WO1997049271A1 - Baugruppenträger für einsteckbare elektrische flachbaugruppen mit mitteln zur gedämpften ableitung elektrostatischer potentiale - Google Patents
Baugruppenträger für einsteckbare elektrische flachbaugruppen mit mitteln zur gedämpften ableitung elektrostatischer potentiale Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997049271A1 WO1997049271A1 PCT/DE1997/001234 DE9701234W WO9749271A1 WO 1997049271 A1 WO1997049271 A1 WO 1997049271A1 DE 9701234 W DE9701234 W DE 9701234W WO 9749271 A1 WO9749271 A1 WO 9749271A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- bgt
- subrack
- printed circuit
- contact
- sliding contact
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K7/00—Constructional details common to different types of electric apparatus
- H05K7/14—Mounting supporting structure in casing or on frame or rack
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05F—STATIC ELECTRICITY; NATURALLY-OCCURRING ELECTRICITY
- H05F3/00—Carrying-off electrostatic charges
- H05F3/02—Carrying-off electrostatic charges by means of earthing connections
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
- H01R13/648—Protective earth or shield arrangements on coupling devices, e.g. anti-static shielding
- H01R13/6485—Electrostatic discharge protection
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02B—BOARDS, SUBSTATIONS OR SWITCHING ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE SUPPLY OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02B1/00—Frameworks, boards, panels, desks, casings; Details of substations or switching arrangements
- H02B1/16—Earthing arrangements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05F—STATIC ELECTRICITY; NATURALLY-OCCURRING ELECTRICITY
- H05F3/00—Carrying-off electrostatic charges
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K7/00—Constructional details common to different types of electric apparatus
- H05K7/14—Mounting supporting structure in casing or on frame or rack
- H05K7/1417—Mounting supporting structure in casing or on frame or rack having securing means for mounting boards, plates or wiring boards
- H05K7/1418—Card guides, e.g. grooves
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K9/00—Screening of apparatus or components against electric or magnetic fields
- H05K9/0067—Devices for protecting against damage from electrostatic discharge
Definitions
- the problem can arise that when an electrical flat module is inserted into a module rack, external electrostatic voltages and static voltage potential can cause disturbances in the interior of the module rack, and in particular with other flat module groups that have already been plugged in.
- an electrostatic voltage during the insertion process in particular by a person, is first transmitted to an electrically conductive, in particular metallic, front plate of the flat module to be inserted.
- the generally very high electrostatic voltage can then cause a disturbance of electrical components on the printed circuit board itself or on adjacent printed circuit boards by discharge processes, such as high-frequency signals generated by a spark gap, or by increasing the potential. This is particularly undesirable if printed circuit boards are to be plugged in and out of the rack during the operation of further printed circuit boards.
- the insertion or removal of a printed circuit board during the operation of the other printed circuit boards is referred to as so-called "life insertion".
- FIG. 1 a shows a section of the lower area of a known design of a subrack BGT in a side section.
- an electrical flat module BG is again shown in detail.
- This has at least one printed circuit board LP on which an electrically conductive, in particular metallic front plate FP is attached to the front and a plug connector V2 is attached to the rear.
- At least one lower guide rail LS of the subrack BGT is present, which is attached between a front and a rear cross rail QV, QH.
- At least one contact spring element FI is arranged in the front area in the interior of the subrack BGT and is connected to it in an electrically conductive manner, preferably via the front transverse rail QV located underneath.
- the contact spring element is advantageously integrated into the guide rail.
- a possible embodiment for such an integration can be found in German patent DE 3 24 883 C2.
- FIG. 1b shows the assembly carrier BGT already shown in FIG. 1 a with the flat assembly BG in the inserted state.
- the connector V2 on the back of the flat module BG is now inserted in a contacting manner in a corresponding connector VI, which is preferably on a so-called inside the module carrier Backplane circuit board is attached.
- Potentials applied to the front plate FP from the outside such as, for example, an electrostatic voltage applied by contact, flow via the sliding contact K, the contact spring element FI and the crossbar QV onto the generally grounded module carrier BGT.
- a problem is represented by faults which may be "emitted" deep into the interior of the BGT subrack via the "antenna-like", strip-shaped sliding contact K, and which can therefore also disrupt the function of printed circuit boards in the BGT subrack.
- At least one contact screw SR is usually attached to the lower end of the front plate FP.
- the object of the invention is to discharge electrostatic charges on flat assemblies to the subrack in such a way that a trouble-free function of further flat assemblies already inserted in the subrack and in operation is ensured.
- the advantage of the subrack according to the invention is that it is attenuated by an electrical resistance and is not short-circuit-type with a definable time constant of electrostatic charges applied to the subframe on the subrack. Comparable to a resistor-capacitor circuit, electrical charges flow from the front plate of the printed circuit board, which function as a
- a Spark formation between the sliding contact and the contact spring element when the flat module is inserted into the subrack is thereby prevented according to the invention. Consequently, there is advantageously no need to fear interference signals in the subrack caused by arcing.
- a further advantage in one embodiment is any additional spring elements that may be present inside the subrack.
- a sliding contact of the printed circuit board can also be contacted in the rear area of the subrack. The possible “antenna effect” of the sliding contact is thereby prevented even in the inserted state of the printed circuit board in the event of disturbances applied to the front plate from the outside.
- FIG. 1 a shows, by way of example, a side view of the already explained embodiment of a known subrack
- FIG. 1b shows, by way of example, the side view of the known module carrier already explained and shown in FIG.
- 2a shows the side view of an exemplary embodiment of a subrack according to the invention with a resistance between the sliding contact and the front plate of a printed circuit board
- 2b shows the side view of the subrack shown in FIG. 2a with the flat assembly completely inserted
- FIG 3a shows the side view of a further embodiment of the subrack according to the invention with an additional contact pin on the inside of the front panel
- FIG. 3b shows the side view of the subrack shown in FIG. 3a with the flat module fully inserted.
- FIG. 2a shows an example of a side view of a module carrier BGT according to the invention with an electrical flat module BG which can be inserted therein.
- This has an electrically conductive, preferably metallic front plate FP and a printed circuit board LP.
- At least one lower guide rail LS is advantageously mounted in it, which serves to receive and guide the printed circuit board LP over its edge.
- an electromagnetically shielding front side of the subrack BGT is formed by means of the respective front plates FP.
- the printed circuit board LP has at least one strip-shaped sliding contact K on the edge regions, which is made electrically conductive when the flat module BG is inserted by means FI for electrically contacting the sliding contact K with the subrack BGT.
- the sliding contact K in the flat module BG is not electrically connected directly to the front plate FP. Rather, there is an insulation gap G between the front plate FP and the sliding contact K, which a selectable electrical resistance R is bridged.
- electrostatic charges applied to the front plate FP by contact of a person are thus discharged when the flat module BG is inserted, almost without causing interference signals, by a discharge, damped by the resistance, to the module carrier BGT, which is generally at earth potential.
- the resistor is advantageously connected to an electrically conductive end piece ES, which is used to fasten the front plate FP to the printed circuit board LP.
- the discharge when inserting the flat module EG takes place in the subrack BGT via the resistor R, the contact strip K and the means FI for electrically contacting the sliding contact K.
- This has in particular a contact spring element F1 for electrically contacting the sliding contact K and can be attached, for example, in the area of the guide rail LS or integrated into it.
- the sliding contact K which is usually applied in the form of a conductor track on the printed circuit board LP, is spring-loaded and contacted by the contact spring element F1.
- the subrack BGT has at least one further means F2 for electrically contacting the sliding contact K with the subrack BGT.
- the means F2 preferably has a contact spring element F2 for electrical contacting of the sliding contact K, which is preferably electrically conductively connected to the BGT module carrier in the area of the guide rail LS in the rear area inside the module carrier BGT and the contact spring element Fl corresponds.
- the contact spring element F2 for electrical contacting of the sliding contact K, which is preferably electrically conductively connected to the BGT module carrier in the area of the guide rail LS in the rear area inside the module carrier BGT and the contact spring element Fl corresponds.
- the additional contacting of the sliding contact K according to the invention in the rear area of the subrack BGT has the particular advantage that, when the flat assembly BG is pushed in, as shown in FIG. 1b, electrostatic charges, in particular from the outside, applied to the front plate via the strip-shaped sliding contact K cannot penetrate deeply into the BGT subrack. Since the sliding contact K is contacted by the contact spring elements F1 and F2 at least on both sides with the subrack BGT, there are advantageously no long “antenna-like” areas of the strip-shaped sliding contact K. According to the invention, possible high-frequency “emissions” of interference signals via the sliding contact K prevents.
- the contact spring elements F1 and F2 can in particular be electrically conductively connected to the subrack BGT by a connection to a front and a rear cross rail QV or QH.
- means are additionally provided for electrically contacting the front plate FP with the module carrier BGT. These are represented in the figures by the reference SR and are preferably in the form of a screw. These means are effective when the front panel FP is in the inserted state.
- FIG. 2b shows the subrack BGT already shown in FIG. 2a with inserted flat assembly BG and at least one screw SR passing through the front plate FP as a means for electrically contacting the front plate FP with the subrack BGT.
- Prefers pass through the front panel FP at opposite ends (not shown) in each case at least one screw SR, by means of which the flat assembly BG can be screwed in an electrically contacting manner with the subrack BGT, in particular with a front cross rail QV, in the inserted state. According to the invention, there is therefore further contacting of the metal front plate FP with the subrack BGT.
- FIG. 3a shows another embodiment of the assembly carrier BGT according to the invention, the front plate FP having at least one additional contact pin KS.
- This is preferably attached to the lower end of the front plate and points in the insertion direction ER of the flat module into the interior of the subrack.
- the contact pin KS contacts the front panel FP in an electrically conductive manner with the assembly carrier BGT via a further contact spring element F4.
- the contact spring element F4 is preferably conductively connected to the lower cross rail QV.
- Such an embodiment according to the invention is particularly advantageous in the case of flat assemblies BG, which cannot be screwed to the BGT subrack, but rather can be locked onto the BGT subrack, for example, by means of a so-called lever-pull handle H.
- both the contact pin KS and the contact spring element F4 are designed to be sufficiently mechanically stable, then several radio links can be used. at the same time.
- the contact pin and contact spring can bring about a mechanical guidance of the printed circuit board during the insertion process, so that lateral evasion can be avoided.
- both elements can serve as a so-called protective contact in the fully inserted state of the printed circuit board. This enables a ground connection of the front plate that meets the VDE requirements.
- the contact spring element F4 is preferably mounted in the front area of the subrack BGT in the area of the guide rail LS and connected to it in an electrically conductive manner.
- the contact spring element F4 can for example be electrically conductively connected to a front cross rail QV of the subrack BGT.
- the contact pin KS contacts the contact spring element F4 in an electrically conductive manner before the connection between the connector VI of the module carrier BGT and the connector V2 of the circuit board LP of the flat module BG takes place.
- the contact pin KS contacts the contact spring element F4 in an electrically conductive manner before the connection between the connector VI of the module carrier BGT and the connector V2 of the circuit board LP of the flat module BG takes place.
- FIG. 3b shows the subrack BGT already shown in FIG. 3a with the flat assembly BG inserted.
- inserted State of the flat module BG in particular electrostatic charges applied from the outside to the front plate FP, can advantageously be discharged directly onto the module carrier BGT via the contact pin KS and the contact spring element F4 and do not reach the interior thereof via the contact strip K.
- the advantage of a subrack according to the invention is, in particular, that a flat assembly BG can be plugged in and unplugged even during operation of the other further flat assemblies in the subrack without being caused thereby
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Elimination Of Static Electricity (AREA)
- Mounting Of Printed Circuit Boards And The Like (AREA)
- Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)
- Details Of Connecting Devices For Male And Female Coupling (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
HU9903790A HUP9903790A3 (en) | 1996-06-18 | 1997-06-17 | Sub-rack for plug-in printed circuit modules with a means of damped discharge of electrostatic potencial |
SK1743-98A SK174398A3 (en) | 1996-06-18 | 1997-06-17 | Sub-rack for plug-in printed circuit modules with a means of damped discharge of electrostatic potential |
AT97930332T ATE196969T1 (de) | 1996-06-18 | 1997-06-17 | Baugruppenträger für einsteckbare elektrische flachbaugruppen mit mitteln zur gedämpften ableitung elektrostatischer potentiale |
EP97930332A EP0906718B1 (de) | 1996-06-18 | 1997-06-17 | Baugruppenträger für einsteckbare elektrische flachbaugruppen mit mitteln zur gedämpften ableitung elektrostatischer potentiale |
JP50208198A JP3630240B2 (ja) | 1996-06-18 | 1997-06-17 | モジュールラック |
DE59702461T DE59702461D1 (de) | 1996-06-18 | 1997-06-17 | Baugruppenträger für einsteckbare elektrische flachbaugruppen mit mitteln zur gedämpften ableitung elektrostatischer potentiale |
US09/215,272 US6038139A (en) | 1996-06-18 | 1998-12-18 | Mounting rack for plug-in electrical printed circuit board assemblies having means for damped dissipation of electrostatic potentials |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE29610694U DE29610694U1 (de) | 1996-06-18 | 1996-06-18 | Baugruppenträger mit Mitteln zur Ableitung elektrostatischer Spannungen bei einsteckbaren Baugruppen |
DE29610694.1 | 1996-06-18 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/215,272 Continuation US6038139A (en) | 1996-06-18 | 1998-12-18 | Mounting rack for plug-in electrical printed circuit board assemblies having means for damped dissipation of electrostatic potentials |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1997049271A1 true WO1997049271A1 (de) | 1997-12-24 |
Family
ID=8025360
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DE1997/001234 WO1997049271A1 (de) | 1996-06-18 | 1997-06-17 | Baugruppenträger für einsteckbare elektrische flachbaugruppen mit mitteln zur gedämpften ableitung elektrostatischer potentiale |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0906718B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP3630240B2 (de) |
KR (1) | KR20000016737A (de) |
CN (1) | CN1111342C (de) |
AT (1) | ATE196969T1 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2258540A1 (de) |
CZ (1) | CZ288037B6 (de) |
DE (3) | DE29610694U1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2151735T3 (de) |
HU (1) | HUP9903790A3 (de) |
SK (1) | SK174398A3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO1997049271A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6560120B2 (en) | 1998-11-09 | 2003-05-06 | Rittal Electronics Systems Gmbh & Co. Kg | Modular system for electrical printed circuit boards with centering contacts on front elements and separate locating contacts, notably with contact blades in the rack assembly |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10052628C2 (de) * | 2000-10-24 | 2002-09-12 | Abb Patent Gmbh | System zur Ableitung elektrostatischer Ladungen |
CN103857247A (zh) * | 2012-12-05 | 2014-06-11 | 深圳市共进电子股份有限公司 | 防静电干扰的机柜单板 |
JP6177647B2 (ja) * | 2013-10-02 | 2017-08-09 | APRESIA Systems株式会社 | 電子機器及びそのシールド構造 |
JP6565176B2 (ja) * | 2014-11-27 | 2019-08-28 | 富士通株式会社 | 電子装置及び実装方法 |
CN108163121A (zh) * | 2017-11-14 | 2018-06-15 | 天津市爱轮德自行车有限公司 | 一种带无线蓝牙通讯系统的内置锂离子电池助力电动车 |
CN108418122A (zh) * | 2018-05-05 | 2018-08-17 | 中科天工电气控股有限公司 | 一种除静电配电箱 |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2743194A1 (de) * | 1977-09-26 | 1979-04-05 | Hartmann & Braun Ag | Anordnung zum anschliessen von leiterplatten in baugruppentraegern an eine potentialausgleichsleitung |
DE3624883A1 (de) * | 1986-07-23 | 1988-01-28 | Siemens Ag | Kontaktfeder |
WO1990003101A1 (en) * | 1988-09-08 | 1990-03-22 | Racal-Milgo Limited | Improvements relating to printed circuit boards |
WO1995010932A1 (en) * | 1993-10-12 | 1995-04-20 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson | Magazine arrangement |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1268238B (de) * | 1964-09-30 | 1968-05-16 | Siemens Ag | Anordnung mit in Stufen einstellbarem Vierpol |
US3488628A (en) * | 1967-09-27 | 1970-01-06 | Amp Inc | Electrical interconnecting system and parts |
US3479634A (en) * | 1967-10-25 | 1969-11-18 | Amp Inc | Printed circuit board connectors |
FR2498380A1 (fr) * | 1981-01-16 | 1982-07-23 | Alsthom Cgee | Connecteur pour equipement electrique en tiroir |
US4864458A (en) * | 1988-12-08 | 1989-09-05 | Ibm Corporation | Electrostatic discharge grounding switch and method of operating same |
JPH0617356Y2 (ja) * | 1989-05-16 | 1994-05-02 | ホシデン株式会社 | 静電気防止コネクター |
DE4110800C1 (de) * | 1991-04-04 | 1992-07-23 | Schroff Gmbh, 7541 Straubenhardt, De | |
DE9114287U1 (de) * | 1991-11-16 | 1993-03-18 | Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart | Elektrisches Schaltgerät |
DE9301528U1 (de) * | 1993-02-04 | 1993-04-08 | Philips Patentverwaltung Gmbh, 2000 Hamburg | Anordnung zur Verbindung von Formteilen mit elektrisch leitenden Füllstoffen |
DE29503735U1 (de) * | 1995-03-06 | 1995-06-22 | Wilhelm Sihn jun. KG, 75223 Niefern-Öschelbronn | Abgeschirmtes Gehäuse für Hochfrequenzschaltungen |
DE29602426U1 (de) * | 1996-02-12 | 1996-04-04 | Knürr-Mechanik für die Elektronik AG, 81829 München | Gehäuse für elektrische und elektronische Bauelemente, Baugruppen und/oder Baugruppenträger |
-
1996
- 1996-06-18 DE DE29610694U patent/DE29610694U1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1997
- 1997-06-17 AT AT97930332T patent/ATE196969T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-06-17 KR KR1019980710344A patent/KR20000016737A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-06-17 ES ES97930332T patent/ES2151735T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-06-17 EP EP97930332A patent/EP0906718B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-06-17 CZ CZ19984145A patent/CZ288037B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-06-17 CN CN97196361A patent/CN1111342C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-06-17 WO PCT/DE1997/001234 patent/WO1997049271A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-06-17 HU HU9903790A patent/HUP9903790A3/hu unknown
- 1997-06-17 DE DE59702461T patent/DE59702461D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-06-17 DE DE29710574U patent/DE29710574U1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-06-17 JP JP50208198A patent/JP3630240B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-06-17 SK SK1743-98A patent/SK174398A3/sk unknown
- 1997-06-17 CA CA002258540A patent/CA2258540A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2743194A1 (de) * | 1977-09-26 | 1979-04-05 | Hartmann & Braun Ag | Anordnung zum anschliessen von leiterplatten in baugruppentraegern an eine potentialausgleichsleitung |
DE3624883A1 (de) * | 1986-07-23 | 1988-01-28 | Siemens Ag | Kontaktfeder |
WO1990003101A1 (en) * | 1988-09-08 | 1990-03-22 | Racal-Milgo Limited | Improvements relating to printed circuit boards |
WO1995010932A1 (en) * | 1993-10-12 | 1995-04-20 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson | Magazine arrangement |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6560120B2 (en) | 1998-11-09 | 2003-05-06 | Rittal Electronics Systems Gmbh & Co. Kg | Modular system for electrical printed circuit boards with centering contacts on front elements and separate locating contacts, notably with contact blades in the rack assembly |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE59702461D1 (de) | 2000-11-16 |
EP0906718A1 (de) | 1999-04-07 |
CN1111342C (zh) | 2003-06-11 |
HUP9903790A3 (en) | 2000-05-29 |
SK174398A3 (en) | 1999-07-12 |
KR20000016737A (ko) | 2000-03-25 |
ATE196969T1 (de) | 2000-10-15 |
JP2000515316A (ja) | 2000-11-14 |
JP3630240B2 (ja) | 2005-03-16 |
CN1225231A (zh) | 1999-08-04 |
CA2258540A1 (en) | 1997-12-24 |
DE29710574U1 (de) | 1997-08-14 |
ES2151735T3 (es) | 2001-01-01 |
EP0906718B1 (de) | 2000-10-11 |
HUP9903790A2 (hu) | 2000-03-28 |
DE29610694U1 (de) | 1997-07-17 |
CZ288037B6 (cs) | 2001-04-11 |
CZ414598A3 (cs) | 1999-07-14 |
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