from two rows one above the other in accordance with FIG. 3b;

3D in a row of blocks placed side by side according to a further embodiment of the invention in plan view;

4a shows a block of a further type of block provided with an indentation 5 according to the invention in an oblique view;

4b in a row of blocks placed side by side according to Fig.4a;

5a shows a cuboid perforated brick with recess 5 according to the invention in an oblique view and

5b shows the module of the type according to FIG. 3a, including upholes.

In the context of this application all are under the term "building block" Understand bodies that are suitable for the formation of masonry. As examples bricks, e.g. Clay bricks, or blocks made from natural or artificial material such as Natural stone, concrete, clay or the like are made.

1 shows a component according to the prior art in the position of use shown, whereby the orientation of the component is to be understood under the position of use, which it takes up when integrated into masonry. The one in horizontal planes running areas 1,2 of the building block are within the scope of this application as Aufiagefläche, those vertically running surfaces 3, 4 with which neighboring Modules strung together are referred to as side pads. The Position information horizontal and vertical each refer to one in the position of use 1 lying block.

The mentioned dowelling effect of the mortar or adhesive layer between the side pads of building blocks in a masonry achieve is in a block shown in Figure 2a, according to the invention in the lateral pads 3,4 each at least one of the horizontal Boundary edges of the upper and lower bearing surface 1, 2 spaced indentation 5th embedded, which extends only over part of the block height h.

As shown in Figure 2a, this indentation 5 can extend over the entire Extend block width b (see dash-dotted lines in Fig.2a) or both vertical boundary edges 6 of the pad 3.4 have distances c, d, which Distances c, d are preferably kept the same size.

Are blocks designed in this way as shown in FIG Masonry connected, in which, as usual, the vertical butt joints 9 and horizontal joints 10 are filled with mortar, effect the invention Indentations 5 that the vertical butt joints 9 in the region of the indentations 5th expand. The mortar block 7 acting in this, shown schematically, lies positively on the boundary walls 8 of the indentations 5 and thus prevents the mortar layer located in the vertical butt joints 9, especially in the diagonal Load on tearing off, so that early shear cannot occur.

This form-fitting support results, for example, in the direction the arrow 16 forces acting on the building blocks, such as in a partial lowering of the contact area of the masonry or earthquakes can.

The shape of the connection surfaces 3, 4 is not essential to the invention, for example, the indentation 5 can also be used in the case of components whose connecting surfaces 3, 4 Tongue-and-groove-like projections or depressions extending over the block height h have, be provided.

The invention is particularly preferred in FIGS. 3a-c and in FIG shown blocks used. The pads 3,4 of these modules run not flat here, but are each provided with a groove-like recess 11 which extend over the entire block height h. When juxtaposing such Building blocks (see Fig.3b) form the two recesses 11 pockets, by means of which the vertical mortar joint 9 is deepened.

The indentations 5 according to the invention are in the middle sections of the connection surfaces 3, 4, which form the groove base 13 of the recess 11. When filling the mortar pockets formed by the recesses 11, the Indentations 5 also with mortar. So that the filling in by two each other adjacent recesses 11 formed pockets with mortar practically without problems can be carried out, these bags must have a width g of at least 30mm exhibit. For the case shown in Fig.3b, in which both pads 3,4 each building block are each formed with a groove-like recess 11 means this means that these groove-like recesses 11 have a depth t of at least about 15 mm must have.

After the mortar has hardened, analogous to FIG. 2b Mortar blocks 7, which are on the boundary walls 8 of the indentations 5th can start non-positively. The indentations 5 point to both horizontal ones Boundary edges 12 of the contact surfaces 1,2 distances e, f (which distances e, f 3a may be different or may be approximately the same size according to FIG. 3a). When they occur of diagonal forces according to arrow 17 in FIG. 3c results in a non-positive contact of the mortar blocks 7 on the boundary walls 8 of the Indentations 5. There is therefore a type of dowelling in each case two neighboring blocks, which gives the masonry a particularly high stability gives.

A very good pegging effect can be achieved if the ratio the depth of the recess 11 to the depth of the indentation 5 in a range from 1.5 to 4 to 1. The indentation 5 must in any case be deep to achieve its functionality be enough in the pads, otherwise the mortar block 7 the Shear forces cannot provide enough resilience. On concrete Dimensions can be given about 10 to 15 mm for the depth s of the indentation 5 become.

In addition to the depth of the indentation, its cross section also represents an important one Size for achieving a sufficient pegging effect. In this regard it has proven to be particularly advantageous if the width b 'of the indentation 5 at least about a third of the pad width b of the module or the wall width of the masonry. Particularly good results can be achieved if the width b 'of indentation 5 is approximately half the block width b.

The height h 'of the indentation 5 should be approximately one third of the block height h amount, but can also be chosen slightly larger.

The arrangement of the indentations 5 according to the invention can of course also with any other configuration of the connection surfaces 3, 4 be provided.

The boundary walls 8 of the indentation 5 run to the Pads 3, 4 are essentially normal, but the support effect explained is also reached at obtuse angles α (see Fig. 3c). Likewise, acute angles β are conceivable however, the resulting undercuts in the block are difficult produced.

The above-mentioned depth s of the recess 5 is about 10 to 15mm independently of the geometrical shape of the indentation, and the indentations 5 shown in Figure 3c that is, with α at an obtuse angle or in an acute angle β extending boundary walls 8 may have a depth s have from 10 to 20mm.

In the exemplary embodiment according to FIG different pads shown. At both pads 3, 4 are Indentations 5 are provided, each of a connection surface 4 has a groove-like Recess 11, while the respective opposite pad 3 except for Indentation 5 runs completely flat.

The lying between two abutting pads 3,4 Mortar pocket is formed by only one groove-like recess 11. As in Fig.3d shown, the width of the mortar pocket g is identical to the depth t of the groove-like one Recess 11. So that the bag can be filled with mortar without any problems, the groove-like recess 11 must be deeper than in the embodiment according to FIG. 3b be executed. Specifically, the local recess 11 has a depth t of at least about 30mm.

The depth s of the indentations 5 is also about 10 to 20 mm here.

In the module according to FIGS 3a-c each have a recess 11 in the groove bottom 13 of the invention Indentations 5 are embedded. In addition, the pad 4 is with tongue-like elevations 14 and the connecting surface 3 with groove-like depressions 15 Mistake.

In addition to the increased stability of the building blocks according to the invention erected masonry results in building blocks according to Fig. 3,4 for use in Earthquake areas as a further benefit an improvement in thermal engineering Properties of the masonry. As shown in Fig.3b, 4b, the side of the Recesses 11 lying portions of the pads 3,4 adjacent blocks placed close to each other and mortar only in the recesses 11 and recesses 5 mortar pockets formed according to the invention can be introduced. A hitherto usual, extending over the entire area of the connection areas 3, 4 and thus of the vertical mortar joint that runs from the outside to the inside of the wall Thermal bridge is avoided.

The indentation 5 is always cuboid in the drawings, but this is only to be understood as an example, because the indentation 5 can have any shape, with which the described application of the mortar blocks 7 to the boundary walls 8 is achievable. For example, the indentation 5 can be cylindrical, be hemispherical frustoconical, etc. Furthermore, in one Pad 3.4 several indentations 5, e.g. embedded in the form of several holes his.

If the block is provided with holes 18, the inventive one Indentation 5 can be formed so deep that it with one or more of these holes 18 communicates. As shown in Fig.5a, the block in this Connection to be formed as a perforated brick known per se, the Indentation 5 protrudes into the adjacent row of holes 18 '. According to Fig.5b a building block of the form according to FIG. 3a, 3d or FIG. whose row 18 ′ adjacent to the connecting surface 3, 4 is connected to the indentation 5 stands.

In both cases, the one introduced into the vertical butt joints 9 As a result, mortar also into the vertical holes connected to the indentation 5 18, which results in an even better connection of two adjacent building blocks.

Instead of the high holes, elongated holes can also be used in each case enforce block according to the invention or its indentations.

Claims (7)

1. A building block for brickwork comprising lateral connecting surfaces (3, 4) as well as an upper and lower bearing surface (1, 2), with at least one of the connecting surfaces (3, 4), and preferably both connecting surfaces (3, 4), being arranged with a groove-like recess (11) and with at least one cavity (5) being incorporated in the base of the groove (13) of said recess (11), being spaced from the horizontal limiting edges (12) of the upper and lower bearing surfaces (1, 2) and merely extending over a part of the building block height (h), with the cavity (5) having similar distances (c, d) to the two vertical limiting edges (6) of the connecting surface (3, 4), and the width (b') of the cavity (5) being at least one third of the building block width (b), characterized in that the cavity (5) has approximately the same distances (e, f) to the two horizontal limiting edges (12) and that the ratio of the depth (t) of the recess (11) to the depth (s) of the cavity (5) is in a range of 1.5 to 4:1.
2. A building block as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the limiting walls (8) of the cavity (5) extend substantially normal to the connecting surface (3, 4).
3. A building block as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that in the case of the formation of merely one connecting surface (3, 4) with a groove-like recess (11), said groove-like recess (11) has a depth (t) of at least approximately 30 mm.
4. A building block as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that in the case of the formation of both connecting surfaces (3, 4) with a groove-like recess (11), each said groove-like recess (11) each have a depth of at least approximately 15 mm.
5. A building block as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the connecting surfaces (3, 4) are provided with groove-and-tongue-like elevations and recesses.
6. A building block as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of holes, preferably vertical perforations (18) and that the cavity (5) is in connection with at least one hole (18).
7. A building block as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the depth (s) of the cavity (5) is approx. 10 to 20 mm.

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