WO1997029194A2 - Herstellung von l-ascorbinsäure - Google Patents
Herstellung von l-ascorbinsäure Download PDFInfo
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- WO1997029194A2 WO1997029194A2 PCT/EP1997/000461 EP9700461W WO9729194A2 WO 1997029194 A2 WO1997029194 A2 WO 1997029194A2 EP 9700461 W EP9700461 W EP 9700461W WO 9729194 A2 WO9729194 A2 WO 9729194A2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
- C12N9/0006—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on CH-OH groups as donors (1.1)
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M33/00—Means for introduction, transport, positioning, extraction, harvesting, peeling or sampling of biological material in or from the apparatus
- C12M33/14—Means for introduction, transport, positioning, extraction, harvesting, peeling or sampling of biological material in or from the apparatus with filters, sieves or membranes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P17/00—Preparation of heterocyclic carbon compounds with only O, N, S, Se or Te as ring hetero atoms
- C12P17/02—Oxygen as only ring hetero atoms
- C12P17/04—Oxygen as only ring hetero atoms containing a five-membered hetero ring, e.g. griseofulvin, vitamin C
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a new process for the production of L-ascorbic acid as well as suitable recombinant enzymes and nucleic acids coding therefor.
- L-ascorbic acid or vitamin C is produced in large quantities by the chemical industry. Production has increased steadily over the past 20 years and in 1984 global production reached 35,000 tons. At the moment it is likely to be more than 70,000 tons.
- L-ascorbic acid was first chemically produced by the Reichstein process. In this process, glucose is used as a substrate and implemented in five steps as follows:
- German patent 35 02 141 discloses a method for intrasequential cofactor regeneration in two- or multi-stage enzymatic syntheses, in which a substrate is reduced enzymatically in the same reactor and the reduction product obtained is converted enzymatically into an oxidation product or a substrate is oxidized enzymatically and the oxidation product obtained is converted enzymatically into a reduction product and the desired end product is isolated in a manner known per se, two enzymes having the same cofactor specificity being used for the coupled processes of oxidation and reduction.
- This method can also be used, for example, for the production of L-ascorbic acid from D-galacturonic acid or D-glucuronic acid, which are optionally converted into their lactones or a mixture of the lactones and then oxidized enzymatically to the corresponding 2-keto acids and added Ascorbic acid are rearranged, which is then isolated in a manner known per se.
- EP-A-0 476 442 discloses an L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone dehydrogenase in purified form which catalyzes the oxidation of L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone to L-ascorbic acid, for example in the presence of an electron acceptor other than oxygen.
- Such an enzyme is available from Gluconobacter oxydans, has a high substrate specificity for L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone, a pH optimum of 7-8 and is made up of 3 subunits, which are a flavoprotein, a cytochrome c Protein and a simple protein with molecular weights of approximately 61,000, 32,500 and 16,500 D respectively. Cu 2+ and Mn 2+ ions show a strong inhibition of the enzyme.
- the enzyme or a microorganism or microorganism extract containing this enzyme can be used as a substrate for the synthesis of L-ascorbic acid using L-guiono- ⁇ -lactone. Disadvantages of this enzyme, however, are that it has relatively low activity and stability. Furthermore, the construction from 3 separate subunits makes recombinant extraction of the enzyme very difficult.
- the object underlying the present invention was to provide new enzymes for L-ascorbic acid synthesis and a new synthesis process in which the disadvantages of the prior art are at least partially eliminated.
- a first aspect of the present invention relates to a new enzyme which catalyzes the enzymatic conversion of D-glucuronic acid or galacturonic acid to L-gulonic acid or L-galactonic acid, a nucleic acid coding therefor and a method for the recombinant production of the enzyme.
- This enzyme which can be called uronate reductase (UDH)
- UDH uronate reductase
- D-glucuronic acid and D-galacturonic acid are substrates of this enzyme, which are reduced with the coenzymes NADPH and / or NADH.
- the K “value for the substrates D-glucuronic acid and D-galacturonic acid is 65 mM and 4.5 mM, respectively.
- the K "value for that Coenzyme NADPH is 0.008 mM.
- the enzyme is stable, shows an optimum at pH 6.2-8.5 and a temperature of 45 ° C.
- the enzyme L-hexonate dehydrogenase (HDH) from Lipomyces starkeyi described by Fobo (dissertation University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart (1988)) was completely purified. After tryptic digestion, short amino acid sequences could be determined from this purified product and oligonucleotides could be synthesized based on the sequence data, with which the gene coding for UDH could be isolated from genomic Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA.
- HDH L-hexonate dehydrogenase
- the UDH from S.cerevisiae has a much higher affinity for the substrates D-glucuronic acid and D-galacturonic acid and for the coenzyme NADPH than the HDH from L.starkeyi. Furthermore UDH has a higher stability than HDH and can be stored at -20 ° C for an unlimited time. Even at 8 ° C, over 50% of the initial activity can still be measured after 650 h.
- An object of the invention is thus the use of a DNA sequence which codes for a protein with a uronate reductase activity and (a) which is shown in SEQ ID No. 1 shown nucleotide sequence,
- (c) comprises a nucleotide sequence hybridizing with the sequences from (a) or / and (b), for the production of an enzyme for the synthesis of L-ascorbic acid.
- the in SEQ ID No. 1 nucleotide sequence shown codes for the complete uronate reductase from the microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- the present invention also comprises a DNA sequence which corresponds to one of these sequences hybridizes, provided that it codes for a protein that has a uronate reductase activity.
- Hybridization is used as in Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989), 1,101-1,104). Hybridization is preferably used if, after washing for 1 hour with 1 ⁇ SSC and 0.1% SDS at 55 ° C., preferably at 62 ° C. and particularly preferably at 68 ° C., in particular for 1 hour in 0.2 ⁇ SSC and 0.1% SDS at 55 ° C, preferably at 62 ° C and particularly preferably at 68 ° C a positive hybridization signal is observed.
- One under such washing conditions with the in SEQ ID No. 1 nucleotide sequence shown or a nucleotide sequence hybridizing therewith in the context of the degeneration of the genetic code corresponding to the nucleotide sequence is covered by the present invention.
- the DNA sequence according to the invention preferably has a nucleotide sequence which corresponds to that in SEQ ID no. 1 nucleotide sequence shown has a homology of at least 70%, particularly preferably of at least 80% and most preferably of at least 90%.
- Nucleotide sequences according to the invention can be obtained in particular from microorganisms of the genus Saccharomyces.
- a recombinant vector is preferably used which contains at least one copy of a DNA sequence according to the invention.
- This vector can be any prokaryotic or be a eukaryotic vector on which the DNA sequence according to the invention is preferably under the control of an expression signal (promoter, operator, enhancer, etc.).
- Preferred examples of vectors according to the invention are prokaryotic vectors, in particular circular plasmid vectors, which are described, for example, by Sambrook et al. , Supra, chapters 1-4.
- the DNA sequence is particularly preferably under the control of a controllable promoter which can be activated by adding a chemical inductor or by changing the temperature.
- controllable promoter which can be activated by adding a chemical inductor or by changing the temperature.
- promoters are known to the person skilled in the art, e.g. the lac promoter, the tac promoter, the trp promoter and promoters of bacteriophage lambda etc.
- the vector according to the invention can also be a eukaryotic vector, e.g. a yeast vector or a vector suitable for higher cells. Examples of such vectors can be found in Sambrook et al. supra, chapter 16.
- a cell which is transformed with a DNA sequence according to the invention or a vector according to the invention is preferably used to produce the enzyme for the synthesis of L-ascorbic acid.
- this cell is a prokaryotic cell, especially a gram negative prokaryotic cell, e.g. an E. coli cell.
- the cell according to the invention can also be a eukaryotic cell, such as a fungal cell (e.g. yeast), a animal cell or a plant cell.
- Methods for transforming prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells with exogenous nucleic acid sequences are familiar to the person skilled in the field of molecular biology (cf. e.g. Sambrook et al., Chapters 1-4 and 16).
- the invention also relates to the use of a protein with a uronate reductase activity, which is encoded by a DNA sequence according to the invention, as an enzyme in a process for the production of L-ascorbic acid.
- This protein (a) preferably comprises the protein shown in SEQ ID No. 2 shown amino acid sequence or (b) an amino acid sequence homologous to the sequence from (a) at least 80%, in particular at least 90%.
- the enzyme can be produced on the one hand from cells which naturally contain a gene coding for the protein with uronate reductase activity.
- the production of the enzyme by recombinant DNA technology is preferred, a cell being transformed with a DNA sequence as defined above or a vector containing this DNA sequence, the transformed cell being cultivated under conditions in which the DNA sequence is expressed and the expression product is obtained from the cell or the culture medium.
- An E. coli cell is preferably used for the recombinant production of a protein with uronate reductase activity and the expression product is isolated from the cell extract.
- an adjustable expression system e.g. of the tac promoter
- 400 mg of E. coli crude extract 670 U uronate reductase with a specific activity of 15 U / mg.
- 18 U enzyme with a specific activity of 33 U / mg after purification can be obtained after 9 days of culture of the starting organism Lipomyces starkeyi.
- the uronate reductase gene is preferably under the control of a regulatable expression signal, for example an expression signal which can be regulated by lactose, for example the lac or the tac promoter.
- a regulatable expression signal for example an expression signal which can be regulated by lactose, for example the lac or the tac promoter.
- lactose for example the lac or the tac promoter.
- the udh gene must be transferred into a host cell which can absorb and metabolize lactose.
- Preferred host cells are E. coli B and E. coli RM 82.
- E. coli B is a strain with intact lactose operon, the cells are capable of lactose through a specific transport system absorb the medium and convert it into the actual inductor allolactose.
- E.coli RM 82 the specific transport system for lactose is defective, so that only small amounts of lactose enter the cell via other transport systems and are metabolized there normally.
- D-glucuronic acid and / or D-galacturonic acid are particularly preferably used. These substrates can be easily prepared on an industrial scale by chemo-enzymatic processes from starch, pectin (Kulbe et al. (1987): Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 506, 543-551), sucrose or lactose.
- the concentration of the substrates in the reaction mixture can be varied over a wide range depending on the reaction conditions. Good results are obtained with concentrations of 20 mM-500 mM, e.g. 50 mM or 250 mM achieved.
- NADPH and / or NADH, in particular NADPH are used as coenzymes.
- concentration of the coenzymes in the reaction mixture is preferably from 0.05-0.5 mM and particularly preferably from 0.08-0.25 mM, with a subsequent addition advantageously being carried out during the reaction.
- the process is preferably carried out in the presence of a system for coenzyme regeneration. tion carried out.
- a system for coenzyme regeneration can be found in the aforementioned German patent specification 35 02 143.
- a particularly preferred system for coenzyme regeneration is glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), which converts D-glucose to D-gluconic acid, where arise from NADP *, NADPH and H * .
- GDH is a commercially available enzyme and can be obtained from Bacillus cereus, for example.
- the stability of the UDH is improved in the presence of a sulfhydryl reagent, especially DTT or DTE.
- the sulfhydryl reagent can be added at the start of the reaction. Preference is given to replenishing during the reaction.
- the concentration of the sulfhydryl reagent in the reaction mixture is preferably 1-50 mM, particularly preferably 2-20 mM.
- a further increase in the stability of the UDH is achieved by adding a complexing agent, in particular EDTA.
- concentration of the complexing agent in the reaction mixture is preferably 0.1-10 mM, particularly preferably 0.5-5 mM.
- the UDH and, if available, the GDH can be used as a bacterial crude extract or as a purified enzyme. If appropriate, the enzymes can also be present in immobilized form. Continuous process control is particularly preferred.
- a solution which contains the substrate for UDH and the substrate of the enzyme used for the coenzyme regeneration, in the case of GDH glucose is passed into an enzyme reactor, with the UDH, the enzyme used for coenzyme regeneration, for example GDH, and the coenzyme, e.g. NADPH or / and NADH.
- the reactor has a membrane at its outflow opening, which allows the enzymes and the coenzyme to be retained.
- This membrane is preferably a negatively charged ultrafiltration membrane, for example made of sulfonated polysulfone, as described, for example, by Howaldt et al. (1988): Ann. NY Acad. Be 542, 400-405, or Kulbe and Chmiel (1988): Ann. NY Acad. Be 542, 444-464.
- Another object of the present invention is thus an enzyme reactor comprising
- a substrate, coenzyme and, if appropriate, solution 10 containing stabilizers is introduced through a sterile filter 12 into an enzyme reactor 14.
- the reactor 14 contains UR and optionally GDH in soluble form.
- the reactor is equipped with a septum 16 and a stirring device 18.
- a negatively charged ultrafiltration membrane 20 is arranged at the outflow opening of the reactor.
- the reactor also contains measuring devices for determining the conductivity 22, the pressure 24 and the pH value 26.
- the pH value can be set, for example, by adding acid 28 (for example HCl) or alkali 30 (for example NaOH) via a controller 32 become.
- the product solution 34 finally flows out of the reactor.
- L-gulonic acid or L-galactonic acid By reacting the substrates D-glucuronic acid or D-galacturonic acid with UDH, L-gulonic acid or L-galactonic acid is formed. These products are then further reacted to L-ascorbic acid.
- the L-gulonic acid or L-galactonic acid formed is preferably first converted into the corresponding lactone, ie in particular L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone or L-galactono- ⁇ -lactone. This lactone formation can take place by acidification and heating.
- a strong inorganic acid, in particular HCl is preferably used for acidification.
- the concentration of the acid is preferably 100-1000 mM, in particular 200-500 mM.
- a maximum lactone formation is found at a concentration from 250 mM.
- the heating takes place to a temperature of preferably at least 45 ° C., in particular at least 50 ° C. Most preferably the temperature is 55-70 ° C.
- the incubation period is preferably at least 15 minutes. From an incubation period of 30 min. about 50-60% lactone are formed. A longer incubation period does not result in a significant increase in yield. Lactone formation can also be carried out by incubation with a suitable lactonase.
- Yet another object of the first aspect of the present invention is a DNA sequence which codes for a protein with a uronate reductase activity and one with the sequence shown in SEQ ID no. 1 shown sequence or a sequence corresponding to this sequence in the context of the degeneration of the genetic code hybridizing nucleotide sequence, characterized ge indicates that the DNA sequence codes for a protein which is different from that shown in SEQ ID No. 2 amino acid sequence shown by at least one amino acid.
- Another object of the present invention is a protein with uronate reductase activity, which is at least one amino acid of that in SEQ ID. No. 2 amino acid sequence shown differs.
- This protein preferably has a homology of at least 80% to the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 2 on.
- the protein for NADH o as coenzyme has a higher maximum conversion rate and / or a lower K “value than the protein with the in SEQ ID No. 2 amino acid sequence shown.
- modified proteins differ from that in SEQ ID No. 2 amino acid sequence shown by an exchange of Arg (57) by Glu, an exchange of Tyr (47) by Glu or / and an exchange of Gin (29) by Gly.
- a second aspect of the present invention is the recombinant production of proteins with L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone oxidase activity (GulOx) in high yield and the use of these proteins in the synthesis of vitamin C.
- GulOx L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone oxidase activity
- GulOx catalyzes the oxidation of L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone or L-galactono- ⁇ -lactone in the presence of 0 2 to L-ascorbic acid.
- GulOx is available from eukaryotes, for example from the microsome fraction of rat liver (Nishikimi et al., Arch. Biochem. Bio ⁇ phys. 175 (1976), 427-435).
- As a prosthetic group GulOx has a covalently bound flavin component, which is involved in electron transfer to 0 2 .
- the molecular weight in the SDS gel was determined to be 51 kd. In the native state, however, aggregates are around 500 kd in size.
- the K "value for L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone was determined to be 0.066 mM.
- GulOx also converts L-galactono-, D-mannono- and D-altrono- ⁇ -lactone to L-ascorbic acid.
- In the recombinant expression of GulOx in monkey cell cultures Yagi et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177 (1991), 659-663), only very low yields, namely a specific activity of 0.38 mU / mg received. A recombinant expression in E. coli has not been achieved so far.
- the present invention thus relates to a prokaryotic cell which is capable of a DNA sequence which codes for a protein having an L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone oxidase activity and (a) which is shown in SEQ ID No. 3 shown nucleotide sequence, (b) a nucleotide sequence corresponding to the sequence from (a) in the context of the degeneration of the genetic code or (c) a nucleotide sequence hybridizing with the sequences from (a) or / and (b) .
- the prokaryotic cell is preferably a gram-negative cell, in particular an E. coli cell.
- the DNA sequence coding for the GulOx is under the control of a suitable expression signal which is recognized by the transcription apparatus of the prokaryotic cell.
- the DNA sequence is preferably located on a suitable recombinant vector under the control of a regulatable expression signal (see above).
- the cell according to the invention can give an extract with a specific GulOx activity of 5 5 mU / mg, in particular ⁇ 10 mU / mg and particularly preferably 10-200 mU / mg.
- the enzyme yield after expression can be increased if the cells are washed in buffer after harvesting and then centrifuged.
- a subsequent precipitation with 16% ammonium sulfate, in which the active enzyme is in the precipitate, can achieve a further significant increase in the specific activity.
- the in SEQ ID NO. The nucleotide sequence shown in FIG. 3 codes for the complete rat L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone oxidase.
- the present invention also comprises a DNA sequence which hybridizes with one of these sequences. The conditions under which hybridization can be determined are as described above.
- the DNA sequence preferably has a nucleotide sequence which corresponds to that in SEQ ID NO. 3 has a homology of at least 70%, particularly preferably of at least 80% and most preferably of at least 90%.
- the DNA sequence in the cell according to the invention is preferably on a vector suitable for gene expression in prokaryotes. Examples of suitable vectors have already been mentioned.
- the invention also relates to an unglycosylated protein with L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone oxidase activity from prokaryotes which is encoded by a DNA sequence which (a) has the sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 3 nucleotide sequence shown, (b) a nucleotide sequence corresponding to the sequence from (a) in the context of the degeneration of the genetic code or (c) a nucleotide sequence hybridizing with the sequences from (a) or / and (b).
- This protein preferably comprises those in SEQ ID NO. 4 shown sequence or (b) an amino acid sequence homologous to the sequence from (a) at least 80%, in particular at least 90%.
- the protein according to the invention is produced by a prokaryotic cell (i) of a DNA sequence which codes for a protein with an L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone-oxide activity and (b) one comprises the nucleotide sequence corresponding to the sequence from (a) in the context of the degeneration of the genetic code or (c) a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes with the sequences from (a) and / and (b), or (ii) a recombinant vector which comprises at least one copy of a Contains DNA sequence from (a), (b) or / and (c), transformed, cultivated the transformed cell under conditions in which the DNA sequence is expressed and the expression product from the cell or the culture medium wins.
- the expression product is preferably obtained from the cell extract, if appropriate after ammonium sulfate precipitation.
- the cell extract has a specific GulOx activity of ⁇ 5 mU / mg.
- the unglycosylated protein according to the invention with L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone oxidase activity or a cell extract containing this protein, which can be obtained from prokaryotes, can be used in a process for the synthesis of L-ascorbic acid.
- a 0 2 -containing substrate solution is brought into contact with the GulOx and the L-ascorbic acid formed by enzymatic conversion of the substrate is then obtained.
- L-Gulono- ⁇ -lactone or / and L-Galactono-lactone are preferably used as the substrate.
- the GulOx can be used both as a bacterial crude extract, which can optionally be washed and concentrated, as an ammonium sulfate precipitation product and as a solubilized product Enzyme can be used.
- An immobilized GulOx is particularly preferably used.
- the reaction is preferably carried out in the range from pH 6-8. It is found that in the range 7-8 the GulOx has a higher enzymatic activity and stability, but that in the range 6-7 the L-ascorbic acid is more stable. The choice of pH must therefore be optimized depending on the specific requirements.
- a sulfhydryl reagent in particular dithiothreitol (DTT) or dithioerythritol (DTE) improves the stability of the ascorbic acid and thus increases the yield.
- the sulfhydryl reagent is preferably added in a concentration of about 1-5 mM. Particularly good results are obtained if the sulfhydryl reagent is metered in during the reaction, e.g. an addition of 2 mM DDT after every 5 hours of reaction.
- the hydrogen peroxide-decomposing effect of the catalase has a favorable effect on the stability of the ascorbic acid and additionally supplies the GulOx with molecular oxygen which is formed when H 2 0 2 is broken down.
- a stabilizing effect can be achieved which is roughly comparable to the addition of the sulfhydryl reagent.
- the substrate concentration can be varied within a wide range and is generally about 1-500 mM, in particular from 20-250 mM. It was surprisingly found that an increase in the substrate concentration in the product batch leads to an increase in the maximum achievable L-ascorbic acid concentration.
- the ascorbic acid formed by the reaction can be stabilized by acidification, in particular to a pH of ⁇ . 5, in particular a pH of about 3 can be achieved.
- the oxygen-enriched substrate solution 40 is introduced into an enzyme reactor 42 with a constant flow.
- the reactor 42 contains immobilized GulOx 44, which is preferably bound to a particulate matrix with a large surface area.
- the pH within the enzyme reactor can be adjusted to a value favorable for the enzyme activity, i.e. high pH of 7-8 are kept. After leaving the reactor, the pH can be lowered by adding acid (46), thus stabilizing the ascorbic acid.
- the L-ascorbic acid is finally obtained from the product solution 48 obtained in this way.
- An object of the invention is therefore an enzyme reactor, comprising
- a third aspect of the present invention is the synthesis of L-ascorbic acid in a multi-stage process in which a first enzymatic reaction step, which is catalyzed by a protein with uronate reductase activity, is combined with a second enzymatic reaction step, which is carried out by a protein with L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone oxidase activity is catalyzed.
- a first enzymatic reaction step which is catalyzed by a protein with uronate reductase activity
- a second enzymatic reaction step which is carried out by a protein with L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone oxidase activity is catalyzed.
- D-glucuronic acid- ⁇ -lactone or / and D-galacturonic acid- ⁇ -lactone is used as the UDH substrate in the first enzymatic reaction step.
- the product of the first enzymatic reaction step is L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone or / and L-galactono- ⁇ -lactone, which can be used directly as a substrate for the second enzymatic reaction step.
- this method is less preferred because the substrate specificity of the UR for lactones is relatively low.
- An indirect coupling is therefore preferred, in which the first and second enzymatic reaction steps are used spatially separated.
- the product formed in the first step when D-glucuronic acid or / and D-galacturonic acid is used is lactonized and the resulting solution is used as a substrate for the second step. Surprisingly, it was found that the product solution formed in the first step after lactonization can be used directly in the second step without prior purification.
- the invention thus relates to a method with direct enzyme coupling, in which
- D-glucuronic acid- ⁇ -lactone or / and D-galacturonic acid- ⁇ -lactone is converted by a protein with uronate reductase activity to L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone or / and L-galactono- ⁇ -lactone , and
- step (b) the products formed in step (a) are converted directly into L-ascorbic acid by a protein with L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone oxidase activity.
- step (a) D-glucuronic acid and / or D-galacturonic acid is converted to L-gulonic acid or / and L-galactonic acid by a protein with uronate reductase activity convicted, (b) the products formed in step (a) are converted into L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone or / and L-galactono- ⁇ -lactone by lactonization and
- step (c) the products formed in step (b) are converted into L-ascorbic acid by a protein with L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone oxidase activity.
- the D-glucuronic acid and / or D-galacturonic acid used as substrates for step (a) of the indirect process are, for example, by enzymatic isomerization of the fructuronic acid accessible from sucrose by oxidation and hydrolysis, e.g. by glucuronate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.12) from E. coli (Karapally and Dietrich (1970): Can J. Biochem. 48, 154-160).
- glucuronate isomerase EC 5.3.1.12
- E. coli e.g. by glucuronate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.12) from E. coli (Karapally and Dietrich (1970): Can J. Biochem. 48, 154-160).
- glucuronate isomerase EC 5.3.1.12
- EC 1.1.1.22 NAD-dependent UDP-glucose dehydrogenase
- UDP-glucose is in turn produced from glucose-1-phosphate (GIP).
- GIP glucose-1-phosphate
- Phosphorylases which synthesize GIP from starch or maltodextrins are known, e.g. Maltodextrin phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) from Corynebacterium callunae (Weinhausel et al. (1994): Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 41, 510-515; Nidetzky et al. (1995): J. Carbohydrate Chemistry 14, 1017-1028), from E. coli (Weinhausel et al. (1995): Enzyme Microbiol. Techn. 17, 140-146) or starch phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) from potatoes (EP-A-0 305 908).
- the first enzymatic reaction step of the method according to the invention is both direct and indirect Enzyme coupling is preferably carried out in the presence of a coenzyme regeneration system as described above. It is also preferred to carry out this process step continuously in an enzyme reactor.
- Step (b) of the indirect process comprises lactonization of the products formed in step (a). As described above, this is preferably done by heating and acidifying.
- a protein with L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone oxidase activity is preferably used, which is derived from a DNA sequence with the sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 3 nucleotide sequence shown, a nucleotide sequence corresponding to this sequence in the context of the degeneration of the genetic code or a nucleotide sequence hybridizing with these sequences is encoded.
- the protein is preferably obtained from prokaryotic cells.
- the protein with GulOx activity preferably uses 0 2 as the cosubstrate.
- the process is conveniently carried out as a continuous process.
- the reaction can be carried out in a single enzyme reactor.
- two separate reactors are advantageously used.
- the method according to the invention has numerous significant advantages over known methods.
- small protecting groups must be used, which leads to the avoidance of wastewater problems.
- the process can be carried out under mild reaction conditions with a small number of synthesis steps. No chemical hydrogenation, no use of H 2 and no use of Cl 2 are required.
- much better activities and yields than in the prior art can be achieved with the aid of the enzymes described.
- the invention is to be explained by the following sequence protocols and illustrations. Show it:
- SEQ ID No. 1 the nucleotide sequence of a uronate dehydrogenase gene
- SEQ ID No. 2 the amino acid sequence of uronate dehydrogenase
- SEQ ID No. 3 the nucleotide sequence of an L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone
- Oxidase gene o SEQ ID No. 4 the amino acid sequence of an L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone
- Fig. 1 a uronate dehydrogenase enzyme reactor and Fig. 2 an L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone oxidase enzyme reactor.
- the enzyme activities were determined with the aid of an optical test in a photometer, by measuring the change in extinction at 340 nm as a result of the decrease or increase in the NADP (H) concentration at 25 ° C. Measured variable was the change in extinction per unit of time, which is proportional to the converted coenzyme concentration.
- One unit (U) is the amount of enzyme used under test conditions
- reaction buffer 5 mM K-phosphate buffer pH 7.0, 100 mM KCl and 0.1% NaN 3 ).
- the activity of GulOx was determined by measuring the concentration of the end product L-ascorbic acid. This test included the oxidation of the ascorbic acid and a subsequent conversion to the bis (dinitrophenyl) hydrazone, which can be detected by HPLC at 495 nm.
- One unit (U) is the amount of enzyme that converts 1 ⁇ mol substrate per minute at 37 ° C. under test conditions.
- reaction buffer 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0, 50 mM Na citrate, 1.7 mM DTT
- the sample was 90 min. incubated at 50 ° C. This was followed by elution of the hydrazone by shaking out in 400 ⁇ l of ethyl acetate.
- the HPLC separation of the sample was carried out on a Polygosil 60-5 (silicic acid). N-Hexane / ethyl acetate / n-propanol / acetic acid (4/3 / 0.2 / 0.1) was used as the eluent. 0
- HDH hexonate reductase
- the DNA sequence according to SEQ ID No. 1 encoded polypeptide could be synthesized with high yield in E. coli JM 109.
- the protein band visible in the SDS gel corresponded to approximately 15-20% of the total amount of soluble protein. The growth of the cells was not impaired.
- D-glucuronic acid and D-galacturonic acid are substrates that 5 are reduced with the coenzyme NADPH.
- the I ⁇ value for the D-glucuronic acid is 7.64 mM.
- the K "value is 4.5 mM.
- the enzyme is stable, shows a pH optimum at pH 6, 2-8.5 and a temperature optimum at 45 ° C. 0
- the molecular weight of the recombinant UDH in SDS-PAGE is between 30 and 43 kD.
- the inducer IPTG used for expression is very expensive and can also have a toxic effect on E. coli cells.
- the udh gene had to be transferred to a host which can absorb and metabolize lactose.
- An example of a suitable bacterial strain is E. coli B (Donch and Greenbert (1986), BJ Bacteriol. 95, 1555-1559), a strain with intact lactose operon, which can take up lactose from the medium and convert it into the actual inducer allolactose.
- E. coli B Donch and Greenbert (1986), BJ Bacteriol. 95, 1555-1559
- the udh gene was cloned into the expression vector pBTac 1 (Brosius et al. (1981), J. Mol. Biol, 148, 107-127) behind the adjustable tac promoter. To ensure that the gene is added without the addition of
- the bacteria were still treated with a second plasmid pFDX500 (Brinkmann et al.
- E. coli RM82 (Mattes (1985), habilitation thesis University of Regensburg).
- the specific transport system for lactose is defective, so that only very small amounts of lactose can get into the cell. It is metabolized normally in the cell.
- another plasmid pREM6677 (Mattes (1985), habilitation thesis University of Regensburg) was cotransformed, which also contains the lac repressor.
- induction of the above-mentioned bacterial strains could be achieved with a lactose concentration of ⁇ 0.2% in the medium.
- a continuous or / and discontinuous addition of inductor preferably follows during the cultivation. It was possible to measure 2.4 U / mg (E. coli B) or 1.5 U / mg (E. coli RM82) in the crude extract, which corresponds to a yield of about 70% compared to induction with IPTG.
- E. coli B cells maximum specific activity of the crude extract was achieved after four hours of induction with 0.2% lactose.
- E.coli RM 82 the maximum specific activity in the crude extract was reached after an hour of induction time.
- Table 1 shows the values for the maximum speed (v max ) and the Michaelis constant (K ") of the native enzyme and of the mutants with NADH or NADPH as coenzyme and D-galacturonic acid as substrate.
- the mutant R57E had no major effects on the coenzyme specificity. A decrease in the maximum conversion rate with NADPH as coenzyme was found. A slightly improved maximum sales speed was found for NADH.
- the mutant Q29G showed a worse maximum turnover rate and a worse K "value in NADPH.
- a deterioration in the maximum turnover rate was also found, but a drastic improvement in the K" value.
- the mutant Y47E showed a somewhat deteriorated K "value for NADPH.
- NADH the maximum sales rate deteriorated, but the K "value was very much improved.
- the standard approach for a batch reaction was as follows: 0.15 U UDH / ml; 0.5 U GDH / ml and 50 or 250 mM substrate in a total volume of 20 ml.
- D-glucuronic acid, D-galacturonic acid and D-glucurono- ⁇ -lactone were used as substrates. With a substrate concentration of 250 mM, an almost complete conversion of the substrate solutions could be achieved.
- the initial concentration of the coenzyme in the batches was 0.06 mM, 0.012 mM and 0.15 mM, respectively. A significant improvement in sales was achieved by increasing the concentration from 0.06 mM to 0.012 mM. An increase to 0.15 mM did not result in a further increase in sales.
- the coenzyme could be recycled up to 2000 times in the UDH / GDH enzyme system.
- buffer 5 mM potassium phosphate, 100 mM KCl, 0.1% NaN 3
- Substrate concentration 50 mM D-glucuronic acid, 50 mM D-glucose, 0.15 mM NADP
- NADP was replenished.
- Productivity could be improved by doubling the flow rate from 5 ml / h (average residence time 10 h) to 10 ml / h (average residence time 5 h).
- the amount of product formed in the first 100 h increased by 79%.
- the turnover in the continuous reactor tests averaged 77-85%.
- L-Gulon or L-galactonic acid solutions (100 mM) were at 60 ° C for 15 min. and addition of HCl (final concentration of 250 mM).
- the yield of lactone formation was about 45%. By extending the incubation period to 30 min, the yield could be improved to approximately 60% become. A longer incubation period did not result in a further increase in yield.
- L-galactonic acid solutions were incubated in the presence of different HCl concentrations at 60 ° C.
- the maximum lactone formation was reached at a concentration of 250 mM and above.
- the cDNA for rat GulOx is known (Koshizaka et al. (1988): J. Biol. Chem 263, 1619-1621).
- the rat liver from a commercially available cDNA bank (Stratagene, Heidelberg) was analyzed with the aid of the procedure described in SEQ ID no. 9 and 10 shown oligonucleotides performed a PCR amplification, the fragment contained isolated, cloned and sequenced. This is the one in SEQ ID No. 3 contain the sequence shown that for a polypeptide with the SEQ ID no. 4 encoded sequence shown.
- SEQ ID No. 3 contain the sequence shown that for a polypeptide with the SEQ ID no. 4 encoded sequence shown.
- 2 differences were found: position 252 G instead of A; Codon Val instead of Ile and position 567 C instead of G, Codon His instead of Glu.
- the GulOx cDNA was cloned into the expression vector pET-12a (Studier et al. (1990), Meth. Enzymol. 185, 60-89), on which it is under the control of the T7 promoter.
- pET-12a E.coli BL21 (DE3) cells (Studier and Moffat (1986), J. Mol. Biol. 189, 113-130) with pLys S (Dünn and Studier (1983), J. Mol. Biol. 166 , 477-535).
- the specific activities were determined from these cell extracts. At a cultivation temperature of 37 ° C, a specific activity of 10 mU / mg, at 30 ° C a specific activity of 32 mU / mg and at 25 ° C a specific activity of 24 mU / mg were obtained. The highest specific activity of the protein is thus achieved at a cultivation temperature of 30 °. The greatest amount of enzyme is also produced at this temperature (SDS-PAGE).
- the highest specific activity of GulOx which has been reported in publications so far, is about 500-600 mU / mg after multi-stage purification from rat liver.
- the activity values of 32 mU / mg obtained at 30 ° C should correspond to a share of 5-7% of the total protein. This was confirmed by the densitometric evaluation of SDS-PA gels. It can therefore be assumed that the GulOx protein visible as a band in the SDS gel is completely active.
- the cell extract digested by ultrasound was subjected to precipitation with 16% ammonium sulfate. Most of the active enzyme was found in the fraction pelleted by centrifugation. The specific activity was increased to 120 mU / mg. The proportion of GulOx in the total cell protein was approximately 20-25%.
- GulOx By adding detergents, GulOx could be separated from the membrane fraction and thus brought into solution. Good results were achieved with a solubilization buffer which contained 100 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.0 or 7.8, 0.4 M sucrose, 1 mM EDTA and 1% Triton-XIOO. The enzyme yield was about 50% of the initial activity in both cases. The supernatants after centrifugation were used for vitamin C synthesis. The detergent Triton-XIOO could be eliminated with the aid of ion exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sepharose fast flow).
- lactonized reaction was used in the GulOx standard test (methods). The same enzyme activity was measured as when adding pure substrate. Accordingly, a lactonized UDH / GDH approach is just as suitable for ascorbic acid production as a freshly prepared substrate solution of commercially available L-gulono- ⁇ -lactone. The components in the reaction mixture do not inhibit the GulOx. The ascorbate concentration was higher than in the direct coupling method (example 3.1.).
- TGT AAA AGT AAA GGC ATT GTG GTT GAA GCT TAT TCT CCG TTA GGT AGT 672 Cys Lys Ser Lys Gly Ile Val Val Glu Ala Tyr Ser Pro Leu Gly Ser 210 215 220
- CAC CCA CAG CTG GAT GAG CAT GGC CTG GCC ATG TCC AAT CTG GGA GCA 336
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Cited By (3)
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---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006128965A1 (en) * | 2005-05-30 | 2006-12-07 | Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus | Microbial conversion of sugar acids and means useful therein |
US20110124065A1 (en) * | 2008-04-04 | 2011-05-26 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Cellular production of glucaric acid |
CN105671106A (zh) * | 2016-02-16 | 2016-06-15 | 珀莱雅化妆品股份有限公司 | 一种采用橄榄油发酵法制备鞘糖脂的方法 |
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EP1026257B1 (de) * | 1999-01-18 | 2006-04-12 | DSM IP Assets B.V. | Herstellung von L-Ascorbinsäure und D-Erythorbinsäure |
DE60027218D1 (de) * | 1999-01-18 | 2006-05-24 | Dsm Ip Assets Bv | Herstellung von L-Ascorbinsäure und D-Erythorbinsäure |
JP2013541942A (ja) * | 2010-10-08 | 2013-11-21 | カディラ ヘルスケア リミティド | 酵素的変換によるシタグリプチンの中間体を生産する方法 |
US11384135B2 (en) * | 2017-09-22 | 2022-07-12 | Modern Meadow, Inc. | Recombinant yeast strains |
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WO1986004353A1 (en) * | 1985-01-23 | 1986-07-31 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Förderung Der Angewand | Process for the intrasequential cofactor regeneration in enzymatic synthesis, particularly when producing vitamine c |
WO1997004100A2 (de) * | 1995-07-17 | 1997-02-06 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | L-galactonatoxidoreduktase-ascorbinsäuresynthese |
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JP2602435B2 (ja) * | 1987-10-02 | 1997-04-23 | 株式会社ビタミン研究所 | L―グロノラクトン酸化酵素のクローン化dna、該クローン化dnaの組込まれた遺伝子組換えベクター及び該ベクターにより形質転換された宿主細胞 |
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1996
- 1996-02-09 DE DE19604798A patent/DE19604798A1/de not_active Ceased
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- 1997-02-03 EP EP97901626A patent/EP0879287A2/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-02-03 WO PCT/EP1997/000461 patent/WO1997029194A2/de not_active Application Discontinuation
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WO1986004353A1 (en) * | 1985-01-23 | 1986-07-31 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Förderung Der Angewand | Process for the intrasequential cofactor regeneration in enzymatic synthesis, particularly when producing vitamine c |
WO1997004100A2 (de) * | 1995-07-17 | 1997-02-06 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | L-galactonatoxidoreduktase-ascorbinsäuresynthese |
Non-Patent Citations (8)
Title |
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DATABASE WPI Section Ch, Week 8920 Derwent Publications Ltd., London, GB; Class B04, AN 89-148142 XP002029312 & JP 01 091 785 A (VITAMIN KENKYUSHO K) , 11.April 1989 * |
EMBL Datenbank Eingabe SCREDUC 'Accession' Nummer X80642; 04 Dez 1995 MIOSGA T ET AL.:'A new yeast gene with homology to the aldo-keto reductase protein family' XP002031542 * |
GENESEQ Datenbank Eingabe mit 'Accession' Nummer N92440: 30 Apr 1990 XP002031540 * |
GENESEQ Datenbank Eingabe mit 'Accession' Nummer P91897: 30 Apr 1990 XP002031541 * |
HALLER C -P ET AL: "ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF L-ASCORBIC ACID 3. L-GALACTONO-GAMMA-LACTONE OXIDASE FROM YEASTS" DECHEMA BIOTECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, Bd. 4, 1990, Seiten 233-236, XP000646759 * |
KULBE KD ET AL: "Enzymatic synthesis of L-ascorbic acid via D-uronic acids;membrane-reactor integrated recovery of D-galacturonic acid from pectin hydrolysates." ANN N Y ACAD SCI, 1987, 506 P543-51, UNITED STATES, XP000646778 in der Anmeldung erw{hnt * |
OECHSNER U ET AL.: "A nuclear yeast gene (CCY) encodes a polypeptide with high homology to a vertebrate eye lens protein" FEBS LETTERS, Bd. 238, Nr. 1, 1988, AMSTERDAM NL, Seiten 123-128, XP000647862 in der Anmeldung erw{hnt * |
PIR Datenbank Eingabe 'Accession' Nummer S61163; 23 Feb 1996 MIOSGA T ET AL.:'A new yeast gene with homology to the aldo-deto reductase protein family' XP002031543 * |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006128965A1 (en) * | 2005-05-30 | 2006-12-07 | Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus | Microbial conversion of sugar acids and means useful therein |
US9340809B2 (en) | 2005-05-30 | 2016-05-17 | Teknologian Tutkimuskeskus Vtt Oy | Microbial conversion of sugar acids and means therein |
US20110124065A1 (en) * | 2008-04-04 | 2011-05-26 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Cellular production of glucaric acid |
US8835147B2 (en) * | 2008-04-04 | 2014-09-16 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Cellular production of glucaric acid through recombinant expression of uronate dehydrogenase and myo-inositol oxygenase |
US20150093794A1 (en) * | 2008-04-04 | 2015-04-02 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Cellular production of glucaric acid |
CN105671106A (zh) * | 2016-02-16 | 2016-06-15 | 珀莱雅化妆品股份有限公司 | 一种采用橄榄油发酵法制备鞘糖脂的方法 |
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DE19604798A1 (de) | 1997-08-14 |
WO1997029194A3 (de) | 1997-10-02 |
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