USH16H - Fuel cell electrode and method of preparation - Google Patents

Fuel cell electrode and method of preparation Download PDF

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Publication number
USH16H
USH16H US06/585,698 US58569884A USH16H US H16 H USH16 H US H16H US 58569884 A US58569884 A US 58569884A US H16 H USH16 H US H16H
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
porous
plaque
catalyst
electrode
fuel cell
Prior art date
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Abandoned
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US06/585,698
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English (en)
Inventor
Thomas D. Kaun
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US Department of Energy
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US Department of Energy
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Publication date
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Priority to US06/585,698 priority Critical patent/USH16H/en
Assigned to UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AS REPRESENTED BY THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY reassignment UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AS REPRESENTED BY THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: KAUN, THOMAS D.
Priority to JP60040984A priority patent/JPS60207253A/ja
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of USH16H publication Critical patent/USH16H/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
    • H01M4/8621—Porous electrodes containing only metallic or ceramic material, e.g. made by sintering or sputtering
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/9041—Metals or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
    • H01M8/0625—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material in a modular combined reactor/fuel cell structure
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/14—Fuel cells with fused electrolytes
    • H01M8/141—Fuel cells with fused electrolytes the anode and the cathode being gas-permeable electrodes or electrode layers
    • H01M8/142—Fuel cells with fused electrolytes the anode and the cathode being gas-permeable electrodes or electrode layers with matrix-supported or semi-solid matrix-reinforced electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/14—Fuel cells with fused electrolytes
    • H01M2008/147—Fuel cells with molten carbonates
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0048—Molten electrolytes used at high temperature
    • H01M2300/0051—Carbonates
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • This invention relates to fuel cells, particularly to fuel cell electrodes having good creep resistance during operation in fuel cell stacks. Electrode creep resulting in a decrease in stack height is of particular concern in high temperature fuel cell units employing molten carbonate electrolyte.
  • a basic fuel cell includes an anode for contact with the fuel gas and a cathode for contact and reaction with an oxidant gas.
  • the electrodes are separated by an electrolyte such as a porous matrix containing molten carbonate salts.
  • Each electrode typically includes a layer of catalyst material, for instance a porous plaque of sinter bonded or compacted metal or metal oxide particles.
  • a perforated sheet separates the catalyst from the second section of the electrode which includes channels for directing reactant gas to the catalyst.
  • the catalyst layers are porous to permit the reactant gas to diffuse into contact with the catalyst material.
  • ions travel from the cathode through the electrolyte into the anode where the fuel is oxidized. This ionic flow drives an electrical current in an eletrical circuit external to the fuel cell.
  • Cathode catalyst materials such as nickel oxide or zinc oxide have been suggested.
  • Alternate materials such as the perovskites including various oxygenates of lanthanum, for instance LaMnO 3 , LaCoO 3 and various other cathode catalyst materials listed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,206,270 are of potential value for use in molten carbonate fuel cells.
  • Anode catalysts of nickel and various other materials such as Ni-Cr and Cu are suitable for catalyzing the reaction of hydrogen gas at the anode.
  • FIG. 1 of the drawing A typical electrode structure is illustrated in FIG. 1 of the drawing.
  • the electrode 10 includes a porous layer of catalyst material 11 supported on a perforated sheet 13 next to a generally comb shaped member 15 that defines channels 17 for reactant gas flow into contact with the catalyst.
  • Member 15 is an electrically conductive member and serves as a bipolar separator sheet between electrode 10 and an adjacent electrode of opposite polarity. Additional channels (not shown) are arranged perpendicular to channels 17 to provide a second reactant gas to the adjacent electrode of opposite polarity.
  • the catalytic layers in electrodes as described above have been found to suffer compressive creep of between 5 and 50% in thickness when exposed to pressures of 100 to 300 kPa, temperatures of 600°-700° C. for periods of 100 to 400 hours operation. Such conditions may occur in the operation of a molten carbonate fuel cell stack. Compressive creep of this magnitude presents major problems in reactant gas sealing and other structural arrangements in a fuel cell stack.
  • an object of the present invention to provide an electrode for a fuel cell with improved compressive creep resistance under operating conditions of a fuel cell stack.
  • an electrode for a fuel cell including a porous plaque with interconnecting porosity for gas passage.
  • a coherent layer of particulate electrochemical catalyst is impregnated into only one surface section of the porous plaque leaving a major fraction of the porous plaque thickness open for gas flow into contact with the catalyst material.
  • An intercell separator sheet of impermeable, electrically conductive material is bonded to the surface of the porous sheet opposite to the coherent layer of catalyst material. This defines a channel for gas flow between the separator sheet and the catalyst layer.
  • the porous plaque is of generally incompressible structure under the cell operating conditions exhibiting less than 1% thickness compression under 100-400 kPa pressure for 100-500 hours at about 650°-700° C.
  • the porous plaque is an electrically conductive metal foam of 60 to 99% porosity having a pore size distribution of 100 to 300 microns.
  • the porous plaque can be of nickel chromium alloy formed by electrochemical deposition onto a polymeric substrate capable of being driven off at subsequent elevated temperatures.
  • the coherent layer of catalyst material can be sinter bonded into one section of the plaque thickness contiguous with only one major surface of the plaque.
  • the coherent layer can be electrochemically bonded into one major surface section of the porous plaque.
  • particulate catalytic material is compacted within the plaque at a major surface section having a larger pore size than a second major surface section with open interstices for reactant gas distribution.
  • a gas impermeable sheet is metallurgically bonded to the surface of the porous plaque opposite to the catalyst layer and to two opposing edge surfaces leaving alternate edge surfaces open for reactant gas passage.
  • the present invention also comprehends a fuel cell having a first electrode with catalyst for electrolytic reaction of fuel gas along with means for admitting fuel gas into contact with the first catalyst.
  • the cell also includes a porous matrix containing electrolyte capable of ionic conduction between the first and second electrodes.
  • At least one of the electrodes has a porous plaque of electrically conductive material including its catalyst disposed only in one major surface section and further including interconnecting intersticies throughout for passage of reactant gas into contact with its catalyst.
  • first and second electrodes each include a generally incompressible porous plaque of electrically conductive material with the major surface sections containing catalysts disposed adjacent to major surfaces of the electrolyte matrix.
  • the porous plaques include a first pair of generally opposing edge surfaces that are sealed against reactant gas passage and a second pair of generally opposing edge surfaces that are open to admit reactant gas.
  • the open edges are arranged generally perpendicular to the sealed edges.
  • a fuel cell stack is formed including a plurality of first electrodes, the matrices and the second electrodes assemblied with the sealed edges of the first electrodes in alignment with the open edges of the second electrodes and the open edges of the first electrodes in alignment with the sealed edges of the first electrodes.
  • Supply and discharge manifolds of fuel and oxidant gases respectively thereby can be coupled across a fuel cell stack at alternate side surfaces.
  • the fuel cell stack includes generally incompressible porous plaques that exhibit less than 1% compressive creep in height over 100-500 hours duration at 100-400 kPa load and 650°-700° C. temperature.
  • the present invention also relates to a method of preparing an electrode component for a fuel cell.
  • a generally incompressible porous plaque of electrically conductive material having interconnecting interstices is provided.
  • a catalyst is impregnated into a surface section contiguous to only one major surface of the porous plaque leaving open an adjacent section of thickness contiguous to an opposite major surface to permit passage of reactant gas.
  • the major surface opposite to the impregnated surface section and one set of opposing edges of the porous plaque are sealed to prevent leakage of reactant gas.
  • the electrochemical catalyst is blended with a polymeric binder to form a paste, subsequently is shaped into a sheet and pressed into a surface section of the porous plaque contiguous with only one major surface.
  • particles of electrochemical catalysts are sinter bonded together and to the interstitial surfaces of the porous plaque to maintain a coherent porous layer within the porous plaque structure.
  • FIG. 1 is a fragmentary schematic illustration of a prior art fuel cell electrode.
  • FIG. 2 is a fragmentary schematic cross-section of a fuel cell.
  • the invention is described in respect to FIG. 2 where a fuel cell 20 is illustrated.
  • the fuel cell includes a first electrode such as an anode 21, a gas impermeable matrix 23 containing electrolyte and a second electrode such as a cathode 25.
  • the three principle components of the fuel cell are arranged in a stack and separated from adjacent fuel cells by gas impermeable, electrically conductive plates 27 and 29 at opposing cell surfaces. Plates 27 and 29 advantageously may be metallurgically or otherwise bonded to the outward major surfaces of porous plaques 35 and 37 respectively to form an integral structure.
  • Electrodes 21 and 25 comprise porous plaque support structures 35 and 37 each with an impregnated layer of catalyst material 31 and 33 respectively in an inward, major surface section adjacent to electrolyte matrix 23. As shown in FIG. 2 the porous plaque support structures 35 and 37 extend through the thicknesses of the catalyst material 31 and 33 to the electrolyte matrix 23. The outward sections 39 and 41 of the porous plaques 35 and 37 remain substantially free of catalyst to admit and discharge reactant gases. Typically fuel gases such as hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide pass into the anode structure and oxidant gases such as CO 2 mixed with oxygen, air or hydrogen peroxide pass into the cathode structure.
  • fuel gases such as hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide pass into the anode structure and oxidant gases such as CO 2 mixed with oxygen, air or hydrogen peroxide pass into the cathode structure.
  • edge surfaces of the electrodes are supported or covered by end plates 43 and 45. These plates advantageously may be bent or perpendicularly shaped marginal sections of separator plates 27 and 29.
  • Plate 43 includes open portions 44 to expose the edge surface of anode 21 and admit fuel gas from a fuel gas manifold (not shown).
  • An opposite edge surface of anode 21 likewise remains open to vent reaction products.
  • the corresponding edge surfaces of cathode 25 are sealed by plate 45 and a like plate at an opposite surface to prevent fuel gas leakage into the cathode.
  • the edges of cathode 25 are exposed open to oxidant supply and discharge manifolds to provide oxidant gas passage into the open outward section 41 of cathode 25.
  • the edges of anode 21 are covered with gas impermeable sheets to prevent oxidant gas cross leakage and to provide component support.
  • Electrolyte matrix 23 can be provided with marginal portions 47 that extend outwardly beyond the electrode edges. These marginal portions 47 are shown in engagement with flanges 49 and 51 on the extremities of plates 43 and 45 respectively to provide a wet seal of for instance, molten carbonate salt between the electrodes and the matrix.
  • Porous plaques 35 and 37 are provided of a highly porous, electrically conductive material that is resistant to compressive forces. Metal foams, felts or other porous metal structures may be selected. The plaques also may be of an electronically conductive ceramic material or a ceramic coated with electrically conductive material.
  • the porous plaques of the electrode structures are provided of a high porosity solid metal foam of sound structural integrity.
  • foams are available commercially for instance, under the trademark Retimet and exhibit porosities of 60 to 99% void volume.
  • Various pore sizes, of for instance 100-300 microns average, are available and suitable for use with the present invention. It is understood that such materials with high porosities and sound structural integrity, particularly in resistance to compressive creep, are prepared by electrochemical deposition on a polymeric substrate followed by burning out or otherwise volatilizing the substrate material. The burnout procedure provides open interstitial passages throughout the material that permit good distribution of reactant gases to the embedded catalyst.
  • the catalyst material for the electrode may be embedded or impregnated into the porous structure or plaque by a number of techniques.
  • a slip of nickel oxide and a suitable polymeric binder material e.g. an acrylic polymer binder such as one commercially available under the trademark Cerbind can be suitably milled and blended in preparation for casting a tape as a thin layer.
  • the porous plaque of foam metal can then be pressed into the face of the tape to embed or impregnate the catalyst into the plaque.
  • Sintering then may be accomplished either within a fuel cell or within a suitable furnace at temperatures of 600° to 800° C. to drive off the binder and sinter bond the particulate catalyst material into a coherent layer contiguous with only one surface of the resulting porous electrode structure.
  • the binder material is of importance in retaining the particulate catalyst material only within the surface section until sintering can firmly bonded the material in place.
  • the porous plaque can be provided in two layers, the first of relatively large pore size for admitting the catalytic material and the second layer of more restricted pore size to substantially prevent entry by compacted catalyst.
  • nickel and nickel oxide have been suggested as the anode and cathode catalyst material respectively, it will be clear that various other catalytic materials also may be employed.
  • the various perovskites including the lanthanum oxygenates disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,206,270 to Kunz et al and various other alternate catalyst materials such as lithium oxygenates or the oxides of zinc may be useful catalysts.
  • a fuel gas reforming catalyst such as nickel oxide can be deposited by chemical, electrochemical or other techniques within the porous structure of the anode plaque.
  • the reforming catalyst can be included within the porous plaque section left open for gas flow or within the more compacted layer in mixture with the anode catalyst material.
  • the layer of electrode catalysts will comprise between 0.2 and 0.5 fraction of the superstructure thickness.
  • an electrode of about 1.5 millimeters thickness will include approximately 0.3 to 0.7 millimeters of coherent layer of catalyst material.
  • the present invention provides an electrode and a fuel cell that exhibit substantial improved resistance to compressive creep.
  • the fuel cell stack composed of such improved fuel cells will eliminate or ameliorate many of the previous difficult problems relating to shearing of manifold gasket seals and damage to other mechanical connections and supports.
  • This invention provides improved resistance to compressive creep by embedding the electrode catalyst within a superstructure of highly porous and structurally sound metal plaque.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Inert Electrodes (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
US06/585,698 1984-03-02 1984-03-02 Fuel cell electrode and method of preparation Abandoned USH16H (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/585,698 USH16H (en) 1984-03-02 1984-03-02 Fuel cell electrode and method of preparation
JP60040984A JPS60207253A (ja) 1984-03-02 1985-03-01 燃料電池用電極およびその電極を用いた燃料電池

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US06/585,698 USH16H (en) 1984-03-02 1984-03-02 Fuel cell electrode and method of preparation

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Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5460896A (en) * 1993-01-22 1995-10-24 Kabushiki Kaisha Equos Research Fuel cell
US6379833B1 (en) 1998-08-07 2002-04-30 Institute Of Gas Technology Alternative electrode supports and gas distributors for molten carbonate fuel cell applications
US6531238B1 (en) * 2000-09-26 2003-03-11 Reliant Energy Power Systems, Inc. Mass transport for ternary reaction optimization in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell assembly and stack assembly
US6797422B2 (en) 2001-01-25 2004-09-28 Gas Technology Institute Air-breathing direct methanol fuel cell with metal foam current collectors
US7001687B1 (en) 2002-10-04 2006-02-21 The Texas A&M University System Unitized MEA assemblies and methods for making same
US7005209B1 (en) 2002-10-04 2006-02-28 The Texas A&M University System Fuel cell stack assembly
US20070117005A1 (en) * 2005-11-21 2007-05-24 Relion, Inc. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell and method of forming a fuel cell
DE102005059708A1 (de) * 2005-12-12 2007-06-14 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Reoxidationsstabile Hochtemperatur-Brennstoffzelle
US20090123811A1 (en) * 2007-11-13 2009-05-14 Frank Baumann Electrochemical cell and fuel cell including it
US20090169941A1 (en) * 2007-10-25 2009-07-02 Relion, Inc. Direct liquid fuel cell
US8026020B2 (en) 2007-05-08 2011-09-27 Relion, Inc. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack and fuel cell stack module
US9293778B2 (en) 2007-06-11 2016-03-22 Emergent Power Inc. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell
US10336648B1 (en) * 1986-03-21 2019-07-02 Alvin R. Stetson Slip composition

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS614168A (ja) * 1984-06-18 1986-01-10 Agency Of Ind Science & Technol 燃料電池の製造方法
JPH0736334B2 (ja) * 1984-07-13 1995-04-19 三菱電機株式会社 溶融炭酸塩形燃料電池の電極
JPS6286666A (ja) * 1985-10-09 1987-04-21 Hitachi Ltd 燃料電池
KR100874331B1 (ko) * 2006-12-28 2008-12-18 두산중공업 주식회사 용융탄산염 연료전지의 전해질 함침 공기극 제조방법

Citations (8)

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US3933520A (en) 1975-04-03 1976-01-20 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Energy Research And Development Administration Method of preparing electrodes with porous current collector structures and solid reactants for secondary electrochemical cells
US4129685A (en) 1977-08-15 1978-12-12 United Technologies Corp. Fuel cell structure
US4206270A (en) 1978-12-14 1980-06-03 United Technologies Corporation Cathodes for molten carbonate fuel cells
US4301218A (en) 1978-08-12 1981-11-17 Deutsche Automobilgesellschaft Mbh Bi-porous Raney-nickel electrode
US4404267A (en) 1982-04-26 1983-09-13 General Electric Company Anode composite for molten carbonate fuel cell
US4407905A (en) 1980-10-14 1983-10-04 Hitachi, Ltd. Fuel cell
US4411968A (en) 1981-09-30 1983-10-25 United Technologies Corporation Molten carbonate fuel cell integral matrix tape and bubble barrier
US4448857A (en) 1982-09-10 1984-05-15 General Electric Company Cathode composite for molten carbonate fuel cell

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3933520A (en) 1975-04-03 1976-01-20 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Energy Research And Development Administration Method of preparing electrodes with porous current collector structures and solid reactants for secondary electrochemical cells
US4129685A (en) 1977-08-15 1978-12-12 United Technologies Corp. Fuel cell structure
US4301218A (en) 1978-08-12 1981-11-17 Deutsche Automobilgesellschaft Mbh Bi-porous Raney-nickel electrode
US4206270A (en) 1978-12-14 1980-06-03 United Technologies Corporation Cathodes for molten carbonate fuel cells
US4407905A (en) 1980-10-14 1983-10-04 Hitachi, Ltd. Fuel cell
US4411968A (en) 1981-09-30 1983-10-25 United Technologies Corporation Molten carbonate fuel cell integral matrix tape and bubble barrier
US4404267A (en) 1982-04-26 1983-09-13 General Electric Company Anode composite for molten carbonate fuel cell
US4448857A (en) 1982-09-10 1984-05-15 General Electric Company Cathode composite for molten carbonate fuel cell

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10336648B1 (en) * 1986-03-21 2019-07-02 Alvin R. Stetson Slip composition
US5460896A (en) * 1993-01-22 1995-10-24 Kabushiki Kaisha Equos Research Fuel cell
US6379833B1 (en) 1998-08-07 2002-04-30 Institute Of Gas Technology Alternative electrode supports and gas distributors for molten carbonate fuel cell applications
US6531238B1 (en) * 2000-09-26 2003-03-11 Reliant Energy Power Systems, Inc. Mass transport for ternary reaction optimization in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell assembly and stack assembly
US6656624B1 (en) 2000-09-26 2003-12-02 Reliant Energy Power Systems, Inc. Polarized gas separator and liquid coalescer for fuel cell stack assemblies
US20040048138A1 (en) * 2000-09-26 2004-03-11 Reliant Energy Power Systems, Inc. Distribution frame for a fuel cell
US6951698B2 (en) 2000-09-26 2005-10-04 The Texas A&M University System Fuel cell stack assembly
US7005210B2 (en) 2000-09-26 2006-02-28 The Texas A&M University System Flow fields for fuel cells
US6797422B2 (en) 2001-01-25 2004-09-28 Gas Technology Institute Air-breathing direct methanol fuel cell with metal foam current collectors
US7001687B1 (en) 2002-10-04 2006-02-21 The Texas A&M University System Unitized MEA assemblies and methods for making same
US7005209B1 (en) 2002-10-04 2006-02-28 The Texas A&M University System Fuel cell stack assembly
US20070117005A1 (en) * 2005-11-21 2007-05-24 Relion, Inc. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell and method of forming a fuel cell
US7833645B2 (en) * 2005-11-21 2010-11-16 Relion, Inc. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell and method of forming a fuel cell
DE102005059708A1 (de) * 2005-12-12 2007-06-14 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Reoxidationsstabile Hochtemperatur-Brennstoffzelle
US8026020B2 (en) 2007-05-08 2011-09-27 Relion, Inc. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack and fuel cell stack module
US8192889B2 (en) 2007-05-08 2012-06-05 Relion, Inc. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack and fuel cell stack module
US8597846B2 (en) 2007-05-08 2013-12-03 Relion, Inc. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack and fuel cell stack module
US9293778B2 (en) 2007-06-11 2016-03-22 Emergent Power Inc. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell
US20090169941A1 (en) * 2007-10-25 2009-07-02 Relion, Inc. Direct liquid fuel cell
US8003274B2 (en) * 2007-10-25 2011-08-23 Relion, Inc. Direct liquid fuel cell
US20090123811A1 (en) * 2007-11-13 2009-05-14 Frank Baumann Electrochemical cell and fuel cell including it

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Publication number Publication date
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