SK22001A3 - Building stone - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a building stone for masonry work, comprising lateral joining surfaces (3, 4) and an upper and lower bearing surface (1, 2). At least one notch (5), which is situated at a distance from the horizontal boundary edges of the upper and lower bearing surfaces (1, 2) and extends over only part of the height (h) of the building stone, is cut into each of the lateral joining surfaces (3, 4).

Description

Technical field

The invention relates to a masonry building fitting having lateral connecting surfaces and upper and lower bearing surfaces, wherein at least one of the connecting surfaces, in particular both connecting surfaces, are formed with a groove-shaped recess, the spacing bottom of each of these recesses being spaced apart at least one cut-out extending from the horizontal boundary edges of the upper and lower bearing surfaces extending only over part of the height of the building fitting, the cut-out having equally large distances from the two vertical boundary edges of the connecting surfaces; and the cutout height is approximately one third of the height of the building fitting.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

For the construction of lifting masonry, the block-shaped blocks intended for this purpose are laid in horizontal, preferably mutually opposed rows, between which a layer of mortar or adhesive is always applied. The vertical joint joints occurring in one row between adjacent building blocks of a modern type of construction usually remain free or at least partially free. This is less laborious and has the advantage of higher overall thermal insulation of the masonry, since each mortar joint running from the inside to the outside represents a thermal bridge that negatively affects the thermal insulation.

• - x ·· ····

Essentially, only an adhesive bond projects between successive horizontal rows of building blocks. Under normal stress on a building consisting essentially of vertical forces resulting from its own weight and possibly of horizontally acting forces such as wind pressure, this type of laying of building blocks is quite sufficient to ensure static safety.

However, if oblique stresses, especially shear stresses, such as in the case of an earthquake, for example, such a masonry construction method can result in damage to the whole house or even a complete collapse, since adjacent structural joints may be displaced along the joints supported by mortar. breaking masonry. The static safety of the building is therefore greatly reduced under such diagonal loads.

For this reason, in many earthquake areas, both masonry and vertical joint joints are prescribed for masonry construction in order to fully fill all occurring joints. With this construction method, there is always a vertical layer of mortar or adhesive between adjacent building blocks, which, in the presence of inclined or diagonal forces, together with the horizontal layers of mortar, helps to prevent sliding of the wall area relative to each other, thereby substantially increasing static safety.

In the case of traditional building blocks, the lateral connecting surfaces - that is, the surfaces where two adjacent building blocks are laid in one row - without exception, are planar and perpendicular to the bearing surface of the masonry.

·· ···· · · · ···

In addition to perfectly block-shaped building blocks, however, a number of other building blocks are used, which are improved in particular with respect to thermal insulation, but exhibit very low earthquake safety.

Building blocks are known approximately in the form of a tongue and groove, in which the first joining surface exhibits a tongue-like shape that extends over the height of the building fitting and the second joining surface has recessed grooves corresponding to the contours of the formation. Adjacent building blocks extend inside the masonry without a layer of mortar lying between them and allow increased thermal insulation in this special way of tongue and groove connection. In the case of diagonally acting forces, the connection to the tongue and groove slips and thus the masonry is destroyed.

Finally, there are building blocks in which one or both of the connecting surfaces have mortar tiles extending over the entire height of the building blocks. Adjacent building blocks contact each other with protruding boundary regions on the inside and outside so that the mortar layer formed inside the mortar tile is not formed over its entire width, thereby avoiding a thermal bridge. The mortar joint is therefore partially excavated, but is therefore not filled over the entire width of the wall. However, the mortar contained in the mortar tiles does not form an adhesive bond between adjacent building blocks, since the drying mortar also shrinks and thus only the edge contact surfaces of the building block are stacked.

Therefore, such a connection can only very limitedly absorb shear stresses and tensile forces, such as are particularly encountered in

• · · · • · • · ···· • · · • • · • · • • · • · • • • • · · · · • · • • • · • · · • • · · • • · • • • · • • · • · · • · · · ·· · · · ·· ·

diagonal force acting on masonry. This limited load capacity leads to premature failure of the masonry under diagonal force action by shifting the building blocks along each other along vertical joints.

A construction fitting of the kind defined at the outset is known, for example, from DE-A1-35 41 280. There is described a partition made of arbitrary materials which has at least one of its end faces a groove recess extending over the entire height of the end face. A further recess is embedded in the bottom of this recess (cf. FIG. 1 of DE-A1-35 41 280). From this FIG. 1 further shows that the recess has approximately equal distances from both vertical front edges of the face and has a width equal to approximately one third of the total width of the building fitting and a height equal to approximately one third of the total height of the building fitting.

Similarly, it is disclosed in EP-A-745 739. 1 of this document shows that on the front surfaces of the building fittings described there are grooves extending over the entire height of the building fitting, in the bottom of which the receiving wells are embedded. On the side of the groove there are tongues or grooves, which in the state of the assembled components interfere with one another.

DE-U1-88 13 600, DE-A1-35 41 280 and EP-A-745 739 relate to a cuboid masonry element which has recessed grip grooves in both its end faces. However, the grip grooves therein are still embedded directly in the contact surfaces. However, there is no mention of the possibility of recessing grooves extending over the entire height of b ················ · e · · ··· · e · · ··· · ··· · · · ··· · · ···· · · · ······································.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION t

It is an object of the present invention to provide a building fitting of the type mentioned at the outset by means of which masonry can be exposed which can withstand particularly well the forces acting obliquely or diagonally.

According to the invention, this is achieved in that the cutout has approximately equal distances from both horizontal boundary edges and that the ratio of the recess depth to the cutout depth is in the range of 1.5 to 4 to 1.

When filled into vertical joints between two adjacent building blocks, the mortar enters the cut-outs recessed into the side connecting surfaces and fills them. After the mortar has hardened, a certain type of reinforcement of the joints is provided to prevent the masonry from failing. Even in the simplest case, when the mating surfaces are perfectly planar, the cut-outs provide a measurable strengthening of the adhesion between adjacent building blocks. The vertical joint joints prevent a mutual movement with the hardened mortar layer formed therein, and the slots significantly increase the strength of the mortar layer.

This is of particular interest in areas at risk of earthquakes, since in the event of earthquakes, in particular, forces acting diagonally on masonry or shear stresses can cause the building to collapse. The masonry formed from the building blocks according to the invention can be based on

aaaa • • • a e · e • and • ···· e · · · aa • e • • • · and • and • e a • • T T • and • • a e a and · and · · and a · ·

to consider the stability enhancement discussed to be safer due to the earthquake.

FROM

The cut-out may have any shape, but it must be at a distance from the horizontal boundary edges of the upper and lower abutment surfaces of the building block according to the invention, since otherwise no displacement-preventing effect can occur.

The groove recesses provide mortar tiles when the building fittings are placed in the rows, which are also filled with the recesses in the recesses when filled with mortar. The resulting adhesive connection between the joining surfaces of the building blocks according to the invention also allows the diagonal forces to be absorbed without causing an early displacement of the joining surfaces.

By using the same cutout distance from both horizontal border edges, a balanced joint reinforcement effect can be achieved on all sides. The ratio of recess and cut-out depths results in a particularly good joint reinforcement effect, whereby, due to the combination of the two features of the invention, the masonry exposed from the building blocks according to the invention exhibits a particularly high earthquake safety.

It has proven to be particularly advantageous for the side walls of the cutout to be substantially perpendicular to the connecting surface. This ensures particularly good reinforcement of the mortar by supporting it at the boundary walls of the cut-outs and at the same time the cut-outs formed in this way are easy to manufacture.

«··· ·· • · · · ·

It has proven to be particularly advantageous for the groove recess to have a depth of at least about 30 mm when only one groove-like connection surface is formed.

In this connection, it may be provided that each of the two grooves having a groove recess has a depth of at least about 15 mm each of the groove recesses.

The bags formed by the groove-shaped recesses are sufficiently wide to be filled with mortar without difficulty.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the connecting surfaces can be provided in a manner known per se by means of elevations and / or grooves of the tongue and groove type, which bring about an improvement in the thermo-technical properties.

In the case of building fittings which contain a large number of holes, in particular transverse holes, it may be provided, in a further embodiment of the invention, that the cut-out is connected to at least one hole. The mortar introduced into the vertical joint joint or into the mortar tile and the cut-out according to the invention can thus penetrate into at least one transverse hole, resulting in an even closer connection of the two adjacent building blocks.

In this context, it may be envisaged that the cut-off depth is approximately 10 to 20 mm, which also leads to a particularly good joint reinforcement effect.

···········

Are you · · . 9 99

99 99 999 999

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art building fitting in an oblique working position;

Fig. 2a shows a block-shaped building block with a cutout 5 according to the invention in an oblique drawing;

Fig. 2b shows a masonry formed from the building block according to FIG. 2;

Fig. 3a shows in an oblique view three construction fittings of a particularly preferred type with a cutout 5 according to the invention;

Fig. 3b shows the building blocks according to FIG. 3a stacked side by side;

Fig. 3c is a front elevation view of a masonry formed from two superimposed rows of FIG. 3b;

and ··· and a e e ···· ee • and and e e e AEA e and · e e AEA • e e and e e e e e • e e • a a · a · ee e · · e e · · · e e ee e

Fig. 3d shows in plan view building blocks arranged in a row side by side according to another embodiment of the invention;

Fig. 4a shows in an oblique view a construction fitting of another kind with a cutout 5 according to the invention;

Fig. 4b shows the building fittings according to FIG. 4a located in a row side by side;

Fig. 5a shows an oblique transverse perforated brick with a cutout 5 according to the invention in an oblique view, and FIG. 5b shows a building fitting of the type of FIG. 3a containing transverse holes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Within the scope of this application, the term "building fitting" is to be understood to mean all bodies which are suitable for forming masonry. Examples are bricks, for example clay bricks, or blocks, which are made of natural or artificial material, such as natural stone, concrete, clay and the like.

In FIG. 1 shows a prior art building fitting in the working position, the working position being understood to be the alignment of the building fitting which it is interested in binding to the masonry. The surfaces 1, 2 of the building blocks extending in horizontal planes are referred to herein as bearing surfaces, the vertical surfaces 3, 6 by which adjacent building blocks are arranged in a row to each other are referred to as lateral connecting surfaces. Location data

4θ

···· • · • · ···· · · • • · • • • • · · • • • • • · · · • · • • • • · • t » • · · • · • • • • * • · • · • · • · • · · ·· ·

&Quot; horizontal " and " vertically " refer to a building fitting in the working position of FIG. First

In order to achieve the mentioned effect of reinforcing the joints of the mortar layer or of the adhesive between the lateral connecting surfaces of the building blocks in the masonry, the building block according to the invention shown in FIG. 2a, at least one cut-out 5 in each lateral connecting surface 3, 6 is spaced apart from the horizontal boundary edges of the upper and lower bearing surfaces 2, 2, which extends only over a part of the height h of the building fitting.

As shown in FIG. 2a, this cutout 5 may extend over the entire width of the building fitting (cf. dotted lines in FIG. 2a), or may have distances c, d from the two vertical boundary edges 6, 3, 6, preferably c, d. keep the same size.

If the building fittings thus formed, as shown in FIG. 2b, the joints in the masonry, in which, as usual, the vertical joint joints 9 and the horizontal joint joints 10 are filled with mortar, the cut-outs 5 according to the invention cause the vertical joint joints 9 to widen in the area of the cut-outs 5. The mortar block 7 shown schematically adheres thereto in a manner of positive contact with the boundary edges 8 of the slits 5 and thus prevents the mortar layer located in the vertical joint joints 9 from being demolished, especially under diagonal loading, so that no early displacement can occur.

This support in the form of shape contact occurs, for example, in the forces acting in the direction of the arrow 16 on the building.

···· · · · · ···· · · • • · • • • • · · • • · • • · · · • · • • · • · • • • · · • · • · • • • • · · · · · · · · · · • · ·

fittings that can protrude, for example, when the masonry contact surface is partially lowered or in an earthquake.

The shape of the connecting surfaces 3, 4 is not essential according to the invention, for example a cut-out 5 can also be provided for building fittings whose connecting surfaces 3, 4 have protrusions or recesses in the manner of tongue and groove extending over the height h of the building.

The invention is particularly preferably used in the building blocks shown in FIG. 3a to 3c and FIG. 4a. The connecting surfaces 3, 4 of these building blocks are not planar there, but each has one groove recess 11 which extends over the entire height h of the building block. When laying such building blocks side by side (cf. FIG. 3b), both recesses 11 form tiles, by means of which the vertical mortar joint 9 is deepened.

The cut-outs 5 according to the invention are embedded in the middle sections of the connecting surfaces 3, 4, which form the bottom 13 of the recess groove 11. When filling the mortar tiles formed by the recesses 11, the cut-outs 5 are also filled with mortar. The mortar must have a width of at least 30 mm. In the case shown in FIG. 3b, in which the two connecting surfaces 3, 4 of each building fitting are formed with a slot-like recess 11, that is, the slot-like recesses 11 must have a depth t of at least approximately 15 mm.

After the mortar has hardened, as in FIG. 2b provide mortar blocks 7 which are adhesively compressed on the boundary walls 8 of the slits 5. The cut-outs 5 show both horizontal lines from both horizontal lines. 12 of the bearing surfaces 1, 2 of the distance e, f (these distances e, f according to Fig. 3a may be unequal, or according to Fig. 3c may be approximately same). At diagonal forces corresponding to the arrow 17 in FIG. 3c, an adhesive placement of the mortar blocks 7 on the boundary walls 1) of the slots 1 is formed. There is therefore a kind of reinforcement of the joints of two adjacent building blocks, which gives the masonry a particularly high stability.

A very good joint reinforcement effect can be achieved when the recess depth ratio 11 to the depth of the cutout 5 is in the range of 1.5 to 4 to 1. In any case, the cutout 5 must be embedded sufficiently deep into the connecting surfaces to achieve its functionality; block 7 of the mortar could not sufficiently resist shear forces. For particular dimensions, approximately 10 to 15 mm can be specified for the cut-out depth 5.

In addition to the depth of the cut-out, the cross-sectional area is an important factor for obtaining a sufficient effect of the joint reinforcement. Accordingly, it has proven to be particularly advantageous that the width b 'of the cutout 5 is equal to at least about one third of the width b of the connecting surface of the building fitting or the wall width of the masonry. Particularly good results can be obtained if the width b 'of the cutout 5 is approximately half the width b of the building fitting.

The height h 'of the cut-out 5 should be equal to approximately one third of the height h of the building fitting, but a slightly larger one can be chosen.

The arrangement of the cut-outs 5 according to the invention can of course also be provided for in any other form of the connecting surfaces 3, 4.

·················································· · · ·

The boundary walls 8 of the cutout 5 are substantially perpendicular to the joining surfaces 3, 6, however, the illustrated support effect is also obtained at obtuse angles α (cf. FIG. 3c). Sharp angles β are also possible, but the resulting rear cuts in the building fitting are difficult to produce.

The aforementioned approximately 10 to 15 mm depth with the cutout 5 is independent of the geometric shape of the cutout, i. The cut-outs 5 shown in FIG. 3c with the obtuse-angle boundary walls 8 and / or the acute angle β may have a depth of 10 to 20 mm.

In the embodiment of FIG. 3d are building fittings shown with different connecting surfaces. There are recesses 5 on both connecting surfaces 3, 4, each connecting surface 4 having a groove-shaped recess 11, while each opposing connecting surface 3 is perfectly planar apart from the slot 5.

The mortar tile situated between the two interconnecting surfaces 3, 6 is formed in this case only by a groove-like recess 11. As shown in FIG. 3d, the width g of the mortar tile is thus identical to the depth t of the groove recess 11. In order for the tile to be filled with mortar without problems, the groove recess 11 must be deeper than in the embodiment of FIG. 3b. In particular, this recess 11 has a depth t of at least 30 mm.

The depth of the cut-outs 5 is here also approximately 10 to 20 mm.

In the fitting of FIG. 4a, b each has a connecting surface 3, similar to FIG. 3a to 3c a recess 11, in which the groove bottom 13 is recessed with cut-outs 5 according to the invention. In addition, the connecting surface 4 is provided

···· · · · · ···· · · • • • · • · • • · · · • • · • · · · · • · • • • · • · · • • · · • • · • · • · • • e • • e · · · · · · · · · ·· ·

tongue-shaped bulges 14 and the connecting surface 3 is provided with groove-like recesses 15.

In addition to the increased stability of the masonry built from the building blocks according to the invention, the building blocks according to FIG. 3, 4 provides an improvement in the thermo-technical properties of the masonry as a further advantage for use in areas at risk of earthquake. As shown in FIG. 3b, 4b, side sections of the joining surfaces 3, 4 of adjacent building blocks may be disposed adjacent to the recesses 11 and the mortar may only be introduced into the mortar tiles formed by the recesses 11 and the cutouts 5 according to the invention. This avoids the hitherto usual, wide-area vertical mortar joint extending over the connecting surfaces 3, 6 and thus penetrating from the outside to the inside of the wall, which acts as a thermal bridge.

The notch 5 is still block-shaped in the drawings, but this can be understood only as an example, as the notch 5 can have any shape by means of which the described arrangement of mortar blocks 7 at the boundary walls E) can be achieved. For example, the cut-out 5 may be in the form of a cylinder, a hemisphere, a truncated cone, etc. Furthermore, several cut-outs 5 may be embedded in the connecting surfaces 3, 4, for example in the form of several holes.

If the building fitting has transverse holes 18, the cutout 5 according to the invention may be deep enough to be connected to one or more of these transverse holes 18. As shown in FIG. 5a, the building fitting may in this context be formed as a perpendicularly perforated brick, known per se, wherein the cut-out 5 projects into an adjacent row 18 'with transverse holes. According to FIG. 5b may also have a building fitting with the shape of FIG. 3a.

4S

···· · · · · ···· · · • • • • • • • • « · · • and • • • · · · • · • • and • • · • • • · · • · · • · · · · · · · · · ·

3d or FIG. 4a transverse holes 18y of which a row 18 'adjacent to the connecting surfaces 3, 6 is connected to the cutout 5.

In both cases, the mortar introduced into the vertical joints 9 also reaches the transverse holes 18 connected to the cutout 5, thereby providing an even better connection of the two adjacent building blocks.

in

However, instead of the transverse holes, the longitudinal holes can also penetrate the building block according to the invention or its cut-outs.

Claims (7)

PATENT CLAIMS A masonry building fitting having lateral connecting surfaces (3, 4) and upper and lower bearing surfaces (1, 2), wherein at least one of the connecting surfaces (3, 4), in particular both * the connecting surfaces (3, 4) are formed with a groove-shaped recess (11), wherein at least one recess in the groove bottom (13) of the recesses (11) is spaced from the horizontal boundary edges of the upper and lower bearing surfaces (1, 2). a notch (5) extending only over part of the height (h) of the building fitting, the notch (5) having equally large distances (c, d) from the two vertical boundary edges (6) of the connecting surfaces (3, 4), width (b ') the cut-out (5) is equal to at least about one-third of the width (b) of the building fitting and the height (h') of the cut-out (5) is equal to approximately one third of the height (h) of the building fitting, has approximately the same distances (e, (f) from both horizontal boundary edges (12) and that the ratio of the depth (t) of the recess (11) to the depth (s) of the notch (5) is within 1.5 to 4 to 1. Building fitting according to claim 1, characterized in that the boundary walls (8) of the cut-out (5) are substantially perpendicular to the connecting surface (3, 4). A building fitting according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, when only one connecting surface 3, 4 is provided with a slot-like recess (11), the slot-like recess (11) has a depth (t) of at least about 30 mm. A building fitting according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that when both t ···· · · · · ···· ·· · • • • • • • • · · · • • • • • · · · • · • • • · • · • • • · · • • · • • • · • • · • · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · The groove recess (11) has a depth (t) of at least about 15 mm. « Building block according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the connecting surfaces (3, 4) have bulges or recesses in the form of a tongue and groove. Building block according to one of the preceding claims, comprising a large number of holes, in particular transverse holes (18), characterized in that the cut-out (5) is connected to at least one hole (18). Building block according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the depth (s) of the cut-out (5) is approximately 10 to 20 mm. ···· · · · · ···· · · • • • • • • • · · · • • • • • · · · • · • • • • · • • • · · · · · · · « ···, · · · ·