HRP20010011A2 - Building stone - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a building stone for masonry work, comprising lateral joining surfaces (3, 4) and an upper and lower bearing surface (1, 2). At least one notch (5), which is situated at a distance from the horizontal boundary edges of the upper and lower bearing surfaces (1, 2) and extends over only part of the height (h) of the building stone, is cut into each of the lateral joining surfaces (3, 4).

Description

The subject invention relates to a building stone that includes side connecting surfaces as well as one upper and one lower bearing surface, where at least one and preferably both connecting surfaces are made with a depression in the form of a slot, and at least one recess is made in the lower part of the opening away from the horizontal border edges of the upper and lower connecting surfaces, which extends only for one part of the height of the building stone, whereby the depression towards both vertical border edges of the connecting surface has equally large distances, the width of the depression is at least about a third of the width of the building stone, and the height of the depression about a third of the height of the building stone.

When installing the wall, the block-shaped building stone provided for this purpose will be placed in horizontal, staggered rows, between which a layer of mortar or glue is applied. Vertical frontal adjacent joints formed between adjacent stones of modern construction in one row usually remain free or at least partially free. On the one hand, this requires less work and on the other hand, it is an advantage due to greater overall thermal insulation of the wall, because every mortar joint that passes from the inside to the outside represents a thermal bridge, which negatively affects the thermal insulation.

This only occurs between the horizontal rows of building stone that are placed on top of each other until the joint caused by mechanical forces. With the normal stress of the building structure, which occurs due to vertical forces caused by its own weight and also forces acting horizontally, for example wind pressure, this method of laying the building stone completely satisfies and guarantees static safety.

If oblique stresses do occur, especially shearing stresses, as is the case with earthquakes, such a method of building walls can result in damage to the entire house or even collapse, because cuts can occur along the front joints where a layer of mortar has not been applied. adjacent building stones, which could cause the wall to break (collapse). The static safety of the building is greatly reduced with such diagonal loads.

For this reason, in many densely populated areas, it is prescribed that a layer of mortar is applied to the end joints when installing walls, and that in this way all joints are completely filled. With such a construction method, there is a vertical layer of mortar or glue between all adjacent building stones, which, when forces occur that pass diagonally or diagonally together with the horizontal layers of mortar, help prevent mutual sliding of the wall area, which significantly increases static safety.

In the case of traditional building stones, the lateral connecting surfaces - these are the surfaces with which two adjacent building stones are placed on top of each other within one row - are designed so that they pass straight and perpendicular to the surface of the wall that is in contact with the ground.

In addition to building stones that are completely in the shape of a cube, a number of other building stones are also in use, which have been improved especially in terms of thermal insulation, but which are not sufficiently safe in the event of an earthquake.

These are well-known stones with a groove and a wedge, where the first connecting surface has protrusions that extend along the height of the building stone, and in the second connecting surface, according to the contours of these protrusions, corresponding recesses in the form of grooves are made. Adjacent building stones fit into each other inside the wall without a layer of mortar that should be in between, and due to the groove-wedge connection, they enable better thermal insulation. In the case of forces acting diagonally, the slot-wedge joint slips, and thus the wall collapses.

Finally, there are stones where one or both connecting surfaces have mortar pockets that extend along the entire height of the stone. Adjacent building stones hit each other above the front boundary area on the inner and outer sides, so that the mortar layer formed inside the pocket is not distributed over the entire width and in this way a thermal bridge is prevented. In this way, the mortar joint is partially deepened, but it is not filled over the entire width of the wall. Mortar that is in a pocket does not realize the connection that occurred due to mechanical forces between adjacent stones, because the mortar that dries shrinks and in this way only the marginal striking surfaces of the stone are in contact with each other.

One such joint can only receive limited shear and tensile stresses, which arise especially when forces act diagonally on the wall. Due to the diagonal action of the force, this limited loadability leads to the premature collapse of the wall, as a result of mutual cutting of the building stone along the vertical joints.

The building stone which is described in the introduction is known from DE-A1-35 41 280. Here, a wall building stone made of a material of choice is described, which has on at least one of its front sides a recess in the form of a slot that extends along the entire height of the front sides. In the bottom of these recesses, another recess was made (compare SL l from DE-A1-35 41 280). From that Fig. 1 further results, that the depression towards both vertical border edges of the front surface has approximately the same distances, that it is wide about a third of the total width of the building stone and high about a third of the total height of the building stone.

EP-A-743 739 shows something similar; from Fig. 1 of that document, it follows that in the front surfaces of the building stones described here, grooves are provided that extend along the overall height of the building stone, in the bottom of which recesses are made for holding. At the side end of the recess, wedges or grooves are provided, which engage each other when the building parts are installed.

DE-U1-88 13 600 as well as DE-A1-35 41 280 and EP-A-745 739 refers to a block-shaped masonry stone, in the circumference of which the front sides are provided with recesses for gripping. The gripping recesses shown here are always made directly into the front connecting surfaces. No mention was made of the possibility of providing recesses in the form of grooves that would extend over the entire height of the front connecting surface, as well as the execution of recesses for catching in the bottom of these recesses.

The task of this invention is to obtain a building stone as described in the introduction, with which walls could be built, which could take oblique or diagonal forces.

According to this invention, this can be achieved in such a way that the recess towards both horizontal boundary edges has equally large distances and that the ratio of the depth of the recess to the depth of the recess is in the range of 1.5 to 4 to 1.

The mortar that is applied to the vertical end joints when filling reaches the depressions in the lateral connecting surfaces and fills them. After the mortar has hardened, a type of bonding stiffening occurs, which acts against collapse. Even in the simplest case, if the connecting surfaces are made perfectly straight, the recesses lead to a measurable strengthening of the connection caused by the mechanical forces between the adjacent stones. In vertical face joints, due to the hardened layer of mortar formed in them, mutual cuts cannot occur, while the recesses have a significant effect on the strength of that layer of mortar.

This is especially important in areas that are threatened by earthquakes, because during earthquakes, above all, forces that act diagonally on the walls, or shear stresses, can endanger buildings. The wall made of building stone according to the invention is considered to be more resistant to earthquakes due to increased stability.

The recess can be of different shape, and must be moved away from the horizontal boundary edges of the upper and lower load-bearing surface of the building stone according to this invention, because otherwise it cannot prevent cutting.

Indentations in the form of grooves when building stone is lined up one on top of another create pockets for mortar, which are filled with the recesses made in the indentations when filling with mortar. The mechanical connection that is created in this way between the connecting surfaces of the building stones according to the invention enables diagonal forces to be taken over, without premature cutting of the connecting surfaces.

Equal spacing of the recesses from both horizontal boundary edges can achieve an even action of the connection stiffener on all sides. The relationship between the depths of the depressions and the depressions leads to a particularly good effect of the bond stiffening, as a result of which, due to the combination of features according to the present invention, walls made of building stone according to the present invention are quite safe with regard to earthquakes.

It turned out to be particularly advantageous that the side walls of the recesses run mostly perpendicular to the bonding surface. In this way, a good support of the mortar on the boundary walls of the recesses is achieved, and at the same time, recesses of this type are simply made.

It turned out to be particularly advantageous, when making only one bonding surface with a groove-shaped recess, that groove-shaped recess has a depth of at least 30 mm.

Related to that. it can be foreseen that in the design of both connecting surfaces with a groove-shaped depression, this groove-shaped depression has a depth of at least 15 mm.

The pockets created by the depressions in the form of grooves are thus wide enough to be filled with mortar without any problems.

In a further extension of the invention, the connecting surfaces can - in an already known manner - be made with wedge-shaped protrusions or depressions, respectively. grooves, which contributes to the improvement of thermal and technical properties.

In the case of stones that contain many holes (openings), preferably perforations, it can be foreseen in the further expansion of the invention that the recess is connected to at least one hole (opening). The mortar placed in the vertical end joint, i.e. in the mortar pocket, as well as in the recess according to the invention can thus reach at least one perforation, which leads to an even tighter connection of two adjacent building stones.

In this regard, it can be predicted that the depth of the recess is about 10 to 20 mm, which also leads to a very good effect of the connection stiffening.

The invention is further explained in more detail with the help of the attached drawings in which:

Sl. 1 shows in perspective a building stone according to the state of the art in a working position for use;

Sl. 2a shows a perspective view of a block-shaped building stone with a recess 5 according to the present invention;

Sl. 2b shows a plan of a wall built of construction stone according to Fig. 2a;

Sl. 3a shows in perspective three building stones of a particularly recommended embodiment of the stone according to the present invention with a recess 5;

Sl. 3b shows the ground plan of the building stones according to Fig. 3a placed in a row next to each other;

Sl. 3c shows in a plan the wall made of two rows from Fig. 3b which are placed on top of each other;

Sl. 3d shows in a floor plan the building stones according to the following embodiment of this invention, laid in one row next to each other;

Sl. 4a shows in perspective a building stone equipped with a recess 5 according to the present invention, in another embodiment;

Sl. 4b shows the building blocks from Fig. 4a placed in a row next to each other;

Sl. 5a shows in perspective a perforated block-shaped brick with a recess 5 according to the invention, and

Sl. 5b shows a building stone of the type according to Fig. 3a with perforation.

In the context of this application, the term "building stone" means all bodies suitable for the construction of a single wall. Examples include brick, for example clay brick, or blocks, which are made of natural or artificial material, such as natural stone, concrete, clay or the like.

On Fig. 1 shows the building stone according to the current state of the art in the position for use, whereby the position for use means the position of the building stone in which it is installed in the wall. Surfaces 1, 2 of the building stone that pass in horizontal planes are marked in the framework of this application as load-bearing surfaces, and those vertically placed surfaces 3, 4 with which the adjacent building stone is placed next to each other, are referred to as lateral connection surfaces. The data on the horizontal and vertical position refer to the building stone which, according to Fig. 1 in working position.

In order to achieve the aforementioned bonding action of the mortar layer, that is, the adhesive layer between the lateral bonding surfaces of the building stone in the wall, in the case of the building stone according to this invention shown in Fig. 2a, at least one recess 5 is placed in the lateral connecting surfaces 3, 4, offset from the horizontal boundary edges of the upper and lower load-bearing surfaces l, 2, which extends only over one part of the height of the building stone h.

As shown in Fig. 2a, this recess 5 can extend over the entire width of the building stone b (compare the drawn line in Fig. 2a) or towards both border edges 6 of the connecting surfaces 3, 4 can have distances c, d, which distances c, d are preferably equal a big.

If the building stone is made as shown in Fig. 2b is connected to the wall, where, as usual, vertical end joints 9 and horizontal joints 10 are filled with mortar, recesses 5 according to this invention act in such a way that they expand the vertical collision joints 9 in the area of recesses 5. Mortar block 7 shown schematically which acts in them rests mechanically on the boundary walls 8 of the recesses 5, and in this way prevents the tearing of the mortar layer located in the vertical frontal joints 9, especially in the case of diagonal loading, so that early chipping cannot occur.

This mechanical support (support) appears, for example, in the case of forces acting on the building stone in the direction of arrow 16, which may occur during partial lowering of the surface of the wall in contact with the ground or during an earthquake.

The shape of the connecting surfaces 3, 4 is not important for the invention, for example, the recess 5 can be provided for building stone whose connecting surfaces 3, 4 have protrusions (teeth) or depressions in the form of grooves or wedge, and which are extended according to the height of the building stone h.

The invention is particularly advantageous when using the building stone shown in Fig. 3a-c as in Fig. 4a. The connecting surfaces 3, 4 of these building stones are not flat, but are sometimes made with a recess 11 in the form of a groove, which extends over the overall height of the building stone h. When placing such a building stone (compare Fig. 3b) on top of each other, both openings 11 form pockets by means of which the vertical joints of the mortar 9 are deepened.

The recesses 5 according to this invention are made in the middle parts of the connecting surfaces 3, 4, which form the base of the groove 13 of the recess 11. When filling the mortar pockets created by means of the recess 11, the recesses 5 are also filled with mortar. using two adjacent recesses 11 performed without problems, the pockets must have a width g of at least 30 mm. For the case shown in Fig. 3b, in which both connecting surfaces 3,4 of each building stone are made with recesses 11 in the form of slots, this means that these recesses 11 must have a depth t of at least 15 mm.

After hardening of the mortar, they are obtained according to Fig. 2b mortar blocks 7, which can be mechanically placed on the boundary walls 8 of recesses 5. The recesses 5 have, to both horizontal boundary edges of the connecting surfaces 1, 2, distances e, f (which distances e, f according to Fig. 3a can be unequal or according to Fig. 3c equally large). When diagonal forces occur in the direction of arrow 17 in Fig. 3c, the mortar blocks 7 are firmly seated on the border walls 8 of the recesses 5. Thus, a type of stiffening occurs at each of the two adjacent building stones, which ensures extremely good stability for the entire wall.

Particularly good stiffening can be achieved if the ratio of the depth of the recess 11 to the depth of the recess 5 is in a range from 1.5 to 4. To achieve its functionality, the recess 5 must be sunk deep enough into the bonding surfaces, because otherwise the mortar block 7 would not be able to provide sufficient resistance to cutting forces. With specific dimensions, the depth 5 of the recess 5 can be about 10 to 15 mm.

In addition to the depth of the recess, its cross-section is also an important dimension for achieving sufficient stiffening. In this regard, it turned out to be very good that the width b' of the recess 5 is at least about a third of the width of the bonding surface b of the building stone, that is, the width of the wall wall. Particularly good results can be achieved if the width b' of the recess 5 is about half the width of the building stone b.

The height h' of the recess 5 can be about a third of the height of the building stone h, but it can also be chosen higher.

The opening 5 according to this invention can also be provided with any other form of connecting surfaces 3, 4.

The boundary walls 8 of the recesses 5 pass in principle perpendicular to the connecting surfaces 3, 4, and the described support is also achieved at obtuse angles a (compare Fig. 3c). There are also pointed angles β, but here it is difficult to make reverse slopes (undercuts) in the building stone.

The above-mentioned depth of the recess 5 of about 10 to 15 mm is independent of the geometric shape of the recess, this means that the recesses 5 shown in Fig. 3c with boundary walls 8 with obtuse angle β or pointed angle p can have a depth s of 10 to 20 mm.

On the implementation example according to FIG. 3d shows building stones with different bonding surfaces. Indentations 5 are provided on both connecting surfaces 3, 4, occasionally one connecting surface 4 has a recess 11 in the form of a groove, while the opposite connecting surface 3 runs perfectly straight to the recess 5.

The mortar pocket located between the mutually adjacent connecting surfaces 3, 4 is made of only one depression 11 in the form of a groove. As shown in Fig. 3d, here the width of the mortar pocket g is identical to the depth t of the recess 11 in the form of a groove. In order for the pocket to be filled with mortar here as well, the recess 11 in the form of a groove must be deeper than in the embodiment according to Fig. 3b. In particular, the existing recess 11 has a depth t of at least 30 mm.

The depth from recess 5 here is also about 10 to 20 mm.

For building stone according to Fig. 4a,b have connecting surfaces 3, 4 analogous to Fig. 3a-c occasional recess 11, in the bottom of which slot 13 recesses 5 according to the invention are made. In addition, the connecting surface 4 has wedge-shaped protrusions 14, and the connecting surface 3 has grooves 15.

In addition to the increased stability of the wall made of building stone according to this invention, in the case of building stone according to FIG. 3.4, which is used in areas threatened by earthquakes, has the further advantage of improving the thermal and technical properties of the wall. As shown in Fig. 3b, 4b, the parts of the connecting surfaces 3, 4 that are located laterally from the recess 11 of the neighboring building stones can be placed compactly, and the mortar can be placed in the mortar pockets derived from the recess 11 and recess 5 according to the invention. In this way, the hitherto common vertical mortar joint that extends over the entire surface above the connecting surfaces 3, 4, which passes from the outside of the wall to the inside of the wall, and which acts as a thermal bridge, is avoided.

The recess 5 is usually made in the form of a cube in the drawings, which should be understood only as an example, because the recess 5 can have any shape, with which, as described, the mortar blocks 7 can be placed on the boundary walls 8. So, for example, the recess

5 can be cylindrical, hemispherical, truncated cone, etc. Furthermore, several recesses 5 can be placed (recessed) in one connecting surface 3, 4, for example in the form of several openings (holes).

If the building stone has perforations 18, the recess 5 according to the invention can be so deep as to be connected to one or more of these perforations 18. As shown in FIG. 5a, the building stone can therefore be made as a brick with perforations, whereby the recess 5 enters the adjacent series of perforations 18'. According to Fig. 5b can be a building stone of the shape from Fig. 3a, 3d or Fig. 4a have perforations 18 whose row 18' is close to their connecting surface 3,4 in connection with the recess 5.

In both cases, the mortar located in the vertical frontal adjacent joints 9 reaches the perforations 18, which are connected to the recess 5, which achieves an even better connection of two adjacent building stones.

Instead of perforations, longitudinal openings can pass through the building stone or its depressions.

Claims (7)

1. Building stone for walls that contains side connecting surfaces (3, 4) as well as upper and lower load-bearing surfaces (1, 2), whereby at least one of the connecting surfaces (3, 4), and preferably both are connected, surfaces (3, 4) made with a recess (11) in the form of a groove, and that at the bottom of the groove (13) of the recess (11) there is at least one recess (5), moved away from the horizontal boundary edges of the upper and lower bearing surfaces (1, 2), which extends only along one part of the height of the building stone (h), whereby the recess (5) towards both vertical boundary edges (6) of the connecting surfaces (3, 4) has equally large distances (c, d), while the width (b') of the recess (5) is at least about a third of the width (b) of the building stone, indicated by the fact that the recess (5) has approximately equally large distances (e, f) to both horizontal boundary edges (12) and that the depth ratio is (t) recesses (11) according to the depth (s) of recesses (5) in the range of 1.5 to 4 to 1. 2. Building stone according to Patent Claim 1, characterized by the fact that the border walls (8) of the recesses (5) in principle pass vertically towards the connecting surface (3, 4). 3. Building stone according to Patent Claim 1 or 2, characterized by the fact that in the case of the design of only one connecting surface (3, 4) with a recess in the form of a groove (11), this recess in the form of a groove (11) has a depth (t) of at least 30 mm. 4. Building stone according to Patent Claim 1 or 2, characterized by the fact that in the design of both connecting surfaces (3,4) with a recess (11) in the form of a groove, this recess in the form of a groove (11) has a depth (t) of at least 15 mm. 5. Building stone according to one of the previous patent claims, characterized by the fact that the connecting surfaces (3, 4) are made with projections or depressions in the shape of a wedge or slot. 6. A building stone according to one of the preceding patent claims, which contains a large number of holes, preferably perforations (18), characterized by the fact that the recess (5) is connected to at least one opening (18). 7. Building stone according to one of the previous patent claims 12, characterized in that the depth (s) of the recess (5) is about 10 to 20 mm.