WO2000002214A1 - Polymere conducteur, condensateur a electrolyte solide et procedes de production desdits elements - Google Patents
Polymere conducteur, condensateur a electrolyte solide et procedes de production desdits elements Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000002214A1 WO2000002214A1 PCT/JP1999/003623 JP9903623W WO0002214A1 WO 2000002214 A1 WO2000002214 A1 WO 2000002214A1 JP 9903623 W JP9903623 W JP 9903623W WO 0002214 A1 WO0002214 A1 WO 0002214A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- group
- polymer
- conductive polymer
- fibril structure
- oxidizing agent
- Prior art date
Links
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 123
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 99
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 112
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 96
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 96
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 95
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical compound C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 125000002490 anilino group Chemical group [H]N(*)C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 92
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 72
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 66
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 61
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 59
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 57
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 37
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 35
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 125000000472 sulfonyl group Chemical group *S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 claims description 34
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 claims description 31
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 30
- 125000005907 alkyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 30
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 30
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 30
- 125000000467 secondary amino group Chemical group [H]N([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 30
- 125000001302 tertiary amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 30
- 229930195735 unsaturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 30
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 29
- -1 sulfiel Chemical group 0.000 claims description 29
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 28
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 28
- 125000004417 unsaturated alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 27
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 26
- 125000000475 sulfinyl group Chemical group [*:2]S([*:1])=O 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 24
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000001841 imino group Chemical group [H]N=* 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- NAWXUBYGYWOOIX-SFHVURJKSA-N (2s)-2-[[4-[2-(2,4-diaminoquinazolin-6-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]amino]-4-methylidenepentanedioic acid Chemical compound C1=CC2=NC(N)=NC(N)=C2C=C1CCC1=CC=C(C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=C)C(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 NAWXUBYGYWOOIX-SFHVURJKSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001204 N-oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L persulfate group Chemical group S(=O)(=O)([O-])OOS(=O)(=O)[O-] JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000843 phenylene group Chemical group C1(=C(C=CC=C1)*)* 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001548 androgenic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- SOCTUWSJJQCPFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromate(2-) Chemical compound [O-][Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O SOCTUWSJJQCPFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002505 iron Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 159000000014 iron salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004953 trihalomethyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 13
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 125000006267 biphenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylbenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 125000004089 sulfido group Chemical group [S-]* 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 16
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 15
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 12
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 abstract description 5
- LYTMVABTDYMBQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-benzothiophene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CSC=C21 LYTMVABTDYMBQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 40
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 40
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 26
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium peroxydisulfate Substances [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- VAZSKTXWXKYQJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)OOS([O-])=O VAZSKTXWXKYQJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- GKWLILHTTGWKLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine Chemical compound O1CCOC2=CSC=C21 GKWLILHTTGWKLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 20
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 16
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 11
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910021578 Iron(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 7
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid Substances OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 6
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 5
- HZNVUJQVZSTENZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound ClC1=C(Cl)C(=O)C(C#N)=C(C#N)C1=O HZNVUJQVZSTENZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 4
- WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic anhydride Chemical compound CC(=O)OC(C)=O WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC=C1 JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004581 coalescence Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920000137 polyphosphoric acid Polymers 0.000 description 3
- GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium 2-anthraquinonesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC(S(=O)(=O)[O-])=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000003577 thiophenes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MLPVBIWIRCKMJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylaniline Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1N MLPVBIWIRCKMJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RPCHNECSJGMRGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Ethylfuran Chemical compound CCC=1C=COC=1 RPCHNECSJGMRGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QENGPZGAWFQWCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Methylthiophene Chemical compound CC=1C=CSC=1 QENGPZGAWFQWCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XCMISAPCWHTVNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromothiophene Chemical compound BrC=1C=CSC=1 XCMISAPCWHTVNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATWNFFKGYPYZPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-butyl-1h-pyrrole Chemical compound CCCCC=1C=CNC=1 ATWNFFKGYPYZPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KJRRQXYWFQKJIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylfuran Chemical compound CC=1C=COC=1 KJRRQXYWFQKJIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KXMYQCHEGQHQIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-pentylfuran Chemical compound CCCCCC=1C=COC=1 KXMYQCHEGQHQIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021591 Copper(I) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002845 Poly(methacrylic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000011054 acetic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OXBLHERUFWYNTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(I) chloride Chemical compound [Cu]Cl OXBLHERUFWYNTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940045803 cuprous chloride Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrobenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RNVCVTLRINQCPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-toluidine Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1N RNVCVTLRINQCPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229920000172 poly(styrenesulfonic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940005642 polystyrene sulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinoxaline Chemical compound N1=CC=NC2=CC=CC=C21 XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur trioxide Chemical compound O=S(=O)=O AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- KVRZARWOKBNZMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dihydro-2-benzothiophene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CSCC2=C1 KVRZARWOKBNZMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GJSDSQMOVFARPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dihydrobenzo[f][2]benzothiole Chemical group C1=CC=C2C=C3CSCC3=CC2=C1 GJSDSQMOVFARPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SLXFEEBANGECTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dihydrobenzo[g][2]benzothiole Chemical class C1=CC2=CC=CC=C2C2=C1CSC2 SLXFEEBANGECTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SZPBGJCUNGGYDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3-f][2]benzothiole Chemical group C1=CC=C2C=C(C=C3CSCC3=C3)C3=CC2=C1 SZPBGJCUNGGYDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940005561 1,4-benzoquinone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PCYWMDGJYQAMCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1h-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile Chemical compound N#CC=1C=CNC=1 PCYWMDGJYQAMCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DCWGTZJMTANKGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine;propan-2-ol Chemical compound CC(C)O.O1CCOC2=CSC=C21 DCWGTZJMTANKGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HLCPWBZNUKCSBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-aminobenzonitrile Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1C#N HLCPWBZNUKCSBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AOPBDRUWRLBSDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-bromoaniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1Br AOPBDRUWRLBSDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HDVUPIFFKAHPJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-butylaniline Chemical compound CCCCC1=CC=CC=C1N HDVUPIFFKAHPJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AKCRQHGQIJBRMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloroaniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1Cl AKCRQHGQIJBRMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FTZQXOJYPFINKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-fluoroaniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1F FTZQXOJYPFINKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UDUYYXNBUMJIHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-heptylaniline Chemical compound CCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1N UDUYYXNBUMJIHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- INTQUWVWUSOJEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hexylaniline Chemical compound CCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1N INTQUWVWUSOJEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FLXMTYDPWSWENW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-nonylaniline Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1N FLXMTYDPWSWENW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RUUWTSREEUTULQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-octylaniline Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1N RUUWTSREEUTULQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JVYROXPHJXUAIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-pentylaniline Chemical compound CCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1N JVYROXPHJXUAIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WKURVXXDGMYSDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-propyl-aniline Chemical compound CCCC1=CC=CC=C1N WKURVXXDGMYSDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WNOOCRQGKGWSJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4-dihydro-2h-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepine Chemical compound O1CCCOC2=CSC=C21 WNOOCRQGKGWSJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCN1 HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- PYRZRKTWSRAMBC-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;6-methoxynaphthalene-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC2=CC(OC)=CC=C21 PYRZRKTWSRAMBC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfamic acid Chemical compound NS(O)(=O)=O IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- HIFJUMGIHIZEPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid;sulfur trioxide Chemical compound O=S(=O)=O.OS(O)(=O)=O HIFJUMGIHIZEPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- AVBCFBRGFCGJKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N thieno[3,4-d][1,3]dioxole Chemical compound S1C=C2OCOC2=C1 AVBCFBRGFCGJKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CUPOOAWTRIURFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiophene-2-carbonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CS1 CUPOOAWTRIURFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-M toluene-4-sulfonate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/022—Electrolytes; Absorbents
- H01G9/025—Solid electrolytes
- H01G9/028—Organic semiconducting electrolytes, e.g. TCNQ
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
- H01B1/124—Intrinsically conductive polymers
- H01B1/127—Intrinsically conductive polymers comprising five-membered aromatic rings in the main chain, e.g. polypyrroles, polythiophenes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
- H01B1/124—Intrinsically conductive polymers
- H01B1/128—Intrinsically conductive polymers comprising six-membered aromatic rings in the main chain, e.g. polyanilines, polyphenylenes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/48—Conductive polymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/56—Solid electrolytes, e.g. gels; Additives therein
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/0029—Processes of manufacture
- H01G9/0036—Formation of the solid electrolyte layer
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/04—Electrodes or formation of dielectric layers thereon
- H01G9/042—Electrodes or formation of dielectric layers thereon characterised by the material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/10—Definition of the polymer structure
- C08G2261/11—Homopolymers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/30—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain
- C08G2261/32—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain
- C08G2261/322—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain non-condensed
- C08G2261/3223—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain non-condensed containing one or more sulfur atoms as the only heteroatom, e.g. thiophene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/50—Physical properties
- C08G2261/51—Charge transport
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a conductive polymer, a solid electrolytic capacitor equipped with the polymer, and a method for manufacturing the same. More specifically, a solid electrolytic capacitor with small size, high capacitance, low impedance, good moisture resistance and good heat resistance, a method of manufacturing the same, and a high conductivity with a novel fibril structure used for the capacitor
- the present invention relates to a polymer and a method for producing the highly conductive polymer. Background art
- a dielectric oxide film layer is generally formed on an anode substrate made of a metal foil having a large specific surface area that has been etched, and a solid semiconductive layer (hereinafter, referred to as a solid) is formed as an electrode facing the outside.
- a solid semiconductive layer hereinafter, referred to as a solid
- the actual element is completely sealed with epoxy resin or the like, and is widely used in electrical products as a capacitor component.
- capacitors used in these devices have been required to be small, large-capacity, and low-impedance in the high-frequency range.
- small and large-capacity capacitors include solid electrolytic capacitors such as aluminum electrolytic capacitors and tantalum electrolytic capacitors.
- the aluminum electrolytic capacitor uses a liquid electrolyte having ion conductivity as an electrolytic solution, it has a problem that the impedance in a high frequency region is high and the temperature characteristics are poor.
- tantalum electrolytic capacitors use manganese oxide as the electrolyte, but have the problem that the impedance in the high frequency range is high because the manganese oxide has a relatively high specific resistance.
- polymers having a conjugated double bond represented by polymers such as aniline, pyrrole, and thiophene generally have a specific conductivity, and therefore, various research and development have been conducted. Attention has been paid to the unique electron, magnetic, and optical properties of ⁇ -electron conjugated systems possessed by polymers.
- These conductive polymers are mainly produced by an electrolytic polymerization method and a chemical oxidation polymerization method.
- the low molecular weight polymer obtained by the oxidation-reduction reaction performed on the electrode surface and the electrode surface may be poor, the low molecular weight polymer may be dissolved or deposited in the electrolyte solution. Become.
- an electrode or the like corresponding to the size is required.
- the chemical oxidative polymerization method is used, a conductive polymer can be easily obtained by mixing a polymerizable monomer and an appropriate oxidizing agent. Attention has been focused on methods, and research and development has been carried out.
- a major problem with the chemical oxidation polymerization method is that a highly active oxidizing agent is required because the polymerization rate is proportional to the activity of the oxidizing agent. That is, when a polymerization is carried out using a highly active oxidizing agent, an undesirable side reaction occurs immediately and only a polymer having low structural conductivity and low conductivity is obtained. The reason for this is that the generated conductive polymer having a conjugated double bond stays in the reaction system for a long time, and the polymer skeleton having a conjugated double bond is affected by an extra oxidizing agent in the reaction system. Is considered to be partially destroyed, resulting in a decrease in conductivity.
- conductive polymers obtained by electrolytic polymerization or chemical oxidative polymerization are generally insoluble and infusible, and there is a problem in operation that post-processing is particularly difficult. Therefore, various efforts have been made to solve these problems.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-130579 discloses that an oxide film is formed on a valve metal and used as a dielectric layer, and a conductive polymer layer is formed on the dielectric layer.
- a mono-monomer compound solution is applied to the surface of the oxide film and dried to form a solid monomer compound.
- a technique has been disclosed in which a conductive polymer layer is formed by contacting an oxidizing agent solution with a monomer compound to obtain a solid electrolytic capacitor having a high capacitance appearance rate and good high-frequency characteristics.
- JP-A-6-340754 discloses that after a polycyclic aromatic amine compound is attached to or impregnated on an insulating substrate, the insulating substrate is brought into contact with a solution containing an oxidizing agent to prepare a polycyclic aromatic amine compound. A technique of oxidative polymerization inside or on the surface of a material has been disclosed.
- a method for producing a solid electrolytic capacitor in which a capacitor element having an anode member formed with a chemical conversion film is impregnated with a conductive polymer as a cathode electrolyte, The capacitor element is immersed in a solution obtained by dissolving an oxidizing agent in a monomer that becomes a conductive polymer by oxidative polymerization, thereby forming a single layer of conductive polymer in the capacitor element to form a small, large-capacity capacitor.
- the technology is disclosed in JP-A-10-50558.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-50559 discloses a technique for improving high-temperature load characteristics by immersing a capacitor element in a solution containing a monomer that becomes a conductive polymer by oxidative polymerization and allowing the oxidizing agent to act on the monomer. No. 6,086,045.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-289141 discloses that in a method of manufacturing a solid electrolytic capacitor, an electrode porous body is immersed in a monomer monosalt solution maintained at a temperature equal to or higher than a dissolution temperature and cooled. Then, a method for producing a solid capacitor in which a monomer salt is precipitated on the surface thereof and the porous body is immersed in a solution containing an oxidizing agent has been proposed.
- a conventional capacitor using a conductive polymer such as polypropylene has a problem that the characteristics of the capacitor greatly fluctuate due to a moisture-proof load. Also related Therefore, there is a great demand for heat resistance. For example, solder heat resistance (reflowability) when molding capacitor elements into capacitor parts is also considered important, and capacitor elements with high heat resistance are required. That is, the prior art has a problem in a solid electrolyte produced on an oxide film and a method for producing the same.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-130579 US Pat. No. 5,567,209
- a monomer compound solution is dried into a solid monomer, but the degree of polymerization of the polymer composition increases.
- the monomer phase is a solid, there is a concern that the diffusion of the monomer may be suppressed and the polymerization rate may be reduced.
- the technique disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 6-340754 relates to a method for producing a transparent conductive thin film on an insulator, and forms a highly conductive polymer having a fibril structure by polymerization at an interface. And does not mention performance.
- the technique disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-50558 is a technique for forming a conductive polymer thin film on a chemical conversion film, but since the oxidizing agent is directly dissolved in a monomer that becomes a conductive polymer by oxidative polymerization. However, even in the prepared monomer solution, oxidative polymerization proceeds before and during use and polymerizes, making it difficult to maintain a uniform monomer solution at all times. I can say.
- an oxidizing agent is introduced into pores as a solution, and the solvent is later evaporated to precipitate oxidizing agent crystals.
- the step of precipitating the oxidizing agent in the pores of the chemically treated metal foil is indispensable.Since the contact area between the oxidizing agent solid and the monomer is very small, the polymerization reaction is slow and inefficient. I have to say that it is not suitable for production.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a highly conductive polymer having a conjugated double bond (7T electron conjugated system), which is preferably used as a solid electrolyte of a solid electrolytic capacitor element.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing the above novel polymer having a conjugated double bond (7T electron conjugated system) having higher conductivity while having the same chemical composition by oxidative polymerization. To provide.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a solid electrolytic capacitor using the highly conductive polymer as a solid electrolyte, which is excellent not only in initial characteristics but also in long-term reliability such as durability under high temperature and high humidity, and the solid electrolytic capacitor. It is to provide a manufacturing method.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive studies in view of the above problems, and as a result, have found that a solution in which a polymerizable monomer alone or a polymerizable monomer and an electrolyte having a doping ability are dissolved and an oxidizing agent having a polymerization initiating ability are prepared.
- the polymer can be obtained by loosely contacting the solution with the interface at the interface to polymerize, and a highly conductive polymer having a flaky fibril structure can be obtained.By performing this polymerization method on the dielectric film, By using the obtained film-like composition having a fibril structure as a solid electrolyte, the initial characteristics (loss coefficient, leakage current, heat resistance, equivalent series resistance and low impedance in high frequency range, etc.) and long-term reliability ( The present inventors have found that a capacitor excellent in durability under high temperature and high humidity can be obtained, and have completed the present invention.
- the present invention relates to the following solid electrolytic capacitor, a method for producing the same, a conductive polymer, and a method for producing the same.
- a solid electrolytic capacitor in which a solid electrolyte layer made of a polymer having a fibril structure is formed on a porous dielectric film of a metal having a valve action.
- the polymer has the following general formula (1)
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched saturated or unsaturated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group or an alkyl ester group, or a halogen atom.
- atom, a nitro group, Shiano group, a primary, secondary or tertiary Amino group, CF 3 group represents a monovalent group selected from the group consisting of phenyl group and a substituted phenyl group.
- the hydrogen chains may be bonded to each other at any position to form a divalent chain that forms a 3- to 7-membered saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon cyclic structure with a carbon atom substituted by such a group.
- the cyclic bonding chain may contain a bond of carbonyl, ether, ester, amide, sulfide, sulfiel, sulfonyl, or imino at any position, and ⁇ is in the range of 0 to 1. ⁇ is a negative sign. ion , And j represents the valence of 1, and is 1 or 2.
- the solid electrolytic capacitor according to item 1 which is a conductive polymer having a fipril structure containing a thiophene skeleton structure as a repeating unit represented by the following formula:
- R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched saturated or unsaturated alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. group, an alkoxy group or an alkyl ester group or a halogen atom, a nitro group, Shiano group, a primary, secondary or tertiary Amino group, CF 3 group, one selected from the group consisting of phenyl group and a substitution Hue group, And the hydrocarbon chain of R 3 , RR 5 , R 6 , R 7, or R 8 is bonded to each other at an arbitrary position to form at least one carbon atom together with a carbon atom substituted by the group.
- You may form a divalent chain which forms a cyclic structure of a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon of the above 3- to 7-membered ring
- the above-mentioned cyclic bond may be formed by a sulfonyl, ether, ester, amide, sulfide or sulfiel.
- Sulfonyl, imino bond optional Including the position may be.
- K represents the number of condensed rings surrounded by a benzene ring having a substituent R 3 to R 6 and Chiofen ring and is an integer of 0 or 1-3.
- the condensed ring in the formula is Any number of nitrogen or N-oxide may be included, but the number of substituents R 3 to R 8 will decrease by that number.
- ⁇ is in the range of 0 to 1.
- ⁇ represents an anion;
- j represents the valence of ⁇ and is 1 or 2.
- the solid electrolytic capacitor according to item 1 which is a conductive polymer having a fibril structure containing a condensed polycyclic skeleton structure as a repeating unit represented by the following formula:
- the polymer has the following general formula (3)
- R 9 and R 1Q each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched saturated or unsaturated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group or an alkyl ester group, Or halogen, nitro, cyano, primary, Secondary or tertiary Amino group, CF 3 group, represents a monovalent group selected from the group consisting of phenyl group and a substituted phenyl group.
- the R 9 and R 10 hydrocarbon chains may be linked together at any position to form at least one or more 3- to 7-membered saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons with the carbon atom being replaced by such groups. It may form a divalent chain forming a hydrogen cyclic structure.
- the cyclic bond may include a carbonyl, ether, ester, amide, sulfide, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, or imino bond at any position.
- ⁇ ranges from 0 to 1.
- ⁇ represents an anion
- j represents the valence of ⁇ , and is 1 or 2.
- the solid electrolytic capacitor according to the above item 1 which is a conductive polymer having a fibril structure containing a pyrrole skeleton structure as a repeating unit represented by the following formula:
- the polymer has the following general formula (4)
- R 11 and R 12 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched saturated or unsaturated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group or an alkyl ester
- R 11 represents a monovalent group selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, a primary, secondary or tertiary amino group, a CF 3 group, a phenyl group and a substituted phenyl group.
- the hydrocarbon chains of R 12 are bonded to each other at any position to form a ring structure of at least one or more 3- to 7-membered saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons together with a carbon atom substituted by such a group.
- the cyclic bonding chain may include a bond of carboxylic acid, ether, ester, amide, sulfide, sulfiel, sulfonyl, or imino at any position.
- ⁇ is 0-1 Is the range. Represents an anion, j represents the valence of Z, and is 1 or 2.
- the polymer has the following general formula (5)
- R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched saturated or unsaturated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group or an alkyl ester group or a halogen atom, a nitro group, Shiano group, a primary, secondary or tertiary Amino group, CF 3 group, a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl group and a substitution Hue sulfonyl group
- the hydrocarbon chains of R 13 , R 14 , R 15 or R 16 may be bonded to each other at any position to saturate at least one or more 3- to 7-membered rings with the carbon atom being replaced by such groups.
- At least one or more divalent chains forming a cyclic structure of an unsaturated hydrocarbon may be formed, and the bonding chain may be a sulfonyl, ether, ester, amide, sulfide, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, or imino.
- Join Include but good at any position.
- [Delta] is in the range of 0 to 1. Zeta represents an anion, j represents the valence of zeta, is 1 or 2.
- the solid electrolytic capacitor according to the above item 1 which is a conductive polymer having a fipril structure containing, as a repeating unit, an aniline skeleton structure represented by the formula:
- a polymerizable monomer On the dielectric film, a polymerizable monomer is brought into contact with a single solution of an oxidizing agent capable of initiating polymerization while maintaining a saturated or supersaturated state or a mixed solution of the oxidizing agent and an electrolyte having a doping ability.
- Producing a solid electrolyte layer made of a polymer having a fibril structure comprising the step of forming a film composition of a polymer having a fibril structure on the dielectric film.
- a method for manufacturing a solid electrolytic capacitor comprising providing a solid electrolyte layer made of a polymer on a porous dielectric film of a metal having a valve action,
- a polymerizable monomer solution or a solution in which a polymerizable monomer and an electrolyte having a doping ability are dissolved and a single solution of an oxidizing agent having a polymerization initiating ability in a saturated or supersaturated state.
- a step of contacting a mixed solution of the oxidizing agent and an electrolyte having a doping ability to form a film composition of a polymer having a fibril structure on the dielectric film A method for producing a solid electrolytic capacitor having a solid electrolyte layer formed of a polymer having the following.
- the substituents R 1 and R 2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched saturated or unsaturated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group or an alkyl ester group, or Octylogen, nitro, cyano, primary, secondary or tertiary amino, trihalomethyl, phenyl and substitution Represents a monovalent group selected from the group consisting of a phenyl group.
- the hydrocarbon chains of R 1 and R 2 can be linked to each other at any position to form a 3- to 7-membered saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon cyclic structure with a carbon atom substituted by such a group. It may form a valent chain.
- the cyclic bond may contain a carbonyl, ether, ester, amide, sulfide, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, or imino bond at any position.
- the polymerizable monomer having a fibril structure is formed on the dielectric film by contacting the polymerizable monomer represented by the formula (1) with a solution containing an oxidizing agent having a polymerization initiating ability. 3.
- R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched saturated or unsaturated group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. chosen in ⁇ alkyl group, an alkoxy group or an alkyl ester group or a halogen atom, a nitro group, Shiano group, a primary, secondary or tertiary Amino group, CF 3 group, from the group consisting of phenylene Le group and a substituted phenyl group And the hydrocarbon chain of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 or R 8 is bonded at any position to form a carbon atom substituted by such a group.
- a divalent chain that forms, together with atoms, at least one or more 3- to 7-membered saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring structure It may be formed.
- the cyclic bond may contain a carbonyl, ether, ester, amide, sulfide, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, or imino bond at any position.
- k represents the number of condensed rings surrounded by a thiophene ring and a benzene ring having substituents R 3 to R 6 , and is 0 or an integer of 1 to 3.
- the fused ring in the formula may contain any number of nitrogen or N-oxide, but the number of substituents R 3 to R 8 will be reduced by that number.
- R 9 and R 1D are each independently a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched saturated or unsaturated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group or an alkyl ester group, or a halogen atom, a nitro group, Shiano group, a primary, secondary or tertiary Amino group, CF 3 group, represents a monovalent group selected from the group consisting of phenyl group and a substituted phenyl group.
- R 9 and R 1 G The hydrocarbon chains may be linked together at any position to form at least one or more 3- to 7-membered saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon cyclic structure with the carbon atom substituted by such groups.
- the cyclic bonding chain may contain a carbonyl, ether, ester, amide, sulfide, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, or imino bond at any position.
- a polymerizable monomer having a fibril structure on the dielectric film by contacting a polymerizable monomer represented by the formula (1) with a solution containing an oxidizing agent having a polymerization initiating ability.
- R 11 and R 12 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched saturated or unsaturated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group or an alkyl ester group, or halogen atom, a nitro group, Shiano group, a primary, secondary or tertiary Amino group, CF 3 group, carbonization of representing.
- R 11 and R 12 a monovalent group selected from the group consisting of phenyl group and a substituted Hue sulfonyl group
- the hydrogen chains are bonded to each other at any position to form at least one or more 3- to 7-membered saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon cyclic structure with the carbon atom substituted by such a group.
- the cyclic bonding chain may include a bond of a carboxylic acid, an ether, an ester, an amide, a sulfide, a sulfiel, a sulfonyl, or an imino at any position.
- the polymerizable monomer having a fibril structure is formed on the dielectric film by contacting a polymerizable monomer represented by the following formula with a solution containing an oxidizing agent having a polymerization initiating ability. 3.
- a polymerizable monomer represented by the following formula with a solution containing an oxidizing agent having a polymerization initiating ability. 3.
- the substituents R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched saturated or unsaturated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group or alkyl ester group or a halogen atom, a nitro group, Shiano group, a primary, secondary or tertiary Amino group, CF 3 group, a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl group and a substitution Hue group.
- the hydrocarbon chains of R 13 , R 14 , R 15 or R 16 may be linked to each other at any position to provide at least one or more 3- to 1-membered saturated rings with the carbon atom being replaced by such groups.
- At least one divalent chain forming a cyclic structure of an unsaturated hydrocarbon may be formed in the above-mentioned linking chain, and a bond of thiolponyl, ether, ester, amide, sulfide, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, imino To It may be included at any position.
- the polymerizable monomer having a fibril structure is formed on the dielectric film by contacting a polymerizable monomer represented by the following formula with a solution containing an oxidizing agent having a polymerization initiating ability. 3.
- a polymerizable monomer represented by the following formula with a solution containing an oxidizing agent having a polymerization initiating ability. 3.
- the concentration of the oxidizing agent having the ability to initiate polymerization is 0.01 to less than the concentration of the polymerizable monomer.
- the substituents R 1 and R 2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched saturated or unsaturated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group or an alkyl ester group, or a halogen atom. atom, a nitro group, Shiano group, a primary, secondary or tertiary Amino group, CF 3 group,.
- a hydrocarbon chain of R 1 and R 2 represent a monovalent group selected from the group consisting of phenyl groups and substituted phenyl groups May be bonded to each other at any position to form a divalent chain which forms a cyclic structure of a 3- to 7-membered saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon with a carbon atom substituted by such a group.
- the cyclic bond may contain a carbonyl, ether, ester, amide, sulfide, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, or imino bond at any position, ⁇ is in the range of 0 to 1, and ⁇ is an anion.
- Eagle, j represents the valence of Zeta, is 1 or 2.
- R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched saturated or unsaturated group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. chosen in ⁇ alkyl group, an alkoxy group or an alkyl ester group or a halogen atom, a nitro group, Shiano group, a primary, secondary or tertiary Amino group, CF 3 group, from the group consisting of phenylene Le group and a substituted phenyl group And the hydrocarbon chain of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7, or R 8 is bonded to each other at an arbitrary position, and together with the carbon atom substituted by such a group.
- ⁇ is in the range of 0 to 1.
- ⁇ represents an anion; Represents the valence of ⁇ , and is 1 or 2.
- R 9 and R 1G each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched saturated or unsaturated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group or an alkyl ester group, or a halogen atom. atom, a nitro group, Shiano group, a primary, secondary or tertiary Amino group, CF 3 group, hydrocarbon chain.
- R 9 and R 1Q representing a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl groups and substituted phenyl groups Are divalent chains linked together at any position to form at least one or more 3- to 7-membered saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon cyclic structure with carbon atoms substituted by such groups
- the cyclic bond chain may include a carbonyl, ether, ester, amide, sulfide, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, or imino bond at any position.
- ⁇ 5 is in the range of 0 to 1 .
- Z represents an anion and j represents the valence of Z, which is 1 or 2.
- the substituents R 11 and R 12 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched saturated or unsaturated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group or an alkyl ester group, or Halogen atom, nitro group, cyano Group, a primary, secondary or tertiary Amino group, CF 3 group, a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl group and a substituted Hue group.
- the hydrocarbon chains of R 11 and R 12 may be bonded to each other at any position to form at least one or more 3- to 7-membered saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring together with a carbon atom substituted by such a group.
- the cyclic bonding chain may include a carbonyl, ether, ester, amide, sulfide, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, or imino bond at any position.
- ⁇ 5 ranges from 0 to 1.
- Z represents an anion
- j represents the valence of Z, and is 1 or 2.
- the substituents R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched saturated or unsaturated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group or alkyl ester group or a halogen atom, a nitro group, Shiano group, a primary, secondary or tertiary Amino group, CF 3 group, the group Achieved chosen monovalent group consisting phenyl group and substitution Hue group.
- the hydrocarbon chains of R 13 , R 14 , R 15 or R 16 may be linked to each other at any position to provide at least one or more 3- to 1-membered saturated rings with the carbon atom being replaced by such groups.
- At least one divalent chain which forms a cyclic structure of an unsaturated hydrocarbon may be contained at any position.
- ⁇ ranges from 0 to 1.
- ⁇ represents an anion
- j represents the valence of ⁇ , and is 1 or 2.
- R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7, and R 8 have the same meanings as described in the preceding item 11).
- a saturated solution of an oxidizing agent having a polymerization initiation ability is prepared, and the oxidizing agent solution and the polymerizable monomer are brought into contact with each other at a temperature lower than the saturated solution preparing temperature so as to form an interface.
- the oxidizing agent having a polymerization initiation ability at least one of persulfate, dichromate and trivalent iron salt is used. Manufacturing method of coalescence.
- FIG. 1 is a scanning electron micrograph (X50,000) of a cross section of an anode aluminum foil having a conductive polymer layer formed thereon in Example 1 of the present invention.
- Figure 2 is a scanning electron micrograph (X50,000) of a chemically treated aluminum foil.
- FIG. 3 is a scanning electron micrograph (X5,100) of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene highly conductive polymer obtained in Example 14.
- Fig. 4 is a scanning electron micrograph (X50,000) of the fibril structure of the highly conductive polymer in Fig. 3.
- FIG. 5 is a scanning electron micrograph (X50,000) of the 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene polymer obtained in Comparative Example 3.
- FIG. 6 is a scanning electron micrograph (X 2,000) of the 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene highly conductive polymer obtained in Example 15.
- FIG. 7 is an enlarged scanning electron micrograph (X20,000) of the fibril structure of the highly conductive polymer in FIG.
- FIG. 8 is a scanning electron micrograph (X50,000) showing the fibril structure of the 1,3-dihydroisothianaphthene highly conductive polymer obtained in Example 16.
- FIG. 9 is a scanning electron micrograph (X50,000) of the 1,3-dihydroisothianaphthene polymer obtained in Comparative Example 4. Detailed description of the invention
- the highly conductive polymer having a fibril structure containing the chemical structures represented by the general formulas (1) to (5) as a repeating unit according to the present invention has not existed so far.
- the conductivity of the material having a fibril structure and that of the material having no fibril structure were significantly different. I have.
- a solution containing an oxidizing agent having a polymerization initiation ability preferably a high-concentration solution, more preferably Refers to a saturated solution or a supersaturated solution (hereinafter, both of them are simply referred to as a “saturated solution, etc.”) and a polymerizable monomer or a solution containing a polymerizable monomer at an interface (in the present invention, “interface” refers to The oxidizing agent solution layer and the polymerizable monomer layer or the solution layer containing the polymerizable monomer partially dissolve each other on the surface where they come into contact with each other.
- the conductive polymer formed is affected by excess oxidizing agent because it is gently contacted to form a layer and polymerized at the interface. And structural regularity Believes that due to the fact that not destroyed.
- the oxidizing agent is used as a highly concentrated solution or a saturated solution, in which case the oxidizing agent is considered to exist in the form of extremely small crystal nuclei. It is believed that the polymerization of the polymerizable monomer proceeds in the reaction field, resulting in a highly conductive polymer with high stereoregularity. For these reasons, a polymer of the same composition obtained from the same polymerizable monomer, Conductivity 10 to: Highly conductive polymer, which is 1000 times higher, is generated, and it is considered that it appears as a fibril structure in an electron microscope.
- Examples of the thiophene derivative represented by the general formula (6) as a raw material of the highly conductive polymer include 3-methylthiophene, 3-ethylthiophene, 3-propylthiophene, 3-butylthiophene, 3-pentylthiophene, 3-hexylthiophene, 3-heptylthiophene, 3-octylthiophene, 3-nonylthiophene, 3-decylthiophene, 3-fluorothiophene, 3-chlorothiophene, 3-bromothiophene, 3-bromothiophene Examples thereof include cyanothiophene, 3,4-methylenedioxythiophene, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, and 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene, but are not limited thereto. Absent.
- Examples include, but are not limited to, 3-dihydrocheno [3,4-b] quinoxaline-4-oxoxide, 1,3-dihydrocheno [3,4-b] quinoxaline-14,9-dioxide is not.
- Examples of the pyrrole derivative represented by the general formula (8) as a raw material of the highly conductive polymer include 3-methylpyrrole, 3-ethylpyrrol, 3-propylpyrrol, 3-butylpyrrol, and 3-pentylpyrrole. , 3-hexylpyrroyl, 3-heptylpyrrole, 3-butylpyrrole, 3-nonylpyrrole, 3-decylpyrrole, 3-fluoropyrrole, 3-chloropyrrol, 3-bromopyrrolyl, 3-cyanopyrrole, 3, 4-methylenedioxypyrrol, 3,
- Derivatives such as 4-ethylenedioxypyrrole, 3,4-propylenedioxypyrrol, 3,4-dimethylpyrrole and 3,4-getylpyrrole can be mentioned.
- Examples of the furan derivative represented by the general formula (9) as a raw material of the highly conductive polymer include 3-methylfuran, 3-ethylfuran, 3-propylfuran, 3-butylfuran, 3-pentylfuran, and 3-pentylfuran.
- 3-methylfuran, 3-ethylfuran, 3-propylfuran, 3-butylfuran, 3-pentylfuran, and 3-pentylfuran are examples of the furan derivative represented by the general formula (9) as a raw material of the highly conductive polymer.
- aniline derivative represented by the general formula (10) as a raw material of the highly conductive polymer examples include 2-methylaniline, 2-ethylaniline, 2-propylaniline, 2-butylaniline, 2-pentylaniline, and 2-hexylaniline. , 2_heptylaniline, 2-octylaniline, 2-nonylaniline, 2- Derivatives such as decylaniline, 2-fluoroaniline, 2-chloroaniline, 2-bromoaniline, 2-cyanoaniline and the like can be mentioned, but not limited thereto.
- Preferred examples of the substituted phenyl group described in the general formulas (1) to (10) include a group consisting of CF 3 group, Br, C 1, F, methyl group, ethyl group, cyano group and nitro group.
- the metal having a valve action that can be used in the solid electrolytic capacitor of the present invention is a simple metal such as aluminum, tantalum, niobium, titanium, zirconium, magnesium, silicon, or an alloy thereof. Further, any form may be used as long as it is a form of a porous formed body such as an etched product of a rolled foil or a fine powder sintered body.
- the oxidizing agent used in the production of the conductive polymer of the present invention may be any oxidizing agent capable of sufficiently performing the oxidation reaction of the dehydrogenative four-electron oxidation reaction, is industrially inexpensive, and is handled in production. Are preferred.
- examples of the basic compound of the organic acid anion that forms the organic acid anion iron (II) salt include organic sulfonic acid or organic carboxylic acid, organic phosphoric acid, and organic boric acid.
- organic sulfonic acids include: Acids and P-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, ⁇ -sulfonaphthalene, / 3-sulfonaphthalene, naphthylenedisulfonic acid, alkylnaphthalenesulfonic acid (alkyl groups include butyl, triisopropyl, t-butyl etc.) is used.
- organic carboxylic acid examples include acetic acid, propionic acid, benzoic acid, and oxalic acid.
- a polymer electrolyte anion such as polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, polystyrenesulfonic acid, polyvinylsulfonic acid, polyvinylsulfonic acid, poly- ⁇ -methylsulfonic acid, polyethylenesulfonic acid, or polyphosphoric acid is also used.
- examples of these organic sulfonic acids or organic carboxylic acids are merely examples, and the present invention is not limited thereto.
- the counter cation of the anion is an alkali metal ion such as H +, Na + , or K +, or an ammonium ion substituted with a hydrogen atom such as a tetramethyl group, a tetraethyl group, a tetrabutyl group, or a tetraphenyl group.
- oxidizing agents described above oxidizing agents containing trivalent Fe-based compounds, or cuprous chloride-based, alkali persulfate, ammonium persulfate, manganic acids, and quinones are particularly preferable. Can be used.
- the concentration of the solution of the oxidizing agent having the ability to initiate polymerization may be a concentration sufficient to effect polymerization, but is preferably a high concentration, and more preferably a saturated solution or a supersaturated solution.
- the method of using such a saturated solution or a supersaturated solution is slightly higher depending on the reaction temperature and depends on the temperature dependence of the thermal solubility of the oxidizing agent. When the dependence is small, increase the temperature difference.
- the oxidizing agent is dissolved in a solvent such as water or alcohol under strong stirring at a temperature about several degrees to 20 ° C. higher than the polymerization temperature.
- the reaction proceeds at the interface between the two to form a highly conductive polymer, which is separated from the reaction solution by evaporation or decantation, etc., and when washed, a macroscopic scale-like highly conductive polymer is formed.
- the product may be sufficiently washed to obtain a highly conductive polymer of the product, or the solution of the oxidizing agent having the ability to initiate polymerization and the polymerizable monomer or It is also possible to laminate a highly conductive polymer by bringing the solution into contact with a solution containing a polymerizable monomer and carrying out this process several times.
- the oxidizing agent solution may have a concentration sufficient to carry out the polymerization, but is preferably a high concentration, and more preferably a saturated solution or a supersaturated solution.
- the method for preparing the saturated or supersaturated state of the oxidizing agent having a polymerization initiating ability on the derivative film is not particularly limited, but a method of introducing a high-concentration solution of the oxidizing agent directly into the pores may be used, or A low-concentration solution may be introduced in advance so that the pores can be sufficiently impregnated, and the foil pores may be saturated or supersaturated by drying such as standing or overheating.
- the oxidizing agent anion (reduced form of the oxidizing agent) produced from the oxidizing agent serves as a dopant, so that the doping step can be omitted. It is preferable to use an electrolyte having another doping ability and use both of them.
- an electrolyte compound having an oxidizing agent anion (reduced form of the oxidizing agent) produced from the oxidizing agent as a counter ion or another anion-based electrolyte can be exemplified.
- polymer electrolyte anions such as polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, polystyrene sulfonic acid, polyvinyl sulfonic acid, polyvinyl sulfuric acid, poly- ⁇ -methyl sulfonic acid, polyethylene sulfonic acid, and polyphosphoric acid can be mentioned. It is not necessarily limited to these. Of these, a high molecular weight or low molecular weight organic sulfonic acid compound or polyphosphoric acid is preferable, and an aromatic sulfonic acid compound is preferably used.
- the concentration of the polymerizable monomer represented by the general formulas (6) to (10) used in the method for producing a highly conductive polymer of the present invention depends on the type of the substituent of the compound, the type of the solvent, and the like. Alternatively it varies depending on the kind and amount of other monomers to be copolymerized, generally desirably in the range of 10 3 to 10 moles liter, also in the range of 10-2 to 5 mol / l more preferred.
- the reaction temperature varies depending on the type of the monomer, the solvent, the oxidizing agent, and the reaction method, and is not particularly limited. However, the temperature is preferably a temperature at which a saturated state of the oxidizing agent can be maintained at the start of the polymerization. In addition, even if the solvent evaporates after the initiation of the polymerization and the solid of the oxidizing agent precipitates, if the polymerizable monomer exists in the liquid phase, the interface of the present polymerization system is maintained and the polymerization is continued. move on. Generally, the temperature is selected from a temperature range of 70 ° C to 250 ° C. Desirably, the temperature is 0 to 150 ° C, and more preferably, the temperature is 15 to 100 ° C.
- the reaction solvent used in the production method of the present invention is a monomer or an oxidizing agent, Any solvent capable of dissolving the electrolyte having doping ability either simultaneously or individually can be used.
- ethers such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), dioxane, and diethyl ether, or dimethylformamide diacetonitrile, benzonitrile, and N-methyl Aprotic polar solvents such as pyrrolidone (NMP) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); esters such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate; non-aromatic chlorine solvents such as chloroform and methylene chloride; nitromethane, nitroethane, and nitrobenzene Such as nitro compounds, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and propanol; organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid; and acid anhydrides of the organic acids (eg, acetic anhydride); water
- Solvent can be used . Further, the oxidizing agent and Z or the electrolyte having the doping ability and the monomer may be handled in a solvent system in which they are individually dissolved, that is, in a two-liquid system or a three-liquid system.
- the electric conductivity of the conductive polymer produced in this manner is extremely high, and as shown in Examples and Comparative Examples, the conductive polymer is produced under stirring with a reaction system comprising an oxidizing agent having a polymerization initiation ability and a polymerizable monomer. 10 to 1000 times higher than the electric conductivity of the conductive polymer obtained by this method. It is in the range of ⁇ 200 S / cm. Under desirable conditions, a highly conductive polymer in the range of 1 to 100 S / cm, more preferably 10 to 100 SZ cm is obtained.
- the thickness of the conductive polymer layer produced in this manner is usually 0.:!
- a single polymerization step as a solid electrolyte layer of a solid electrolytic condenser. Since a thickness of only about 0.3 ⁇ m can be formed, a polymerizable monomer is contacted with an oxidizing agent capable of initiating polymerization to form a conductive polymer having a fibril structure, which is then washed. Possesses a fibril structure obtained by polymerization It is preferable to synthesize the solid polymer at least about three times, and practically five or more times, on the surface of the conductive polymer (on the porous valve metal).
- the solid electrolyte layer has an unnecessarily thick thickness, so that about 20 to 25 times is usually sufficient.
- the required thickness of the solid electrolyte layer can be ensured in about 7 to 25 times.
- a conductive layer on the conductive polymer solid electrolyte layer thus formed in order to improve electrical contact with the cathode lead terminal.
- plating, metal deposition, formation of a conductive resin film, and the like are performed.
- an exterior such as a resin mold, a resin case, a metal exterior case, or resin diving
- a solid electrolytic capacitor for various uses can be obtained.
- a fibril-state highly conductive polymer covers the oxide film in the pores of the porous valve-acting metal foil that has been subjected to a chemical conversion treatment.
- a fibril layered structure is formed on the inside of the cathode and on the outer surface of the metal foil, and they have a space in a part between adjacent layers, so that the thermal stress can be effectively applied to the upper and lower temperatures. It can be alleviated.
- the conductive paste layer for connection can enter the fine pores on the outer surface, thereby ensuring good adhesion.
- the presence of the conductive polymer in the form of fibrils in the micropores and the formation of spaces by multiple lamination processes ensure the supply of oxygen, and the formation of the dielectric oxide film during conduction. The restoration ability is improved.
- the shape of the fibril-structured polymer formed on the dielectric film of the solid electrolytic capacitor is preferably in the range of about 3 nm to about 100 nm in outer diameter, more preferably about 5 nm to about 50 nm. Range. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
- Example 1 the present invention will be described in detail with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples, but these do not limit the scope of the present invention.
- Example 1 the present invention will be described in detail with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples, but these do not limit the scope of the present invention.
- a polyimide solution was applied to a width of lmm on both sides so as to divide the surface into 4mm and 5mm parts in the middle of the 10mm surface of the etched aluminum chemical conversion foil cut to 3mmX 10mm, and dried to form a mask.
- a 3 mm ⁇ 4 mm portion of the etched aluminum chemical conversion foil was subjected to a chemical conversion treatment with a 10% by weight aqueous solution of ammonium adipate by applying a voltage of 13 V to form a dielectric oxide film.
- solution 1 a 3 mm ⁇ 4 mm portion of the aluminum foil was immersed in a 2 mol / L aqueous solution of ammonium persulfate (referred to as solution 1), pulled up, and dried at room temperature for 3 minutes. Subsequently, the 3 mm ⁇ 4 mm portion of this aluminum foil was immersed in an isopropanol solution of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene in ImolZL (hereinafter referred to as solution 2), and then pulled up. Oxidative polymerization was carried out by standing for a minute.
- Fig. 1 shows a scanning electron micrograph (cross section of aluminum foil) of the conductive polymer layer obtained here, magnified 50,000 times.
- Fig. 2 shows a scanning electron micrograph (cross section of aluminum foil) of a chemically treated aluminum foil magnified 50,000 times.
- Fig. 1 shows the aluminum metal part (a), the oxidized alumina dielectric part (b), and the alumina dielectric surface in the microstructure.
- the fibril-like conductive polymer (fibrils are seen as a network-like film in Fig. 1) deposited on the surface was clustered to form a cluster-like portion (c), and the conductive polymer film was thick. It can be seen that the length is formed approximately. From the observations in Figure 1, the approximate outer diameter of the fibrils was between 5 and 50 nm.
- the structure of the fibril-like conductive polymer (membrane-like) portion of (c) is the same as that of “3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene” and “polymerization initiator (oxidation) described in Examples 14 and 15. It contains a structure similar to the highly conductive polymer obtained by reacting at the interface.
- a force bomb and a silver bast are applied to the portion of the aluminum foil on which the conductive polymer layer is formed, four aluminum foils are laminated, and the cathode lead terminals are connected.
- An anode lead terminal was connected by welding to the aluminum foil portion where the polymer layer was not formed.
- a rated voltage was applied at 125 ° C and aging was performed for 2 hours to complete a total of 30 capacitors.
- the capacitance and the loss factor (tan 6) at 120 Hz, the impedance at the resonance frequency, and the leakage current were measured as initial characteristics.
- the leakage current was measured one minute after applying the rated voltage. Table 1 shows the average value of these measured values, the defective rate when the leakage current of 0.16 xA (0.002 CV) or more was regarded as defective, and the number of short-circuited products.
- the average value of the leakage current is a value calculated excluding defective products.
- Table 2 shows the results of the reflow test and the subsequent moisture resistance test. However, a leakage current value of 3.2 A (0.04 CV) or more in the moisture resistance test was regarded as defective.
- the reflow test also called solder heat resistance test
- the reflow test was evaluated by the following method. That is, 30 capacitor elements are prepared, the elements are passed at a temperature of 230 ° C for 30 seconds, and the leakage current one minute after the application of the rated voltage is measured, and the measured value is 0.04 CV (A ) The above elements were regarded as defective. Also, moisture resistant The test was performed by leaving the apparatus under high temperature and high humidity of 85 ° C. and 85% RH for 500 hours.
- Example 2 Example 2:
- Example 1 ferric sulfate was substituted for ammonium persulfate, dihydroisothianaphthene was substituted for 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, and the polymerization temperature was changed to 60 ° C. Then, 30 capacitors were completed in the same manner as in Example 1. The characteristics of these capacitor elements were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- Example 3
- Example 1 30 capacitor elements were completed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that pyrrole was used instead of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene. The characteristics of these capacitor elements were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- Example 4 Example 4:
- Example 1 30 capacitor elements were completed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that aniline was used instead of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene. Tables 1 and 2 show the results of evaluating the characteristics of these capacitor elements in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 5
- Example 6 In the same manner as in Example 1, except that anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid sodium was added as a compound having a doping ability to 2 mo 1 ZL ammonium persulfate aqueous solution in Example 1 so that the concentration became 0.07 mol 1 ZL. Thus, 30 capacitor elements were completed. The characteristics of these capacitor elements were the same as in Example 1. Tables 1 and 2 show the results of the evaluation.
- Example 6
- Example 1 30 capacitor elements were completed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the concentration of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene in isopropanol solution was changed to 5 mol 1 ZL. Tables 1 and 2 show the evaluation results of these capacitor elements in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 7
- Example 5 30 pieces of sodium 6-methoxynaphthalenesulfonate of 0.07mo1ZL were used instead of 0.07mo1ZL of sodium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 30 The capacitor element was completed. Tables 1 and 2 show the results of evaluating the characteristics of these capacitor elements in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 9
- Example 10 In Example 1, 30 capacitor elements were completed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the aqueous solution of ammonium persulfate was changed to O.Olmoi / L. Tables 1 and 2 show the results of evaluating the characteristics of these capacitor elements in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 10
- Example 1 30 capacitor elements were completed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the aqueous solution of ammonium persulfate was changed to 4 mol / L. Tables 1 and 2 show the results of evaluating the characteristics of these core elements in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 11
- Example 12 In Example 1, 30 capacitors were completed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the operation from immersion in the solution 1 to oxidative polymerization was repeated twice. Tables 1 and 2 show the results of evaluating the characteristics of these capacitor elements in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 12
- Example 1 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene was replaced with furan, and 2 mo1 / L of ammonium persulfate was replaced by l.4mo1ZL of iron paratoluenesulfonate ( ⁇ ) ⁇ 6 hydrate Except that the capacitor was replaced, 30 capacitor elements were completed in the same manner as in Example 1. The characteristics of these capacitor elements were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2. When the obtained conductive polymer layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope photograph under the same conditions as in Example 1, a morphology similar to that of FIG. 1 was observed. Comparative Example 1:
- Example 1 48.7 0. 7 12 0.03 0/30 0
- Example 2 47.9 0. 9 14 0.05 0/30 0
- Example 3 48.6.0.8 13 0.06 0/30 0
- Example 4 48.3 0.87 17 0.07 0/30 0
- Example 5 48.1 0.99 13 0.09 0/30 0
- Example 6 48.8.10 11 0.07 0 / 30 0
- Example 7 47.6.1 1.18 0.07 0/30 0
- Example 8 48.2 0.9 16 0.08 0/30 0
- Example 10 48.3 0.9.14 0.10 0/30 0
- Example 11 47.8 1.3 24 0.13 0/30 0
- Example 12 48.2 0.9 18 0.06 0/30 0
- Example 1 0/30 0 0.49 0/30 0
- Example 2 0/30 0 0.54 0/30 0
- Example 3 0/30 0 0.59 0/30 0
- Example 4 0/30 0 0.57 0/30 0
- Example 5 0/30 0 0.61 0/30 0
- Example 6 0/30 0 0.61 0/30 0
- Example 7 0/30 0 0.55 0/30 0
- Example 8 0/30 0 0.56 0/30 0
- Example 9 0 / 30 0 0.42 0/30 0
- Example 10 0/30 0 0.68 0/30 0
- Example 11 0/30 0 0.69 0/30 0
- Example 12 0/30 0 0.60 0/30 0
- aqueous solution of ferric chloride was prepared by adding 8 ml of water. To this, 1.68 g (0.02 mol 1) of thiophene as a polymerizable monomer was gently poured. Thiophene became the upper layer of the aqueous solution, creating an interface between them. The sample tube was immersed in a warm bath at 40 ° C to initiate polymerization. After 2 hours, heating was stopped, the sample tube was taken out, and the polymer was taken out by filtration. To this solid, 10 Oml of water was added, and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour and then filtered to dissolve and remove excess ferric chloride. Then, 100 ml of acetone was added, and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour and filtered.
- the soluble low polymer was removed and purified. Vacuum dried overnight at room temperature. The obtained polymer was molded under vacuum while continuously applying a pressure of 10 tons (t) for 3 minutes to produce a pellet having a radius of lcm. The surface resistance of this pellet was measured using Loresta IP MCP-250 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Yuka) and the electrical conductivity was calculated to be 16 S / cm.
- Comparative Example 2 To a 100 ml round bottom flask containing a stirrer, 6.49 g (0.04 mo 1) of ferric chloride was taken, and 16 ml of water was added to completely dissolve the solution, followed by immersion in a warm bath at 40 ° C. 1.68 g (0.02 mol) of thiophene as a polymerizable monomer was heated to 30 ° C., dissolved in 24 ml of isopropanol, introduced into the reaction system, and stirred. During the polymerization reaction, stirring was always maintained. After 2 hours, heating was stopped, the sample tube was taken out, and the polymer was taken out by filtration.
- Example 14 The purified polymer was then vacuum dried overnight at room temperature. The obtained polymer was in the form of fine powder. This polymer was molded under vacuum while applying a pressure of 10 t for 3 minutes to produce a pellet having a radius of 1 cm. The surface resistance of the pellet was measured using Loresta IP MCP-250 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Yuka), and the electrical conductivity was calculated to be 0.0054 S / cm.
- Example 14 The surface resistance of the pellet was measured using Loresta IP MCP-250 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Yuka), and the electrical conductivity was calculated to be 0.0054 S / cm.
- FIG. 3 shows a 5,100-fold SEM photograph of the obtained purified polymer.
- Fig. 4 shows a SEM photograph of the fibril structure shown in Fig. 3 magnified 50,000 times.
- Figure 4 clearly shows the fibril structure. From the observation in FIG. 4, the approximate outer diameter of the fiber was 10 to 60 nm.
- a polymer was prepared according to Comparative Example 2 except that 2.87 g (0.02 mol) of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene was used as a polymerizable monomer and 6.85 g (0.03 mol) of ammonium persulfate was used as a polymerization oxidizing agent. did.
- FIG. 5 shows a SEM photograph of the obtained purified polymer magnified 50,000 times, but no fibril structure was observed.
- Example 15 the purified polymer was vacuum-dried at room temperature all day and night, and the obtained polymer was molded under vacuum while continuously applying a pressure of 10 t for 3 minutes to produce a pellet having a radius of lcm.
- the surface resistance of this pellet was measured using Loresta IP MCP-250 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Yuka) and the electrical conductivity was calculated to be 0.064 S / cm.
- Figure 6 shows a 2,000-fold SEM photograph of the obtained purified polymer.
- Fig. 7 shows an enlarged SEM photograph of the fibril structure shown in Fig. 6 at 20,000 times magnification. The fibril structure is clearly shown.
- Example 16 the purified polymer was vacuum-dried at room temperature all day and night, and the polymer obtained after the drying was molded under vacuum at a pressure of 10 t for 3 minutes to form a pellet having a radius of 1 cm.
- the surface resistivity of this pellet was measured using Loresta IP MCP-250 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Yuka) and the electrical conductivity was calculated to be 21 S / cm.
- Example 16
- the obtained purified polymer was magnified 50,000 times with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The photograph is shown in FIG. The fibril structure is clearly shown. From the observation in FIG. 8, the approximate outer diameter of the fibrils was 10 to 50 nm.
- a polymer was prepared in accordance with Comparative Example 2 except that 1.86 g (0.014 mol) of 1,3-dihydroisothianaphthene was used as a polymerizable monomer and the polymerization time was changed to 2 hours.
- the polymer obtained after drying was molded under vacuum while applying a pressure of 10 t for 3 minutes to produce a pellet having a radius of 1 cm.
- the surface resistance of the pellet was measured using Loresta IP MCP-250 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Yuka), and the electrical conductivity was calculated to be 0.0033 SZcm.
- Figure 9 shows a 50,000-fold SEM photograph of the obtained polymer. It did not show a fibril structure.
- Example 17
- a polymer was prepared according to Comparative Example 3 except that 1.86 g (0.02 mol 1) of aniline was used as the polymerizable monomer.
- the polymer obtained after drying was molded under vacuum under a pressure of 10 t for 3 minutes to produce a pellet having a radius of 1 cm.
- the surface resistance of this pellet was measured using Loresta IP MCP-250 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Yuka) and the electrical conductivity was calculated to be 0.0024 S Z cm.
- Example 18 Example 18:
- Example 20 The polymer was dried in a vacuum at room temperature for 24 hours, and the polymer obtained after the drying was molded under vacuum while applying a pressure of 10 t for 3 minutes to form a pellet having a radius of 1 cm.
- the surface resistivity of this pellet was measured using Loresta IP MCP-250 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Yuka) and the electrical conductivity was calculated to be 29 S / cm.
- Example 20 The surface resistivity of this pellet was measured using Loresta IP MCP-250 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Yuka) and the electrical conductivity was calculated to be 29 S / cm.
- Example 21 When the obtained conductive polymer layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope photograph under the same conditions as in Example 14, a fibril shape similar to that of FIGS. 3 and 4 was observed.
- Example 21
- the polymerizable monomer represented by any one of the general formulas (6) to (10) alone or together with an electrolyte having a doping ability and an oxidizing agent having a polymerization initiation ability is contained. It has a fibril structure, is excellent in anisotropy, and has excellent film properties by a simple chemical oxidative polymerization technique in which it is brought into contact with a solution to be formed and polymerized at the interface formed.
- a highly conductive film polymer composition containing the repeating unit is obtained.
- Such a highly conductive polymer composition can be used as a highly conductive solid electrolyte in various industrial applications such as a solid electrolytic capacitor, and as a conductive material, such as an antistatic material and a radio wave absorbing material.
- a solid electrolytic capacitor using a conductive polymer as a solid electrolyte having the fibril structure, excellent anisotropy, and excellent film properties represented by general formulas (1) to (5).
- the present invention provides a solid electrolyte layer having an excellent film repairing ability at the time of conduction by covering with a film-like solid electrolyte having highly conductive fibrils so that a space portion remains in the fine pores of the anode. Can be obtained.
- An electrolytic capacitor element can be provided.
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Description
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EP99926938A EP1028440A4 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-05 | CONDUCTIVE POLYMER, FIXED ELECTROLYTE CONDENSER AND MANUFACTURING METHOD |
KR1020007001986A KR100548919B1 (ko) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-05 | 도전성중합체, 고체전해콘덴서 및 그의 제조방법 |
AU43974/99A AU4397499A (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-05 | Conductive polymer, solid electrolytic capacitor, and processes for producing these |
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US12904499P | 1999-04-13 | 1999-04-13 | |
US12904599P | 1999-04-13 | 1999-04-13 | |
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US9032685B2 (en) | 1995-03-07 | 2015-05-19 | Pergo (Europe) Ab | Flooring panel or wall panel and use thereof |
US9115500B2 (en) | 2010-01-15 | 2015-08-25 | Pergo (Europe) Ab | Set of panels comprising retaining profiles with a separate clip and method for inserting the clip |
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KR100869179B1 (ko) * | 2007-05-16 | 2008-11-18 | 박성돈 | 박막 발열체용 도전성 박막 조성물 |
GB2465626B (en) * | 2008-11-28 | 2013-07-31 | Cambridge Display Tech Ltd | Organic semiconductors |
JP5398347B2 (ja) * | 2009-05-20 | 2014-01-29 | Necトーキン株式会社 | 固体電解コンデンサの製造方法 |
CN104201009B (zh) * | 2014-09-03 | 2017-03-01 | 齐鲁工业大学 | 一种用于超级电容器电极材料的含氮聚合物的制备方法 |
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EP0208254B1 (en) * | 1985-07-05 | 1993-02-24 | Showa Denko Kabushiki Kaisha | Secondary battery |
US4780796A (en) * | 1987-01-13 | 1988-10-25 | The Japan Carlit Co., Ltd. | Solid electrolytic capacitor |
DE3814730A1 (de) * | 1988-04-30 | 1989-11-09 | Bayer Ag | Feststoff-elektrolyte und diese enthaltende elektrolyt-kondensatoren |
US5246627A (en) * | 1991-05-06 | 1993-09-21 | Uniax Corporation | Melt-processible conducting polymer blends based on fibrils of intractable conducting polymers |
US5812367A (en) * | 1996-04-04 | 1998-09-22 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Solid electrolytic capacitors comprising a conductive layer made of a polymer of pyrrole or its derivative |
JP3092512B2 (ja) * | 1996-04-19 | 2000-09-25 | 日本電気株式会社 | 固体電解コンデンサの製造方法 |
JP2828035B2 (ja) * | 1996-05-30 | 1998-11-25 | 日本電気株式会社 | 固体電解コンデンサの製造方法 |
-
1999
- 1999-07-05 EP EP10001582A patent/EP2202765A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-07-05 WO PCT/JP1999/003623 patent/WO2000002214A1/ja active IP Right Grant
- 1999-07-05 KR KR1020007001986A patent/KR100548919B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-07-05 AU AU43974/99A patent/AU4397499A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-07-05 EP EP99926938A patent/EP1028440A4/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (2)
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JPH03200313A (ja) * | 1989-12-27 | 1991-09-02 | Nippon Chemicon Corp | 固体電解コンデンサの製造方法 |
JPH1032145A (ja) * | 1996-07-16 | 1998-02-03 | Nec Corp | 固体電解コンデンサ及びその製造方法 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
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See also references of EP1028440A4 * |
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US8875465B2 (en) | 1995-03-07 | 2014-11-04 | Pergo (Europe) Ab | Flooring panel or wall panel and use thereof |
US9032685B2 (en) | 1995-03-07 | 2015-05-19 | Pergo (Europe) Ab | Flooring panel or wall panel and use thereof |
US9611656B2 (en) | 2000-03-31 | 2017-04-04 | Pergo (Europe) Ab | Building panels |
US9677285B2 (en) | 2000-03-31 | 2017-06-13 | Pergo (Europe) Ab | Building panels |
US10156078B2 (en) | 2000-03-31 | 2018-12-18 | Pergo (Europe) Ab | Building panels |
US10233653B2 (en) | 2000-03-31 | 2019-03-19 | Pergo (Europe) Ab | Flooring material |
US10626619B2 (en) | 2000-03-31 | 2020-04-21 | Unilin Nordic Ab | Flooring material |
US9115500B2 (en) | 2010-01-15 | 2015-08-25 | Pergo (Europe) Ab | Set of panels comprising retaining profiles with a separate clip and method for inserting the clip |
US9464444B2 (en) | 2010-01-15 | 2016-10-11 | Pergo (Europe) Ab | Set of panels comprising retaining profiles with a separate clip and method for inserting the clip |
US8978334B2 (en) | 2010-05-10 | 2015-03-17 | Pergo (Europe) Ab | Set of panels |
US9593491B2 (en) | 2010-05-10 | 2017-03-14 | Pergo (Europe) Ab | Set of panels |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2202765A3 (en) | 2011-03-23 |
EP1028440A1 (en) | 2000-08-16 |
EP1028440A4 (en) | 2007-12-05 |
KR20010023348A (ko) | 2001-03-26 |
AU4397499A (en) | 2000-01-24 |
KR100548919B1 (ko) | 2006-02-20 |
EP2202765A2 (en) | 2010-06-30 |
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