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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
  • C12P13/04—Alpha- or beta- amino acids
  • C12P13/22—Tryptophan; Tyrosine; Phenylalanine; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
  • C12P13/222—Phenylalanine
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
  • C12P13/04—Alpha- or beta- amino acids
  • C12P13/22—Tryptophan; Tyrosine; Phenylalanine; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
  • C12P13/225—Tyrosine; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method for producing a ⁇ -amino acid comprising a step of synthesizing a ⁇ -amino acid from an ⁇ -amino acid in the presence of an amino acid aminomutase.
• a ⁇ -amino acid has been known as a compound that is useful as an intermediate for medicaments.
• a method for isolating and purifying a desired stereoisomer by optically resolving a racemic ⁇ -amino acid in order to obtain a ⁇ -amino acid stereoselectively, there has been used a method for isolating and purifying a desired stereoisomer by optically resolving a racemic ⁇ -amino acid.
• a theoretical yield is as low as 50% and this method becomes complicated due to multiple steps involved. So, the resulting ⁇ -amino acid becomes expensive as well. Accordingly, a method for producing a ⁇ -amino acid capable of realizing high efficiency and reducing the cost is expected to be developed.
• Non-patent Document 1 there has been reported a method for synthesizing (R)- ⁇ -phenylalanine from L-phenylalanine using a phenylalanine aminomutase derived from Taxus caspidata.
• Non-patent Document 2 there has been reported a method for synthesizing ⁇ -tyrosine from L-tyrosine using a tyrosine aminomutase derived from Streptomyces globisporus.
• Non-patent Document 3 it has been reported that ⁇ -phenylalanine is synthesized from L-phenylalanine using AdmH derived from Pantoea agglomerans strain Eh335.
• ⁇ -amino acids are synthesized for the purpose of characterization of enzymes, the reaction yield and quantity are low, and complicated operations are further expected to be needed for isolation and purification. So, such methods are not considered industrially advantageous.
• the ⁇ -amino acid is a compound useful as a medicinal material or the like, and a production method for carrying out the enzyme reaction itself with high efficiency is expected to be developed.
• An object of the present invention is to produce a ⁇ -amino acid with high efficiency in a method for producing a ⁇ -amino acid through the enzyme reaction.
• a method for producing a ⁇ -amino acid comprising a step of synthesizing a ⁇ -amino acid from an ⁇ -amino acid in the presence of an amino acid aminomutase, in which a ⁇ -amino acid is precipitated as a solid in the reaction solution.
• a ⁇ -amino acid is precipitated as a solid, whereby it is possible to efficiently carry out an enzyme reaction with an amino acid aminomutase, while a solid is further collected from a reaction solution, whereby it is possible to easily purify the product.
• a method for producing a ⁇ -amino acid with high efficiency is provided.
• An embodiment according to the present invention relates to a method for producing an aromatic ⁇ -amino acid.
• This production method involves a step of synthesizing an aromatic ⁇ -amino acid from an aromatic ⁇ -amino acid in the presence of an aromatic amino acid aminomutase, in which an aromatic ⁇ -amino acid is precipitated as a solid in a reaction solution.
• Examples of the aromatic amino acid aminomutase include a phenylalanine aminomutase and a tyrosine aminomutase.
• Examples of the phenylalanine aminomutase include an (S)-selective phenylalanine aminomutase and an (R)-selective phenylalanine aminomutase.
• (S)-selective phenylalanine aminomutase refers to a protein having an (S)-selective phenylalanine aminomutase activity.
• (S)-selective phenylalanine aminomutase activity means that ⁇ -phenylalanine can be synthesized in an (S)-form-selective manner.
• (S)-form-selective manner means that the optical purity of (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine contained in ⁇ -phenylalanine is not less than 50% ee, preferably not less than 80% ee, further preferably not less than 90% ee and most preferably not less than 99% ee.
• (R)-selective phenylalanine aminomutase refers to a protein having an (R)-selective phenylalanine aminomutase activity.
• (R)-selective phenylalanine aminomutase activity means that ⁇ -phenylalanine can be synthesized in an (R)-form-selective manner.
• “(R)-form-selective manner” means that the optical purity of (R)- ⁇ -phenylalanine contained in ⁇ -phenylalanine is not less than 50% ee, preferably not less than 80% ee, further preferably not less than 90% ee and most preferably not less than 99% ee.
• aromatic ⁇ -amino acid examples include L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine and analogues thereof.
• Examples of the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid include ⁇ -phenylalanine, ⁇ -tyrosine and analogues thereof.
• Examples of ⁇ -phenylalanine include (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine and (R)- ⁇ -phenylalanine.
• examples of ⁇ -tyrosine include (S)- ⁇ -tyrosine and (R)- ⁇ -tyrosine.
• the (R)-selective phenylalanine aminomutase catalyzes the reaction for synthesizing (R)- ⁇ -phenylalanine from L-phenylalanine. Furthermore, it is also capable of catalyzing the reaction for synthesizing corresponding (R)- ⁇ -phenylalanine analogues from L-phenylalanine analogues (refer to Non-patent Document 4).
• L-phenylalanine analogues include L-4-fluorophenylalanine, 3-(2-thienyl)-L-alanine, L-4-methoxyphenylalanine, L-2-fluorophenylalanine, L-4-methylphenylalanine and the like.
• Examples of (R)- ⁇ -phenylalanine analogues include (R)- ⁇ -4-fluorophenylalanine, (R)- ⁇ -3-(2-thienyl)-alanine, (R)- ⁇ -4-methoxyphenylalanine, (R)- ⁇ -2-fluorophenylalanine, (R)- ⁇ -4-methylphenylalanine and the like.
• L-tyrosine aminomutase catalyzes the reaction for synthesizing ⁇ -tyrosine from L-tyrosine.
• L-tyrosine analogues may also be used as substrates (Non-patent Document 2).
• Examples of L-tyrosine analogues include L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, L-3-chlorotyrosine and the like.
• Non-patent Document 2 it has been reported that the maximum yield of the ⁇ -tyrosine synthesis reaction using a tyrosine aminomutase is ⁇ 60%.
• an equilibrium constant of the ⁇ -phenylalanine synthesis reaction using AdmH is 1.28, while the yield from the equilibrium constant is determined as about 56%.
• “precipitated as a solid” means that the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid is synthesized beyond the saturation concentration or supersaturation concentration in the reaction solution and the excess comes out of solution as a solid.
• the aromatic amino acid aminomutase when the reaction proceeds while precipitating the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid as a solid, the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid can be produced with high efficiency.
• the reaction proceeds while precipitating the solid of the product in the ⁇ -phenylalanine synthesis reaction with a phenylalanine aminomutase and the reaction reaches a state of equilibrium, the solid of the product is precipitated in the reaction solution, while, the concentrations of the substrate and the product that are dissolved become approximately the same level. At this time, the greater the amount of the generated product precipitated is, the higher the reaction yield and quantity are. Furthermore, by collecting the solid from the reaction solution, the product is easily purified.
• the aromatic amino acid aminomutase reaction it is possible to proceed with the reaction while precipitating the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid as a solid by optimizing the relationship between the synthesized amount and the solubility of the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid.
• the amount of the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid synthesized depends naturally on properties of an enzyme in use, and it also varies depending on the reaction conditions such as pH, temperature and the amount of the substrate added. Furthermore, the solubility of the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid varies depending on pH and temperature of the reaction solution. Accordingly, it is possible to proceed with the reaction while precipitating the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid as a solid by optimizing pH and temperature of the reaction solution, and the amount of the substrate added.
• the reaction may be carried out under the condition of low solubility of the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid.
• the reaction may be carried out by increasing the amount of the substrate added.
• the amount of the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid added into the reaction system can be not less than 2.5 weight % (wt %), more preferably not less than 7 weight % (wt %) and further preferably not less than 16 weight % (wt %).
• the amount of the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid added into the reaction system There is no particular upper limit of the amount of the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid added into the reaction system. When the added amount is excessively high, the solid volume in the reaction system becomes high so that the stirring efficiency is lowered. So, the formation rate of the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid is reduced.
• the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid is added in an amount such that the reaction solution can be properly stirred, whereby the reaction can be carried out with high efficiency.
• the substrate may be added at once upon the initiation of reaction, at several different times, or continuously along with the progress of reaction. Further, the substrate may be present as a solid in the reaction solution.
• pH of the reaction solution may be set from 6 to 10.
• pH is set to less than 6, an enzyme activity of the phenylalanine aminomutase is lowered. So, the formation rate of ⁇ -phenylalanine becomes slower.
• pH is set to greater than 10, the solubility of ⁇ -phenylalanine becomes excessively high. Accordingly, the amount of ⁇ -phenylalanine precipitated as a solid is reduced so that the reaction yield and quantity cannot be improved.
• the temperature of the reaction solution is not less than 4 degrees centigrade, and may be not more than a temperature in which an aromatic amino acid aminomutase is deactivated.
• the temperature of the reaction solution is less than 4 degrees centigrade, an enzyme activity of the aromatic amino acid aminomutase is lowered. So, the formation rate of the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid becomes slower.
• the temperature of deactivation refers to a temperature in which 50% or more of the aromatic amino acid aminomutase is deactivated for 10 minutes in the reaction solution.
• the temperature is set to higher than the temperature of deactivation, the amount of the aromatic amino acid aminomutase to function in an effective manner is reduced so that the formation rate of the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid becomes slower.
• the reaction temperature can be set to not less than 4 degrees centigrade.
• an enzyme activity of the phenylalanine aminomutase becomes high so that the formation rate of ⁇ -phenylalanine can be improved.
• the reaction temperature is more preferably set to not less than 15 degrees centigrade. Therefore, the reaction can be carried out with much higher efficiency.
• the temperature of the reaction solution may be set to not more than 60 degrees centigrade.
• an enzyme activity of the phenylalanine aminomutase can be maintained stably and the reaction can be carried out with high efficiency.
• the reaction can be carried out under the condition of high enzyme activity at the early stage and under the condition of low solubility of the generated product at the final stage.
• An example thereof includes a method of varying the temperature of the reaction solution at the early stage and final stage of the reaction. Concretely, the lower limit may be set to 20 degrees centigrade and the upper limit may be set to a temperature in which the aromatic amino acid aminomutase is deactivated at the early stage of the reaction. Moreover, the temperature may be from 4 to 30 degrees centigrade at the final stage of the reaction.
• the aromatic amino acid aminomutase can be obtained from an aromatic amino acid aminomutase-producing organism.
• the aromatic amino acid aminomutase-producing organism include a plant belonging to the genus Taxus , a bacterium belonging to the genus Pantoea , a bacterium belonging to the genus Bacillus , a bacterium belonging to the genus Streptomyces , and a bacterium belonging to the genus Chondromyces .
• Taxus brevifolia Taxus caspidata
• Taxus chinensis Taxus ⁇ media cv Hicksii
• Pantoea agglomerans strain Eh335 Bacillus brevis Vm4
• Streptomyces globisporus Streptomyces globisporus
• Chondromyces crocatus Cm c5 Taxus brevifolia, Taxus chinensis and Taxus ⁇ media cv Hicksii are phenylalanine aminomutase-producing organisms.
• Taxus caspidata is an (R)-selective phenylalanine aminomutase-producing organism.
• Pantoea agglomerans strain Eh335 is an (S)-selective phenylalanine aminomutase-producing organism.
• Bacillus brevis Vm4 Streptomyces globisporus and Chondromyces crocatus Cm c5 are tyrosine aminomutase-producing organisms.
• a host cell may be transformed with a DNA encoding an aromatic amino acid aminomutase, and the aromatic amino acid aminomutase is expressed and isolated. According to this method, the aromatic amino acid aminomutase can be obtained in a simple and effective manner.
• the aromatic amino acid aminomutase to be used in the reaction may be a purified one, an aromatic amino acid aminomutase-producing organism, a transformant transformed with a DNA encoding an aromatic amino acid aminomutase or a treated product thereof.
• the treated product can be obtained by allowing the cell to be subjected to mechanical disruption, ultrasonication, freezing and thawing treatment, drying treatment, pressurization or depressurization treatment, osmotic pressure treatment, autodigestion, surfactant treatment, or enzyme treatment for the purpose of cell disruption. Also, the treated product can be obtained as an immobilized fraction or an immobilized cell, which contains an aromatic amino acid aminomutase obtained by such treatments.
• the amount of the aromatic amino acid aminomutase in use is not particularly limited as long as the reaction with the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid fully proceeds.
• the aromatic amino acid aminomutase may be added at once at the initial stage of the reaction, at several different times, or continuously.
• a medium used for a reaction solution there is used water, an aqueous medium, an organic solvent, or a mixture solution of water or an aqueous medium and an organic solvent.
• aqueous medium there is used, for example, a buffer solution such as a phosphate buffer solution, a HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-ethanesulfonic acid) buffer solution, a Tris[Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane]hydrochloric acid buffer solution or the like.
• Any organic solvent may be used as long as it does not hinder the reaction.
• the reaction time is not particularly limited as long as a solid of an aromatic ⁇ -amino acid can be precipitated. Accordingly, it is preferred to secure the reaction time required, at least, for the amount of the ⁇ -amino acid synthesized in the reaction solution to exceed the solubility of the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid.
• the reaction time may be properly determined depending on the amount of the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid aminomutase.
• the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid can be isolated and purified from the reaction solution in accordance with a method that is used in general organic synthetic chemistry, such as extraction using an organic solvent, crystallization, thin-layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography or the like. According to the crystallization process, the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid can be purified by filtering the reaction solution and recrystallizing the resulting solid. Furthermore, the solid precipitated in the reaction solution is once dissolved to remove a bacterial cell components, and then to precipitate a crystal, whereby the aromatic ⁇ -amino acid can be purified as well.
• An object of the analysis of (1) was to mainly measure the optical purity of ⁇ -phenylalanine.
• the detection limit of any of (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine and (R)- ⁇ -phenylalanine was approximately 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 weight % (wt %).
• An object of the analysis of (2) was to mainly measure the reaction yield.
• the optical purity of (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine was calculated from the peak area of the chromatogram obtained under analysis conditions illustrated in (1) above. Furthermore, the reaction yield of (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine was calculated from the peak area of the chromatogram obtained under analysis conditions illustrated in (2) above. Concretely, when the reaction solution contained a solid of ⁇ -phenylalanine or a solid of L-phenylalanine, a solution obtained by collecting a part of the reaction solution containing these solids, mixing with a 0.2 mol/l hydrochloric acid solution and dissolving these solids was analyzed.
• a DNA having a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 was entrusted to DNA2.0 Inc. and synthesized.
• the synthesized DNA had EcoRI and HindIII restriction enzyme recognition sequences near the 5′ and 3′ ends, respectively.
• a recombinant plasmid was produced as a recombinant DNA.
• the synthesized DNA and plasmid pUC18 were digested with EcoRI and HindIII, followed by ligation using Ligation High (a product of Toyobo, Co., Ltd.). Thereafter, the obtained recombinant plasmid was used for transformation of Escherichia coli DH5 ⁇ (a product of Toyobo, Co., Ltd.).
• the transformant was cultured in an LB agar medium containing 100 ⁇ g/ml of ampicillin (Am) and X-Gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl- ⁇ -D-galactoside).
• Am-resistant transformant that was formed into a white colony was obtained.
• a plasmid was extracted from the thus-obtained transformant.
• the nucleotide sequence of the DNA fragment that had been introduced into the plasmid was confirmed to be the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 in accordance with a usual method for nucleotide sequencing.
• the obtained plasmid having a DNA encoding (S)-selective phenylalanine aminomutase was designated as pSPAM.
• Escherichia coli DH5 ⁇ was transformed by a usual method using pSPAM, and the obtained transformant was designated as MT-11046.
• An LB medium (100 ml) containing 100 ⁇ g/ml of Am was inoculated with the transformant in a 500-ml baffled Erlenmeyer flask. The resulting material was shake-cultured at 30 degrees centigrade until OD (660 nm) reached 0.5. Then, IPTG (isopropyl- ⁇ -thiogalactopyranoside) was added thereto such that the medium contained 1 mmol/l. This was followed by further shake culture for 16 hours. The culture solution was centrifuged at 8,000 rpm for 20 minutes.
• the obtained bacterial cell was cryopreserved at ⁇ 20 degrees centigrade as it was or suspended in a 0.1 mol/l Tris hydrochloric acid buffer solution (pH 8.0), followed by cryopreservation at ⁇ 20 degrees centigrade.
• the reaction solution (4.0 g) containing 8 weight % (wt %) of L-phenylalanine, 0.4 g of a 1 mol/l Tris hydrochloric acid buffer solution (pH 8.5), a bacterial cell suspension (in an appropriate amount) of MT-11046 produced in Example 1 and water was reacted at 25 degrees centigrade for 48 hours. A part of the solid in the reaction solution was collected and analyzed under the analysis conditions as described above, whereby a solid of (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine precipitated was observed. The reaction yield of (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine was 83%. It was confirmed that (R)- ⁇ -phenylalaninewas not more than the detection limit and the optical purity was not less than 99.5% ee.
• reaction solution (4.0 g) containing 1.7 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 weight % (wt %) of L-phenylalanine, 0.8 g of a 100 mmol/l tricine buffer solution (pH 8.25), a bacterial cell suspension (in an appropriate amount) of MT-11046 produced in Example 1 and water was reacted at 30 degrees centigrade for 4 hours. Without precipitating a solid of (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine in the reaction solution, the reaction yield of (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine was 48%.
• the reaction solution (250 g) containing 12 weight % (wt %) of L-phenylalanine, a bacterial cell (in an appropriate amount) of MT-11046 produced in Example 1 and water was reacted at 25 degrees centigrade for 24 hours or more.
• pH of the reaction solution was adjusted to each pH shown in Table 1 with 25% ammonia water.
• a solid of (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine precipitated under all examined conditions was observed.
• the reaction yields of (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine in respective pHs are shown in Table 1.
• the reaction solution (250 g) containing 12 weight % (wt %) of L-phenylalanine, a bacterial cell (in an appropriate amount) of MT-11046 produced in Example 1 and water was reacted at 25 degrees centigrade for 24 hours or more.
• pH of the reaction solution was adjusted to each pH shown in Table 2 with a 6 mol/l hydrochloric acid solution or 25% ammonia water.
• a solid of (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine unprecipitated under all examined conditions was observed.
• the reaction yields of (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine in respective pHs are shown in Table 2.
• the reaction solution (250 g) containing 36 weight % (wt %) of L-phenylalanine, a bacterial cell (in an appropriate amount) of MT-11046 produced in Example 1 and water was reacted at 25 degrees centigrade for 24 hours or more.
• pH of the reaction solution was adjusted to each pH shown in Table 3 with 25% ammonia water.
• a solid of (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine precipitated under all examined conditions was observed.
• the reaction yields of (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine in respective pHs are shown in Table 3.
• the reaction solution (250 g) containing 12 weight % (wt %) of L-phenylalanine, a bacterial cell (in an appropriate amount) of MT-11046 produced in Example 1 and water was reacted at 20 degrees centigrade for 24 hours or more. During the reaction, pH of the reaction solution was adjusted to 9.2 with 25% ammonia water. A solid of (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine precipitated under examined condition was observed. The reaction yield of (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine was 62%.
• the reaction solution (250 g) containing 36 weight % (wt %) of L-phenylalanine, a bacterial cell (in an appropriate amount) of MT-11046 produced in Example 1 and water was reacted at 25 degrees centigrade for 24 hours or more.
• pH of the reaction solution was adjusted to each pH shown in Table 4 with a 6 mol/l hydrochloric acid solution or 25% ammonia water.
• a solid of (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine unprecipitated under all examined conditions was observed.
• the reaction yields of (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine in respective pHs are shown in Table 4.
• the reaction solution (250 g) containing 36 weight % (wt %) of L-phenylalanine, a bacterial cell (in an appropriate amount) of MT-11046 produced in Example 1 and water was reacted at each temperature shown in Table 6 for 24 hours or more. During the reaction, pH of the reaction solution was adjusted to 8.0 with 25% ammonia water. A solid of (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine precipitated under all examined conditions was observed. The reaction yields of (S)- ⁇ -phenylalaninein respective temperatures are shown in Table 6.
• Example 3 6 mol/l hydrochloric acid was added to the reaction solution prepared at pH 8.0 to adjust pH to 2.1 so that (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine precipitated as a solid was dissolved. Thereafter, 16 g of activated carbon (50% water content) was added thereto and the resulting solution was stirred at 25 degrees centigrade for 30 minutes before filtering the solution to remove the activated carbon and the bacterial cell components. Next, the activated carbon was washed with 32 g of water and the solution was combined with the filtrate. Then, the mixture solution was adjusted its pH to 5.6 with a 20% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution while being stirred calmly at 10 degrees centigrade and (S)- ⁇ -phenylalanine was precipitated.
• activated carbon 50% water content
• Embodiments and Examples of the present invention were illustrated. However, Embodiments and Examples are exemplified in the present invention and various configurations other than those illustrated above may also be adopted.
• a method for producing an aromatic ⁇ -amino acid with an aromatic amino acid aminomutase was exemplified, whereas the present invention can also be applied to amino acids other than the aromatic amino acid.
• lysine 2,3-aminomutase it is possible to produce ⁇ -lysine.
• arginine 2,3-aminomutase it is also possible to produce ⁇ -arginine.
• glutamate 2,3-aminomutase it is also possible to produce ⁇ -glutamic acid.
• leucine 2,3-aminomutase it is also possible to produce ⁇ -leucine.

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