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Definitions

• This invention relates to the use of a group of aryl ureas in treating cytokine mediated diseases and proteolytic enzyme mediated diseases, and pharmaceutical compositions for use in such therapy.
• effector molecules which are critical for the progression of rheumatoid arthritis are pro-inflammatory cytokines and tissue degrading proteases. Recently, a family of kinases was described which is instrumental in controlling the transcription and translation of the structural genes coding for these effector molecules.
• the MAP kinase family is made up of a series of structurally related proline-directed serine/threonine kinases which are activated either by growth factors (such as EGF) and phorbol esters (ERK), or by IL-1, TNF ⁇ or stress (p38, JNK).
• the MAP kinases are responsible for the activation of a wide variet -of transcription factors and proteins involved in transcriptional control of cytokine production.
• a pair of novel protein kinases involved in the regulation of cytokine synthesis was recently described by a group from SmithKline Beecham (Lee et al. Nature 1994, 372, 739).
• CSAIDs cytokine suppressive anti-inflammatory drugs
• CSAIDs function by interfering with m-RNA translational events during cytokine biosynthesis. Inhibition of p38 has been shown to inhibit both cytokine production (eg., TNF ⁇ , IL-1, IL-6, IL-8; Lee et al. N Y. Acad. Sci. 1993, 696, 149) and proteolytic enzyme production (eg., MMP-1, MMP-3; Ridley et al. J. Immunol. 1997, 755, 3165) in vitro and/or in vivo.
• cytokine production eg., TNF ⁇ , IL-1, IL-6, IL-8; Lee et al. N Y. Acad. Sci. 1993, 696, 14
• proteolytic enzyme production eg., MMP-1, MMP-3; Ridley et al. J. Immunol. 1997, 755, 3165
• TNF ⁇ production and/or signaling have linked TNF ⁇ production and/or signaling to a number of diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (Maini. J. Royal Coll. Physicians London 1996, 30, 344).
• excessive levels of TNF ⁇ have been implicated in a wide variety of inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory diseases, including acute rheumatic fever (Yegin et al. Lancet 1997, 349, 170), bone reso ⁇ tion (Pacifici et al. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 1997, 82, 29), postmenopausal osteoporosis (Pacifici et al. J. Bone Mineral Res. 1996, 11, 1043), sepsis (Blackwell et al. Br. J. Anaesth.
• THF ⁇ levels have also been related to host-versus-graft reactions (Piguet et al. Immunol. Ser. 1992, 56, 409) including ischemia reperfusion injury (Colletti et al. J. Clin. Invest. 1989, 85, 1333) and allograft rejections including those of the kidney (Maury et al. J. Exp. Med. 1987, 166, 1132), liver (Imagawa et al. Transplantation 1990, 50, 219), heart (Boiling et al. Transplantation 1992, 53, 283), and skin (Stevens et al. Transplant. Proc. 1990, 22, 1924), lung allograft rejection (Grossman et al.
• THF ⁇ has also been linked to infectious diseases (review: Beutler et al. Crit. Care Med. 1993, 21, 5423; Degre. Biotherapy 1996, 8, 219) including tuberculosis (Rook et al. Med. Malad. Infect.
• p38 inhibitors will be useful in treatment of the above listed diseases.
• MMP matrix-destroying metalloprotease
• TMPs tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases
• p38 inhibitors will be useful in treatment of the above listed diseases.
• Inhibitors of p38 are active in animal models of TNF ⁇ production, including a murine lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model of TNF ⁇ production. Inhibitors of p38 are active in a number of standard animal models of inflammatory diseases, including carrageenan- induced edema in the rat paw, arachadonic acid-induced edema in the rat paw, arachadonic acid-induced peritonitis in the mouse, fetal rat long bone reso ⁇ tion, murine type II collagen-induced arthritis, and Fruend's adjuvant- induced arthritis in the rat. Thus, inhibitors of p38 will be useful in treating diseases mediated by one or more of the above-mentioned cytokines and/or proteolytic enzymes.
• LPS murine lipopolysaccharide
• arthritic diseases The primary disabling effect of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and septic arthritis is the progressive loss of articular cartilage and thereby normal joint function. No marketed pharmaceutical agent is able to prevent or slow this cartilage loss, although nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been given to control pain and swelling. The end result of these diseases is total loss of joint function which is only treatable by joint replacement surgery. P38 inhibitors will halt or reverse the progression of cartilage loss and obviate or delay surgical intervention.
• NSAIDs nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
• This invention provides compounds, generally described as aryl ureas, including both aryl and heteroaryl analogues, which inhibit p38 mediated events and thus inhibit the production of cytokines (such as TNF ⁇ , IL-1 and IL-8) and proteolytic enzymes (such as MMP-1 and MMP-3).
• the invention also provides a method of treating a cytokine mediated disease state in humans or mammals, wherein the cytokine is one whose production is affected by p38. Examples of such cytokines include, but are not limited to TNF ⁇ , IL-1 and IL-8.
• the invention also provides a method of treating a protease mediated disease state in humans or mammals, wherein the protease is one whose production is affected by p38. Examples of such proteases include, but are not limited to collagenase (MMP-1) and stromelysin (MMP-3).
• these compounds are useful therapeutic agents for such acute and chronic inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory diseases as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, septic arthritis, rheumatic fever, bone reso ⁇ tion, postmenopausal osteoperosis, sepsis, gram negative sepsis, septic shock, endotoxic shock, toxic shock syndrome, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions, asthma, adult respiratory distress syndrome, acute pulmonary fibrotic diseases, pulmonary sarcoidosis, allergic respiratory diseases, silicosis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, alveolar injury, hepatic failure, liver disease during acute inflammation, severe alcoholic hepatitis, malaria including Plasmodium falciparum malaria and cerebral malaria, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), congestive heart failure, damage following heart disease, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease
• HIV human immunodeficiency virus
• the present invention is directed to a method for the treatment of diseases mediated by p38, e.g., mediated by one or more cytokines or proteolytic enzymes produced and/or activated by a p38 mediated process, comprising administering a compound of Formula I,
• A is C 6.12 -aryl or C 5 personally ⁇ 2 -heteroaryl, each optionally substituted, e.g. by C -alkyl, Cj- ⁇ -cycloalkyl, halogen, -OH, -OR 1 , -NR' 2 ;
• R 1 is H or C ⁇ -alkyl
• R 2 and R 3 are each independently halogen, -COOR 1 , -CN, -CONR 7 R 8 , or -CH 2 NHR 9 ;
• R 5 is C 3 . 5 -alkyl
• R 6 is C,. 6 -alkyl
• R 7 is hydrogen
• R 8 is methyl
• R 9 is hydrogen, methyl or -CO-R 10 ; and is hydrogen or methyl optionally substituted by NR 6 2 or COOR 6 .
• suitable heteroaryl groups A include, but are not limited to, 5-10 carbon- atom aromatic rings or ring systems containing 1-2 rings, at least one of which is aromatic, in which one or more, e.g., 1-4 carbon atoms in one or more of the rings can be replaced by oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms. Each ring typically has 5-6 atoms.
• A can be 2- or 3-thienyl, l,3,4-thiadiazol-2- or -5-yl, 7-indolyl, or 8-quinolinyl, or additionally optionally substituted phenyl, 2- or 3-thienyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, etc.
• A can be 4-methylphenyl, 4- fluorophenyl, 5-methyl-2-thienyl, 4-methyl- 2-thienyl or 5-cyclopropyl-l,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl.
• Suitable alkyl groups and alkyl portions of groups, e.g., alkoxy, etc. throughout include methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, etc., including all straight-chain and branched isomers such as isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, etc.
• Suitable cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, etc.
• Suitable aryl groups include, for example, phenyl and 1- and 2-naphthyl.
• Suitable halogen groups include F, Cl, Br, and/or I, from one to per-substitution (i.e. all H atoms on a group replaced by a halogen atom) being possible, mixed substitution of halogen atom types also being possible on a given moiety.
• Preferred compounds of Formula I include those where R 2 or R 3 is -COOR 1 or -CONR 7 R 8 ; R 1 is C M -alkyl; R 7 is H; and R 8 is methyl, and those where R 5 is isopropyl or tert-butyl.
• the invention also relates to compounds per se, of Formula II
• A is C 6 . 12 -aryl or C 5 . 12 -heteroaryl, each optionally substituted, e.g., by C, .4 -alkyl, C 3 . 6 -cycloalkyl, halogen, -OH, -OR 1 , -NR' 2 ;
• R 1 is H or C,_ 4 -alkyl
• R 2 is -COOR 1 , -CONR 7 R 8 , or -CH 2 NHR 9 ;
• R 5 is C 3 . 5 -alkyl
• R 6 is C,. 6 -alkyl
• R 7 is H; R 8 is methyl;
• R 9 is hydrogen, methyl or -CO-R 10 ;
• R is hydrogen or methyl optionally substituted by NR 2 or COOR ,
• A is not unsubstituted naphthyl; and if A is unsubstituted phenyl, R 2 is -COOR 1 or -COONR 7 R 8 , R 1 is C 2 . 4 -alkyl, and R 5 is isopropyl or tert-butyl.
• the invention also relates to compounds of Formula III
• A is C 6 . 12 -aryl or C 5.12 -heteroaryl, each optionally substituted, e.g., by C M -alkyl, C 3 . 6 -cycloalkyl, halogen, -OH, -OR 1 , -NR' 2 ;
• XJ R 3 R 1 is H or C ⁇ -alkyl
• R 3 is -COOR 1 , -CONR 7 R 8 , or -CH 2 NHR 9 ;
• R 5 is C 3 . 5 -alkyl
• R 6 is C,. 6 -alkyl; R 7 is H;
• R 8 is methyl
• R 9 is hydrogen, methyl or -CO-R 10 ;
• R 10 is hydrogen or methyl optionally substituted by NR 6 2 or COOR 6 ,
• A is not unsubstituted naphthyl
• the invention further relates to compounds of Formula IV
• A is C 5. ,,-aryl or C 5.12 -heteroaryl, each optionally substituted, e.g., by C M - alkyl,
• R 1 is H or C,. 4 -alkyl
• R 2 is -COOR 1 , -CONR 7 R 8 , or -CH 2 NHR 9 ;
• 5 is C 3 . 5 -alkyl;
• R 2 is COOR 1 or -CONR 7 R 8 , R 1 is C 2.4 alkyl, and R 5 is isopropyl or tert-butyl.
• the invention further includes compounds of Formula V
• A is C 5 . 12 -aryl or C 5 . 12 -heteroaryl, each optionally substituted, e.g., by C, .4 -alkyl.
• R 1 is H or C, .4 -alkyl
• R 2 is -COOR 1 , -CONR 7 R 8 , or -CH 2 NHR 9 ;
• R 5 is C 3 _ 5 -alkyl;
• R 6 is C,. 6 -alkyl
• R 7 is H
• R 8 is methyl
• R 9 is hydrogen, methyl or -CO-R 10 ; and R 10 is hydrogen or methyl optionally substituted by NR 6 2 or COOR 6 .
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known to those skilled in the art and include basic salts of inorganic and organic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulphonic acid, sulphonic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, phenylacetic acid, and mandelic acid.
• basic salts of inorganic and organic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulphonic acid, sulphonic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid,
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts of Formula I may be formed with a pharmaceutically acceptable cation, for instance, in the case when a substituent group comprises a carboxy moiety.
• Suitable pharmaceutically suitable cations are well known to those skilled in the art, and include alkaline cations (such as Li + Na + or K + ), alkaline earth cations (such as Mg +2 , Ca +2 or Ba +2 ), the ammonium cation, and organic cations, including aliphatic and aromatic substituted ammonium, and quaternary ammonium cations such as those arising from triethylamine, NN-diethylamine, N,N- dicyclohexylamine, pyridine, N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, l,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), l,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DB ⁇ ) and l,8-d
• Methyl 5-alkyl-3-aminothiophene-2-carboxylates may be generated by the reaction of methyl thioglycolate with 2-alkyl-2-chloroacrylonitrile in the presence of a base, preferably NaOMe (Ishizaki et al. JP 6025221; Method A).
• Urea formation may involve either treatment of the thus formed amine with an isocyanate, or an isocyanate equivalent (Method A), or the conversion of the amine into an isocyanate or an isocyanate equivalent by treatment with phosgene or a phosgene equivalent, followed by reaction with a second amine (Method B).
• this moiety may be reduced either using catalytic hydrogenation, eg. with H, and palladium-on- carbon, or using a hydride reagent, eg. KBH 4 with CuCl, to give the corresponding amine (Method C).
• Transesterification of the urea may undertaken in alcohol solvent using a Lewis acid catalyst, eg. titanium alkoxide, (Method D).
• a Lewis acid catalyst eg. titanium alkoxide, (Method D).
• Method E protection of the amine, eg. as the tert-butyl carbamate, followed by saponification of the ester affords the corresponding amino -protected carboxylic acid (Method E).
• Ester formation may employ one of a wide variety of standard protocols, eg. carbodiimide-mediated coupling, depending on the amine protecting group.
• deprotection for example using an acid source such as HC1 or trifluoroacetic acid for the tert-butyl carbamate, followed by urea formation, as illustrated in either Method A or
• Amide analogues may be generated in a manner similar to that disclosed in Method E.
• Amide analogues may also be generated by direct treatment of the methyl ester with an aluminum amide (Method G), followed by urea formation as illustrated in Method A.
• carboxylic acid analogues may be achieved by hydrolysis of the corresponding esters.
• catalytic hydrogenation of the C-2 benzyl ester eg. using H 2 and palladium-on-carbon, provides the thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (Method H).
• Ureas containing primary amides may be reduced to the aminomethyl analogues using, for example a BH 3 -THF solution (Method I).
• the thus generated amine may then be functionalized as desired.
• Amide formation may be achieved using acid chlorides or their equivalent, or through standard coupling protocols.
• the amine may be coupled with an amino-protected glycine, eg. N-BOC-glycine, in the presence of a carbodiimide catalyst, eg. DCC, followed by standard removal of the protecting group, for example using an acid source such as HC1 or trifluoroacetic acid for the tert-butyl carbamate (Method I).
• an acid source such as HC1 or trifluoroacetic acid for the tert-butyl carbamate
• Suitable amines may be commercially available, or may be generated through any amine forming reaction, such as use of any variation of the Schmidt rearrangement.
• a carboxylic acid may be treated with a phosgene equivalent, such as ethyl chloroformate, and an azide source to generate the isocyanate (Method J).
• the isocyanate may be treated with water to afford the corresponding amine, or directly reacted with a second amine to afford a urea (Method J).
• 5-Alkyl-3-aminofuran-2-carboxylate esters may also be generated by the reaction of methyl glycolate with 2-alkyl-2-chloroacrylonitrile in the presence of a base (Method L- 1).
• 5-alkyl-3-aminofuran-2-carboxylate esters may be generated from ⁇ - cyanoketones (Method L-2).
• Mitsunobu conditions eg- Jriphenylphosphine and a dialkyl azodicarboxylate
• Amide analogues of aminofurancarboxylic acids may be generated by direct treatment of the methyl ester (fromL-1 or L-2) with an aluminum amide (Method M), followed by urea formation as illustrated in Method A.
• amide analogues of pyrroles may be generated by conversion of the 5-alkyl-3-nitropyrrole-2-carboxylic acid into the corresponding amide using standard coupling conditions (eg. l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide, EDCI), followed by reduction of the nitro group and urea formation, as illustrated in Methods N-l and N-2.
• standard coupling conditions eg. l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide, EDCI
• the 3-nitropyrrole generated in Method N-l may also be treated with alkylating agents to form the N-alkyl-3-nitropyrrole (Method O). Reduction of the nitro moiety and urea formation proceed in a manner similar to that illustrated in Method ⁇ -l.
• Methyl 5-tert-butyl-2-aminothiophene-3-carboxylates may be generated by the reaction of methyl cyanoacetate with 3,3-dimethylbutyraldehyde in the presence of elemental sulfur (Gewald et al. Chem. Ber. 1966, 99, 94; Method P).
• Urea formation may either involve treatment of the thus formed amine with an isocyanate, or an isocyanate equivalent (Method P), or the convertion of the amine into an isocyanate or an isocyanate equivalent by treatment with phosgene(Method Q) or a phosgene equivalent (Methods S and T), followed by reaction with a second amine.
• the invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions including a compound of Formulae I-V, and a physiologically acceptable carrier.
• the compounds may be administered orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation or spray or rectally in dosage unit formulations.
• the term 'administration by injection' includes intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and parenteral injections, as well as use of infusion techniques.
• One or more compounds may be present in association with one or more non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and if desired other active ingredients.
• compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any suitable method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions.
• Such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of diluents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide palatable preparations.
• Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for the manufacture of tablets.
• excipients may be, for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, com starch, or alginic acid; and binding agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc.
• the tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and adso ⁇ tion in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
• a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be employed.
• These compounds may also be prepared in solid, rapidly released form.
• Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
• an inert solid diluent for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin
• soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
• Aqueous suspensions containing the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions may also be used.
• excipients are suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents may be a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example, lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
• dispersing or wetting agents may be a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example, lecithin, or condensation
• the aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or «-propyl, -hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.
• preservatives for example ethyl, or «-propyl, -hydroxybenzoate
• coloring agents for example ethyl, or «-propyl, -hydroxybenzoate
• coloring agents for example ethyl, or «-propyl, -hydroxybenzoate
• sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin.
• Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives.
• a dispersing or wetting agent e.g., talc, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, mannitol, mannitol, mannitol, mannitol, mannitol, mannitol, mannitol, mannitol,
• the compounds may also be in the form of non-aqueous liquid formulations, e.g., oily suspensions which may be formulated by suspending the active ingredients in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or peanut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin.
• the oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide— palatable oral preparations. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
• Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions.
• the oil phase may be a vegetable oil, for example olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for example liquid paraffin or mixtures of these.
• Suitable emulsifying agents may be naturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally- occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
• the emulsions may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.
• Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative and flavoring and coloring agents.
• sweetening agents for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose.
• Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative and flavoring and coloring agents.
• the compounds may also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration of the drug.
• These compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• suitable non-irritating excipient include cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
• the daily oral dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.01 to 200 mg/Kg of total body weight.
• the daily dosage for administration by injection including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and parenteral injections, and use of infusion techniques will preferably be from 0.01 to 200 mg/Kg of total body weight.
• the daily rectal dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.01 to 200 mg/Kg of total body weight.
• the daily topical dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.1 to 200 mg administered between one to four times daily.
• the daily inhalation dosage regimen will -preferably be from 0.01 to 10 mg/Kg of total body weight.
• Thin-layer chromatography was performed on Whatman ® pre-coated glass-backed silica gel 60A F-254 250 ⁇ m plates. Visualization of plates was effected by one or more of the following techniques: (a) ultraviolet illumination, (b) exposure to iodine vapor, (c) immersion of the plate in a 10% solution of phosphomolybdic acid in ethanol followed by heating, (d) immersion of the plate in a cerium sulfate solution followed by heating, and or (e) immersion of the plate in an acidic ethanol solution of 2,4- dinitrophenylhydrazine followed by heating. Column chromatography (flash chromatography) was performed using 230-400 mesh EM Science ® silica gel. Rotary chromatography was performed using pre-cast SiO 2 plates (Alltech ) on a Harrison Research Chromatotron.
• Carbon ( 13 C) NMR spectra were measured with a General Electric GN- Omega 300 (75 MHz) spectrometer with solvent (CDC1 3 ⁇ 77.0; MeOD-d 3 ; ⁇ 49.0; DMSO-d 6 ⁇ 39.5) as standard.
• Low resolution mass spectra (MS) and high resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were either obtained as electron impact (El) mass spectra or as fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectra.
• Electron impact mass spectra (EI-MS) were obtained with a Hewlett Packard 5989A mass spectrometer equipped with a Vacumetrics Deso ⁇ tion Chemical Ionization Probe for sampIe ⁇ mtroduction.
• the ion source was maintained at 250 °C. Electron impact ionization was performed with electron energy of 70 eV and a trap current of 300 ⁇ A. Liquid-cesium secondary ion mass spectra (FAB- MS), an updated version of fast atom bombardment were obtained using a Kratos Concept 1-H spectrometer. Chemical ionization mass spectra (CI-MS) were obtained using a Hewlett Packard MS-Engine (5989A) with methane or ammonia as the reagent gas (lxlO "4 torr to 2.5xl0 "4 torr).
• HPLC - electrospray mass spectra were obtained using a Hewlett-Packard 1100 HPLC equipped with a quaternary pump, a variable wavelength detector, a C-18 column, and a Finnigan LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization.
• Spectra were scanned from 120-800 amu using a variable ion time according to the number of ions in the source.
• Gas chromatography - ion selective mass spectra (GC-MS) were obtained with a Hewlett Packard 5890 gas chromatograph equipped with an HP-1 methyl silicone column (0.33 mM coating; 25 m x 0.2 mm) and a Hewlett Packard 5971 Mass Selective Detector (ionization energy 70 eV). Elemental analyses are conducted by Robertson Microlit Labs, Madison NJ.
• Step 1 To a solution of phosgene (1.93M in toluene, 7.9 mL, 15.2 mmol, 3.0 equiv) in CH 2 C1 2 (100 mL) at 0 °C was added a solution of methyl 3-amino-5-tert-butylthiophene-2- carboxylate (1.08 g, 5.07 mmol) and pyridine (1.6 mL, 20.3 mmol, 4.0 equiv) in CH 2 C1 2 (30 mL). The reaction mixture was allowed to slowly warm to room temp, and was stirred at that temp, for 30 min.
• Step 2 The 2-carbomethoxy-5-tert-butyl-3-thienyl isocyanate prepared in Method B, Step 1 was dissolved in anh. THF (100 mL). 4-Fluoroaniline (1J3 g, 10J mmol, 2.0 equiv) was added and the resulting solution was stirred at room temp, for 14 h. The resulting mixture was diluted with CHC1 3 (200 mL) then washed with a IN HCl solution (2 x 100 mL) and a saturated ⁇ aCl solution (100 mL). The combined aqueous layers were back- extracted with CHC1 3 (100 mL).
• N-(2-Carbomethoxy-5-tert-butyl-3-thienyl)-N'-(3-methylphenyl)urea (Example 9): mp 70-2 °C; ⁇ ⁇ MR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 1.4 (s, 9H), 2.4 (s, 3H), 3.8 (s, 3H), 6.75 (br s, IH), 6.95 (d, IH), 7.2-7.3 (m, 3H), 7.8 (s, IH), 9.7 (s, IH); FAB-LRMS m/z (rel abundance) 347 (M + H, 56%).
• N-(2-Carbomethoxy-5-tert-butyl-3-thienyl)-N'-(2-nitrophenyl)urea was synthesized in a manner analogous to that described in Method B.
• N- (2-carbomethoxy-5-tert-butyl-3-thienyl)-N'-(2-aminophenyl)urea as a foam (0.060 g, 83%): 'H ⁇ MR (CDC1 3 , partial spectrum) ⁇ 1.4 (s, 9H), 3.6 (s, 3H), 6.8-7.3 (m, 4H), 7.8 (s, IH), 9.6 (s, IH); FAB-LRMS m/z (rel abundance) 348 (M + H, 34%).
• Step 2 To a saturated solution of methylamine in MeOH (200 mL) in a screw top vessel was added methyl 3-(N-carbobenzyloxyamino)-5-tert-butylthiophene-2-carboxylate (13.6 g, 39.2 mmol) and ⁇ aC ⁇ (0.98 g, 20 mmol). The vessel was sealed and the reaction mixture was heated to 50 °C for 8 h. The resulting solution was poured into water (500 mL) and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with water and a concentrated ⁇ aCl solution, dried ( ⁇ a ⁇ O.,), and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• N-Methyl-3-(N-carbobenzyloxyamino)-5-tert-butylthiophene-2-carboxamide (2.76 g, 8 mmol) was dissolved in a 1:1 v/v solution of 48% HBr and AcOH (100 mL) and heated to 30 °C for 24 h. The acidic solution was cooled and adjusted to pH 4 with a saturated ⁇ aHCO 3 solution. Methylamine (4 mL, 2M in THF) was added and the resulting mixture was extracted with CH 2 C1 2 . The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford N-methyl-3-amino-5-tert-butylthienyl-2-carboxamide (0.092 g, 54%).
• the resulting mixture was heated at the reflux temp, for 3 d, cooled to 0 °C, and a 6N HCl solution was added dropwise.
• the quenched mixture was made basic with a 20% KOH solution (95 mL).
• the resulting slurry was partitioned between H 2 O (300 mL) and EtOAc (300 mL) and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 300 mL).
• N-(2-Carbobenzyloxy-5-tert-butyl-3-thienyl)-N'-(4-methylphenyl)urea was synthesized as described in Method E.
• N-(2-Carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-3-thienyl)-N'-(4-methylphenyl)urea was synthesized in a manner analogous to that described in Method F.
• BH 3 THF 1.8 mL, 1M in THF
• N-(2- carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-3-thienyl)-N'-(4-methylphenyl)urea in THF 3 mL
• a concentrated hydrochloric acid solution was added, and the resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc.
• N-(2-aminomethyl-5-tert-butyl-3-thienyl)-N'-(4-methylphenyl)urea (0.20 g, 0.63 mmol) and N-carbo-tert-butoxyglycine (0J 1 g, 0.63 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (2 mL) at room temp, were added dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (0J3 g, 0.63 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole monohydrate (0.008 g, 0.06 mmol, 10 mol%).
• Example 52 mp 174-176 °C ; ⁇ ⁇ MR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 1.38 (s, 9H), 2.27 (m, 3H), 4.38 (m, 2H), 6.67 (bs, IH), 6.89 (m, IH), 7.27 ( m, IH), 7.33 (m, 2H), 8.58 (bs, IH); FAB- LRMS m/z 475 (M + H).
• N-(2-(N-Acetylaminomethyl)-5-tert-butyl-3-thienyl)-N'-(4-methylphenyl)urea (Example 50): mp 203-5 °C; ⁇ ⁇ MR (CDCl 3 /d 6 -DMSO) ⁇ 1.3 (s, 9H), 1.9 (s, 3H), 2.2 (s, 3H), 4.3 (d, 2H), 7.0 (d, 2H), 7.2 (s, IH), 7.3 (m, 2H), 8.6 (br s, IH); FAB-LRMS m/z 360 (M + H).
• the azidoester mixture (0J20 g, 0.72 mmol) was dissolved in toluene (3 mL) and heated to 100 °C for 5 h, then cooled to 20 °C.
• Methyl 3-amino-5-tert-butylthiophene-2- carboxylate (0J 1 g, 0.50 mmol) was added and the reaction was heated to 95 °C for 18 h. The reaction was cooled to 20 °C and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• N-(2-Carbomethoxy-5-tert-butyl-3-thienyl)-N'-(3- methyl-2Jhienyl)urea 'H ⁇ MR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 1.35 (s, 9H), 2J5 (s, 3H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 6.45 (bs, 2H), 6.85 (d, IH), 7J0 (d, IH), 7.85 (s, IH), 9.70 (s, IH), FAB-LRMS m/z (rel abundance) 353 (M + H, 88%).
• Step 2 A solution of 5-tert-butylfuran-2-carboxylic acid (2.0 g, 11.9 mmol) in anh.
• THF (30 mL) was cooled to -78 °C under N 2 , then «-butyllith ⁇ m- ⁇ 1.6M in hexane solution, 15.6 mL, 25 mmol, 2.1 equiv) was added dropwise.
• TsN 3 (2.3 g, 11.9 mmol, 1.1 equiv) in anh.
• THF (3 mL) was added dropwise via cannula followed by a wash portion of anh.
• THF (3 mL).
• the yellow solution was allowed to warm to 0 °C over 2 h, then 6 g of KOAc (6 g, 60 mmol, 5 equiv) was added and the suspension was stirred rapidly at room temp, for 14 h.
• the mixture was diluted with Et 2 O and extracted with water.
• the aqueous phase was acidified to pH 1 with a 1M HCl solution, then extracted thoroughly with EtOAc.
• the organic phase was washed with a concentrated NaCl solution, dried (NaSO 4 ), and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• the resulting red oil was diluted with Et 2 O (150 mL) and MeOH (20 mL) then treated with TMSCHN 2 (2.0M in hexane, 45 mL, 90 mmol).
• Methyl 3-amino-5-tert-butylfuran-2- carboxylate ⁇ NMR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 1.29 (s, 9H), 4.24 (br s, 2H), 5.76 (s, IH); 13 C NMR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 28.3, 32.8, 50.5, 98.3, 124J, 144.9 (br), 160.5, 168J, 178.7; FTIR (neat) 3330-2950 (br, s), 2850 (m), 1680 (s), 1637 (s), 1537 (s), 1346 (s), 1131 (s) cm "1 .
• Step 4 Phosgene (1.93M in toluene, 1.3 mL, 2.5 mmol, 10 equiv) was added rapidly to a solution of methyl 3-amino-5-tert-butylfuran-2-carboxylate (0.050 g, 0.25 mmol) and anh. pyridine (1.0 mL) in anh. toluene (5mL) at room temp. After 30 min, the orange suspension was concentrated under reduced pressure, then successively charged with dry toluene (1 mL) and concentrated (2x). Finally, anh. toluene (3 mL) was added followed by /?-toluidine (0J00 g, 0.93 mmol, 3.7 equiv).
• the 2-carbomethoxy-5-tert-butyl-3-furyl isocyanate prepared in Step 3 was dissolved in anh. toluene (40 mL), /?-toluidine (2.05 g, 6.02 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was added, and the resulting solution was stirred at room temp, for 1 h.
• the toluene mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, then diluted with CHC1 3 (150 mL).
• the organic solution was washed with a IN HCl solution (2 x 100 mL) and a saturated NaCl solution (100 mL), dried (Na- j SO and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• the resulting mixture was heated at the reflux temp, for 20 h, cooled to room temp., and a 6 ⁇ HCl solution was added dropwise.
• the quenched mixture was made basic with a IN NaOH solution (approximately 100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 200 mL).
• Step 2 To a solution of N-methyl-3-amino-5-tert-butylfuran-2-carboxamide (0J5 g, 0.76 mmol) in anh. toluene (2 mL) at the reflux temp, was slowly added 4-fluorophenyl isocyanate (0J0 g, 0.76 mmol, 1.0 equiv). The resulting solution was allowed to stir at the reflux temp, for 14 h, cooled to room temp., and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 1 To a solution of pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (6.28 g, 56.5 mmol) in anh. MeOH (100 mL) under N 2 at room temp, was added TMSC1 (17.9 mL, 141 mmol, 2.5 equiv) in one portion.
• Step 2 To a solution of methyl pyrrole-2-carboxylate (0.30 g, 2.42 mmol) in anh. 1,2- dichloroethane (12 mL) under N 2 at room temp, was added A1C1 3 (0.710 g, 5.33 mmol, 2.2 equiv) in one portion. 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane (0.26 mL, 2.42 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was added in one portion via syringe. After 2 h, the reaction was quenched by slowly pouring it into a saturated NaHCO 3 solution. The resulting white suspension was extracted with Et 2 O (2x).
• Methyl 5-tert-butyl-3,4- dinitropyrrole-2-carboxylate ⁇ NMR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 1.52 (s, 9H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 9J7 (br s, IH).
• Methyl 5-tert-butyl-3-nitropyrrole-2-carboxylate was prepared as described in Method ⁇ - 1 Step 3. To a solution of methyl 5-tert-butyl-3-nitropyrrole-2-carboxylate (10.38 g, 45.9 mmol) in a THF-MeOH-H 2 O mixture(1.0:1.0:0.5, 250 mL) at room temp, was added a IN ⁇ aOH solution (92 mL, 92 mmol) via pippette. The color of the reaction mixture turned from green to red. The mixture was warmed to the reflux temperature, maintained for 3 hr, cooled to room temp, and concentrated in vacuo.
• reaction mixture was diluted with H 2 O (100 L), then made acidic with a 10% citric acid solution, and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with a saturated ⁇ aCl solution, dried (MgSO 4 ), and concentrated in vacuo.
• Step 4 To a solution of 2-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-3-amino-5-tert-butylpyrrole (0.14 g, 0.70 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (5 mL) at room temp, was annd -tolyl isocyanate (0.088 mL, 0.70 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and the resulting mixture was allowed to stir at room temp. overnight.
• the reaction mixture was diluted with CH 2 C1 2 , washed with water and a 10% NH 4 OAc solution (2x), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a bright yellow oil.
• the oil was purified by flash chromatograpy (70%> CH 2 Cl 2 /hexane) to give methyl 5 -tert-butyl- l-methyl-3- nitropy ⁇ ole-2-carboxylate as a pale yellow oil which solidifies upon standing (0.061 g, 62%): IH NMR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 1.38 (s, 9H)., 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 6.47 (s, IH).
• Step 2 Methyl 5-tert-butyl-l-methyl-3-nitropyrrole-2-carboxylate was reduced in a manner similar to that described in Method N, Step 4 to give methyl 3-amino-5-tert-butyl-l- methylpyrrole-2-carboxylate as an oil (0.059 g, 100%, crude yield): "H NMR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 1.33 (s, 9H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 4.34 (br s, 2H), 5.48 (s, IH); 13 C NMR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 29.7, 31.9, 34.7, 50.6, 95.7, 107.4, 142.3, 149.0, 162.2.
• Step 1 To a solution of methyl cyanoacetate (4.00 g, 40.4 mmol), sulfur (1.29 g, 40.4 mmol) and DMF (20 mL) at room temp, was added Et 3 N ( 3.04 mL, 21.8 mmol). 3,3- Dimethylbutraldehyde (5.08 g, 40.4 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred 1 h before being poured into water (200 mL). Solids were removed by Alteration and the filtrate was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was filtered through a plug of silica gel and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified via flash chromatrography to afford methyl 2-amino-5-tert-butylthiophene-3-carboxylate (4.19 g, 49%).
• Methyl 2-amino-5-isopropylthiophene-3-carboxylate was synthesized in a manner analogous to that described in Method P, Step 1.
• Step 1 A mixture of methyl 5-tert-butyl-3-aminothiophene-2-carboxylate (6.39 g, 30.0 mmol) and KOH (5.04 g, 90.0 mmol) in aqueous MeOH (1 :1; 40 mL) was stirred at 80-90 °C for 6 h and the resulting clear solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The gummy yellow residue was dissolved in H 2 O (500 mL), treated with a phosgene solution (20%) in toluene; 60 mL) dropwise over 2 h and stirred at room temp, overnight.
• N-(3-carbomethoxy-5-tert-butyl-2- thienyl)-N'-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)urea (0.099 g, 66%): ⁇ - ⁇ MR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 1.35 (s, 9H), 3.0 (br s, 6H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 6.6-7.0 (m, 3H), 7.1-7.5 (m, 3H), 10.25 (br s, IH).
• N-(3- carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-2-thienyl)-N'-(4-methylphenyl)urea (0.092 g, 40 %): 'H- ⁇ MR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 1.38 (s, 9H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 5.58 (br s, 2H), 6.53 (s, IH), 7.13 (app d, 2H), 7.35 (app d, 2H), 7.45 (br, IH), 11.23 (br s, IH).
• the in vitro inhibitory properties of compounds were determined using a p38 kinase inhibition assay.
• P38 activity was detected using an in vitro kinase assay run in 96-well microtiter plates.
• Recombinant human p38 0.5 ⁇ g/mL was mixed with substrate (myelin basic protein, 5 ⁇ g/mL) in kinase buffer (25 mM Hepes, 20 mM MgCl 2 and 150 mM NaCl) and compound.
• substrate myelin basic protein, 5 ⁇ g/mL
• kinase buffer 25 mM Hepes, 20 mM MgCl 2 and 150 mM NaCl
• One ⁇ Ci/well of 33 P-labeled ATP (10 ⁇ M) was added to a final volume of 100 ⁇ L.
• the reaction was run at 32 °C for 30 min. and stopped with a 1M HCl solution.
• LPS Induced TNF ⁇ Production in Mice The in vivo inhibitory properties of selected compounds were determined using a murine LPS induced TNF ⁇ production in vivo model.
• BALB/c mice Charles River Breeding Laboratories; ICingston, NY) in groups of ten were treated with either vehicle or compound by the route noted.
• endotoxin E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 100 ⁇ g was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.). After 90 min, animals were euthanized by carbon dioxide asphyxiation and plasma was obtained from individual animals by cardiac puncture ionto heparinized tubes.
• TNF ⁇ levels in sera were measured using a commercial murine TNF ELISA kit (Genzyme).
• the preceeding examples can be repeated with similar success by substituting the genetically or specifically described reactants and/or operating conditions of this invention for those used in the preceeding examples

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• 1998
  • 1998-05-21 WO PCT/US1998/010375 patent/WO1998052558A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 1998-05-21 ES ES98923600T patent/ES2151467T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1998-05-21 JP JP55061798A patent/JP4344960B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1998-05-21 AU AU75854/98A patent/AU7585498A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1998-05-21 CA CA002290520A patent/CA2290520C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1998-05-21 AT AT98923600T patent/ATE277612T1/de active
  • 1998-05-21 EP EP98923600A patent/EP1019040B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1998-05-21 PT PT98923600T patent/PT1019040E/pt unknown
  • 1998-05-21 DE DE69826695T patent/DE69826695T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1998-05-21 DE DE1019040T patent/DE1019040T1/de active Pending

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