WO1995000559A1 - Agent de deshydratation de boues - Google Patents
Agent de deshydratation de boues Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1995000559A1 WO1995000559A1 PCT/JP1993/000850 JP9300850W WO9500559A1 WO 1995000559 A1 WO1995000559 A1 WO 1995000559A1 JP 9300850 W JP9300850 W JP 9300850W WO 9500559 A1 WO9500559 A1 WO 9500559A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- polymer
- general formula
- monomer
- amino group
- represented
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F20/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride, ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F20/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms, Derivatives thereof
- C08F20/52—Amides or imides
- C08F20/54—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide
- C08F20/60—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide containing nitrogen in addition to the carbonamido nitrogen
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D21/00—Separation of suspended solid particles from liquids by sedimentation
- B01D21/01—Separation of suspended solid particles from liquids by sedimentation using flocculating agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
- C02F11/12—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening
- C02F11/14—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening with addition of chemical agents
- C02F11/147—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening with addition of chemical agents using organic substances
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/52—Amides or imides
- C08F220/54—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide
- C08F220/60—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide containing nitrogen in addition to the carbonamido nitrogen
- C08F220/603—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide containing nitrogen in addition to the carbonamido nitrogen and containing oxygen in addition to the carbonamido oxygen and nitrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/52—Amides or imides
- C08F220/54—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide
- C08F220/56—Acrylamide; Methacrylamide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2800/00—Copolymer characterised by the proportions of the comonomers expressed
- C08F2800/10—Copolymer characterised by the proportions of the comonomers expressed as molar percentages
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a novel high molecular weight acryl-based polymer having a tertiary amino group of a quaternized or salt-free free material, which has been considered difficult. And a sludge dewatering agent using the same. Background art
- sludge dewatering agents exhibit excellent coagulation performance and dewatering ability in small amounts, and those that can be incinerated are widely used as coagulants and dewatering aids for sewage sludge, industrial wastewater sludge, and the like.
- a quaternary ammonium group or a water-soluble vinyl polymer having an ammonium group neutralized by a mineral acid or the like has been used.
- Polymers which are quaternized with halogenated alkyls such as methyl chloride, ethyl chloride and the like, dimethyl sulfate and getyl sulfate, and JP-A-57-51899 are disclosed. I have.
- Japanese Patent Publication No. 2-52040, Japanese Patent Publication No. 58-15491, Japanese Patent Publication No. 58-49410, Japanese Patent Publication No. 58-47005, Japanese Patent Publication No. 57-1 No. 336,070 and the like disclose a polymer obtained by forming a salt using a mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid and acetic acid and then polymerized.
- a water-soluble vinyl polymer having a quaternary ammonium group or an ammonium group neutralized with a mineral acid or the like is not sufficiently effective for sludge that is difficult to coagulate and hardly dehydrate.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive studies to develop a sludge dewatering agent which is excellent in dewatering properties of sludge and can be used in any form such as powder, aqueous solution, emulsion, etc., and as a result, tertiary ammonium carbonate
- the present inventors have found that a high-performance sludge can be used as a high-performance sludge dewatering agent, and have reached the present invention.
- the present invention provides a reaction between an aqueous solution of an acryl-based monomer having a tertiary amino group represented by the general formula (1) and carbon dioxide, and the reaction represented by the general formula (2).
- Acrylic monomer containing tertiary ammonium carbonate A tertiary ammonium carbonate structure represented by the general formula (4) obtained by polymerizing the obtained monomer with a homopolymer or another copolymerizable butyl monomer.
- the polymer containing the unit is decarboxylated by heating and Z or reducing the pressure, and contains a tertiary amino group structural unit represented by the general formula (3), and
- the present invention relates to a method for producing an acryl-based polymer containing a tertiary amino group, which comprises a step of obtaining a polymer having a high molecular weight. Furthermore, the high-molecular-weight polymer containing a tertiary amino group obtained by the above method shows stable coagulability and excellent dehydration properties to sludge with a small amount of addition.
- sludge dewatering agents Those containing 5 mol% or more of the structural unit represented by (3) and containing a water-soluble butyl polymer having an intrinsic viscosity [] of 1 d 1 / g or more are suitable as sludge dewatering agents.
- the invention also relates to a sludge dewatering agent.
- R i hydrogen or methyl group
- R 2 , R 3 lower alkyl group of C i -C 4
- n integer of 2 to 4
- 1 A— represents 10— or 1 NH—.
- R represents a hydrogen atom or methylation group
- Rs, R 3 is C i -! Of C 4 Al A kill group
- n is an integer of 2 to 4
- 1 A— represents 1 ⁇ 1 or 1 NH—.
- the acrylic monomer represented by the general formula (1) used in the present invention includes N, N-dimethylaminopropyl (meta) acrylamide.
- N N—Jetylaminopropyl (meta) acrylamide, N, N—Dimethylaminobutyl (meta) acrylamide, N, N—Jetylaminopropyl (Meta) acrylamide, N, N—dimethylaminoethyl (meta) acrylate, N, N—ethylethylaminoethyl (meta) acrylate , N, N-methylethylinorea minopropyl (meta) acrylic acid, N, N-methylthioethylamino amino (meta) acrylic A rate is an example.
- the acryl-based monomer containing a tertiary ammonium carbonate represented by the general formula (2) is an acrylic monomer having a tertiary amino group represented by the general formula (1). It is synthesized by reacting an aqueous solution of the monomer with carbon dioxide at normal pressure or under pressure, preferably under pressure. At this time, the reaction temperature is preferably low in order to increase the solubility of the carbon dioxide gas, and specifically, 20 or less is preferable. During the reaction, it is desirable to shield the light to prevent polymerization and to add a polymerization inhibitor.
- the resulting acryl-based monomer containing tertiary ammonium carbonate can be used alone or with another copolymerizable bead according to a known radical polymerization formula.
- a water-soluble polymer having a structural unit represented by the general formula (4), which can be easily polymerized with a monomer, can be produced.
- a force which is not particularly limited for example, an acrylic monomer represented by the general formula (1) Quaternary salts and neutralized salts, (meth) acrylamide, N—isopropylacrylamide, N—methylacrylamide, dimethylamino (meta) Examples include acrylamide, various (meta) acrylates, (meth) acrylic acid, and acrylonitrile.
- the resulting polymer having a carbonate structural unit represented by the general formula (4) is tertiary by decarboxylation under a pressure of 1 atm or less at a temperature from normal temperature to 100 ° C. It can be converted to an amino group, and a water-soluble polymer containing a free tertiary amino group structural unit represented by the general formula (3) can be obtained.
- the acryl polymer containing a tertiary amino group obtained in this manner is used, for example, as a flocculant in a sludge dehydration aid, a quaternary salt type conventionally used is used. Alternatively, it has a higher dehydration rate than the salt-forming cation polymer, shows stable performance over a wide range of addition amount, and has an optimal addition amount of a bullet-based polymer containing a conventional strong anion as a counter ion. It has features that have not been seen in the past, such as being less in number than the mash, and having good cake releasability from the filter cloth.
- the amount of the structural unit represented by the general formula (3) and / or (4) contained in the polymer is less than 5 mol%, excellent coagulation performance is not sufficient, so that the polymer is not less than 5 mol%. In order to exhibit excellent performance, it is preferable to contain 10 mol% or more.
- the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer [? Is less than 1, it is not possible to obtain sufficient coagulation performance, so at least the intrinsic viscosity [7] is preferably 1 or more.
- O indicates that the cake does not adhere to the filter cloth
- ⁇ indicates that the cake slightly adheres to the filter cloth
- X indicates that the cake does not adhere to the filter cloth. Represents what attaches considerably.
- DMAP AA N, N—dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide
- a glass 1L autoclave equipped with a thermometer, a pressure gauge and a carbon dioxide gas inlet tube.
- DMAP AA dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide
- 281.2 g, pure water 240.8 g, p-methoxyphenol 0.78: as a polymerization inhibitor was added, and at 0, light was blocked and carbon dioxide gas was 2 kgcm under stirring. Supplied at a pressure of 2 .
- 563 gr of a 60% by weight aqueous solution of DMAP AA carbonate was obtained. From the change in weight before and after the reaction (5 22.78 ⁇ ⁇ 563.0 s) and the change in ⁇ ⁇ of the reaction solution, ⁇ 313 to ⁇ ⁇ 8, it is judged that DMAP AA carbonate was produced. .
- Example 2 The polymer obtained in Example 2 was subjected to decarboxylation at 40'C to obtain a DMPAAA polymer having a tertiary amino group.
- the intrinsic viscosity [] of the obtained polymer was measured with a 25 ′ (1N NaC 1 aqueous solution), it was 3.6 (d 1/8:). The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- Example 2 Processing was performed in the same manner as in Example 2 except that benzyl dimethyl ketone was changed to 0.10% by weight and EDTA-2Na was changed to 0.03% by weight under the conditions of Example 2. Then, decarboxylation was performed in the same manner as in Example 3 to obtain a DMA PAA polymer.
- the intrinsic viscosity [7] of the obtained polymer was measured using a 1N NaC1 aqueous solution, the value was 1.2 (dI / s). Aggregation performance was evaluated, and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- D MAPAA carbonate 60% by weight aqueous solution 1 lg N, N-dimethylaminoethyl metaatalylate methyl chloride quaternary ammonium salt (hereinafter abbreviated as DM-C) 8 36.8 g of a 0% by weight aqueous solution (DMAP AA carbonate: D-M-C 2: 8 (molar ratio)) and 12.2 g of pure water were polymerized in the same manner as in Example 2; Similarly, decarboxylation was performed to obtain a DMAPAA / DM—C copolymer polymer.
- DM-C N, N-dimethylaminoethyl metaatalylate methyl chloride quaternary ammonium salt
- D MA PAA carbonate 60% by weight aqueous solution 41.2 g of acrylamide 50% by weight aqueous solution (hereinafter abbreviated as AAm) 18.8 g (D MAP AA carbonate: AAm l : 1 mole ratio) and polymerized in the same manner as in Example 2, followed by decarboxylation in the same manner as in Example 3 to obtain a DMAP AA / AAm copolymer polymer. Analysis of this polymer by colloid titration revealed a degree of cationization of 69% and a molar ratio of D MAP AA: AAm of about 1: 1. The intrinsic viscosity of this polymer in a 25 N aqueous NaCI solution [? ?] was found to be 6.7 (d18 :). Aggregation performance was evaluated, and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- DMAPMA carbonate N, N-dimethylaminopropyl (meta) acrylamide carbonate 60 g of a 60% by weight aqueous solution was polymerized in the same manner as in Example 2. Then, the same treatment as in Example 3 was performed to obtain a DMAP MA polymer. When the intrinsic viscosity of the obtained polymer was measured with a 25'C1NNaC1 aqueous solution, it was 3.4 (dl / g). Also, aggregation performance The evaluation was performed, and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- DMA EAA carbonate N, N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylamide carbonate 60 g of a 60% by weight aqueous solution was polymerized in the same manner as in Example 2, and then, The same treatment as in 3 was performed to obtain a DMAEAA polymer.
- the intrinsic viscosity [] of the obtained polymer was measured with a 25′C 1 NNaC 1 aqueous solution, it was 3.5 (d 1 / gr). Agglomeration performance was evaluated, and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- Example 2 in place of the DMAPAA carbonate, a 60% aqueous solution of 50% by weight DMAP AA sulfate and 50% by weight of a 1%, 50% by weight aqueous solution of DMAP AA sulfate 1 ⁇ , N-dimethylaminomethylacrylate methyl chloride were used.
- Polymerization was carried out in the same manner as in Example 2 using a quaternary salt (hereinafter abbreviated as DMA EA-Q) aqueous solution (60 gr) and a 50 wt% DM-C aqueous solution (60 s) to obtain a polymer.
- the intrinsic viscosity [] of the obtained polymer was measured using a 1N NaC1 aqueous solution.
- the D MAPAA sulfate polymer was 4.1 and the DMAE A-Q polymer was 4.1. In the case of 8.3, it was 7.7 (d1 / c) for the DM-C polymer. In addition, the coagulation performance was evaluated. No, the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- DM AE MA 1, ⁇ -dimethylaminoethyl methyl acrylate (hereinafter abbreviated as DM AE MA) on a glass 1 L autoclave equipped with a thermometer, pressure gauge and carbon dioxide gas inlet tube 28 2.6 g, pure water 22.2 g, p-methoxif-knol 0.7 s was added, and the mixture was shaken at 0 ° C with shading and carbon dioxide gas pressure 2 ksr. Z cm 2 was supplied. After reaction for 24 hours, 565 g of a 60% by weight aqueous solution of DMA EMA carbonate was obtained.
- the acryl-based polymer containing a free tertiary amino group obtained by the present invention has a high molecular weight, and when it is used as a sludge dehydrating agent, a conventional strong aionic cation is obtained.
- a conventional strong aionic cation is obtained.
- the sludge dewatering agent provided by the present invention is suitable for hardly dewaterable sludge generated in a large city water treatment plant. It offers excellent utility,
- Example 2 (Molar ratio) 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
- Example 2 DMAPAA carbonate 3.7 9.2 9.1 8.1 8.6 10.1 11.8
- Example 3 DMA P AA 3.6 9.0 7.9 8.4 9.8 11.9
- Example 4 DMA P AA 1.2 11.1 10.7 11.5 12.3 13.7
- Example 7 17.9 10.0 10.9 19.7 33.9
- Example 7 22.1 15.0 18.0 24.3
- Example 8 D MA PMA 3.4 4 10.2 10.0 10.4 11.5 12.3
- Example 9 DMA E AA 3.5 5 9.2 8.2 8.7 10.1 12.1 Comparative Example 1 DMAPAA 0.0 1 68 37 44 72 Comparative Example 2 DMAPAA sulfate 4.1 22.8 15.8 12.6 30.2 Comparative Example 3 DMA E A-Q 8.3 53.0 42.3 20.8 27.3 Comparative Example 4 D M-C 7.7 36.1 15.8 23.4
- Comparative Example 2 78.2 76.0 75.3 79.1 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ Comparative Example 3 82.3 81.1 78.0 79.3 X X ⁇ X Comparative Example 4 79.7 77.6 78.3 X ⁇ X
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Separation Of Suspended Particles By Flocculating Agents (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP03311416A JP3113348B2 (ja) | 1991-10-31 | 1991-10-31 | 第3級アミノ基含有アクリルポリマーの製造方法 |
AU43572/93A AU4357293A (en) | 1991-10-31 | 1993-06-23 | Sludge dehydrating agent |
KR1019940702166A KR950701652A (ko) | 1991-10-31 | 1993-06-23 | 오니(汚泥)탈수제(sudge dehydration agent) |
US08/307,571 US5525692A (en) | 1991-10-31 | 1993-06-23 | Dewatering agent for sludge |
EP93913568A EP0656372A4 (en) | 1991-10-31 | 1993-06-23 | Sewage sludge dehydrating agent. |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP03311416A JP3113348B2 (ja) | 1991-10-31 | 1991-10-31 | 第3級アミノ基含有アクリルポリマーの製造方法 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1995000559A1 true WO1995000559A1 (fr) | 1995-01-05 |
Family
ID=18016942
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP1993/000850 WO1995000559A1 (fr) | 1991-10-31 | 1993-06-23 | Agent de deshydratation de boues |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5525692A (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0656372A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3113348B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR950701652A (ja) |
AU (1) | AU4357293A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1995000559A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3113348B2 (ja) * | 1991-10-31 | 2000-11-27 | 株式会社興人 | 第3級アミノ基含有アクリルポリマーの製造方法 |
US5981668A (en) * | 1996-10-31 | 1999-11-09 | Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd. | Anti-bacterial water absorbing agent and anti-bacterial water absorbent material |
OA11725A (en) * | 1998-12-08 | 2005-01-25 | Quick Med Technologies Inc | Intrinsically bactericidal absorbent dressing and method of fabrication. |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS63252600A (ja) * | 1987-03-06 | 1988-10-19 | Mitsui Saianamitsudo Kk | 汚泥脱水剤 |
JPH05117327A (ja) * | 1991-10-31 | 1993-05-14 | Kohjin Co Ltd | 第3級アミノ基含有アクリルポリマーの製造方法 |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL7308872A (ja) * | 1972-07-12 | 1974-01-15 | ||
JPS5751899A (en) * | 1980-09-08 | 1982-03-26 | Hamano Industry Co Ltd | Papermaking method and additive |
JPS61181600A (ja) * | 1984-04-25 | 1986-08-14 | Sanyo Chem Ind Ltd | 汚泥脱水用助剤および方法 |
GB8414950D0 (en) * | 1984-06-12 | 1984-07-18 | Allied Colloids Ltd | Cationic polyelectrolytes |
US4808668A (en) * | 1985-01-07 | 1989-02-28 | Allied-Signal Inc. | Carboxylate polymers and processes for their preparation and use |
DE3609829A1 (de) * | 1986-03-22 | 1987-09-24 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von pulverfoermigen vernetzten copolymerisaten |
US4753738A (en) * | 1987-08-07 | 1988-06-28 | Nalco Chemical Company | Sludge conditioning process |
JPH01189400A (ja) * | 1988-01-25 | 1989-07-28 | Dia Furotsuku Kk | 汚泥脱水剤 |
-
1991
- 1991-10-31 JP JP03311416A patent/JP3113348B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1993
- 1993-06-23 WO PCT/JP1993/000850 patent/WO1995000559A1/ja not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1993-06-23 EP EP93913568A patent/EP0656372A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1993-06-23 AU AU43572/93A patent/AU4357293A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1993-06-23 US US08/307,571 patent/US5525692A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-06-23 KR KR1019940702166A patent/KR950701652A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS63252600A (ja) * | 1987-03-06 | 1988-10-19 | Mitsui Saianamitsudo Kk | 汚泥脱水剤 |
JPH05117327A (ja) * | 1991-10-31 | 1993-05-14 | Kohjin Co Ltd | 第3級アミノ基含有アクリルポリマーの製造方法 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of EP0656372A4 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH05117327A (ja) | 1993-05-14 |
KR950701652A (ko) | 1995-04-28 |
AU4357293A (en) | 1995-01-17 |
JP3113348B2 (ja) | 2000-11-27 |
EP0656372A1 (en) | 1995-06-07 |
US5525692A (en) | 1996-06-11 |
EP0656372A4 (en) | 1996-01-03 |
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