Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
  • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
  • E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
  • E04C2/34—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
  • E04B2/84—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ
  • E04B2/86—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms
  • E04B2/8611—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms with spacers being embedded in at least one form leaf
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
  • E04B5/16—Load-carrying floor structures wholly or partly cast or similarly formed in situ
  • E04B5/32—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements
  • E04B5/36—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements with form units as part of the floor
  • E04B5/38—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements with form units as part of the floor with slab-shaped form units acting simultaneously as reinforcement; Form slabs with reinforcements extending laterally outside the element

Definitions

• the subject of the present invention is a con ⁇ struction system and a related cassette element, wherein thin concrete boards are used that have been produced by means of the method of band rolling of concrete or by means of any other concreting method and that are provided with steel trusses,, said thin concrete boards remaining components of the ultimate structure while at the same time forming completed concrete faces for the structure.
• the invention is concerned with a construction system wherein industrially prefabricated thin concrete boards that are provided with steel trusses, have a standard width and required length are assembled by placing two boards against each other and by mechanically locking them with each other by means of the truss steels so that- the thin concrete boa-rds and the truss steels are jointly operative and form a latticework beam resistant to bending stresses, the concrete boards constituting the flanges and the truss latticework constituting the web.
• the intermediate space between the boards may be empty, it may contain channel and conduit structures, it may be partly or wholly filled with various heat insulations, filled with concrete cast in situ, light-aggregate concrete, or equivalent, partly or wholly.
• the present construction methods that employ reinforced concrete are mainly based on two different techniques in the entire building or in its various structural parts.
• One of these is the normal technique o casting in situ, wherein it is necessary to prepare firm shuttering constructions for the structures to be cast by using board, plywood, steel or plastics as the face of the shuttering.
• the latter materials are in use only in shuttering constructions that are used severa times, such as large shutters, table, angle, and cup shutters.
• the reinforcement steels are installed and supported in the shuttering space to be concreted, where ⁇ upon the concreting takes Organic. After sufficient settin the shuttering is removed and the construction work on the skeleton is continued step after step.
• the prefabrication method is based on the use of various systems of prefabricated elements.
• the reinforced concrete skeleton is assembled out of factory-made prefabricated structural components, element by welding them together by -me-ans of steel achorages and by protecting the joint sections by means of after-castin
• the elements are heavy to transport and to install.
• Element construction restricts the planning and causes limitations for the implementation of heating, ventilatio and sanitation systems.
• the element joints additionally cause leakages of air, heat and noise in the final structures.
• the construction system in accordance with the invention is mainly characterized in that the thin con-- crete boards are, either at the factory or on the construction site, mechanically connected by means of their truss structures,with the- trusses facing each other, so as to make rigid, prefeijably prestressed cassette elements, wherein the thin concrete boards with their reinforcements and the truss steels operate jointly as a bend-proof cassette structure, and that by installing cassette elements side by side vertically or horizontally structures are formed in which the intermediate space between the thin concrete boards, determined by the height of the steel trusses, is available as a_ space for positioning the heat insulation and/or as a space for fram concrete cast in situ and/or for ventilation, plumbing, electricity or other conduits.
• the con ⁇ struction can be formed either so that thin concrete boards are installed facing each other with the trusses interlocking each other and that they are locked by means of wide-flanged truss locks tensioned in the V-angles of the diagonal steels of the trusses, whereby the number and positioning ⁇ of the locks is determined by the load resulting from the length and from the puroose of use of the cassette element, or by connecting the thin concrete boards to each other mechanically, in which case a U- or I-steel profile is fastened to one truss structure of a thin concrete board, which profile, as fitted to the edge
• OMPI of the opposite board fast'ens the boards to each other so that they stand bending, or by placing the trusses of thin concrete boards provided with different standard trusses so that the trusses interlock each other and by, by means of steel pins fastened to the trusses of one of the boards, locking the trusses into a joint standing shear forces.
• Cassettes made in this way are used in many different ways as base wall, ground-based wall, perimeter wall, partition wall, bottom floor, interme- diate wall and top floor structure and as roof structure or as basic component of same. In this way a consider ⁇ able improvement in the productivity of the construction industry and an expansion of the field of application of reinforced concrete structures can be achieved.
• the invention comes out more closely from the following description and from"the attached drawings, wherein
• Figure 1 is an axonometrical view of the basic component of the construction system, a thin concrete board provided with steel trusses,
• Figure 2 shows a section along line A-A in Fig. 1,
• Figure 3 is a sectional view of a cassette element as viewed in the direction of the trusses while the intermediate space is filled with a heat insulation
• Figure 4 is a sectional view of a cassette element as viewed in the direction of the trusses while the intermediate space is filled with concrete cast
• Figure 5 is a sectional view of a cassette element as viewed in the direction of the trusses while the intermediate space is filled partly with heat insu ⁇ lation and partly with concrete cast
• Figure 6 is a sectional view of an alternative cassette element construction as viewed in the direction of the trusses
• Figure 7 is an enlarged sectional view along line C-C in Fig. 6
• Figure 8 is a sectional view along line B-B in
• Figure 9 shows an alternative solution for the structural embodiment shown in Fig. 3
• Figures 10 to 13 show examples of applications of use of a cassette element
• Figure 14 is a more detailed view of a truss lock
• Figure 15 shows an alternative embodiment for the truss lock shown in Fig. 14, and
• Figure 16 is a sectional view of a cassette element in accordance with a preferred embodiment as viewed in the direction of the trusses.
• the. construction system in accordance with the invention will be illustrated step by step by describing the manufacture of the basic compo ⁇ nent of the system, the thin concrete board provided with steel trusses, the assembly of a cassette element, alternative inside structures of cassette elements, and finally preparation of structures out of cassette ele ⁇ ments.
• Figure 1 shows the basic component of the construction system, the thin concrete board 2 provided with steel trusses 3 * 5-
• two different modes of manufacture are described.
• the casting machine ensures the position of the steels to the middle of the thickness of the slab 2.
• the steel trusses 3,5 are formed out of the same steel net as the reinforcement 4 of the slab part 2 by, in the way shown in Figure 2, bending the net in the transversal direction into two folds as well as, by pulling, by producing a phase shift between the middle portion'and the edge portions of the net, whereby the transverse division steels form the diagonal support irons 3 of the trusses and the longitudinal steels form the booms 5 of the trusses, or by welding the steel net straight into a configuration including the trusses.
• the height of the trusses 3-.5 may be different in boards 2 manufactured for different objectives.
• the truss meshes can also be
• the steel net must be protected by means of hot zinc-coating or in any ether way or be made of stainless steel.
• the truss parts 3.5 may still be protected in a particular way.
• the thin concrete board 2 may be surface-treated in a desired way ⁇ he concrete mix used may also be coloured concrete, in the mix it is possible to employ ' fibres in order to strengthen and to compact the concrete layer, and the board 2 can also be made waterproof by various treatments, e.g. with plastics.
• the thin concrete board 2 may be lifted or otherwise handled by means of the steel trusses 3 S 5 as four-point lifting, whereby lateral bending of the trusses 3 3 5 should be avoided when the board is inclined, or lateral bending should be prevented by means of auxiliary supports.
• Figures 3 to 9 sh-ow solutions of principle of the manufacture of cassette elements 1 assembled out of basic components of the system described above.
• the basic boards 2 can be assembled into cassettes 1 in advance at the element factory, or the assembling can be performed at the con- struction site in the location and position required by the structure.
• the step of filling of the interior of the cassette 1 depends on the purpose of use and the material of filling of the element.
• Figure 3 shows a simple cassette 1, wherein the basic boards 2 are placed facing each other with the trus ⁇ ses 3j5 interlocking each other and wherein the boards are tensioned into their position by means of truss locks 6 of wide flanges installed in opposite V-angles of the diagonal steels 3 of the truss.es 3,.5.
• the compression stress of the locks 6 forms a constant prestressing in the diagonal steels 3 and is transferred by the wide flanges 7 to the thin concrete boards 2.
• the friction between the flanges 7 and the board 2, the exclusion of the shifting of the locks 6, owing to the truss diagonals , and the compression stress of the locks 6 create a statically indefinite condition which prevents shifting of the thin concrete boards 2 in relation to each other, and at the same time they form a bending capacity in the cassette structure 1.
• the number of the truss locks 6 is determined by the size of the cassette element 1 and by the bending stress determined by the purpose of use.
• the cassette element 1 may be filled with a heat-insulating
• OMPI material 8 as is shown in Fig. 3 > in which case the element 1 can be used as such, e.g., for wall and top floor constructions or alternatively, as is shown in Fig. 4, as space for casting frame concrete 9 cast in situ.
• a hea -insu ⁇ lating layer 8' or board To the inside face of one of the basic boards 2, as is shown in Fig. 5 , it is possible to fasten a hea -insu ⁇ lating layer 8' or board, whereby the rest of the inter ⁇ mediate space in the cassette 1 can be used for struc ⁇ tural concreting S % __ or thg cassette element 1 may be installed with a completely open interior space into the final object of use, where its intermediate space is utilized for ventilation, plumbing, electricity or other conduits.
• FIG. 16 A favourable embodiment of this type is shown in the arrangement of Fig. 16, wherein a U-profile 17 is installed inside the cassette element 1 with the open, side towards the thin concrete * board 2 before the frame concrete 18 is cast, whereby the U-profile 17 together with the thin concrete board 2 forms a hollow space 14 in the element 1, which space can be used as ventilation, plumbing or electricity conduit or for othe'r, corresponding pur ⁇ poses, whereby any necessary connections to the channel are obtained by drilling the desired holes through the thin concrete element.
• Figure 9 shows a cassette element embodiment 1' in which a j- or I-steel profile 10 is fastened to one of the truss structures 3', 5' of each basic board 2'.
• the basic boards 2' are installed at the distance of the phase shift from each other, and the steel profile 10, as fitted to the edge of the opposite board 2', makes the cassette 1' bend-proof.
• the procedure may be the same as described ab-ove.
• the basic boards 2' can also be installed as shown in Fig. 13 as overlapping each other, in which case an inclined roof construction can be laid".out of the cassette elements without a separate plastic membrane insulation. In the cold season, the roof construction makes use of the heat-insulating capacity of snow, since the structure requires no ventilation.
• Figure 6 shows the formation of a bend-proof cassette 1" out of thin concrete boards 2" provided with two different truss structures.
• the trusses 3" a 5" are designed so that they can be placed as interlocking each other and locked by means of a pin construction 11 in the lateral direction.
• the pin construction 11 is capable of receiving all shear force resulting from bending and acting- upon the diagonal steels 3".
• This mode of manufacture of a cassettes permits automatic production of cassettes, such an automatic process con ⁇ sisting of fitting together of the boards, injection of a polyurethane filling material, cutting, and possible after-coating of the boards.
• FIGS 10 to 13 show some typical structures constructed out of thin concrete board cassettes.
• Figure 10 shows the construction of the outer wall of the basement of a small house facing the ground, with the cassette elements 1 installed vertically, whereby the footing structure can also be substituted for by prefabricated 'groove footings 12 placed on the ground at the joints of the " elements 1.
• the cassette elements 1 are installed on these footing grooves by aligning and by wedging the element into its correct position. .
• the horizontal steels required by the structure are installed into the intermediate space in the bottom part of the cassette elements 1, and the intermediate space of the entire wall is concreted at the same time, whereby the wall together with the footing becomes a completely mono ⁇ lithic structure. Compacted gravel around the footing elements and,-around the bottom ends of the cassette ele- ments transfers ⁇ he loads of the structure to the ground, and the heat-insulation layer ready in the intermediate space of the cassette guarantees a sufficient insulating capacity for the structure.
• FIG. 11 shows the use of a cassette element 1
• OMPI in accordance with Fig. 3 as a wall or top floor structure with ready heat insulation.
• Figure 12 shows a cassette element 1' in accordance with Fig. 9 as a wall or top floor structure with ready heat insulation.
• Figure 13 shows a cassette element as laid overlapping each other in an inclined roof construction.
• a truss lock 6 in accordance with Fig. 14, wherein a steel device, provided with an articulated joint in the middle, as installed between the boom steels 5 of adjoining truss structures, tensions the boom steels 5 against the opposite concrete faces 2 while.being at the same time locked at the articulated joint 13 and, owing to the widenings 7 at its ends, giving the cassette element 1 a lateral rigidity required in the case of transfers and transports.
• a truss lock 6' alternative to the truss lock 6 shown in Fig. 14, comes out from Fig.
• truss lock 6' to be used for the assemb ⁇ ly of cassette elements is shown, in which lock the outer ends of threaded end components 15 constitute a widening 7' increasing the lateral rigidity of the cassette element, and by means of a tubular sleeve 16, provided with inside threading, the truss lock 6' can be tightened into its position at adjoining trusses between thin concrete boards.
• the co-nstruction system iri accordance with the invention 0 with its numerous possibilities of use reduces the number of working hours necessary in construction as compared with what is required to-day.
• the overall construction time is reduced when the erection of the building frame becomes faster and when the interior finishing work is 5 reduced.
• the requirement of energy during the constructio stage is reduced while the construction time becomes shorter, because no openings for the removal of formwork are necessary in the outer mantle of the building, and therefore the expenses from the construction period are 0 reduced.
• the construction system described above is well suitable for small houses, large buildings, low buildings, as well as f_or multi-storey buildings. So far, it has not been possible to accomplish the construction system in accordance with the invention, 5 because it has not been possible to manufacture the thin concrete boards 2 provided with s ⁇ eel trusses 3 ⁇ 5 and used as the basic components of the cassette elements 1
• OMPI » WIIPPOO as of sufficiently low weight and of high quality.
• the preparation of thin concrete board as a mechanical in-situ casting on stationary casting bases can also be developed by using casting equipment for long beams or hollow slabs so that they are suitable for the production of thin oncrete boards provided with truss structures,-.whereby an economic result almost equalling the above and *w rather good quality of the surfaces are also obtained ' .

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Architecture (AREA)
• Civil Engineering (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Electromagnetism (AREA)
• Forms Removed On Construction Sites Or Auxiliary Members Thereof (AREA)
• Building Environments (AREA)
• On-Site Construction Work That Accompanies The Preparation And Application Of Concrete (AREA)

Priority Applications (2)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=8513359

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (3)

Cited By (11)

Families Citing this family (2)

Citations (8)

• 1980
  • 1980-03-28 FI FI800961A patent/FI69178C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
• 1981
  • 1981-03-27 WO PCT/FI1981/000025 patent/WO1981002758A1/en active IP Right Grant
  • 1981-03-27 EP EP81900823A patent/EP0048728B1/de not_active Expired

Patent Citations (8)

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