Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/72—Nitrogen atoms
  • C07D213/73—Unsubstituted amino or imino radicals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/72—Nitrogen atoms
  • C07D213/75—Amino or imino radicals, acylated by carboxylic or carbonic acids, or by sulfur or nitrogen analogues thereof, e.g. carbamates
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
  • Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups

Definitions

• the present invention relates to certain compounds of the formula (ll ⁇ ) depicted below, which are useful in the synthesis of certain ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists having the general formula (I):
• R 1 and R 2 are as defined herein for the compound of formula (ll A ) hereinbelow and Y 1 , Y 2 and Y 3 are chemical substituents which can be attached to the atoms to which they are attached. These substituents confer ⁇ -adrenergic receptor activity and as such the compounds of formula (I) have utility as hypoglycemic and antiobesity agents. Examples of such substituents and the resultant ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists can be found in PCT Publication No. WO 94/29290 published December 22, 1994.
• the invention also relates to a process for synthesizing the compounds of formula (II) hereinbelow and to a process for synthesizing compounds of the formula (III), which are useful in the synthesis of the compounds of formula (I).
• the invention further relates to processes for synthesizing compounds of formula (I).
• the ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists also possess utility for increasing lean meat deposition and/or improving the lean meat to fat ratio in edible animals.
• the ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists further possess utility in the treatment of intestinal motility disorders, depression, prostate disease, dyslipidemia, and airway inflammatory disorders such as asthma and obstructive lung disease.
• the disease diabetes mellitus is characterized by metabolic defects in production and/or utilization of carbohydrates which result in the failure to maintain appropriate blood sugar levels. The result of these defects is elevated blood glucose or hyperglycemia.
• Research in the treatment of diabetes has centered on attempts to normalize fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels.
• Current treatments include administration of exogenous insulin, oral administration of drugs and dietary therapies.
• Two major forms of diabetes mellitus are recognized.
• Type I diabetes, or insulin- dependent diabetes is the result of an absolute deficiency of insulin, the hormone which regulates carbohydrate utilization.
• Type II diabetes, or non-insulin dependent diabetes often occurs with normal, or even elevated levels of insulin and appears to be the result of the inability of tissues to respond appropriately to insulin. Most of the Type II diabetics are also obese.
• the ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists effectively lower blood glucose levels when administered orally to mammals with hyperglycemia or diabetes.
• the ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists also reduce body weight or decrease weight gain when administered to mammals.
• the ability of ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists to affect weight gain is due to activation of ⁇ -adrenergic receptors which stimulate the metabolism of adipose tissue.
• ⁇ -Adrenergic receptors have been categorized into ⁇ r , ⁇ 2 - and ⁇ 3 -subtypes. Agonists of ⁇ -receptors promote the activation of adenyl cyclase.
• Activation of ⁇ receptors invokes increases in heart rate while activation of ⁇ 2 -receptors induces relaxation of skeletal muscle tissue which produces a drop in blood pressure and the onset of smooth muscle tremors.
• Activation of ⁇ 3 -receptors is known to stimulate lipolysis (the breakdown of adipose tissue triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids) and metabolic rate (energy expenditure), and thereby promote the loss of fat mass.
• Compounds that stimulate ⁇ -receptors are, therefore, useful as anti-obesity agents, and can also be used to increase the content of lean meat in edible animals.
• compounds which are ⁇ 3 -receptor agonists have hypoglycemic or anti-diabetic activity, but the mechanism of this effect is unknown.
• ⁇ 3 -adrenergic receptors were thought to be found predominantly in adipose tissue.
• ⁇ 3 -receptors are now known to be located in such diverse tissues as the intestine (J. Clin. Invest, 91, 344 (1993)) and the brain (Eur. J. Pharm., 219,193 (1992)). Stimulation of the ⁇ 3 -receptor has been demonstrated to cause relaxation of smooth muscle in colon, trachea and bronchi. Life Sciences, 44(19), 1411 (1989); Br. J. Pharm., 112. 55 (1994); Br. J. Pharmacol., HO, 1311 (1993). For example, stimulation of ⁇ 3 - receptors has been found to induce relaxation of histamine-contracted guinea pig ileum, J.Pharm.Exp.Ther., 260, 1 , 192 (1992).
• the ⁇ 3 -receptor is also expressed in human prostate. Because stimulation of the ⁇ 3 -receptor causes relaxation of smooth muscles that have been shown to express the ⁇ 3 -receptor (e.g. intestine), one skilled in the art would predict relaxation of prostate smooth muscle. Therefore, ⁇ 3 -agonists will be useful for the treatment or prevention of prostate disease.
• X is OH, defined hereinbelow, of the present invention
• the chemical literature teaches that addition of osmium tetroxide to olefins, including the olefin moiety of allylic and styryl compounds, results in the addition of two OH groups to the double bond, with one OH group being added to each carbon atom constituting the double bond, (see Advanced Organic Chemistry, March, John Wiley and Sons, NY, NY, 1985, 3rd Ed.)
• Two OH groups can also be added to double bonds by reacting the compound containing the double bond with (i) hydrogen peroxide and catalytic amounts of osmium tetroxide, (ii) alkaline potassium permanganate; (iii) hydrogen peroxide and formic acid; or (iv) iodine and silver benzoate.
• U.S. Patent No. 5,019,578 discloses a process for preparing epoxy-pyridine compounds. That process involves hydroxy bromination of a 5-ethenyl pyridine derivative followed by cyclization to the epoxide and suffers from the disadvantage that the bromohydrin is prepared as a racemic mixture.
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of nitro, amino and protected amino
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, fluoro, chloro, CF 3 , nitro, (C C 4 )alkyl,
• This invention particularly provides a compound as described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein X 1 is OH.
• This invention more particularly provides a compound as described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein said protected amino, for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of (C C 8 )alkylamino,
• R 3 for each occurrence, is independently H or (C C 6 )alkyl; R°, for each occurrence, is independently (C
• This invention still more particularly provides compounds as described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein R 2 is H.
• This invention still more particularly provides compounds as described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein R 1 is amino, -NR 3 CO(C C 10 )alkyl,
• This invention still more particularly provides compounds as described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein R 1 is amino or -NR 3 CO(C 1 -C 10 )alkyl.
• This invention still more particularly provides N-(5-(1 ,2-dihydroxyethyl)-pyridin-2- yl)-acetamide.
• this invention provides the R enantiomer of N-(5-(1 ,2- dihydroxyethyl)-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide, essentially free of its corresponding S enantiomer.
• this invention provides the S enantiomer of N-(5-(1 ,2- dihydroxyethyl)-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide, essentially free of its corresponding R enantiomer.
• This invention also provides compounds of formula (ll A ) above wherein X 1 is a leaving group, said leaving group is organosulfonyloxy and said organosulfonyloxy is methanesulfonyloxy, benzenesulfonyloxy, p-toluenesulfonyloxy, p-nitrobenzene- sulfonyloxy or m-nitrobenzenesulfonyloxy.
• This invention more particularly provides those compounds as described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein said organosulfonyloxy is p- toluenesulfonyloxy.
• This invention more particularly provides compounds as described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein said protected amino, for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of (C-
• R 3 for each occurrence, is independently H or (C C 6 )alkyl;
• R° for each occurrence, is independently (C C 10 )alkyl, phenyl or phenyl independently substituted by one to three (C r C )alkyl, (C C 4 )alkoxy or halo; and
• p is 0, 1 or 2.
• This invention still more particularly provides compounds as described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein R is amino, -NR ⁇ O ⁇ -C ⁇ alky!, -NR 3 CO 2 (C C 8 )alkyl or -NR 3 CO(CH 2 ) p R°.
• This invention still more particularly provides compounds as described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein R 1 is amino or -NR 3 CO(C 1 -C 10 )alkyl).
• This invention still more particularly provides toluene-4-sulfonic acid 2-(6- acetylamino-pyridin-3-yl)-2-hydroxyethyl ester. Still further, this invention provides the R enantiomer of toluene-4-sulfonic acid 2-(6-acetylamino-pyridin-3-yl)-2-hydroxyethyl ester, essentially free of its corresponding S enantiomer. Still further, this invention provides the S enantiomer of toluene-4-sulfonic acid 2-(6-acetylamino-pyridin-3-yl)-2- hydroxyethyl ester, essentially free of its corresponding R enantiomer.
• This invention also provides N-(5-(2-chloro-1-hydroxyethyl)-1-pyridin-2-yl)- acetamide. Still further, this invention provides the R enantiomer of N-(5-(2-chloro-1- hydroxyethyl)-1-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide, essentially free of its corresponding S enantiomer. Still further, this invention provides the S enantiomer of N-(5-(2-chloro-1- hydroxyethyl)-1-pyhdiin-2-yl)-acetamide, essentially free of its corresponding R enantiomer.
• This invention also provides compounds of the formula
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of nitro, amino and protected amino
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, fluoro, chloro, CF 3 , nitro, (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, (C C 4 )alkoxy, amino and protected amino
• X 1 is chloro or iodo; racemic mixtures thereof; R enantiomers thereof, wherein said R enantiomers are essentially free of their corresponding S enantiomers; and S enantiomers thereof, wherein said S enantiomers are essentially free of their corresponding R enantiomers thereof.
• This invention particularly provides compounds as described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein X 1 is chloro and said compound is an R enantiomer, essentially free of its corresponding S enantiomer.
• This invention also particularly provides compounds as described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein X 1 is chloro and said compound is an S enantiomer, essentially free of its corresponding R enantiomer.
• This invention also provides compounds of the formula
• R .1 is- selected from the group consisting of nitro, amino and protected amino
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, fluoro, chloro, CF 3 , nitro, (C C )alkyl, amino and protected amino
• X 1 is Br
• said compound is an (R) enantiomer, essentially free of its corresponding (S) enantiomer.
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of nitro, amino and protected amino
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, fluoro, chloro, CF 3 , nitro, (C C )alkyl, (C C 4 )alkoxy, amino and protected amino
• X 1 is Br
• said compound is an (S) enantiomer, essentially free of its corresponding (R) enantiomer.
• R 12 is selected from the group consisting of nitro and protected amino
• R 13 is selected from the group consisting of H, fluoro, chloro, CF 3 , nitro, (C C 4 )alkyl, (C C )alkoxy and protected amino
• Y 4 is an amine protecting group
• Y 5 is
• Q 1 is oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur;
• Q 2 is carbon or nitrogen;
• Q 3 is hydrogen, -(CH 2 ) n -phenyl, -(C C 10 )alkyl, -(CH 2 ) n -NG 1 G 2 , -(CH 2 ) n -CO 2 G 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -CO-NG 1 G 2 , -(CH 2 ) n -OG 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -SO 3 G 3 , -(CH 2 )n-SO 2 -(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl,-(CH 2 ) n -SO 2 NG 1 G 2 , or a heterocycle selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 ) n -pyridyl, -(CH 2 ) n -pyrimidyl, -(CH 2 ) n -pyrazinyl, -(CH 2 ) n
• Y 4 is an amine protecting group selected from the group consisting of benzyl, COR 14 , CO 2 R 14 and SO 2 R 14 ; and R 14 , for each occurrence, is independently (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, phenyl or benzyl; wherein said phenyl and benzyl are independently optionally substituted by one to three (C C )alkyl, (C r C 4 )alkoxy or halo.
• R 13 is H and R 12 is protected amino; said protected amino is independently selected from the group consisting of (C C 8 )alkylamino, -NR 3 CO(CH 2 ) p R°, -NR 3 CO 2 R° and -NR 3 SO 2 (CH 2 ) p R°; R 3 is independently H or (C C 6 )alkyl; R° is independently (C C 10 )alkyl, phenyl or phenyl independently substituted by one to three (C C 4 )alkyl, (C r C 4 )alkoxy or halo; and p is 0, 1 or 2.
• This invention still more particularly provides those compounds described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein said protected amino is NR 3 CO(CH 2 ) p R°; R 3 is H; R° is CH 3 ; and p is 0.
• This invention still more particularly provides those compounds as described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are each hydrogen; Q 8 is oxygen; Q 9 is a covalent bond; and Q 10 is (CH 2 )mCONR 9 R 10 .
• This invention still more particularly provides those compounds as described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein Y 4 is t-butyloxycarbonyl; m is 1 ; R 9 is H; and R 10 is methyl.
• This invention still more particularly provides those compounds described in the immediately preceding paragraph which are R enantiomers.
• This invention still more particularly provides N-methyl 4-(2-(2-(2-(2- acetylaminopyridin-5-yl)-2-(R)-hydroxyethyl-N-te -butyloxycarbonylamino)-ethoxy)- phenylacetamide.
• This invention also provides a process for preparing compounds of the formula
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of nitro, amino and protected amino
• R is selected from the group consisting of H, fluoro, chloro, CF 3 , nitro, (C C )alkyl, (C-
• R 1 and R 2 are as defined above, with a catalyst comprising an osmium (VIII) oxide or an osmium salt and an auxiliary oxidizing agent in a reaction inert solvent.
• a catalyst comprising an osmium (VIII) oxide or an osmium salt and an auxiliary oxidizing agent in a reaction inert solvent.
• This invention also provides a process as described in the immediately preceding paragraph additionally comprising reacting said compounds of formula (V) with said osmium (VIII) oxide or said osmium salt in the presence of a chiral auxiliary ligand and an auxiliary base.
• This invention particularly provides a process of the immediately preceding paragraph wherein said chiral auxiliary ligand is (DHQD) 2 PHAL.
• This invention more particularly provides a process of the immediately preceding paragraph wherein said compound of formula (VI) has an R configuration at the 1 -position of the 5-ethyl group, said compound being essentially free of its corresponding S enantiomer.
• This invention still more particularly provides a process of the immediately preceding paragraph wherein R 1 is acetylamino and R 2 is H.
• This invention also particularly provides a process for preparing compounds of the formula
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of nitro, amino and protected amino
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, fluoro, chloro, CF 3 , nitro, (C r C 4 )alkyl, (C C )alkoxy, amino and protected amino comprising reacting a compound of the formula
• V with a catalyst comprising an osmium (VIII) oxide or an osmium salt and an auxiliary oxidizing agent in the presence of a chiral auxiliary ligand and an auxiliary base in a reaction inert solvent wherein said chiral auxiliary ligand is (DHQ) 2 PHAL.
• This invention more particularly provides a process of the immediately preceding paragraph wherein said compound of formula (VI) has an S configuration at the 1 -position of the 5-ethyl group, said compound being essentially free of its corresponding R enantiomer.
• This invention still more particularly provides a process of the immediately preceding paragraph wherein R 1 is acetylamino and R 2 is H.
• This invention also provides a process for preparing a compound of the formula (I),
• R is selected from the group consisting of nitro, amino and protected amino
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, fluoro, chloro, CF 3 , nitro, (C C 4 )alkyl, (C C 4 )alkoxy, amino and protected amino
• Y is Br, I or trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy
• X is organosulfonyloxy; Y 1 and Y 3 are H; Y 2 is
• Q 1 is oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur
• Q 2 is carbon or nitrogen
• Q 3 is hydrogen, -(CH 2 ) n -phenyl, -(C C 10 )alkyl, -(CH 2 ) n -NG 1 G 2 , -(CH 2 ) n -CO 2 G 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -CO-NG 1 G 2 , -(CH 2 ) n -OG 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -SO 3 G 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -SO 2 -(C C 6 )alkyl, -(CH 2 ) n -SO 2 NG 1 G 2 , or a heterocycle selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 ) n -pyridyl, -(CH 2 ) n -pyrimidyl, -(CH 2 ) n -pyrazinyl, -(CH 2 ) n -isoxazolyl, -(CH 2 ) n -
• Q 4 is -(CH 2 ) n -CN, -(CH 2 ) n CO 2 G 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -SO 3 G 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -SO 2 -(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, -(CH 2 ) n -SO 2 NG 1 G 2 , -(CH 2 ) n CH 2 OH, -(CH 2 ) n -CHO, -(CH 2 ) n -CO-G 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -CONG 1 G 2 , or a heterocycle selected from -(CH 2 ) n -thiazolyl, -(CH 2 ) n -oxazolyl,
• each of said heterocycles may optionally be substituted on one or more of the ring carbon atoms by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C C 6 )alkyl optionally independently substituted with one or more halo atoms, -(CH 2 ) n -CO-
• Q 5 is hydrogen or (C C 6 )alkyl optionally independently substituted with one or more halo atoms;
• Q 6 is a covalent bond, oxygen or sulfur
• Q 7 is hydrogen or (C-
• Q 8 and Q 9 are independently a covalent bond, oxygen, sulfur, NH or N-(C C 6 )alkyl;
• Q 10 is (CH 2 ) m OR 9 , (CH 2 ) n CO 2 H, (CH 2 ) n COR 11 , (CH 2 ) n SO 2 NR 9 R 10 , (CH 2 ) n -
• NR 9 SO 2 R 8 R 4 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or (C ⁇ C ⁇ alkyl; and R 6 and R 7 are each independently hydrogen, halo, (C C 6 )alkyl, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, SO 2 R 8 , SO 2 NR 9 R 10 , NR 9 R 10 , COR 11 , CO 2 R 9 , (C C 6 )alkoxy, NR 9 SO 2 R 8 , NR 9 COR 11 , NR 9 CO 2 R 9 or OR 9 ; where G 1 and G 2 for each occurrence are each independently hydrogen, (C
• C 6 )alkyl optionally independently substituted with one or more halo, (C C 8 )alkoxy(C C 6 )alkyl or (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, or G 1 and G 2 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a saturated heterocyclic ring having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms wherein one of said carbon atoms may optionally be replaced by oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur;
• G 3 for each occurrence is independently hydrogen or (C r C 6 )alkyl;
• R 8 for each occurrence is independently (C r C 6 )alkyl or (C C 6 )alkoxy(C C 6 )alkyl;
• R 9 and R 10 for each occurrence are independently hydrogen, (C r C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 - C 8 )cycloalkyl, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;
• R 11 for each occurrence is independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C C 6 )alkoxy, NR 9 R 10 , (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl wherein R 9 and R 10 are as defined above; m for each occurrence is independently an integer of 1 to 6; and n for each occurrence is independently 0 or an integer of 1 to 6; provided that:
• This invention still more particularly provides a process as described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein said organosulfonyloxy is methanesulfonyloxy, benzenesulfonyloxy, p-toluenesulfonyloxy, p-nitrobenzene- sulfonyloxy or tn-nitrobenzenesulfonyloxy.
• This invention also provides a process for preparing compounds of the formula
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of nitro, amino and protected amino
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H , fluoro, chloro, CF 3 , nitro, (C r C 4 )alkyl, (C C 4 )alkoxy, amino and protected amino
• X is organosulfonyloxy, comprising: reacting a compound of the formula
• This invention further provides a process for preparing compounds of the formula
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of nitro, amino and protected amino
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, fluoro, chloro, CF 3 , nitro, (C C )alkyl, (C C 4 )alkoxy, amino and protected amino
• X is an organosulfonyloxy group
• Y 1 and Y 3 are H; Y 2 is
• Q 1 is oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur
• Q 2 is carbon or nitrogen
• Q 3 is hydrogen, -(CH 2 ) n -phenyl, -(C C 10 )alkyl, -(CH 2 ) n -NG 1 G 2 , -(CH 2 ) n -CO 2 G 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -CO-NG 1 G 2 , -(CH 2 ) n -OG 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -SO 3 G 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -SO 2 -(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl,
• -(CH 2 ) n -triazolyl and -(CH 2 ) n -tetrazolyl may optionally be substituted by (C C 8 )alkyl optionally independently substituted with one or more halo atoms; wherein each of said heterocycles may optionally be substituted on one or more of the ring carbon atoms by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of (C C 8 )alkyl optionally independently substituted with one or more halo atoms, halo, nitro, cyano, -(CH 2 ) n -NG 1 G 2 , -(CH 2 ) n -CO 2 G 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -CO-NG 1 G 2 , -(CH 2 ) n -OG 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -SO 3 G 3 , -(CH 2 ) n - SO 2 -(C C 6 )alkyl and -
• Q 4 is -(CH 2 ) n -CN, -(CH 2 ) n CO 2 G 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -SO 3 G 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -SO 2 -(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl,
• Q 5 is hydrogen or (C C 6 )alkyl optionally independently substituted with one or more halo atoms;
• Q 6 is a covalent bond, oxygen or sulfur
• Q 7 is hydrogen or (C r C 6 )alkyl optionally independently substituted with one or more halo atoms;
• Q 8 and Q 9 are independently a covalent bond, oxygen, sulfur, NH or N-(C C 6 )alkyl;
• Q 0 is (CH 2 ) m OR 9 , (CH 2 ) n CO 2 H, (CH 2 ) n COR 11 , (CH 2 ) n SO 2 NR 9 R 10 , (CH 2 ) n - NR 9 SO 2 R 8 , (CH 2 ) n P(O)(OR 4 )(OR 5 ), (CH 2 ) n -O-(CH 2 ) m CO 2 H, (CH 2 ) n -O-(CH 2 ) m COR 11 , (CH 2 ) n -O-(CH 2 ) m P(O)(OR )(OR 5 ), or (CH 2 )n-O-(CH 2 ) r
• R 6 and R 7 are each independently hydrogen, halo, (C-pCeJalkyl, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, SO 2 R 8 , SO 2 NR 9 R 10 , NR 9 R 10 , COR 11 , CO 2 R 9 , (C r C 6 )alkoxy, NR 9 SO 2 R 8 , NR 9 COR 11 , NR 9 CO 2 R 9 or OR 9 ; where G 1 and G 2 for each occurrence are each independently hydrogen, (C C 6 )alkyl optionally independently substituted with one or more halo, (C
• R 8 for each occurrence is independently (C C 6 )alkyl or (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl;
• R 9 and R 10 for each occurrence are independently hydrogen, (CrC 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -
• R 11 for each occurrence is independently hydrogen, (C C 6 )alkyl, (C
• This invention particularly provides a process as described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein said organosulfonyloxy is methanesulfonyloxy, benzenesulfonyloxy, p-toluenesulfonyloxy, p-nitrobenzenesulfonyloxy or m- nitrobenzenesulfonyloxy.
• This invention still further provides a process for preparing compounds of the formula (I),
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of nitro, amino and protected amino
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, fluoro, chloro, CF 3 , nitro, (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, (C C 4 )alkoxy, amino and protected amino;
• X is organosulfonyloxy; Y 1 and Y 3 are H; Y 2 is
• Q 1 is oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur
• Q 2 is carbon or nitrogen
• Q 3 is hydrogen, -(CH 2 ) n -phenyl, -(C C ⁇ alkyl, -(CH 2 ) n -NG 1 G 2 , -(CH 2 ) n -CO 2 G 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -CO-NG 1 G 2 , -(CH 2 ) n -OG 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -SO 3 G 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -SO 2 -(C r C 6 )alkyl, -(CH 2 ) n -SO 2 NG G 2 , or a heterocycle selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 ) n -pyridyl, -(CH 2 ) n -pyrimidyl, -(CH 2 ) n -pyrazinyl, -(CH 2 ) n -isoxazolyl, -(CH 2 ) n -
• each of said heterocycles may optionally be substituted on one or more of the ring carbon atoms by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C C 6 )alkyl optionally independently substituted with one or more halo atoms, -(CH 2 ) n -CO-
• Q 5 is hydrogen or (C ⁇ -C 6 )alkyl optionally independently substituted with one or more halo atoms;
• Q 6 is a covalent bond, oxygen or sulfur
• Q 7 is hydrogen or (C C 6 )alkyl optionally independently substituted with one or more halo atoms;
• Q 8 and Q 9 are independently a covalent bond, oxygen, sulfur, NH or N-(C C 6 )alkyl;
• Q 10 is (CH 2 ) m OR 9 , (CH 2 ) n CO 2 H, (CH 2 ) n COR 11 , (CH 2 ) n SO 2 NR 9 R 10 , (CH 2 ) n -
• R 4 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or (C C 6 )alkyl; and R 6 and R 7 are each independently hydrogen, halo, (C C 6 )alkyl, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, SO 2 R 8 , SO 2 NR 9 R 10 , NR 9 R 10 , COR 11 , CO 2 R 9 , (C C 6 )alkoxy, NR 9 SO 2 R 8 , NR 9 COR 11 , NR 9 CO 2 R 9 or OR 9 ; where G 1 and G 2 for each occurrence are each independently hydrogen, (C
• C 6 )alkyl optionally independently substituted with one or more halo, (C C 8 )alkoxy(C C 6 )alkyl or (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, or G 1 and G 2 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a saturated heterocyclic ring having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms wherein one of said carbon atoms may optionally be replaced by oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur;
• G 3 for each occurrence is independently hydrogen or (C r C 6 )alkyl;
• R 8 for each occurrence is independently (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl;
• R 9 and R 10 for each occurrence are independently hydrogen, (C C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 - C 8 )cycloalkyl, or (CpC ⁇ Jalkoxy C CeJalkyl;
• R 11 for each occurrence is independently hydrogen, (C C 6 )alkyl, (C C 6 )alkoxy, NR 9 R 10 , (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, or (d-C ⁇ alkoxy d-CeJalkyl wherein R 9 and R 0 are as defined above; m for each occurrence is independently an integer of 1 to 6; and n for each occurrence is independently 0 or an integer of 1 to 6; provided that:
• This invention particularly provides a process as described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein said chlorinating agent is lithium chloride and said organosulfonyloxy is selected from the group selected consisting of methanesulfonyloxy, benzenesulfonyloxy, p-toluenesulfonyloxy, p-nitrobenzene- sulfonyloxy or m-nitrobenzenesulfonyloxy.
• This invention still further provides a process for preparing compounds of the formula
• racemic-enantiomeric mixtures and optical isomers of said compounds comprising:
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of nitro, amino and protected amino
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, fluoro, chloro, CF 3 , nitro,
• X is an organosulfonyloxy group
• Y 1 and Y 3 are H
• Y 2 is
• Q 1 is oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur;
• Q 2 is carbon or nitrogen;
• Q 3 is hydrogen, -(CH 2 ) deliberately-phenyl, -(C C 10 )alkyl, -(CH 2 ) n -NG 1 G 2 , -(CH 2 ) n -CO 2 G 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -CO-NG 1 G 2 , -(CH 2 ) n -OG 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -SO 3 G 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -SO 2 -(C C ⁇ )alkyl, -(CH 2 ) n -SO 2 NG 1 G 2 , or a heterocycle selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 ) n -pyridyl, -(CH 2 ) n -pyrimidyl, -(CH 2 ) n -pyrazinyl, -(CH 2 ) n
• each of said heterocycles may optionally be substituted on one or more of the ring carbon atoms by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of (C C 8 )alkyl optionally independently substituted with one or more halo atoms, halo, nitro, cyano, -(CH 2 ) n -NG 1 G 2 ,
• phenyl moiety of said -(CH 2 ) n -phenyl may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of (C C 6 )alkyl optionally independently substituted with one or more halo atoms, hydroxy, (C C 6 )alkoxy optionally independently substituted with one or more halo atoms, (C ⁇ -C 6 )alkylthio, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, cyano, nitro, -(CH 2
• Q 5 is hydrogen or (C C 6 )alkyl optionally independently substituted with one or more halo atoms;
• Q 6 is a covalent bond, oxygen or sulfur
• Q 7 is hydrogen or (C r C 6 )alkyl optionally independently substituted with one or more halo atoms;
• Q 8 and Q 9 are independently a covalent bond, oxygen, sulfur, NH or N-(C C 6 )alkyl;
• Q 10 is (CH 2 ) m OR 9 , (CH 2 ) n CO 2 H, (CH 2 ) n COR 11 , (CH 2 ) n SO 2 NR 9 R 10 , (CH 2 ) n - NR 9 SO 2 R 8 , (CH 2 ) n P(O)(OR 4 )(OR 5 ), (CH 2 ) n -O-(CH 2 ) m CO 2 H, (CH 2 ) n -O-(CH 2 ) m COR 11 , (CH 2 )n-O-(CH 2 )mP(O)(OR 4 )(OR 5 ), (CH 2 )n-O-(CH 2 ) m SO 2 NR
• R 6 and R 7 are each independently hydrogen, halo, (C C 6 )alkyl, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, SO 2 R 8 , SO 2 NR 9 R 10 , NR 9 R 10 , COR 11 , CO 2 R 9 , (C C 6 )alkoxy, NR 9 SO 2 R 8 , NR 9 COR 11 , NR 9 CO 2 R 9 or OR 9 ;
• G 1 and G 2 for each occurrence are each independently hydrogen, (C-i- C 6 )alkyl optionally independently substituted with one or more halo, (C or (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, or G 1 and G 2 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a saturated heterocyclic ring having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms wherein one of said carbon atoms may optionally be replaced by oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur;
• G 3 for each occurrence is independently hydrogen or (C C 6 )alkyl;
• R 8 for each occurrence is independently (CrC 6 )alkyl or (C C ⁇ alkoxy ⁇ - C 6 )alkyl;
• R 9 and R 10 for each occurrence are independently hydrogen, (C C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 - C 8 )cycloalkyl, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;
• R 11 for each occurrence is independently hydrogen, (C C 6 )alkyl, (C
• This invention particularly provides a process as described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein said organosulfonyloxy is methanesulfonyloxy, benzenesulfonyloxy, p-toluenesulfonyloxy, p-nitrobenzenesulfonyloxy or m- nitrobenzenesulfonyloxy.
• This invention also provides a process for preparing a compound of the formula (XIII)
• PG is an amine protecting group
• R ,20 is (C C 8 )alkyl
• R ⁇ >21 is selected from the group c coonnssiissttiinngg ooff ((CC CC 88 ))aallkkyyll,, CCOORR 2222 ,, CCOO 22 RR 2222 aanndd SSOO 22 RR 222
• R 22 is (C C 8 )alkyl with an aqueous acid to form said compound of formula XIII.
• said amine protecting group is selected from the group consisting of COR 22 , CO 2 R 22 and SO 2 R 22 ; and R 22 is (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl.
• This invention more particularly provides a process as described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein said compound of formula XIV is N-methyl 4-(2-(2-(2-acetylaminopyridin-5-yl)-2-(R)-hydroxyethyl-N-tert-butyloxycarbonylamino)- ethoxy)-phenylacetamide.
• This invention also provides a process for preparing a compound of the formula
• R 21 is COR 22 and R 22 is (C r C 8 )alkyl with a compound of the formula
• This invention more particularly provides a process as described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein said compound of formula (XVI) is reacted with a dicarbonate.
• This invention still more particularly provides a process as described in the immediately preceding paragraph wherein R is acetyl, R is methyl and PG is tert- butyloxycarbonyl.
• This invention is also particularly directed to any of the processes recited hereinabove wherein said compounds of formulae (II), (III) or (VI) have the (R) configuration, said compounds being essentially free of their (S) enantiomer.
• This invention is also particularly directed to any of the processes recited hereinabove wherein said compounds of formulae (II), (III) or (VI) have the (S) configuration, said compounds being essentially free of their (R) enantiomer.
• Detailed Description of the Invention A process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (I) as defined above is provided as a feature of the invention and is illustrated by the following procedure, set forth in Scheme I, in which the meanings of generic radicals are as described hereinbelow unless otherwise specified.
• the compounds of formula (I) can be synthesized from compounds of formula (III) by reaction with an amine of formula HNY 2 Y 3 , with H 2 NY 2 being the preferred amine.
• This reaction is typically carried out by reacting an amine of formula HNY 2 Y 3 with an epoxide of formula (III) in a polar aprotic solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, acetonitrile or a lower alkanol such as ethanol, 2-propanol or butanol at a temperature from about -10°C to about 125°C.
• a polar aprotic solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, acetonitrile or a lower alkanol such as ethanol, 2-propanol or butanol
• the solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide and the reaction is carried out at a temperature from about 0°C to about 10°C.
• the amine of formula H 2 NY 3 can be pretreated with a suitable amine protecting group. It is preferred to react said amine with N-(trimethylsilyl)acetamide to form a silylated compound of the formula (CH 3 ) 3 SiNHY 3 . This prevents the secondary amine which results as a product of the reaction from reacting with a second epoxide molecule.
• This reaction is typically carried out in a polar aprotic solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, acetonitrile or a lower alkanol such as ethanol, 2- propanol or butanol at a temperature from about -10°C to about 125°C.
• a polar aprotic solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, acetonitrile or a lower alkanol such as ethanol, 2- propanol or butanol
• the silylation is carried out at about 25°C and the reaction with the epoxide is carried out at about 60°C.
• the compound of formula (CH 3 ) 3 SiNHY 3 is reacted with the epoxide of formula (III) as described above.
• PG is an amine protecting group.
• amine protecting group includes an organic radical which is readily attached to an amine nitrogen atom and which block said nitrogen atom from reacting with reagents and substrates used in and intermediates and transition state molecules formed in subsequent chemical transformations. Said organic radical is readily removable under mild conditions.
• mild conditions defines conditions which are capable of removing a protecting group but which do not have any effect upon any other portions of the substrate to which said protecting group is attached.
• the compounds of formula (XII) are converted, by reaction with aqueous acid, to compounds of formula (I) wherein R 1 is nitro or amino; R 2 is H, fluoro, chloro, CF 3 , nitro, (C C 4 )alkyl, (C-,-C 4 )alkoxy and amino; and Y 2 is as defined above wherein all amine and carboxyl radicals contained within Y 2 are free base and free acid forms of said amine and carboxyl radicals.
• Said reaction with aqueous acid is carried out with an aqueous acid such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and the like at a temperature of about 25°C to about 100°C for one hour to forty-eight hours.
• the aqueous acid is hydrochloric acid and the reaction temperature is maintained at about 90°C to about 100°C for about twenty-four hours.
• the compounds of formula (III) may be prepared by treating a compound of formula (II) with a non-nucleophilic base.
• a non-nucleophilic base be selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydride, potassium terf-butoxide or 1 ,8- diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene.
• the reaction is preferably conducted by stirring the substrate compound of formula (II) together with the appropriate non-nucleophilic base in a reaction inert solvent at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C.
• reaction inert solvent refers to any solvent which does not interact with starting materials, reagents, intermediates or products in a manner which adversely affects the reaction or the yield of the desired product. Further, the term reaction inert solvent may refer to a single, dual or multiple solvent system depending upon the nature of the reaction and the solubility of the substrate and/or reagents being disclosed.
• the solvent is a polar, non-hydroxylic solvent such as an ether derivative including but not limited to tetrahydrofuran, dioxane and dimethoxyethane; chlorinated hydrocarbons including but not limited to carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and methylene chloride; aromatic hydrocarbons including but not limited to benzene, toluene and xylene; dimethylformamide; dimethylsulfoxide or any mixture of these solvents.
• a polar, non-hydroxylic solvent such as an ether derivative including but not limited to tetrahydrofuran, dioxane and dimethoxyethane; chlorinated hydrocarbons including but not limited to carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and methylene chloride; aromatic hydrocarbons including but not limited to benzene, toluene and xylene; dimethylformamide; dimethylsulfoxide or any mixture of these solvents.
• the most preferred solvent is tetrahydro
• the compounds of formula (II) disclosed herein are organosulfonyloxy derivatives
• said compounds may be prepared by reacting an appropriate compound of formula (VI) with an organosulfonyl chloride in the presence of a suitable base.
• suitable bases which may be used to effect this transformation include the lower trialkylamines, pyridine and pyridine derivatives.
• Preferred bases within those groups include but are not limited to triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, 2,4,6-collidine and 2,6-lutidine. Pyridine is the most preferred base.
• Suitable organosulfonyl chlorides include methanesulfonyl chloride, p-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride, m- nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride, p-toluenesulfonyl chloride and benzenesulfonyl chloride.
• a generally preferred organosulfonyl chloride derivative is p-toluenesulfonyl chloride.
• the reaction is conveniently conducted by stirring the desired substrate compound of formula (VI) together with the appropriate organosulfonyl chloride in a reaction inert solvent at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 50 °C.
• the solvent is a polar solvent such as an ether derivative including but not limited to tetrahydrofuran, dioxane and dimethoxyethane; chlorinated hydrocarbons including but not limited to carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and methylene chloride; aromatic hydrocarbons including but not limited to benzene, toluene and xylene; dimethylformamide; N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone; dimethylacetamide; pyridine or any mixture of these solvents. Generally the most preferred solvent is pyridine. Due to the presence of chloride ion in this reaction, the reaction product may be contaminated with 2-chloro derivatives. These mixtures can be converted entirely to the 2-chloro derivatives as described below.
• a polar solvent such as an ether derivative including but not limited to tetrahydrofuran, dioxane and dimethoxyethane; chlorinated hydrocarbons including but not limited to carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and
• Preferred halogenating agents are lithium halides.
• a particularly preferred chlorinating agent used to prepare the compounds of formula (VII) is lithium chloride.
• a preferred solvent is ethanol.
• the compounds of formula (VI) disclosed herein may be prepared by reacting an appropriate compound of formula (V) with a catalyst comprised of osmium (VIII) oxide or an osmium salt, in the presence of an auxiliary oxidizing agent, and optionally in the presence of a chiral auxiliary ligand such as (DHQD) 2 PHAL or (DHQD) 2 PYR and an auxiliary base.
• a catalyst comprised of osmium (VIII) oxide or an osmium salt
• the catalyst is generally selected from osmium metal, potassium osmate (VI) dihydrate and osmium (III) chloride.
• osmium tetroxide it is preferred to use as the catalyst when conducting this reaction.
• Auxiliary oxidizing agents that may be employed include but are not limited to potassium ferricyanide, sodium ferricyanide, potassium persulfate, sodium persulfate, potassium chlorate, sodium chlorate and N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (the latter oxidizing agent may only be used in the absence of chiral auxiliary ligands such as (DHQD) 2 PHAL or
• Chiral auxiliary ligands that may be used, in addition to those already recited, include hydroquinidine indolinediyl diether ((DHQD)IND), hydroquinine phthalazinediyl diether ((DHQ) 2 PHAL), hydroquinine pyrimindinediyl diether ((DHQ) 2 PYR), hydroquinine indolinediyl diether ((DHQ)IND), hydroquinidine phenanthrinediyl diether (DHQD-PHN) and hydroquinine phenanthrinediyl diether (DHQ-PHN).
• DHQD hydroquinidine indolinediyl diether
• DHQD-PHN hydroquinine phenanthrinediyl diether
• DHQ-PHN hydroquinine phenanthrinediyl diether
• the reaction is typically conducted by stirring the desired substrate compound of formula (V) together with the appropriate reagents recited above in a polar solvent at a temperature of about -10°C to about 70°C.
• the reaction is conveniently conducted at about 20°C.
• Polar solvents which are generally useful in this reaction include water, a lower alkanol, an ether or a mixture of any of these solvents.
• a lower alkanol is an alcohol containing from one to four carbon atoms.
• the dihydroxylation reaction disclosed in the preceding paragraph may be conducted either in the presence or in the absence of a chiral auxiliary ligand.
• the diol product is racemic.
• the reaction is conducted in the presence of a chiral auxiliary ligand, the dihydroxylation reaction proceeds stereoselectively, resulting in an essentially optically pure diol product.
• the compounds of formula (V) disclosed herein may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (IV) with ethylene gas in the presence of a base, a phosphine derivative and a palladium catalyst.
• bases for the reaction include lower thalkylamines, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate. Generally, triethylamine is preferred.
• Suitable phosphine derivatives include t arylphosphines such as triphenylphosphine, diphenyl-2- pyridylphosphine and tri-ort/70-tolylphosphine, with the latter being generally preferred.
• the palladium catalyst may be selected from a variety of palladium salts and complexes such as but not limited to palladium metal on carbon or some other suitable solid support, allylpalladium chloride dimer, palladium (II) chloride, palladium (II) acetate, palladium (0) tetrakis(triphenylphosphine), palladium (II) bis(triphenylphosphine) chloride, palladium (0) bis(dibenzylideneacetone) and palladium (0) bis(benzonitrile).
• palladium salts and complexes such as but not limited to palladium metal on carbon or some other suitable solid support, allylpalladium chloride dimer, palladium (II) chloride, palladium (II) acetate, palladium (0) tetrakis(triphenylphosphine), palladium (II) bis(triphenylphosphine) chloride, palladium (0)
• the palladium catalyst may be selected from a variety of palladium salts and complexes such as but not limited to allylpalladium chloride dimer, palladium (II) chloride, palladium (II) acetate, palladium (0) tetrakis(triphenylphosphine), palladium (II) bis(triphenylphosphine) chloride, palladium (0) bis(dibenzylideneacetone), palladium (0) bis(benzonitrile and allylpalladium chloride dimer.
• Palladium (II) acetate is especially preferred.
• the reaction is typically conducted by stirring the compound of formula (IV) together with the above recited reagents in a polar solvent at a temperature of about 20 °C to about 150 °C under an atmosphere of ethylene at a pressure of about 1 atmosphere to about 10 atmospheres.
• the preferred polar solvents for use in this reaction include, but are not limited to ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran, dimethoxyethane and dioxane; lower trialkylamines, such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine and tributylamine; aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene and xylene; dimethylformamide; N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone; acetonitrile; dimethylacetamide; or a mixture of any of these solvents.
• Acetonitrile is an especially preferred solvent.
• R 1 and R 2 are as defined hereinabove and Y 1 , Y 2 and Y 3 are chemical substituents which can be attached to the atoms to which they are attached are ⁇ - adrenergic receptor agonists and as such have utility as hypoglycemic and antiobesity agents. Examples of such substituents and the resultant ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists can be found in PCT Publication No. WO 94/29290 published December 22, 1994.
• acylating agent such as an acid anhydride of the formula ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-CO) 2 O, an acid chloride of the formula (C C 6 )alkyl-COCI or a dicarbonate of the formula ((C r C 6 )alkyl-O-CO) 2 -O in a reaction inert solvent at a temperature of about 0°C to about 150°C for 1 to 48 hours.
• Suitable reaction inert solvents for this reaction include aromatic hydrocarbons including but not limited to benzene, toluene and xylene; dimethylsulfoxide; N,N- dimethylformamide; chlorinated hydrocarbons including but not limited to methylene chloride, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride; ether solvents such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran and dioxane or any mixture of these solvents.
• a dicarbonate it is generally preferred to use a mixture of toluene and dimethylsulfoxide as the solvent mixture.
• this reaction is carried out at a temperature of about 70°C to 95°C.
• the compound of formula (XIII) can be prepared from the compounds of formula (XIV) by reacting said compounds of formula (XIV) with an aqueous acid such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and the like at a temperature of about 25°C to about 100°C for one hour to forty-eight hours.
• an aqueous acid such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and the like at a temperature of about 25°C to about 100°C for one hour to forty-eight hours.
• the aqueous acid is hydrochloric acid and the reaction temperature is maintained at about 90°C to about 100°C for about twenty-four hours.
• the compounds of formulae , (II) and (VI) contain at least one chiral center. Accordingly, those compounds may exist in, and be isolated in, optically active and racemic forms. Some compounds may exhibit polymorphism.
• the present invention encompasses any racemic, optically active, polymorphic or stereoisomeric form, or any mixture thereof, which form possesses properties useful in the treatment of the diseases or conditions noted herein or useful as intermediates in the preparation of any compounds useful in the treatment of said diseases or conditions, it being well known in the art how to prepare optically active forms (for example, by resolution of the racemic form by recrystallization techniques, by synthesis from optically active starting materials, by chiral synthesis or by chromatographic separation using a chiral stationary phase) and how to determine efficacy for the treatment of said utilities.
• (R)-stereochemistry is preferred at all chiral centers in the compounds disclosed in this invention.
• alkyl and alkoxy include both straight and branched chain radicals, but it is to be understood that references to individual radicals such as propyl or propoxy embrace only the straight chain radical unless reference is specifically made to for example isopropyl or isopropoxy, in which case the branched chain isomer is meant.
• halo unless otherwise indicated, includes chloro, flouro, bromo and iodo.
• Ad-mix-A and Ad-mix- ⁇ are synonymous names for a reagent used in this invention and sold by Aldrich Chemical Co.
• the reagent contains the chiral ligand (DHQ) 2 PHAL, the catalyst potassium osmate (VI) dihydrate, the auxiliary oxidizing agent potassium ferricyanide and the base potassium carbonate.
• the reagent is used in the asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefins.
• the reagent is sold by Aldrich under a license from Sepracor, Inc. of Marlborough, Massachusetts, (see Aldrich catalog, 1996-97, page 444)
• Ad-mix-B and Ad-mix- ⁇ are synonymous names for a reagent used in this invention and sold by Aldrich Chemical Co.
• the reagent contains the chiral ligand (DHQD) 2 PHAL, the catalyst potassium osmate (VI) dihydrate, the auxiliary oxidizing agent potassium ferricyanide and the base potassium carbonate.
• the reagent is used in the asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefins.
• the reagent is sold by Aldrich under a license from Sepracor, Inc. of Marlborough, Massachusetts, (see Aldrich catalog, 1996-97, page 444)
• protected amino includes an amine nitrogen atom, e.g., RNH 2 or
• protecting group defines an organic radical which is readily attached to and detached from said nitrogen atom, where said group is not susceptible to reaction with or degeneration by other substrates or reagents used to transform other functional groups within the molecule to which said nitrogen atom is attached or intermediates or transition state molecules formed during such reactions. Said protecting group is readily attached and removed under mild conditions.
• Preferred protected amino groups include (C C 8 )alkylamino, -NR 3 CO(CH 2 ) p R°, -NR 3 CO 2 R° and -NR 3 SO 2 (CH 2 ) p R° wherein R°, R 3 and p are as defined hereinabove.
• suitable leaving group includes a group which may be readily displaced by a nucleophile which has a greater affinity for the positively charged carbon atom to which said leaving group is attached than said leaving group.
• Preferred leaving groups are chloro and organosulfonyloxy groups.
• Particularly preferred leaving groups are organosulfonyloxy groups.
• Particularly preferred organosulfonyloxy groups are methanesulfonyloxy, benzenesulfonyloxy, p- toluenesulfonyloxy, p-nitrobenzenesulfonyloxy or m-nitrobenzenesulfonyloxy.
• suitable base includes a base which, when added to the reaction mixture in which said base is to operate, increases the pH of the reaction mixture or operates on the substrate to remove a proton from said substrate or otherwise render said substrate susceptible to electrophilic attack without affecting other potentially reactive functional groups in said substrate.
• salts are intended to include but not be limited to such salts as the hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, acetate, succinate, citrate, methanesulfonate (mesylate) and p-toluenesulfonate (tosylate) salts.
• the acid addition salts of the compounds of the present invention are readily prepared by reacting the base forms of the compounds disclosed in this invention with an appropriate acid.
• the salt is of a monobasic acid (e.g., the hydrochloride, the hydrobromide, the p-toluenesulfonate, the acetate)
• the hydrogen form of a dibasic acid e.g., the hydrogen sulfate, the succinate
• the dihydrogen form of a tribasic acid e.g., the dihydrogen phosphate, the citrate
• at least one molar equivalent and usually a molar excess of the acid is employed.
• the appropriate and exact chemical equivalents of acid will generally be used.
• the free base and the acid are conveniently combined in a co-solvent from which the desired salt precipitates or can otherwise be isolated by concentration and addition of a non- solvent or by simple addition of a non-solvent without concentration or by lyophilization of an aqueous solution of said salt.
• the necessary starting materials for the chemical reactions disclosed herein may be prepared by procedures which may be selected from standard organic chemical techniques found in standard organic textbook references. The techniques found therein may be applied directly to the synthesis of known starting materials described directly in that reference or may be applied by analogy to compounds having similar functionality to achieve predictable results.
• N-(5-Vinyl-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide N-(5-Vinyl-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide.
• a solution of of N-(5-bromo-pyridin-2-yl)- acetamide (4.30 g, 20 mmol) in acetonitrile (15 ml) and triethylamine (5.04 ml) was treated with palladium acetate (45 mg, 0.2 mmol) and tri-o-tolylphosphine (203 mg, 0.66 mmol). The mixture was placed in a pressure reactor under 50 psig of ethylene pressure and heated at 85 °C for 66 hours.
• the reaction mixture was cooled, vented, and partitioned between phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 6.6) and ethyl acetate.
• phosphate buffer 0.1 M, pH 6.6
• the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate twice more.
• the combined ethyl acetate extracts were washed with additional phosphate buffer, brine and dried over sodium sulfate.
• the extracts were filtered and evaporated to afford 2.06 g (63%) of the title product as a flaky crystalline residue.
• N-(5-Vinyl-pyridin-2-yl)-2.2-dimethylpropionamide A solution of N-(5-bromopyridin-2- yl)-2,2-dimethylpropionamide (5.60 g, 21.8 mmol) in acetonitrile (20 ml) and triethylamine (5.49 ml) was treated with palladium acetate (177 mg, 0.8 mmol) and tri- o-tolylphosphine (795 g, 2.6 mmol). The mixture was placed in a pressure reactor under 130 psig of ethylene pressure and heated at 85 °C for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled, vented, diluted with ethyl acetate and filtered.
• N-(5-Vinyl-pyridin-2-yh-carbamic acid methyl ester N-(5-Vinyl-pyridin-2-yh-carbamic acid methyl ester.
• a solution of (5-bromo-pyridin-2- yl)-carbamic acid methyl ester (1.68 g, 7.2 mmol) in acetonitrile (15 ml) and triethylamine (1.84 ml) was treated with palladium acetate (65 mg, 0.29 mmol) and tri- o-tolylphosphine (295 mg, 0.97 mmol).
• the mixture was placed in a pressure reactor under 130 psig of ethylene pressure and heated at 85 °C for 18 hours.
• the reaction mixture was cooled, vented and diluted with ethyl acetate and filtered.
• the reaction mixture was then treated with sodium sulfite (60.4 g), stirred for 30 minutes and then diluted with 500 ml of 2-propanol and stirred for an additional one hour.
• the mixture was filtered and the alcoholic phase was separated and evaporated to dryness.
• the residue was slurried in 500 ml of 2-propanol and evaporated again.
• the residue was dried to afford 6.35 g (80%) of the title product as colorless crystals.
• the crystals were recrystallized by dissolving in hot glacial acetic acid, diluting 7-fold with 2-propanol, cooling and seeding to give the title product as crystals, mp 184-185 °C.
• the 2-propanol was decanted.
• the residue was diluted with 2-propanol (50 ml) and refluxed and the 2-propanol was decanted. This process was repeated three times.
• Acetonitrile (42 ml) was added. The solution was cooled to precipitate the product.
• the filtration was done through cloth precoated with Celite ® .
• the filter cake was washed with tetrahydrofuran.
• the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to afford 300 ml of an oil.
• the oil was diluted with 1.2 liters of hexanes which resulted in the formation of a solid.
• the suspension was stirred at room temperature for one hour to granulate the solid.
• the suspension was filtered and the filtrate was washed with hexanes to afford 80.0 g (78.8%) of the title product as a solid, mp 96-98°C.
• the filter cake was washed with tetrahydrofuran and the solution was concentrated to a semi-solid.
• the semi-solid was dissolved in 500 ml of ethyl acetate, washed with half-saturated brine, once with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and once with saturated aqueous sodium chloride.
• the ethyl acetate layer was concentrated to afford an oil.
• the resulting suspension was slurried in methylene chloride (100 ml), cooled then vacuum filtered to afford 29 g of title chloride compound.
• the solution was cooled to room temperature, and the solids which precipitated were filtered. (These solids are the amino acid of the excess side chain which was used in the coupling with the epoxide.)
• the acidic solution containing the title compound was concentrated under vacuum to a semi- solid.
• the semi-solid was treated with water and then reconcentrated (twice) to remove excess HCI.
• the solid was dissolved in water and brought to pH 7 with potassium hydroxide.
• the solid which precipitated was filtered and washed first with water and then with THF.
• the solids were dried on the filter funnel to a weight of 22.5 gm.
• the crude solid was redissolved in 30 volumes of 90 °C water and treated with decolorizing carbon.
• N-(5-Bromo-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide N-(5-Bromo-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide.
• a solution of 2-amino-5-bromopyridine (25.0 g, 144 mmol) in acetic acid (50 ml) and acetic (25.0 g, anhydride (250 ml) was heated at reflux for two hours.
• the reaction mixture was then cooled and poured into water (750 ml) with stirring. After one hour, the solution was adjusted to pH 10 with 50% sodium hydroxide and the precipitate was filtered, washed with water and dried to give 26.5 g (85%) of the title product as a white flaky solid, mp 175-176 °C.
• N-(5-Bromo-pyridin-2-yl)-2.2-dimethylpropionamide A solution of trimethylacetyl chloride (17.5 g, 146 mmol) in dichloromethane (25 ml) was added to a solution of 2- amino-5-bromopyridine (25.0 g, 144 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 ml) and triethylamine (24 ml) dropwise with stirring at 20 °C. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 40 minutes, filtered, washed with water, dried and concentrated. Recrystallization from hexanes afforded 20.6 g (70%) of the title product as a white flaky solid, mp 63-64 °C.
• N-(5-Bromo-pyridin-2-yl)-carbamic acid methyl ester A solution of 2-amino-5- bromopyridine (9.46 g, 20 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (3.10 g) in chloroform (20 ml) was added to a solution of methyl chloroformate (2.30 g, 24 mmol) in chloroform (25 ml) dropwise with stirring at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes, filtered and the precipitate was washed with chloroform and dried to afford 1.71 g (37%) of the title product as a white solid, mp 191-192 °C.
• N-Methyl 4-hydroxyphenylacetamide Monomethylamine (22.43 kg, 722.15 mol, 6 eq.) was added over a 7-hour period to a solution of methyl-4-hydroxyphenylacetate (20.0 kg, 120.35 mol, 1.0 eq.) in methanol (31.7 gal) and stirred overnight at room temperature. Methanol was then displaced under vacuum with ethyl acetate. The resulting slurry (ca. 20 gal) was stirred at +10°C for 1 hour, then filtered and dried under vacuum at 45°C to yield of the title compound(18.68 kg, 94% of theory). mp 124-125°C.
• Methyl 4-(2-aminoethoxy)phenylacetamide The title compound of Preparation Six (18.4 kg, 53.73 mol) and 1.84 kg 10% palladium on carbon (50% H2O wet) were suspended in 73 gal methanol under nitrogen, and the reaction vessel pressurized to 50 psig with hydrogen gas. This H2 pressure was maintained by additional charges of H2 until there was no further uptake of H2 (approx. 20 hours) and the reaction was complete by tic. After purging the vessel with N2, the mixture was heated to 45°C and filtered at this temperature through Celite. The solvent was displaced with toluene until a final volume of 8 gal was achieved. After cooling to +5°C.

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