USRE43189E1 - Enhancing perceptual performance of SBR and related HFR coding methods by adaptive noise-floor addition and noise substitution limiting - Google Patents

Enhancing perceptual performance of SBR and related HFR coding methods by adaptive noise-floor addition and noise substitution limiting Download PDF

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USRE43189E1
USRE43189E1 US11/371,309 US37130900A USRE43189E US RE43189 E1 USRE43189 E1 US RE43189E1 US 37130900 A US37130900 A US 37130900A US RE43189 E USRE43189 E US RE43189E
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signal
noise
band portion
original signal
frequency
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Lars G. Liljeryd
Kristofer Kjoerling
Per Ekstrand
Frederik Henn
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Dolby International AB
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/02—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using spectral analysis, e.g. transform vocoders or subband vocoders
    • G10L19/028—Noise substitution, i.e. substituting non-tonal spectral components by noisy source
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L21/00—Speech or voice signal processing techniques to produce another audible or non-audible signal, e.g. visual or tactile, in order to modify its quality or its intelligibility
    • G10L21/02—Speech enhancement, e.g. noise reduction or echo cancellation
    • G10L21/038—Speech enhancement, e.g. noise reduction or echo cancellation using band spreading techniques
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/04—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using predictive techniques
    • G10L19/06—Determination or coding of the spectral characteristics, e.g. of the short-term prediction coefficients
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/04—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using predictive techniques
    • G10L19/26—Pre-filtering or post-filtering
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/04—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using predictive techniques
    • G10L19/26—Pre-filtering or post-filtering
    • G10L19/265—Pre-filtering, e.g. high frequency emphasis prior to encoding
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/02—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using spectral analysis, e.g. transform vocoders or subband vocoders
    • G10L19/032—Quantisation or dequantisation of spectral components
    • G10L19/035—Scalar quantisation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L25/00—Speech or voice analysis techniques not restricted to a single one of groups G10L15/00 - G10L21/00
    • G10L25/03—Speech or voice analysis techniques not restricted to a single one of groups G10L15/00 - G10L21/00 characterised by the type of extracted parameters
    • G10L25/18—Speech or voice analysis techniques not restricted to a single one of groups G10L15/00 - G10L21/00 characterised by the type of extracted parameters the extracted parameters being spectral information of each sub-band

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to source coding systems utilising high frequency reconstruction (HFR) such as Spectral Band Replication, SBR [WO 98/57436] or related methods. It improves performance of both high quality methods (SBR), as well as low quality copy-up methods [U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,054]. It is applicable to both speech coding and natural audio coding systems. Furthermore, the invention can beneficially be used with natural audio codecs with- or without high-frequency reconstruction, to reduce the audible effect of frequency bands shut-down usually occurring under low bitrate conditions, by applying Adaptive Noise-floor Addition.
  • HFR high frequency reconstruction
  • a high frequency reconstruction process usually comprises some sort of envelope adjustment, where it is desirable to avoid unwanted noise substitution for harmonics. It is thus essential to be able to add and control noise levels in the high frequency regeneration process at the decoder.
  • Some prior art audio coding systems include means to recreate noise components at the decoder. This permits the encoder to omit noise components in the coding process, thus making it more efficient. However, for such methods to be successful, the noise excluded in the encoding process by the encoder must not contain other signal components. This hard decision based noise coding scheme results in a relatively low duty cycle since most noise components are usually mixed, in time and/or frequency, with other signal components. Furthermore it does not by any means solve the problem of insufficient noise contents in reconstructed high frequency bands.
  • the present invention addresses the problem of insufficient noise contents in a regenerated highband, and spectral holes due to frequency bands shut-down under low-bitrate conditions, by adaptively adding a noise-floor. It also prevents unwanted noise substitution for harmonics. This is performed by means of a noise-floor level estimation in the encoder, and adaptive noise-floor addition and unwanted noise substitution limiting at the decoder.
  • the adaptive Noise-floor Addition and the Noise Substitution Limiting method comprise the following steps:
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the peak- and dip-follower applied to a high- and medium-resolution spectrum, and the mapping of the noise-floor to frequency bands, according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the noise-floor with smoothing in time and frequency, according to the present invention
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the spectrum of an original input signal
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the spectrum of the output signal from a SBR process without Adaptive Noise-floor Addition
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the spectrum of the output signal with SBR and Adaptive Noise-floor Addition, according to the present invention
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the amplification factors for the spectral envelope adjustment filterbank, according to the present invention
  • FIG. 7 illustrates the smoothing of amplification factors in the spectral envelope adjustment filterbank, according to the present invention
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a possible implementation of the present invention, in a source coding system on the encoder side
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a possible implementation of the present invention, in a source coding system on the decoder side.
  • the fine structured spectral envelope When analysing an audio signal spectrum with sufficient frequency resolution, formants, single sinusodials etc. are clearly visible, this is hereinafter referred to as the fine structured spectral envelope. However, if a low resolution is used, no fine details can be observed, this is hereinafter referred to as the coarse structured spectral envelope.
  • the level of the noise-floor refers to the ratio between a coarse structured spectral envelope interpolated along the local minimum points in the high resolution spectrum, and a coarse structured spectral envelope interpolated along the local maximum points in the high resolution spectrum. This measurement is obtained by computing a high resolution FFT for the signal segment, and applying a peak- and dip-follower, FIG. 1 .
  • the noise-floor level is then computed as the difference between the peak- and the dip-follower. With appropriate smoothing of this signal in time and frequency, a noise-floor level measure is obtained.
  • the peak follower function and the dip follower function can be described according to eq. 1 and eq. 2,
  • y peak ⁇ ( X ⁇ ( k ) ) max ⁇ ( Y ⁇ ( X ⁇ ( k - 1 ) ) - T , X ⁇ ( k ) ) ⁇ ⁇ 1 ⁇ k ⁇ fftSize 2 eq .
  • ⁇ 1 y dip ⁇ ( X ⁇ ( k ) ) min ⁇ ( Y ⁇ ( X ⁇ ( k - 1 ) ) + T , X ⁇ ( k ) ) ⁇ ⁇ 1 ⁇ k ⁇ fftSize 2 eq .
  • a spectral envelope representation of the signal In order to apply the adaptive noise-floor, a spectral envelope representation of the signal must be available. This can be linear PCM values for filterbank implementations or an LPC representation.
  • the noise-floor is shaped according to this envelope prior to adjusting it to correct levels, according to the values received by the decoder. It is also possible to adjust the levels with an additional offset given in the decoder.
  • the received noise-floor levels are compared to an upper limit given in the decoder, mapped to several filterbank channels and subsequently smoothed by LP filtering in both time and frequency, FIG. 2 .
  • the replicated highband signal is adjusted in order to obtain the correct total signal level after adding the noise-floor to the signal.
  • the adjustment factors and noise-floor energies are calculated according to eq. 3 and eq. 4.
  • noiseLevel ⁇ ( k , l ) sfb_nrg ⁇ ( k , l ) ⁇ nf ⁇ ( k , l ) 1 + nf ⁇ ( k , l ) eq . ⁇ 3
  • adjustFactor ⁇ ( k , l ) 1 1 + nf ⁇ ( k , l ) eq . ⁇ 4
  • k indicates the frequency line
  • l the time index for each sub-band sample
  • sfb_nrg(k,l) is the envelope representation
  • nf(k,l) is the noise-floor level.
  • FIGS. 3-5 An example of the output from the algorithm is displayed in FIGS. 3-5 .
  • FIG. 3 shows the spectrum of an original signal containing a very pronounced formant structure in the low band, but much less pronounced in the highband. Processing this with SBR without Adaptive Noise-floor Addition yields a result according to FIG. 4 .
  • FIG. 4 shows the result of the formant structure of the replicated highband is correct, the noise-floor level is too low.
  • the noise-floor level estimated and applied according to the invention yields the result of FIG. 5 , where the noise-floor superimposed on the replicated highband is displayed.
  • the benefit of Adaptive Noise-floor Addition is here very obvious both visually and audibly.
  • the low band signal enabling spectral analysis of the same.
  • the signal-powers of the source ranges corresponding to the different transposition factors are assessed and the gains of the harmonics are adjusted accordingly.
  • a more elaborate solution is to estimate the slope of the low band spectrum and compensate for this prior to the filterbank, using simple filter implementations, e.g. shelving filters. It is important to note that this procedure does not affect the equalisation functionality of the filterbank, and that the low band analysed by the filterbank is not re-synthesised by the same.
  • the replicated highband will occasionally contain holes in the spectrum.
  • the envelope adjustment algorithm strives to make the spectral envelope of the regenerated highband similar to that of the original.
  • the original signal has a high energy within a frequency band, and that the transposed signal displays a spectral hole within this frequency band. This implies, provided the amplification factors are allowed to assume arbitrary values, that a very high amplification factor will be applied to this frequency band, and noise or other unwanted signal components will be adjusted to the same energy as that of the original. This is referred to as unwanted noise substitution.
  • P 1 [p 11 , . . . , p 1N ] eq.
  • G avg ⁇ i ⁇ ⁇ P 1 ⁇ i ⁇ i ⁇ ⁇ P 2 ⁇ i , eq . ⁇ 11 is calculated and the amplification factors are allowed to exceed that by a certain amount.
  • the simplest interpolation method is to assign every filterbank channel within the group used for the scale factor calculation, the value of the scale factor.
  • the transposed signal is also analysed and a scale factor per filterbank channel is calculated.
  • These scale factors and the interpolated ones, representing the original spectral envelope, are used to calculate the amplification factors according to the above.
  • the transposed signal usually has a sparser spectrum than the original.
  • a spectral smoothing is thus beneficial and such is made more efficient when it operates on narrow frequency bands, compared to wide bands.
  • the generated harmonics can be better isolated and controlled by the envelope adjustment filterbank.
  • the performance of the noise limiter is improved since spectral holes can be better estimated and controlled with higher frequency resolution.
  • FIG. 6 displays the amplification factors to be multiplied with the corresponding subband samples.
  • the figure displays two high-resolution blocks followed by three low-resolution blocks and one high resolution block. It also shows the decreasing frequency resolution at higher frequencies.
  • the sharpness of FIG. 6 is eliminated in FIG. 7 by filtering of the amplification factors in both time and frequency, for example by employing a weighted moving average. It is important however, to maintain the transient structure for the short blocks in time in order not to reduce the transient response of the replicated frequency range. Similarly, it is important not to filter the amplification factors for the high-resolution blocks excessively in order to maintain the formant structure of the replicated frequency range. In FIG. 9b the filtering is intentionally exaggerated for better visibility.
  • FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 shows a possible implementation of the present invention.
  • the high-band reconstruction is done by means of Spectral Band Replication, SBR.
  • SBR Spectral Band Replication
  • the encoder side is displayed.
  • the analogue input signal is fed to the A/D converter 801 , and to an arbitrary audio coder, 802 , as well as the noise-floor level estimation unit 803 , and an envelope extraction unit 804 .
  • the coded information is multiplexed into a serial bitstream, 805 , and transmitted or stored.
  • FIG. 9a typical decoder implementation is displayed.
  • the serial bitstream is de-multiplexed, 901 , and the envelope data is decoded, 902 , i.e. the spectral envelope of the high-band and the noise-floor level.
  • the de-multiplexed source coded signal is decoded using an arbitrary audio decoder, 903 , and up-sampled 904 .
  • SBR-transposition is applied in unit 905 .
  • the different harmonics are amplified using the feedback information from the analysis filterbank, 908 , according to the present invention.
  • the noise-floor level data is sent to the Adaptive Noise-floor Addition unit, 906 , where a noise-floor is generated.
  • the spectral envelope data is interpolated, 907 , the amplification factors are limited 909 , and smoothed 910 , according to the present invention.
  • the reconstructed high-band is adjusted 911 and the adaptive noise is added.
  • the signal is re-synthesised 912 and added to the delayed 913 low-band.
  • the digital output is converted back to an analogue waveform 914 .

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SE9903553A SE9903553D0 (sv) 1999-01-27 1999-10-01 Enhancing percepptual performance of SBR and related coding methods by adaptive noise addition (ANA) and noise substitution limiting (NSL)
US11/371,309 USRE43189E1 (en) 1999-01-27 2000-01-26 Enhancing perceptual performance of SBR and related HFR coding methods by adaptive noise-floor addition and noise substitution limiting
US09/647,057 US6708145B1 (en) 1999-01-27 2000-01-26 Enhancing perceptual performance of sbr and related hfr coding methods by adaptive noise-floor addition and noise substitution limiting
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US13/460,789 Expired - Fee Related US8543385B2 (en) 1999-01-27 2012-04-30 Enhancing perceptual performance of SBR and related HFR coding methods by adaptive noise-floor addition and noise substitution limiting
US13/973,193 Expired - Fee Related US8738369B2 (en) 1999-01-27 2013-08-22 Enhancing performance of spectral band replication and related high frequency reconstruction coding
US14/252,947 Expired - Fee Related US8935156B2 (en) 1999-01-27 2014-04-15 Enhancing performance of spectral band replication and related high frequency reconstruction coding
US14/564,244 Expired - Fee Related US9245533B2 (en) 1999-01-27 2014-12-09 Enhancing performance of spectral band replication and related high frequency reconstruction coding
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US12/490,969 Expired - Fee Related US8036880B2 (en) 1999-01-27 2009-06-24 Enhancing perceptual performance of SBR and related HFR coding methods by adaptive noise-floor addition and noise substitution limiting
US12/491,001 Expired - Fee Related US8036882B2 (en) 1999-01-27 2009-06-24 Enhancing perceptual performance of SBR and related HFR coding methods by adaptive noise-floor addition and noise substitution limiting
US13/230,654 Expired - Fee Related US8255233B2 (en) 1999-01-27 2011-09-12 Enhancing perceptual performance of SBR and related HFR coding methods by adaptive noise-floor addition and noise substitution limiting
US13/460,789 Expired - Fee Related US8543385B2 (en) 1999-01-27 2012-04-30 Enhancing perceptual performance of SBR and related HFR coding methods by adaptive noise-floor addition and noise substitution limiting
US13/973,193 Expired - Fee Related US8738369B2 (en) 1999-01-27 2013-08-22 Enhancing performance of spectral band replication and related high frequency reconstruction coding
US14/252,947 Expired - Fee Related US8935156B2 (en) 1999-01-27 2014-04-15 Enhancing performance of spectral band replication and related high frequency reconstruction coding
US14/564,244 Expired - Fee Related US9245533B2 (en) 1999-01-27 2014-12-09 Enhancing performance of spectral band replication and related high frequency reconstruction coding
US14/967,600 Abandoned US20160099005A1 (en) 1999-01-27 2015-12-14 Enhancing Performance of Spectral Band Replication and Related High Frequency Reconstruction Coding

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